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Experimental study on photocatalytic degradation efficiency of mixed crystal nano-TiO2 concrete

  • Zhan Guo , Chenxiang Huang and Yu Chen EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: March 18, 2020
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 9 Issue 1

Abstract

The photocatalytic mixed crystal nano-TiO2 particles were incorporated with concrete by means of the internal doping method (IDM) and spraying method (SPM) in this paper. To evaluate the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of mixed crystal nano-TiO2 concrete, the methyl orange (MO) was chosen to simulate pollutants. The physicochemical characteristics and photocatalytic performance of mixed crystal nano-TiO2 concrete prepared by above two different methods were experimentally investigated under UV irradiation and solar irradiation. Furthermore, the effects of two key influential factors including pollutant concentration and irradiation condition were also analyzed and discussed. Experimental results indicate that the nano-TiO2 concrete prepared by the spraying method (SPM) exhibits maximum photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 73.82% when the sprayed nano-TiO2 slurry concentration is 10mg/L. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of unpolished nano-TiO2 concrete is much higher than that of polished nano-TiO2 concrete under the same exposure time of UV irradiation. Moreover, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete decreases with the increase of pollutant concentration. The irradiation condition has an obvious influence on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete. In the aspect of applications, the practical recommendations for the nano-TiO2 concrete with self-cleaning capacity were presented according to the experimental results.

Keywords: mixed crystal; nano-TiO2 concrete; X-ray diffraction; pollutant concentration; irradiation condition; photocatalytic degradation efficiency

1 Introduction

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, environmental pollution has become an increasingly serious social problem that can’t be neglected indeed. As one of the most significant traditional construction materials (steel and cement), the cement is facing enormous concerns due to its activity has been considered as one of the primary causes of air pollution [1]. To mitigate the environment impact of cement production, varieties of physical, chemical and biological methods such as adsorption, precipitation, and bioremediation have been proposed by scientists [2]. Among the above methods, the photocatalysis technology has been considered as one of the most efficient solutions to address air pollutants owing to its superior photocatalytic activity, low cost, and complete degradation [3].

To seek a superior photocatalyst is one of the most significant problems in photocatalysis technology. Up to now, the nano-TiO2 has been considered as one of the best choices as a good photocatalyst due to its chemical stability, non-toxicity and high photocatalytic activity. On the other hand, due to the high plasticity, good durability and easy material availability, the concrete has been widely utilized in the field of civil and building engineering. Therefore, it is an innovative idea that a new kind of nano-TiO2 concrete with self-cleaning capacity is proposed by using the concrete as the carrier.

In recent years, the photocatalytic performance and innovative applications for kinds of novel nano materials have been in-depth investigated and discussed at home and abroad.He et al. [4] studied the mechanical and photocatalytic properties of two types of nano-TiO2 concrete by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and degradation efficiency tests. It was found that the photocatalytic performance of the modified nano-TiO2 concrete was much better than that of the original nano-TiO2 concrete. Elena et al. [5] systematically evaluated the photocatalytic activity of the Sol-Gel nano-TiO2 particles for photocatalytic cement composites by comparing the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) under UV irradiation. An experimental study on the photocatalytic performance of nano-TiO2

incorporated self-compacting glass mortar (SCGM) was performed by Guo et al. [6]. Experimental results showed that the photocatalytic performance of SCGM proved an obvious decrease of NO with the increase of NO2 under UVA irradiation. Ge et al. [7] comprehensively summarized several advances and potential applications of TiO2 nanotube arrays on the photoelectrocatalytic degradation efficiency of pollutants. Yi et al. [8] presented an experimental investigation on the adsorptive degradation performance of hydrophobic/hydrophilic nano-SiO2 under different organic pollutant solutions. The hydrophobic nano-SiO2 exhibited superior adsorption capacity on soluble organic compounds. Feng et al. [9] prepared photocatalytic TiO2 composite cement pastes by a smear method and systematically investigated the microstructure, photocatalytic properties and durability. Test results showed that the TiO2 composite cement pastes possessed better degradation properties after they were immersed in an acid or alkaline solution. A novel active catalyst called as diatom-FeOx composite was experimentally investigated by Krishna et al. [10] to study the photocatalytic degradation efficiency. Test results showed that the diatom-FeOx composite exhibited high activity in catalyzing the photodegradation of Rh-6G. Zhang et al. [11] evaluated and discussed the effects of nano-SiO2 on the photocatalytic behavior and durability of cementitious composite incorporated with nano-SiO2. The results indicated that the nano-SiO2 could dramatically improve the photocatalytic performance and durability of cementitious composites. Samim et al. [12] discussed and compared the visible light photocatalytic activity of the ZnO nanostructures prepared by different modification strategies. The photocatalytic activity of the ZnO nanostructures was significantly correlated with the charge dynamics across the nanostructured interface. The reduced graphene oxide-Bi2WO6 photocatalyst with different RM values were successfully compounded by using hydrothermal method [13]. Experimental results indicated that the photocatalytic activity of oxide-Bi2WO6 for the degradation of Rho-damine-B increased gradually when the RM values were enhanced from 0 to 2%. Huang et al. [14] proposed a new type of nano-TiO2 emulsified asphalt mixture, and investigated four influence factors (nano-TiO2 particle size, dosage, degradation time and light intensity) on the photocatalytic performance of nano-TiO2 emulsified asphalt mixture. Shen et al. [15] proposed a kind of photocatalytic concrete with ultra-smooth surface manufactured by using the photocatalysis properties of nano-TiO2 particles. This kind of photocatalytic concrete is considered as a promising self-cleaning finishing material for the urban buildings.

