Vibrational analysis of an irregular single-walled carbon nanotube incorporating initial stress effects

Mahmoud M. Selim; Sherif A. El-Safty

doi:10.1515/ntrev-2020-0114

Article Open Access

Vibrational analysis of an irregular single-walled carbon nanotube incorporating initial stress effects

Mahmoud M. Selim and Sherif A. El-Safty

Published/Copyright: December 31, 2020

Published by

Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Submit Manuscript Author Information

From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 9 Issue 1

Abstract

In this work, an attempt is done to apply the eigenvalue approach as well as Donnell thin-shell theory to find out the vibrational analyses of an irregular single-walled carbon (ISWCNT) incorporating initial stress effects. The effects of surface irregularity and initial stresses on natural frequency of vibration of nano materials, especially for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), have not been investigated before, and most of the previous research have been carried for a regular and initial stress-free CNTs. Therefore, it must be emphasized that the vibrations of prestressed irregular SWCNT are novel and applicable for the design of nano oscillators and nanodevices, in which SWCNTs act as the most prevalent nanocomposite structural element. The surface irregularity is assumed in the parabolic form at the surface of SWCNT. A novel equation of motion and frequency equation is derived. The obtained numerical results provide a better representation of the vibration behavior of prestressed ISWCNTs. It has been observed that the presence of either surface irregularity or initial stress has notable effects on the natural frequency of vibration, particularly in the short-length SWCNTs. Numerical results show that the natural frequency of SWCNT decreases with increase in surface irregularity and initial stress parameters. To the authors’ best knowledge, the effect of surface irregularity and initial stresses on the vibration behavior of SWCNTs has not yet been studied, and the present work is an attempt to find out this effectiveness. In addition, the results of the present analysis may serve as useful references for the application and the design of nano oscillators and nanodevices, in which SWCNTs act as the most prevalent nanocomposite structural element.

Keywords: vibration analysis; single-walled carbon nanotubes; surface irregularity; initial stresses; Donnell thin-shell theory; eigenvalue approach

1 Introduction

The study of vibration analysis in the surfaced irregularity and prestressed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) may give a useful reference to predict frequencies to estimate the expected experimental values for potential application and design of nanoelectronics and nanodevices. Since Iijima [1] discovered the CNTs, they became widely used in scientific and practical applications; they were used in the manufacturing electrodes, in super capacitors and space elevator cables [2]. Moreover, CNTs are used to strengthen the components of nanocomposites as well as are used on a large scale in components of superconducting nanocomposites [3]. The vibrations of CNTs have a considerable importance in nanomechanical applications such as the design of nano oscillators and nanodevices. During the last decade, numerous studies on vibrations of SWCNTs using continuum shell models were performed, as it can be seen from the examples of ref. [4–19]. Based on Euler–Bernoulli beam, Tang and Yang investigated a novel model of fluid-conveying nanotubes made of bidirectional functionally graded materials (FGMs) and presented the dynamic behavior and stability of nanotubes [20]. To study the nonlinear free vibration of the bidirectional (2D) FGMs, Tang et al. [21] presented a novel model of Euler–Bernoulli beams. Nonlinear bending, buckling and vibration of bidirectional functionally graded nanobeams were studied by Yang et al. [22,23]. A novel model of fluid-conveying nanotubes made of bidirectional FGMs was presented by Tang and Yang [24] to investigate the dynamic behaviors and stability of the graded nanotubes. The post-buckling behavior and nonlinear vibration of a fluid-conveying pipe composed of an FGM were analytically studied by Tang and Yang [25]. Tang and Ding [26] presented the nonlinear hydrothermal dynamics of a bidirectional functionally graded beam with coupled transverse and longitudinal displacements. The fluid-conveying pipes made of polymer-like materials are widely applied in engineering fields. The fractional dynamics of the pipes subjected to the excitation of the supporting foundation is studied by Tang et al. [27]. SWCNTs, also called graphene nanotubes have properties that make them the only all-purpose additive that can improve specific characteristics of a multitude of materials. Due to the importance of SWCNTs, which are known to be the strongest materials, there are many experimental and theoretical studies carried out about composites that contains SWCNT, as can be seen from the examples given in refs. [28–47]. During the last decade, numerous studies were carried out on the vibration analysis of SWCNTs, in particular, to understand the dynamic behavior of torsional vibration of CNTs, and numerous researchers conducted the computational simulations to study the torsional vibrations of the nanotubes. Gheshlaghi and Hasheminejad [48] studied the free torsional responses of CNT using modified couple stress model to achieve the effect of the size dependency on the response of the nanotube. The torsional vibration of nonlinear homogenous and isotropic nano-cone was studied based on the strain gradient model theory and generalized differential quadrature method [49]. The mechanic behavior of the CNTs embedded in an elastic medium were investigated by Arda and Aydogdu [50] based on the modern elasticity theory. Based on Kelvin–Voigt model, El-Borgi et al. [51] reported a novel model to investigate the vibrational behavior of the viscoelastic nanorods. Modern elasticity theory and Maxwell model were used by Zarezadeh et al. [52] to study the torsional vibration of functionally graded nanorods embedded in an elastic bulk medium under magnetic field. In addition, some studies focused on the mechanical behavior of CNTs, such as Ru [53], Shen [54] and Thai [55]. However, the models used in these studies could not be applied for predicting the vibrational behavior of prestressed irregular SWCNTs (ISWCNTs), due to technical limitations. CNTs acting as basic elements of nanostructures often occur in compressional initial stresses due to the mismatch between different materials or initially external axial loads. Moreover, the nature frequency of vibration of SWCNTs is influenced by the change in the surface structures of the nanotube. The irregularities in CNTs constructions may occur due to the consequence of manufacturing defect, reckless servicing, etc. Thus, it is of great importance to deal with surface irregularity to study the vibrational analysis of SWCNTs.