Although many researchers have studied the photocatalytic property of kinds of nano materials, there is still little investigation being performed on the physicochemical characteristics and photocatalytic performance of nano-TiO2 concrete with self-cleaning capacity. In this research, the mixed crystal nano-TiO2 particles were incorporated with the concrete by means of the internal doping method (IDM) and spraying method (SPM). The physicochemical characteristics of mixed crystal nano-TiO2 were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The methyl orange (MO) was adopted to simulate pollutants for the investigation of photocatalytic degradation efficiency of mixed crystal nano-TiO2 concrete under UV irradiation and solar irradiation. Furthermore, the effects of two key influential factors including pollutant concentration and irradiation condition were also analyzed and discussed. Finally, the practical recommendations for the application of novel nano-TiO2 concrete with self-cleaning capacity were presented according to the experimental results.

2 Materials and experimental preparation

2.1 Test materials

There were three types of industrial materials used in this experiment, including the cement, nano-TiO2, and methyl orange. A commercially mixed crystal nano-TiO2 powder (type P25) was utilized as the photocatalyst for the preparation of nano-TiO2 concrete. The mixed crystal nano-TiO2 powder consists of 75 wt% anatase and 25 wt% rutile. The mixed crystal nano-TiO2 powder was purchased from Degussa, Germany, which has an average particle size of 21 nm, and a specific surface area of 50 m2/g. Table 1 shows the physical properties of the mixed crystal nano-TiO2 powder. The Chinese common Portland cement with a strength grade of 42.5 (type P·O 42.5) was utilized to prepare the nano-TiO2 concrete block samples. The natural medium sand with a maximum size of 4.75 mm is used as fine aggregate, and the crushed stone with the maximum size of 30 mm is used as coarse aggregate. The mix proportions of nano-TiO2 concrete with nominal cube strength of 30 MPa in this study is presented in Table 2. The methyl orange (MO) was used as an organic pollutant to evaluate the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete by measuring its absorbance during the experiment. The methyl orange was purchased from China National Pharmaceutical Corporation.

Table 1

Physical properties of mixed crystal nano-TiO2 particles

Particle size (nm) Specific surface area (m2/g) Purity (%) Bulk density (g/l) pH
21 50 99:5 130 3:5-4:5
Table 2

Mix proportions of nano-TiO2 concrete

Nano-TiO2 concrete strength Water (kg/m3) Cement (kg/m3) Sand (kg/m3) Gravel (kg/m3)
C30 183 450 600 1192

2.2 Preparation of nano-TiO2 concrete

The nano-TiO2 powders are usually incorporated with concrete in two kinds of methods: (1) mix nano-TiO2 powder with the concrete aggregates directly, which is called as the internal doping method; (2) spray nano-TiO2 slurry on the surface of concrete blocks, which is called as the spraying method [16, 17, 18, 19]. However, these methods generally exhibit a significant difference in the photocatalytic degradation performance of the mixed crystal nano-TiO2 concrete. Therefore, two kinds of preparation methods including the internal doping method (IDM) and spraying method (SPM) were adopted and then a comparative research was conducted to investigate the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of mixed crystal nano-TiO2 concrete with self-cleaning capacity.

In this experiment, for the internal doping method, the cement in concrete mix was equivalently substituted by the nano-TiO2 powders with different contents (2%, 5%, 8%) to prepare the nano-TiO2 concrete block samples. As for the spraying method, the concrete block samples were firstly prepared, and then the nano-TiO2 slurry with different concentrations (5mg/L, 10mg/L, 15mg/L, 20mg/L) was sprayed on the surface of the concrete block samples. The sprayed nano-TiO2 slurry on the surface of the concrete block samples was required to keep uniform and the thickness of spray coating was 1mm. All tested nano-TiO2 concrete block samples are 8 cm in diameter, 1 cm in thickness and 100 g in weight. The nano-TiO2 concrete block samples prepared by above methods are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Nano-TiO2 concrete block samples
Figure 1

Nano-TiO2 concrete block samples

2.3 Nano-TiO2 characterization

The XRD analysis was conducted by an X-ray diffractometer manufactured by Panalytical Corporation to obtain the physicochemical characteristics of mixed crystal nano-TiO2 concrete. In this experiment, the tube voltage and current of the measuring instrument were fixed at 45 kV and 40 mA, respectively.Moreover, the UV-Vis spectrophotometer (type LAMBDA650)was employed to test the material, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) was used to obtain the absorption spectrum, and further analyze the light absorption capacity.

2.4 Photocatalytic performance test

To evaluate the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of mixed crystal nano-TiO2 concrete, the methyl orange (MO) was utilized to simulate pollutants in this experiment. Moreover, the mercury lamp and xenon lamp with the light power density of 80 W/cm were also utilized to simulate the UV irradiation and solar irradiation condition, respectively, as shown in Figure 2. Especially, for the purpose of mitigating the effect of temperature variation, the temperature of MO solution was sustained at the controlled temperature during the tests by placing a cooling jacket on the bottom of the beaker. The experimental process can be described as follows: (1) a volume of 300 ml methyl orange solution with a concentration of 10 mg/L was infused into a flat bottom beaker, and then the nano-TiO2 concrete brick sample was also put into the beaker. Before illumination, the solution was placed in a photocatalytic reaction chamber and was stirred by a magnetic stirring apparatus for 30 minutes. (2) after the physical adsorption equilibrium of methyl orange solution was reached, a volume of 4 ml solution was extracted, and then centrifuged on a high-speed centrifuge with a speed of 12000 r/min for 1 minute. (3) the supernatant was extracted to measure the solution absorbance (recorded as A0) by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. After the measurement, the initial solution was poured back to the beaker and continued to be degraded. (4) turn on the mercury lamp, and then placed the beaker under a 250W UV irradiation (or solar irradiation) with a distance of 20 cm. (5) after 15 minutes of UV irradiation (or solar irradiation), a volume of 4 ml MO solution was extracted and measured the solution absorbance (recorded as A15) by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. After that, the second measured solution was poured back again to the beaker and continued to be degraded. (6) seven times continuous tests were carried out as the previous steps, and the solution absorbance in each time was recorded as At. In this experiment, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency (D) can be calculated by the solution absorbance, which is described by the following equation:

Figure 2 Photocatalytic reaction chamber
Figure 2

Photocatalytic reaction chamber

(1) D = A 0 − A t A 0 × 100 %

Where, D is photocatalytic degradation efficiency. A0 is the initial absorbance of the MO solution. At is the final absorbance of the MO solution after t minute photocatalytic degradation.

3 Results and discussions

3.1 Photocatalysis mechanism

Figure 3 demonstrates the primary photocatalysis mechanism of nano-TiO2 concrete. In this investigation, the nano-TiO2 is a typical wide bandgap semiconductor material, which possesses a special energy band structure. This energy band structure of nano-TiO2 consists of a low valence band (VB) filled with electrons and a high empty energy conduction band (CB). When the irradiation energy is larger than the bandgap width of nano-TiO2, electrons (e−) in the valence band (VB) can be excited to jump into the conduction band (CB), and the corresponding holes (h+) are generated in the valence band (VB), thus developing an “electron-hole” pair, as shown in equation (2). On the one hand, under the irradiation condition, electrons (e−) in the conduction band (CB) can further react with the absorbed oxygen (O2) and produce the superoxide ions (O•− 2), as plotted in equation (3). Moreover, these superoxide ions (O•− 2) can further react with hydrogen ions (H+) in water and generate HO•2, as shown in equation (4). Subsequently, HO•2 can react with e− and H+ to produce H2O2, as demonstrated in equation (5). Finally, H2O2 can react with e− to generate OH• and OH− [20]. On the other hand, the produced holes (h+) in the valence band (VB) can capture OH− in water and then generate OH• [21, 22]. On the whole photocatalytic reaction process, these reactive oxygen species (H2O2,OH•,O•− 2 ) possess superior redox ability,which can degrade the organism to small green molecules, such as CO2 and H2O. Therefore, the nano-TiO2 concrete possesses self-cleaning capacity owing to the photocatalytic degradation performance of nano-TiO2.

Figure 3 Schematic illustration for photocatalysis mechanism of nano-TiO2
Figure 3

Schematic illustration for photocatalysis mechanism of nano-TiO2

(2) TiO 2 + hv → e − ( TiO 2 ) + h + ( TiO 2 )
(3) e − + O 2 → O 2 ∙ −
(4) O 2 ∙ − + H + → H O 2 ∙
(5) H O 2 ∙ + e − + H + → H 2 O 2
(6) H 2 O 2 + e − → OH ∙ + OH −
(7) h + + OH − → OH ∙

3.2 X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies

Figure 4 displays the X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of nano-TiO2 particles. As demonstrated in Figure 4, the characteristic diffraction peaks of anatase and rutile forms of TiO2 can be detected in the spectrum of nano-TiO2, which indicates that the nano-TiO2 samples adopted in this paper are comprised of anatase and rutile mixed phase, corresponding to the phase composition of P25.