The effects of surface irregularity and initial stresses on the deformation of the static medium were studied by Selim [56]. The vibration analysis of ISWCNTs without initial stresses was investigated by Selim [57]. It was shown that the presence of surface irregularity has a notable effect on the vibration analysis of SWCNTs. The present study is an extension of the previous work to find the effectiveness of both surface irregularity and initial stresses on the natural frequency of vibrations of WCNTs, due to the similarity structures of CNTs with the cylindrical shells. Donnell thin-shell approach is capable of tackling vibrations studied of SWCNTs. The analytical technique used should be simple, easily applicable and yield results robustly. On the other hand, CNTs often suffer from initial compressional stresses due to residual stress, thermal effect, surface effect, mismatch between the material properties of nanoplates and the surrounding medium, initial external load and may be due to any other physical causes. It is obvious that the varying of the surface structures of the nanotube as well as the presence of the initial stresses influences the natural frequency of the nanotubes. Hence, it is of great importance to deal with various constructions to study the vibration behavior of irregular and prestressed CNTs. As can be seen from the above literature summary, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of both the surface irregularity and initial stresses on vibrational analysis of SWCNTs has not yet been investigated. The vibration of CNTs under the effects of surface irregularity and initial stresses is very important in terms of both predicting the results of the experiments and providing useful information for the next generation studies and accurate deigns of nanodevices. In this sense, the present study is much important within the framework of the Donnell thin-shell theory; and thus, the results can provide a useful information for the next generation of studies and accurate designs of nanomachines. It is pointed out that the present results can be used to analyze the surface irregularity and initial stresses effects on the natural frequency of vibration of SWCNTs. The numerical results are plotted in graphs for different values of initial stress and surface irregularity parameters and have been compared with the cases of uniform and initial stress-free SWCNTs. In this work, the obtained frequency equation and numerical results may give a useful reference to predict the natural frequency of vibrations of SWCNTs to estimate the expected experimental values for potential applications and designs of nano oscillators and nanodevices.

2 Mathematical formulation of the problem

The cylindrical coordinate system is used for describing the effectiveness of surface irregularity and initial stresses on the vibration analysis of SWCNT, which is defined in Figure 1. The x-coordinate is taken in the axial direction of the nanotube, the z-coordinate and θ-coordinate are taken in the radial and circumferential directions, respectively. The displacements are defined by u, v and w in the x-, θ- and z-directions, respectively. The SWCNT has a thickness of h, length of L and radius of R. The compressional initial stress (−P) is effected on the x-direction and the surface irregularity is assumed in the parabola form at the lower boundary of the SWCNT (see Figure 1). The span of surface irregularity and maximum depth of irregularity are denoted by s and H′, respectively.

Figure 1

Geometry of prestressed irregular single-walled carbon nanotube

In case of parabolic irregularity, the boundary surface may be described by [58]:

(1) z = − R + h + ε δ ( x ) , δ ( x ) = s ( 1 − 4 x 2 s 2 ) for | x | < s 2 , 0 for x ≥ s 2 and x ≤ − s 2 ,

where the maximum amplitude of irregular boundary is ε = H ′ s ≪ 1 .

The governing equations of the vibration of prestressed ( S x x = − P ) ISWCNT can be written as [59]:

(2) A 11 ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 + A 22 ( 1 − ν ) 2 R 2 ∂ 2 ∂ θ 2 − ρ h ∂ 2 ∂ t 2 u + A 12 R + A 22 ( 1 − ν ) 2 R − ζ x E 2 R ( 1 + ν ) ∂ 2 ∂ x ∂ θ v + A 12 R ∂ ∂ x + ζ x E 2 R 2 ( 1 + ν ) ∂ 2 ∂ θ 2 w = 0 ,

(3) A 12 R + A 22 ( 1 − ν ) 2 R ∂ 2 ∂ x ∂ θ u + A 22 ( 1 − ν ) 2 + A 22 ( 1 − ν ) h 2 24 R 2 − ζ x E 2 ( 1 + ν ) ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 + A 22 R 2 + h 2 A 22 12 R 4 ∂ 2 ∂ θ 2 − ρ h ∂ 2 ∂ t 2 v + A 22 R 2 ∂ ∂ θ − h 2 A 22 12 R 4 ∂ 3 ∂ θ 3 + ζ x E 2 R ( 1 + ν ) ∂ 2 ∂ x ∂ θ − h 2 A 22 6 R 2 + h 2 A 12 12 R 2 ∂ 4 ∂ x 2 ∂ θ 2 w = 0 ,

(4) − A 12 R 2 ∂ ∂ x u + h 2 A 12 12 R 2 + A 22 ( 1 − ν ) h 2 12 R 2 ∂ 3 ∂ x 2 ∂ θ + h 2 A 22 12 R 4 ∂ 3 ∂ θ 3 − A 22 R 2 ∂ ∂ θ v − h 2 A 11 12 ∂ 4 ∂ x 4 + h 2 A 12 6 R 2 + A 22 ( 1 − ν ) h 2 6 R 2 ∂ 4 ∂ x 2 ∂ θ 2 + h 2 A 22 12 R 4 ∂ 4 ∂ θ 4 + ζ x E 2 ( 1 + ν ) ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 + A 22 R 2 + ρ h ∂ 2 ∂ t 2 w = 0 ,

where

(5) A 11 = ( 1 + ζ x ( 1 − ν ) ) ( 1 − ν 2 ) E h , A 12 = ν + ζ x ( 1 − ν ) ( 1 − ν 2 ) E h , A 22 = E h ( 1 − ν 2 ) , ζ x = P ( 1 + ν ) E ,

h, R and ρ are the thickness, the radius of the nanotube and the mass density of the CNT, respectively; E, ν and Eh are the elastic modulus, the Poisson’s ratio and the in-plane rigidity, respectively; ρ h , P and t are the mass density per unit lateral area, the initial compressional stress and the time, respectively.

In matrix form, the equations (2), (3) and (4) may be expressed as:

(6) Γ 11 + Δ 11 Γ 12 + Δ 12 Γ 13 + Δ 13 Γ 21 + Δ 21 Γ 22 + Δ 22 Γ 23 + Δ 23 Γ 31 + Δ 31 Γ 32 + Δ 32 Γ 33 + Δ 33 u v w = 0 0 0 ,

where Γ i j and Δ i j ( i , j = 1 , 2 , 3 ) are the differential operators with respect to the coordinates axis x and θ , and are defined by,

(7) Γ 11 = ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 + 1 − ν 2 R 2 ∂ 2 ∂ θ 2 − β ρ h ∂ 2 ∂ t 2 , Γ 12 = 1 + ν 2 R ∂ 2 ∂ x ∂ θ ,

(8) Γ 13 = ν R ∂ ∂ x , Γ 21 = 1 + ν 2 R ∂ 2 ∂ x ∂ θ ,

(9) Γ 22 = 1 − ν 2 ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 + 1 R 2 ∂ 2 ∂ θ 2 + Ω ( 1 − ν ) ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 + 1 R 2 ∂ 2 ∂ θ 2 − β ρ h ∂ 2 ∂ t 2 ,

(10) Γ 23 = 1 R 2 ∂ ∂ θ − Ω ( 2 − ν ) ∂ 3 ∂ x 2 ∂ θ + 1 R 2 ∂ 3 ∂ θ 3 , Γ 31 = − ν R ∂ ∂ x ,

(11) Γ 32 = − 1 R 2 ∂ ∂ θ + Ω ( 2 − ν ) ∂ 3 ∂ x 2 ∂ θ + 1 R 2 ∂ 3 ∂ θ 3 ,

(12) Γ 33 = − 1 R 2 + Ω R 2 ∂ 4 ∂ x 4 + 2 ∂ 4 ∂ x 2 ∂ θ 2 + 1 R 2 ∂ 4 ∂ θ 4 + β ρ h ∂ 2 ∂ t 2 ,

and

(13) Δ 11 = ( 1 − ν ) ζ x ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 , Δ 12 = ζ x ( 1 − ν ) ( 2 h − 1 ) 2 R ∂ 2 ∂ x ∂ θ ,

(14) Δ 21 = ( 1 − ν ) ζ x ∂ 2 ∂ x ∂ θ , Δ 13 = ( 1 − ν ) ζ x R ∂ ∂ x + 1 2 R h ∂ 2 ∂ θ 2 ,

(15) Δ 22 = ( 1 − ν ) ζ x 2 h ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 , Δ 23 = ( 1 − ν ) ζ x 2 h R ∂ 2 ∂ x ∂ θ − h 3 6 R ∂ 3 ∂ x 2 ∂ θ ,

(16) Δ 31 = ζ x ( 1 − ν ) R ∂ ∂ x , Δ 32 = ζ x h 2 ( 1 − ν ) 12 R ∂ 3 ∂ x 2 ∂ θ ,

(17) Δ 33 = ζ x ( 1 − ν ) 2 h ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 + h 3 6 ∂ 4 ∂ x 4 + h 3 3 R 2 ∂ 4 ∂ x 2 ∂ θ 2 ,

Ω = h 2 12 R 2 is the dimensionless thickness parameter, ζ x = P ( 1 + ν ) E is the initial stress parameter and β = ( 1 − ν 2 ) E h .

3 Solution procedure

The functions u, v and w are used to designate their respective displacement functions and u ⁰ is the midline stretching. Therefore, for modal deformation, the displacements are assumed ( for | x | ≤ s / 2 ) as:

(18) u = u 0 ( x , θ , t ) − z ∂ w ( x , θ , t ) ∂ x ,

(19) u 0 ( x , θ , t ) = U m e − i ( k m x − ω t ) sin ( n θ )

(20) v ( x , θ , t ) = V m e − i ( k m x − ω t ) cos ( n θ ) ,

(21) w ( x , θ , t ) = W m e − i ( k m x − ω t ) sin ( n θ ) ,

where U m , V m and W m represent three vibration amplitude coefficients in axial, circumferential and radial directions, respectively. m and n are the axial half and the circumferential wave numbers, respectively, where k m is the axial wave number related with an end condition. The angular frequency is denoted by ω and the natural frequency is f = ω / 2 π .