Figure 4 XRD pattern of nano-TiO2
Figure 4

XRD pattern of nano-TiO2

Based on the experimental data, the average crystal size of nano-TiO2 can be calculated by measuring the broadening of the most intense peak of the phase in a diffraction pattern according to the Debye-Scherrer equation [23]. The calculated crystal size of nano-TiO2 was about 20.86 nm.

3.3 The effect of internal doping method (IDM)

The effect of the internal doping method on the photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete is plotted in Figure 5. In these figures, the horizontal co-ordinate represents the exposure time under UV irradiation (t) and the vertical coordinate represents the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the nano-TiO2 concrete (D). It can be obviously seen from Figure 5 that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the nano-TiO2 concrete prepared by the internal doping method is enhanced with the increase of the exposure time of UV irradiation. Moreover, for these nano-TiO2 concrete after being polished, the photocatalytic efficiency exhibits a linear relationship with the exposure time of UV irradiation. However, for these nano-TiO2 concrete without being polished, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency versus irradiation time curves are almost nonlinear. As demonstrated in Figure 5(a), when the nano-TiO2 content is 2%, the final photocatalytic degradation efficiency of unpolished concrete and polished concrete is 38.78% and 21.81%, respectively, after 120 min of UV irradiation. As demonstrated in Figure 5(b), when the nano-TiO2 content is 5%, the final photocatalytic degradation efficiency of unpolished concrete and polished concrete is 33.94% and 22.74%, respectively, after 120 min of UV irradiation. As demonstrated in Figure 5(c), when the nano-TiO2 content is 8%, the final photocatalytic degradation efficiency of unpolished concrete and polished concrete is 42.19% and 32.48%, respectively, after 120 min of UV irradiation. It can be found from the above analysis that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete (whether polished or unpolished) increases roughly with the increase of nano-TiO2 content. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of unpolished nano-TiO2 concrete is much higher than that of polished nano-TiO2 concrete under the same exposure time of UV irradiation, which indicates that the polishing process has a negative influence on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete. What’s more, the nano-TiO2 concrete still exhibits better photocatalytic performance after being polished, indicating that the nano-TiO2 concrete possesses excellent surface durability and abrasion resistance compared with the common concrete. Additionally, it can be also observed that the effect of polishing process on the photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete becomes smaller with the increase of nano-TiO2 content.

Figure 5 Photocatalytic degradation efficiency of concrete with mixed different nano-TiO2 contents
Figure 5

Photocatalytic degradation efficiency of concrete with mixed different nano-TiO2 contents

3.4 The effect of spraying method (SPM)

The effect of the spraying method on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete is plotted in Figure 6. It can be found from Figure 6 that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the nano-TiO2 concrete prepared by the spraying method increases with the increase of the exposure time of UV irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete prepared by spraying method (SPM) is much higher than that of nano-TiO2 concrete prepared by the internal doping method (IDM). As shown in Figure 6(a), when the sprayed nano-TiO2 slurry concentration is 5mg/L, the final photocatalytic degradation efficiency of unpolished concrete and polished concrete is 72.98% and 30.91%, respectively, after 120 min of UV irradiation. As shown in Figure 6(b), when the sprayed nano-TiO2 slurry concentration is 10mg/L, the final photocatalytic degradation efficiency of unpolished concrete and polished concrete is 73.82% and 30.10%, respectively, after 120 min of UV irradiation. As shown in Figure 6(c), when the sprayed nano-TiO2 slurry concentration is 15mg/L, the final photocatalytic degradation efficiency of unpolished concrete and polished concrete is 70.55% and 56.36%, respectively, after 120 min of UV irradiation. As shown in Figure 6(d), when the sprayed nano-TiO2 slurry concentration is 20mg/L, the final photocatalytic degradation efficiency of unpolished concrete and polished concrete is 70.72% and 40.63%, respectively, after 120 min of UV irradiation. It can be found from the above analysis that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete (whether polished or unpolished) is roughly unchanged with the increase of nano-TiO2 slurry concentration. This indicates that the increase of nano-TiO2 slurry concentration can’t significantly improve the photocatalytic degradation efficiency when the nano-TiO2 concrete is prepared by the spraying method (SPM). Furthermore, it can be also concluded that the polishing process has a more obvious influence on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete prepared by the spraying method than that of nano-TiO2 concrete prepared by the internal doping method. This is because the polishing process can significantly change the density distributions of nano-TiO2 particles on the surface of concrete prepared by the spraying method.