In view of the differential operators in equations (7)–(17) and using the u, v and w given in equations (18)–(21), the matrix form of the vibration frequency equation of the SWCNTs with surface irregularity under initial compression stresses is as follows:

(22) L 11 + α 11 + η ω 2 L 12 + α 12 L ˆ 13 + α 13 L 21 + α 21 L 22 + α 22 + η ω 2 L ˆ 23 + α 23 L 31 + α 31 L 32 + α 32 L ˆ 33 + α 33 + η ω 2 U m V m W m = 0 .

Using the Appendices 1 and 2, the matrix elements L i j , L ˆ i j and α i j ( i , j = 1 , 2 , 3 ) can be written as.

(23) L 11 = − k m 2 − 1 − v 2 R 2 n 2 , L 12 = i k m 1 + v 2 R n = − L 21 ,

(24) L ˆ 13 = i k m v R + k m 2 R + h + ε δ ( x ) − 16 i k m ε x s + 8 ε s + R + h + ε δ ( x ) 1 − v 2 R 2 n 2 + η ω 2 ,

(25) L 21 = − i k m n 1 + v 2 R = − L 12 , L 22 = − k m 2 1 − v 2 − n 2 R 2 ,

(26) L 23 = − n R 2 + n 1 + v 2 R × − k m 2 R + h + ε δ ( x ) + i k m 8 ε x s ,

(27) L 31 = − i k m ν R , L 32 = − n R 2 ,

(28) L ˆ 33 = − 1 R 2 − ( 1 − v 2 ) α E h k m 4 + 2 R 2 k m 2 n 2 + n 4 R 4 + v R − k m 2 R + h + ε δ ( x ) + i k m 8 ε x s ,

and

(29) α 11 = − ζ x k m 2 ( 1 − ν ) , α 12 = i k m n ζ x ( 2 h − 1 ) ( 1 − ν ) 2 R ,

(30) α 13 = − ζ x ( 1 − ν ) R i k m + n 2 2 R h + i ζ x ( 1 − ν ) k m × k m 2 R + h + ε δ ( x ) + 16 i k m ε x s + 8 ε s ,

(31) α 21 = − i ζ x k m n ( 1 − ν ) , α 22 = − k m 2 ζ x ( 1 − ν ) 2 h ,

(32) α 23 = ζ x ( 1 − ν ) 2 h R − i k m n + k m 2 n h 3 6 R + i k m ζ x ( 1 − ν ) n i k m R + h + ε δ ( x ) + 8 ε x s ,

(33) α 31 = − i k m ζ x ( 1 − ν ) R , α 32 = k m 2 n ζ x h 2 ( 1 − ν ) 12 R ,

(34) α 33 = ζ x ( 1 − ν ) 2 h − k m 2 1 − n 2 h 3 3 R 2 + h 3 6 k m 4 + i k m ζ x ( 1 − ν ) R i k m R + h + ε δ ( x ) + 8 ε x s .

(35) η = ( 1 − v 2 ) ρ h E h .

In order to obtain the vibration frequency and associated modes for ISWCNTs, the determinant of the matrix in equation (22) should vanish. Thus, one obtains the following characteristic equation:

(36) det L 11 + α 11 + η ω 2 L 12 + α 12 L ˆ 13 + α 13 L 21 + α 21 L 22 + α 22 + η ω 2 L ˆ 23 + α 23 L 31 + α 31 L 32 + α 32 L ˆ 33 + α 33 + η ω 2 = 0 ,

where the lowest root of equation (36) indicates that the eigenvalues are associated with vibration frequencies of prestressed ISWCNT and the vector ( U m , V m , W m ) T represents their mode shapes. In the present study, we suppose the nanotube is simply supported in its ends, so the axial wave number is taken in the following form [59]:

(37) k m = m π L .

4 Particular cases

Case (I): if the effect of initial stresses is absent ( i .e . ζ x = 0 ) , then α i j = 0 , and equation (22) becomes

(38) L 11 + η ω 2 L 12 L ˆ 13 L 21 L 22 + η ω 2 L ˆ 23 L 31 L 32 L ˆ 33 + η ω 2 U m V m W m = 0 ,

which coincides with the result obtained by Selim [59].

Case (II): if both the effects of surface irregularity and initial stresses are absent ( i .e . ε = 0 and ζ x = 0 ) , then equation (22) becomes

(39) L 11 + η ω 2 L 12 L 13 L 21 L 22 + η ω 2 L 23 L 31 L 32 L 33 + η ω 2 U m V m W m = 0 ,

where

(40) L 13 = i k m v R , L 23 = n R 2 , L 33 = − 1 R 2 − ( 1 − v 2 ) α E h k m 4 + 2 R 2 k m 2 n 2 + n 4 R 4 ,

which agrees with the result of Hussain [60].

5 Numerical results and discussion

In this section, numerical results for vibration of the simply supported SWCNTs under the effects of surface irregularity are carried out using the simulation parameters presented in Table 1 [5].

Table 1

Simulation parameters’ armchairs

h	E / ρ	υ	E h	R
0.34 nm	3.6481 × 10⁸ m²/s²	0.2	278.25 GPa nm	0.343322 nm

An examination of the studies concerned with fabrication procedures of CNTs reveals that perfectly straight CNTs without any deviation in geometry and orientation are very difficult to achieve [61]. Therefore, understanding the influences of surface irregularity as well as initial stresses on the vibration analysis of SWCNT may serve as useful references for the applications and designs of nano oscillators and nanodevices, in which SWCNTs act as the most prevalent nanocomposite structural element.

In order to show the effects of compressive initial stresses as well as surface irregularity on the torsional natural frequency of SWCNT, the relation between the torsional frequency and axial wave number is calculated. Numerical computations are carried out for different values of compressive initial stress parameter ( ζ x = 0.2 , 0.4 ) and surface irregularity parameter ( ε = 0.28 , 0.56 ) . The results of computations are plotted in Figures 2 and 3, for various values of wave number k _m at first and second modes.

The natural frequency (THz) as a function of 0 ≤ x ≤ L for the case of simply supported SWCNTs at first vibration mode (m = n = 1) has been evaluated based on the Donnell thin cylindrical shell theory using (36). The results obtained are compared and discussed with the case of uniform initial stress-free nanotube ( ε = 0.0 , ζ x = 0.0 ) .

In order to show the effects of surface irregularity and initial stresses on the natural frequency of vibration, a series of computations are carried out for different values of the aspect ratio (L/d), irregularity and initial stress parameters. The frequency (THz) data verses ratio of L/d are plotted in Figures 2–7.

Figure 2

Variations in the natural frequency of uniform (ε = 0.0) initial stress-free (ζ = 0.0) single-walled carbon nanotube against aspect ratio (L/d).

Figure 3

Variations in the natural frequency of irregular (ε = 0.28) single-walled carbon nanotube against aspect ratio (L/d) at (ζ = 0.0).

Figure 4

Variations in the natural frequency of irregular (ε = 0.56) single-walled carbon nanotube against aspect ratio (L/d) at (ζ = 0.0).

Figure 5

Variations in the natural frequency of uniform single-walled carbon nanotube against aspect ratio (L/d) under initial stresses (ζ = 0.01, 0.025).

Figure 6

Variations in the natural frequency of irregular (ε = 0.28) single-walled carbon nanotube against aspect ratio (L/d) under initial stresses (ζ = 0.01, 0.025).

Figure 7

Variations in the natural frequency of irregular (ε = 0.56) single-walled carbon nanotube against aspect ratio (L/d) under initial stresses (ζ = 0.01, 0.025).

Figure 2 shows the variations of natural frequencies of uniform ( ε = 0.0 ) SWCNT for different values of aspect ratio (L/d). It is clearly seen from this figure that the natural frequency of the uniform SWCNT takes values that lie in the range of 0.5–14 terahertzes for the aspect ratio intervals 0–60.

The effects of surface irregularity ( ε = 0.28 and ε = 0.56 ) on the natural frequency of vibration are demonstrated in Figures 3 and 4.

The effect of surface irregularity parameter ( ε = 0.28 ) on the natural frequency of the nanotube various aspect ratio at ( ζ x = 0.0 ) is shown Figure 3. From this figure, it can be seen that the natural frequency of SWCNT is quite different, compared with its values at ( ε = 0.0 ) . The reason is very clear; and the change is due to the effect of surface irregularity.

The effect of surface irregularity becomes obvious for the higher values of the irregularity parameter ( ε = 0.56 ) as shown in Figure 4. From this figure, one can observe that the natural frequency of nanotube influenced by the increase in the surface irregularity parameter and the curve takes opposite direction compared with the result obtained in Figure 3 at ε = 0.28 . This means that the increase in irregularity parameter decreases the natural frequency of the vibration and this decrease is most pronounced when the nanotube is long. However, the natural frequency of the nanotube is more affected by increasing the value of irregularity parameter compared with the cases of lower values of this parameter ( ε = 0.28 and ε = 0.0 ). From Figures 2 and 3, one can get the information that the presence of surface irregularities in the SWCNTs has notable effects on the natural frequency of the nanotubes.

Figure 5 shows the effects of initial stress on the natural frequency of uniform nanotube with various aspect ratio at ( ζ x = 0.01 , 0.025 ) . From Figure 5, it can be seen that small increase in the initial stress parameter (0.015) makes a notable change in the natural frequency of the vibrating nanotube. This means that the natural frequency is independent of the initial stresses present in the nanotube.

The effects of irregularity and initial stress parameters on the natural frequency of SWCNT are shown in Figures 6 and 7.

Figure 6 shows the variations in natural frequency of vibration with respect to aspect ratio (L/d) with different values of the initial stress parameter ( ζ x = 0.01 , 0.025 ) at surface irregularity parameter ( ε = 0.28 ) . From this figure, it can be observed that the surface irregularity and initial stresses (together) have considerable effects on the natural frequency of the vibrating nanotube. In addition, the values of natural frequency of vibration are quite different from the values shown in Figure 5 for uniform nanotube at the same values of the initial stress parameter ( ζ x = 0.01 , 0.025 ) .

The effect of surface irregularity and initial stresses becomes obvious for the higher values of the irregularity parameter ( ε = 0.56 ) as shown in Figure 7. From this figure, we can observe that the natural frequency of nanotube is influenced by the increase in the surface irregularity and initial stress parameters, and the curve takes the opposite direction. This means that the increase in surface irregularity with an increase in initial stress parameter decreases the natural frequency of the vibration, and this decrease is most pronounced when the nanotube is long. However, the natural frequency of the nanotube is more affected by the surface irregularity and initial stresses at shorter nanotubes.

From Figures 6 and 7, one can get the information that the presence of surface irregularity and initial stresses in SWCNTs, has notable effects on the natural frequency of vibration.