Figure 6 Photocatalytic degradation efficiency of concrete sprayed with different nano-TiO2 concentrations
Figure 6

Photocatalytic degradation efficiency of concrete sprayed with different nano-TiO2 concentrations

3.5 The effect of pollutant concentration

Figure 7 shows the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete under different pollutant (MO solution) concentrations. As shown in Figure 7(a), for the concrete mixed with 2% nano-TiO2, when the initial concentration of MO solution is 5, 10 and 20 mg/L, the final photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete is 58.78%, 56.42%, and 40.60%, respectively. As shown in Figure 7(b), for the concrete mixed with 8% nano-TiO2, when the initial concentration of MO solution is 5, 10 and 20 mg/L, the final photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete is 43.78%, 42.19% and 31.26%, respectively. It can be obviously seen from the above analysis that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete decreases with the increase of pollutant (MO solution) concentration, signifying that the increase of pollutant concentration has a negative influence on the photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete. For the concrete mixed with 2% nano-TiO2, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency under the concentration of 5 mg/L is much higher than that under the concentration of 10 and 20 mg/L. This indicates that the concrete mixed with 2% nano-TiO2 presents superior photocatalytic degradation efficiency when the pollutant (MO solution) has a low concentration. Moreover, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of concrete mixed with 2% nano-TiO2 decreases significantly when the pollutant (MO solution) concentration increases from 5 mg/L to 20 mg/L. However, for the concrete mixed with 8% nano-TiO2, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency under the pollutant concentration of 5 mg/L is basically the same as that under the pollutant concentration of 10mg/L. Besides, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of concrete mixed with 8% nano-TiO2 only has a slight decrease when the pollutant (MOsolution) concentration increases from 5mg/L to 20mg/L. It can be concluded from the above comparison that the effect of pollutant concentration on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of concrete mixed with 2% nano-TiO2 is more obvious than that of concrete mixed with 8% nano-TiO2.

Figure 7 Photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete under different pollutant concentrations
Figure 7

Photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete under different pollutant concentrations

3.6 The effect of irradiation condition

Figure 8 shows the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete under different irradiation condition. As plotted in Figure 8(a), for the concrete mixed with 2% nano-TiO2, the final photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete is 38.78% and 27.24%, respectively, when the irradiation condition is UV irradiation and solar irradiation. As plotted in Figure 8(b), for the concrete mixed with 8% nano-TiO2, the final photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete is 42.19% and 31.63%, respectively, when the irradiation condition is UV irradiation and solar irradiation. As plotted in Figure 8(c), for the concrete sprayed with 10mg/L nano-TiO2 slurry, the final photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete is 73.82% and 40.15%, respectively, when the irradiation condition is UV irradiation and solar irradiation. As plotted in Figure 8(d), for the concrete sprayed with 20mg/L nano-TiO2 slurry, the final photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete is 70.72% and 32.27%, respectively, when the irradiation condition is UV irradiation and solar irradiation. It can be found from the above analysis that the irradiation condition has an obvious effect on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete under UV irradiation is much higher than that of nano-TiO2 concrete under solar irradiation. This can be explained by the fact that the photocatalytic activity of nano-TiO2 concrete is primarily activated and taken effect under the UV irradiation condition. The nano-TiO2 concrete exhibits low photocatalytic degradation efficiency under solar irradiation owing to the less ultraviolet light in sunlight. In addition, it can be also observed from Figure 8(a), 8(b) that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete prepared by internal doping method (IDM) can be improved to some extent, when the nano-TiO2 content increases from 2% to 8%. Nevertheless, the increase of nano-TiO2 slurry concentration from 10mg/L to 20mg/L fails to enhance the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete prepared by spraying method (SPM), as shown in Figure 8(c), 8(d).

Figure 8 Photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete under different irradiation condition
Figure 8

Photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete under different irradiation condition

4 Application recommendations

Based on the experimental results and analysis, some practical recommendations about the mixed crystal nano-TiO2 concrete are put forward. The nano-TiO2 concrete prepared by the spraying method (SPM) exhibits maximum photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 73.8% when the sprayed nano-TiO2 slurry concentration is 10mg/L. Therefore, it is highly recommended to incorporate the nano-TiO2 with the concrete by the spraying method (SPM) in order to obtain superior photocatalytic performance of nano-TiO2 concrete.