From the numerical results, it is observed that the presence of surface irregularity as well as compressive initial stresses in the SWCNTs has notable effects on torsional natural frequency. In addition, we conclude that the increase in compressive initial stress parameter increases the torsional natural frequency of SWCNTs no matter whether the surface irregularity is increasing or not.

6 Conclusions

In this article, a novel frequency equation of vibration of pre-stressed ISWCNT based on Donnell thin-shell theory is reported. Taking into account the effects of surface irregularity and initial stresses, vibration of SWCNTs is analyzed and the numerical results are plotted in several figures to examine the dependence of natural frequency of vibration on the surface irregularity and initial stress parameters. Some conclusions are drawn as follows:

Based on a theoretical model for vibration of SWCNT dependence of the surface irregularity and initial stresses, novel equation of motion and natural frequency equation are derived.
The natural frequencies are calculated for various surface irregularity and initial stress parameters, with detailed comparison to the results, which neglect the effects of surface irregularity or the initial stresses on the vibration.
The presence of surface irregularity and initial stresses has notable effects on the natural frequency of SWCNTs.
To the authors’ best knowledge, the effect of surface irregularity and initial stresses on the vibration behavior of SWCNTs has not yet been studied, and the present work is an attempt to find out this effectiveness, and the results of the present analysis may serve as useful references for the application and design of nano oscillators and nanodevices, in which SWCNTs act as the most prevalent nanocomposite structural element.

Acknowledgments

This project was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University under the research project no. 2020/01/16579.

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

References

[1] Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature. 1991;354:56–8.10.1038/354056a0Search in Google Scholar

[2] Edwards BC. Design and deployment of space elevator. Acta Astronaut. 2000;47(10):735–44.10.1016/S0094-5765(00)00111-9Search in Google Scholar

[3] Mohanty P, Harrington DA, Ekinci KL, Yang YT, Murphy MJ, Roukes ML. Intrinsic dissipation in high-frequency micromechanical resonators. Phys Rev B. 2002;66:085416.10.1103/PhysRevB.66.085416Search in Google Scholar

[4] Xu K-Y, Aifantis EC, Yan Y-H. Vibrations of double-walled carbon nanotubes with different boundary conditions between inner and outer tubes. J Appl Phys. 2008;75:021013.10.1115/1.2793133Search in Google Scholar

[5] Zhang YY, Wang CM, Tan VBC. Assessment of Timoshenko beam models for vibration behavior of single-walled carbon nanotubes using molecular dynamics. Adv Appl Math Mech. 2009;1:1–18.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Chowdhury R, Wang C, Adhikari S. Low frequency vibration of multiwall carbon nanotubes with heterogeneous boundaries. J Phys D Appl Phys. 2010;43:085405.10.1088/0022-3727/43/8/085405Search in Google Scholar

[7] Selim MM. Vibrational analysis of initially stressed carbon nanotubes. Acta Phys Pol A. 2011;119(6):778–82.10.12693/APhysPolA.119.778Search in Google Scholar

[8] Arghavan S, Singh A. On the vibrations of single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Sound Vib. 2011;330:3102–22.10.1016/j.jsv.2011.01.032Search in Google Scholar

[9] Strozzi M, Manevitch LI, Pellicano F, Smirnov VV, Shepelev DS. Low-frequency linear vibrations of single-walled carbon nanotubes: Analytical and numerical models. J Sound Vib. 2014;333:2936–57.10.1016/j.jsv.2014.01.016Search in Google Scholar

[10] Shaban M, Alibeigloo A. Three dimensional vibration and bending analysis of carbon nanotubes embedded in elastic medium based on theory of elasticity. Latin Am J Solids Struct. 2014;11:2122–40.10.1590/S1679-78252014001200002Search in Google Scholar

[11] Liu R, Wang L. Coupling between flexural modes in free vibration of single-walled carbon nanotubes. AIP Adv. 2015;5:127110.10.1063/1.4937743Search in Google Scholar

[12] Rakrak K, Zidour M, Heireche H, Bousahla AA, Chemi A. Free vibration analysis of chiral double-walled carbon nanotube using non-local elasticity theory. Adv Nano Res. 2016;4(1):31–44.10.12989/anr.2016.4.1.031Search in Google Scholar

[13] Ajri M, Fakhrabadi MMS. Nonlinear free vibration of viscoelastic nanoplates based on modified couple stress theory. J Computat Appl Mech. 2018;49(1):44–53.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Preethi K, Raghu P, Rajagopal A, Reddy J. Nonlocal nonlinear bending and free vibration analysis of a rotating laminated nano cantilever beam. Mech Adv Mater Struct. 2018;25(5):439–50.10.1080/15376494.2016.1278062Search in Google Scholar

[15] Rajasekaran S, Khaniki HB. Free vibration analysis of bi-directional functionally graded single/multi-cracked beams. Int J Mech Sci. 2018;144:341–56.10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.06.004Search in Google Scholar

[16] Zargaripoor A, Bahrami A. Free vibration and buckling analysis of third-order shear deformation plate theory using exact wave propagation approach. J Comput Appl Mech. 2018;49(1):102–24.Search in Google Scholar

[17] Yi X, Li B, Wang Z. Vibration analysis of fluid conveying carbon nanotubes based on nonlocal timoshenko beam theory by spectral element method. Nanomaterials. 2019;9:1780.10.3390/nano9121780Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[18] Hussain M, Naeem MN. Vibration characteristics of single-walled carbon nanotubes based on nonlocal elasticity theory using wave propagation approach (WPA) including chirality. In: Carbon Nanotubes. London, UK: Intech Open; 2019. 10.5772/intechopen.85948.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Dehshahri K, Nejad MZ, Ziaee S, Niknejad A, Hadi A. Free vibrations analysis of arbitrary three-dimensionally FGM nanoplates. Adv Nano Res. 2020;8(2):115–34.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Tang Y, Yang T. Bi-directional functionally graded nanotubes: fluid conveying dynamics. Int J Appl Mech. 2018;10:1850041.10.1142/S1758825118500412Search in Google Scholar

[21] Tang Y, Lv X, Yang T. Bi-directional functionally graded beams: asymmetric modes and nonlinear free vibration. Compos B Eng. 2019;156:319–31.10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.08.140Search in Google Scholar

[22] Yang T, Tang Y, Li Q, Yang XD. Nonlinear bending, buckling and vibration of bi-directional functionally graded nanobeams. Compos Struct. 2018;204:313–9.10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.07.045Search in Google Scholar

[23] Tang Y, Yang T, Fang B. Nonlinear vibration analysis of a fractional dynamic model for the viscoelastic pipe conveying fluid. Appl Math Model. 2018;56:123–36.10.1016/j.apm.2017.11.022Search in Google Scholar

[24] Tang Y, Zhong S, Yang T. Interaction between thermal field and two-dimensional functionally graded materials: a structural mechanical example. Int J Appl Mech. 2019;11:1950099.10.1142/S1758825119500996Search in Google Scholar

[25] Tang Y, Yang T. Transient thermal camouflage and heat signature control. Compos Struct. 2018;185:393–400.10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.11.032Search in Google Scholar

[26] Tang Y, Ding Q. Nonlinear vibration analysis of a bi-directional functionally graded beam under hydro-thermal loads. Compos Struct. 2019;225:111076.10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111076Search in Google Scholar

[27] Tang Y, Yang T, Fang B. Fractional dynamics of fluid-conveying pipes made of polymer-like materials. Acta Mech Sol Sin. 2018;31(2):243–58.10.1007/s10338-018-0007-9Search in Google Scholar

[28] Hutchens SB, Needleman A, Greer JR. Analysis of uniaxial compression of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. J Mech Phys Solids. 2011;59(10):2227–37.10.1016/j.jmps.2011.05.002Search in Google Scholar

[29] Jia J, Zhao J, Xu G, Di J, Yong Z, Tao Y, et al. A comparison of the mechanical properties of fibers spun from different carbon nanotubes. Carbon. 2011;49(4):1333–9.10.1016/j.carbon.2010.11.054Search in Google Scholar

[30] Yeh MK, Hsieh TH, Tai NH. Fabrication and mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/epoxy nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011;483–484:289–92.10.1016/j.msea.2006.09.138Search in Google Scholar

[31] Yeh MK, Tai NH, Lin YJ. Mechanical properties of phenolic-based nanocomposites reinforced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf. 2008;39(4):677–84.10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.07.010Search in Google Scholar

[32] Mezghani K, Farooqui M, Furquan S, Atieh M. Influence of carbon nanotube (CNT) on the mechanical properties of LLDPE/CNT nanocomposite fibers. Mater Matters. 2011;65:3633–5.10.1016/j.matlet.2011.08.002Search in Google Scholar

[33] Zhang XL, Liu ZB, Zhao X, Zhou WY, Tian JG. Nonlinear optical properties of hydroxyl groups modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett. 2010;494(1–3):75–9.10.1016/j.cplett.2010.05.079Search in Google Scholar

[34] Wang Q. Torsional buckling of double-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon. 2008;46(8):1172–4.10.1016/j.carbon.2008.03.025Search in Google Scholar

[35] Wu CL, Lin HC, Hsu JS, Yip MC, Fang W. Static and dynamic mechanical properties of polydimethylsiloxane/carbon nanotube nanocomposites. Thin Solid Films. 2009;517:4895–901.10.1016/j.tsf.2009.03.146Search in Google Scholar

[36] Yakobson BI, Avouris P. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes. Appl Phys. 2001;80:287–327.10.1007/3-540-39947-X_12Search in Google Scholar

[37] Li C, Chou TW. A structural mechanics approach for the analysis of carbon nanotubes. Int J Solids Struct. 2003;40(10):2487–99.10.1016/S0020-7683(03)00056-8Search in Google Scholar

[38] Kalamkarov AL, Georgiades AV, Rokkam SK, Veedu VP, Ghasemi-Nejhad MN. Analytical and numerical techniques to predict carbon nanotubes properties. Int J Solids Struct. 2006;43(22–23):6832–54.10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.02.009Search in Google Scholar

[39] Xiaohu Y, Qiang H. Investigation of axially compressed buckling of a multi-walled carbon nanotube under temperature field. Compos Sci Technol. 2007;67(1):125–34.10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.03.021Search in Google Scholar

[40] Georgantzinos SK, Giannopoulos GI, Anifantis NK. Investigation of stress–strain behavior of single walled carbon nanotube/rubber composites by a multi-scale finite element method. Theor Appl Fract Mech. 2009;52(3):158–64.10.1016/j.tafmec.2009.09.005Search in Google Scholar