The polished nano-TiO2 concrete still possesses better photocatalytic performance to some extent, but the photocatalytic degradation efficiency is much lower than that of unpolished nano-TiO2 concrete. Considering the photocatalytic performance and abrasion resistance, it is recommended to incorporate the nano-TiO2 with the concrete by the internal doping method (IDM) when the nano-TiO2 concrete is utilized for pavement materials. However, when the nano-TiO2 concrete is used for wall building materials, it is suggested to incorporate the nano-TiO2 with the concrete by the spraying method (SPM) for good photocatalytic performance and convenient construction.

5 Conclusions

In this paper, a novel kind of photocatalytic nano-TiO2 concrete with self-cleaning capacity was prepared by the internal doping method (IDM) and spraying method (SPM). The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of mixed crystal nano-TiO2 concrete prepared by above two methods was experimentally investigated. According to the experimental results, the following conclusions can be drawn:

  1. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete (whether polished or unpolished) increases slightly with the increase of nano-TiO2 content, which denotes that increasing nano-TiO2 content can enhance the photocatalytic efficiency when the nano-TiO2 concrete is prepared by internal doping method (IDM).

  2. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of unpolished nano-TiO2 concrete is much higher than that of polished nano-TiO2 concrete under the same exposure time of UV irradiation. The polishing process has a negative influence on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete.

  3. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete (whether polished or unpolished) is nearly unchanged with the increase of nano-TiO2 slurry concentration. The increase of nano-TiO2 slurry concentration can’t significantly improve the photocatalytic efficiency when the nano-TiO2 concrete is prepared by the spraying method (SPM).

  4. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete decreases with the increase of pollutant (MO solution) concentration, signifying that the pollutant concentration has a negative effect on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete.

  5. The irradiation condition significantly influences the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of nano-TiO2 concrete under UV irradiation is much higher than that of nano-TiO2 concrete under solar irradiation.

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Acknowledgement

This project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51778066).

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Received: 2020-01-19
Accepted: 2020-02-05
Published Online: 2020-03-18