[41] Shokrieh MM, Rafiee R. Investigation of nanotube length effect on the reinforcement efficiency in carbon nanotube based composites. J Compos Struct. 2010;92(10):2415–20.10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.02.018Search in Google Scholar

[42] Zhbanov AI, Pogorelov EG, Chang YC. Van der Waals interaction between two crossed carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano. 2010;4(10):5937–45.10.1021/nn100731uSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[43] Wang L. Vibration analysis of nanotubes conveying fluid based on gradient elasticity theory. J Vib Control. 2012;18(2):313–20.10.1177/1077546311403957Search in Google Scholar

[44] Yang Y, Zhang L, Lim CW. Wave propagation in fluid-filled single-walled carbon nanotube on analytically nonlocal Euler Bernoulli beam model. J Sound Vibr. 2012;331(7):1567–79.10.1016/j.jsv.2011.11.018Search in Google Scholar

[45] Nafeie N, Montazer M, Nejad N, Harifi T. Electrical conductivity of different carbon nanotubes on wool fabric: an investigation on the effects of different dispersing agents and pretreatments. Colloids Surf A. 2016;497:81–9.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.02.029Search in Google Scholar

[46] Nikfarjam A, Rafiee R, Taheri M. Electrical and electromagnetic properties of isolated carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube-based composites. Polyolefins J. 2017;4(1):43–68.Search in Google Scholar

[47] Shahidi S, Moazzenchi B. Carbon nanotube and its applications in textile industry – a review. J Text Inst. 2018;109(12):1653–66.10.1080/00405000.2018.1437114Search in Google Scholar

[48] Gheshlaghi B, Hasheminejad SM. Size dependent torsional vibration of nanotubes. Phys E. 2010;43(1):45–8.10.1016/j.physe.2010.06.015Search in Google Scholar

[49] Adeli MM, Hadi A, Hosseini M, Gorgani HH. Torsional vibration of nano-cone based on nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory. Eur Phys J Plus. 2017;132(9):393.10.1140/epjp/i2017-11688-0Search in Google Scholar

[50] Arda M, Aydogdu M. Torsional statics and dynamics of nanotubes embedded in an elastic medium. Compos Struct. 2014;114:80–91.10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.03.053Search in Google Scholar

[51] El-Borgi S, Rajendran P, Friswell MI, Trabelssi M, Reddy JN. Torsional vibration of size-dependent viscoelastic rods using nonlocal strain and velocity gradient theory. Compos Struct. 2018;186:274–92.10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.12.002Search in Google Scholar

[52] Zarezadeh E, Hosseini V, Hadi A. Torsional vibration of functionally graded nano-rod under magnetic field supported by a generalized torsional foundation based on nonlocal elasticity theory. Mech Based Des Struct Mach. 2019;47:1–16.10.1080/15397734.2019.1642766Search in Google Scholar

[53] Ru CQ. Column buckling of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with interlayer radial displacements. Phys Rev B Condens Matter Mater Phys. 2002;62:16962–7.10.1103/PhysRevB.62.16962Search in Google Scholar

[54] Shen HS. Post buckling prediction of double-walled carbon nanotubes under hydrostatic pressure. Int J Solids Struct. 2004;41(9–10):2643–57.10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2003.11.028Search in Google Scholar

[55] Thai HT. A nonlocal beam theory for bending, buckling, and vibration of nanobeams. Int J Eng Sci. 2012;52:56–64.10.1016/j.ijengsci.2011.11.011Search in Google Scholar

[56] Selim MM. Static deformation of an irregular initially stressed medium. Appl Math Comput. 2007;188:1274–84.10.1016/j.amc.2006.11.003Search in Google Scholar

[57] Selim MM. Impacts of surface irregularity on vibration analysis of single-walled carbon nanotubes based on Donnell thin shell theory. Adv Nano Res. 2020 (in press).Search in Google Scholar

[58] Selim MM. Dispersion relation for transverse waves in pre-stressed irregular single-walled carbon nanotubes. Phys Scr. 2020;95(115218):1–8.10.1088/1402-4896/abc0c4Search in Google Scholar

[59] Selim MM, Abe S, Harigay S. Effects of initial compression stress on wave propagation in carbon nanotubes. Eur Phys J B. 2009;69:523–8.10.1140/epjb/e2009-00184-5Search in Google Scholar

[60] Hussain M, Naeem MN, Shahzad A, He M. Vibrational behavior of single-walled carbon nanotubes based on cylindrical shell model using wave propagation approach. AIP Adv. 2017;7:045114.10.1063/1.4979112Search in Google Scholar

[61] Liew KM, Wang Q. Analysis of wave propagation in carbon nanotubes via elastic shell theories. Int J Eng Sci. 2007;45:227–41.10.1016/j.ijengsci.2007.04.001Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2020-10-27

Revised: 2020-12-19

Accepted: 2020-12-22

Published Online: 2020-12-31

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Supplementary material

Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0114

Keywords for this article

vibration analysis; single-walled carbon nanotubes; surface irregularity; initial stresses; Donnell thin-shell theory; eigenvalue approach

Creative Commons

BY 4.0

Vibrational analysis of an irregular single-walled carbon nanotube incorporating initial stress effects

Article

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Mathematical formulation of the problem

3 Solution procedure

4 Particular cases

5 Numerical results and discussion

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Supplementary Material

Articles in the same Issue

Articles in the same Issue

Articles in the same Issue