© 2020 Z. Guo et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  5. Graphene and CNT impact on heat transfer response of nanocomposite cylinders
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  7. Ultrasmall Fe3O4 nanoparticles induce S-phase arrest and inhibit cancer cells proliferation
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  11. Preparation and electromagnetic properties characterization of reduced graphene oxide/strontium hexaferrite nanocomposites
  12. Interfacial characteristics of a carbon nanotube-polyimide nanocomposite by molecular dynamics simulation
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  83. Review on the research progress of cement-based and geopolymer materials modified by graphene and graphene oxide
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  112. A comprehensive review of the influences of nanoparticles as a fuel additive in an internal combustion engine (ICE)
  113. Advances in layered double hydroxide-based ternary nanocomposites for photocatalysis of contaminants in water
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  115. Application of nanomaterials in ultra-high performance concrete: A review
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  117. Advanced nickel nanoparticles technology: From synthesis to applications
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https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0019
Keywords for this article
mixed crystal; nano-TiO2 concrete; X-ray diffraction; pollutant concentration; irradiation condition; photocatalytic degradation efficiency
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Generalized locally-exact homogenization theory for evaluation of electric conductivity and resistance of multiphase materials
  3. Enhancing ultra-early strength of sulphoaluminate cement-based materials by incorporating graphene oxide
  4. Characterization of mechanical properties of epoxy/nanohybrid composites by nanoindentation
  5. Graphene and CNT impact on heat transfer response of nanocomposite cylinders
  6. A facile and simple approach to synthesis and characterization of methacrylated graphene oxide nanostructured polyaniline nanocomposites
  7. Ultrasmall Fe3O4 nanoparticles induce S-phase arrest and inhibit cancer cells proliferation
  8. Effect of aging on properties and nanoscale precipitates of Cu-Ag-Cr alloy
  9. Effect of nano-strengthening on the properties and microstructure of recycled concrete
  10. Stabilizing effect of methylcellulose on the dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in cementitious composites
  11. Preparation and electromagnetic properties characterization of reduced graphene oxide/strontium hexaferrite nanocomposites
  12. Interfacial characteristics of a carbon nanotube-polyimide nanocomposite by molecular dynamics simulation
  13. Preparation and properties of 3D interconnected CNTs/Cu composites
  14. On factors affecting surface free energy of carbon black for reinforcing rubber
  15. Nano-silica modified phenolic resin film: manufacturing and properties
  16. Experimental study on photocatalytic degradation efficiency of mixed crystal nano-TiO2 concrete
  17. Halloysite nanotubes in polymer science: purification, characterization, modification and applications
  18. Cellulose hydrogel skeleton by extrusion 3D printing of solution
  19. Crack closure and flexural tensile capacity with SMA fibers randomly embedded on tensile side of mortar beams
  20. An experimental study on one-step and two-step foaming of natural rubber/silica nanocomposites
  21. Utilization of red mud for producing a high strength binder by composition optimization and nano strengthening
  22. One-pot synthesis of nano titanium dioxide in supercritical water
  23. Printability of photo-sensitive nanocomposites using two-photon polymerization
  24. In situ synthesis of expanded graphite embedded with amorphous carbon-coated aluminum particles as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
  25. Effect of nano and micro conductive materials on conductive properties of carbon fiber reinforced concrete
  26. Tribological performance of nano-diamond composites-dispersed lubricants on commercial cylinder liner mating with CrN piston ring
  27. Supramolecular ionic polymer/carbon nanotube composite hydrogels with enhanced electromechanical performance
  28. Genetic mechanisms of deep-water massive sandstones in continental lake basins and their significance in micro–nano reservoir storage systems: A case study of the Yanchang formation in the Ordos Basin
  29. Effects of nanoparticles on engineering performance of cementitious composites reinforced with PVA fibers
  30. Band gap manipulation of viscoelastic functionally graded phononic crystal
  31. Pyrolysis kinetics and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/bamboo particle biocomposites: Effect of particle size distribution
  32. Manipulating conductive network formation via 3D T-ZnO: A facile approach for a CNT-reinforced nanocomposite
  33. Microstructure and mechanical properties of WC–Ni multiphase ceramic materials with NiCl2·6H2O as a binder
  34. Effect of ball milling process on the photocatalytic performance of CdS/TiO2 composite
  35. Berberine/Ag nanoparticle embedded biomimetic calcium phosphate scaffolds for enhancing antibacterial function
  36. Effect of annealing heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of nonequiatomic CoCrFeNiMo medium-entropy alloys prepared by hot isostatic pressing
  37. Corrosion behaviour of multilayer CrN coatings deposited by hybrid HIPIMS after oxidation treatment
  38. Surface hydrophobicity and oleophilicity of hierarchical metal structures fabricated using ink-based selective laser melting of micro/nanoparticles
  39. Research on bond–slip performance between pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer tube and nano-CaCO3 concrete
  40. Antibacterial polymer nanofiber-coated and high elastin protein-expressing BMSCs incorporated polypropylene mesh for accelerating healing of female pelvic floor dysfunction
  41. Effects of Ag contents on the microstructure and SERS performance of self-grown Ag nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy films
  42. A highly sensitive biosensor based on methacrylated graphene oxide-grafted polyaniline for ascorbic acid determination
  43. Arrangement structure of carbon nanofiber with excellent spectral radiation characteristics
  44. Effect of different particle sizes of nano-SiO2 on the properties and microstructure of cement paste
  45. Superior Fe x N electrocatalyst derived from 1,1′-diacetylferrocene for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline and acidic media
  46. Facile growth of aluminum oxide thin film by chemical liquid deposition and its application in devices
  47. Liquid crystallinity and thermal properties of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/side-chain azobenzene hybrid copolymer
  48. Laboratory experiment on the nano-TiO2 photocatalytic degradation effect of road surface oil pollution
  49. Binary carbon-based additives in LiFePO4 cathode with favorable lithium storage
  50. Conversion of sub-µm calcium carbonate (calcite) particles to hollow hydroxyapatite agglomerates in K2HPO4 solutions
  51. Exact solutions of bending deflection for single-walled BNNTs based on the classical Euler–Bernoulli beam theory
  52. Effects of substrate properties and sputtering methods on self-formation of Ag particles on the Ag–Mo(Zr) alloy films
  53. Enhancing carbonation and chloride resistance of autoclaved concrete by incorporating nano-CaCO3
  54. Effect of SiO2 aerogels loading on photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene using composites with tetrapod-like ZnO
  55. Radiation-modified wool for adsorption of redox metals and potentially for nanoparticles
  56. Hydration activity, crystal structural, and electronic properties studies of Ba-doped dicalcium silicate
  57. Microstructure and mechanical properties of brazing joint of silver-based composite filler metal
  58. Polymer nanocomposite sunlight spectrum down-converters made by open-air PLD
  59. Cryogenic milling and formation of nanostructured machined surface of AISI 4340
  60. Braided composite stent for peripheral vascular applications
  61. Effect of cinnamon essential oil on morphological, flammability and thermal properties of nanocellulose fibre–reinforced starch biopolymer composites
  62. Study on influencing factors of photocatalytic performance of CdS/TiO2 nanocomposite concrete
  63. Improving flexural and dielectric properties of carbon fiber epoxy composite laminates reinforced with carbon nanotubes interlayer using electrospray deposition
  64. Scalable fabrication of carbon materials based silicon rubber for highly stretchable e-textile sensor
  65. Degradation modeling of poly-l-lactide acid (PLLA) bioresorbable vascular scaffold within a coronary artery
  66. Combining Zn0.76Co0.24S with S-doped graphene as high-performance anode materials for lithium- and sodium-ion batteries
  67. Synthesis of functionalized carbon nanotubes for fluorescent biosensors
  68. Effect of nano-silica slurry on engineering, X-ray, and γ-ray attenuation characteristics of steel slag high-strength heavyweight concrete
  69. Incorporation of redox-active polyimide binder into LiFePO4 cathode for high-rate electrochemical energy storage
  70. Microstructural evolution and properties of Cu–20 wt% Ag alloy wire by multi-pass continuous drawing
  71. Transparent ultraviolet-shielding composite films made from dispersing pristine zinc oxide nanoparticles in low-density polyethylene
  72. Microfluidic-assisted synthesis and modelling of monodispersed magnetic nanocomposites for biomedical applications
  73. Preparation and piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube-coated sand reinforced cement mortar
  74. Vibrational analysis of an irregular single-walled carbon nanotube incorporating initial stress effects
  75. Study of the material engineering properties of high-density poly(ethylene)/perlite nanocomposite materials
  76. Single pulse laser removal of indium tin oxide film on glass and polyethylene terephthalate by nanosecond and femtosecond laser
  77. Mechanical reinforcement with enhanced electrical and heat conduction of epoxy resin by polyaniline and graphene nanoplatelets
  78. High-efficiency method for recycling lithium from spent LiFePO4 cathode
  79. Degradable tough chitosan dressing for skin wound recovery
  80. Static and dynamic analyses of auxetic hybrid FRC/CNTRC laminated plates
  81. Review articles
  82. Carbon nanomaterials enhanced cement-based composites: advances and challenges
  83. Review on the research progress of cement-based and geopolymer materials modified by graphene and graphene oxide
  84. Review on modeling and application of chemical mechanical polishing
  85. Research on the interface properties and strengthening–toughening mechanism of nanocarbon-toughened ceramic matrix composites
  86. Advances in modelling and analysis of nano structures: a review
  87. Mechanical properties of nanomaterials: A review
  88. New generation of oxide-based nanoparticles for the applications in early cancer detection and diagnostics
  89. A review on the properties, reinforcing effects, and commercialization of nanomaterials for cement-based materials
  90. Recent development and applications of nanomaterials for cancer immunotherapy
  91. Advances in biomaterials for adipose tissue reconstruction in plastic surgery
  92. Advances of graphene- and graphene oxide-modified cementitious materials
  93. Theories for triboelectric nanogenerators: A comprehensive review
  94. Nanotechnology of diamondoids for the fabrication of nanostructured systems
  95. Material advancement in technological development for the 5G wireless communications
  96. Nanoengineering in biomedicine: Current development and future perspectives
  97. Recent advances in ocean wave energy harvesting by triboelectric nanogenerator: An overview
  98. Application of nanoscale zero-valent iron in hexavalent chromium-contaminated soil: A review
  99. Carbon nanotube–reinforced polymer composite for electromagnetic interference application: A review
  100. Functionalized layered double hydroxide applied to heavy metal ions absorption: A review
  101. A new classification method of nanotechnology for design integration in biomaterials
  102. Finite element analysis of natural fibers composites: A review
  103. Phase change materials for building construction: An overview of nano-/micro-encapsulation
  104. Recent advance in surface modification for regulating cell adhesion and behaviors
  105. Hyaluronic acid as a bioactive component for bone tissue regeneration: Fabrication, modification, properties, and biological functions
  106. Theoretical calculation of a TiO2-based photocatalyst in the field of water splitting: A review
  107. Two-photon polymerization nanolithography technology for fabrication of stimulus-responsive micro/nano-structures for biomedical applications
  108. A review of passive methods in microchannel heat sink application through advanced geometric structure and nanofluids: Current advancements and challenges
  109. Stress effect on 3D culturing of MC3T3-E1 cells on microporous bovine bone slices
  110. Progress in magnetic Fe3O4 nanomaterials in magnetic resonance imaging
  111. Synthesis of graphene: Potential carbon precursors and approaches
  112. A comprehensive review of the influences of nanoparticles as a fuel additive in an internal combustion engine (ICE)
  113. Advances in layered double hydroxide-based ternary nanocomposites for photocatalysis of contaminants in water
  114. Analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite structures: A review
  115. Application of nanomaterials in ultra-high performance concrete: A review
  116. Therapeutic strategies and potential implications of silver nanoparticles in the management of skin cancer
  117. Advanced nickel nanoparticles technology: From synthesis to applications
  118. Cobalt magnetic nanoparticles as theranostics: Conceivable or forgettable?
  119. Progress in construction of bio-inspired physico-antimicrobial surfaces
  120. From materials to devices using fused deposition modeling: A state-of-art review
  121. A review for modified Li composite anode: Principle, preparation and challenge
  122. Naturally or artificially constructed nanocellulose architectures for epoxy composites: A review
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