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Study on impact resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete after exposure to fire

  • Wenjie Wang EMAIL logo , Yunpeng Zhang , Zonglai Mo and Hong Wei
Published/Copyright: June 20, 2024
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High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 43 Issue 1

Abstract

The impact resistance of the steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams after exposure to fire was studied. The SFRC beams were subjected to open flame for 120 min. After cooling to the ambient temperature, the drop-weight impact tests were conducted on the SFRC specimens. The influence of the steel fiber type and fire temperature on the impact-resistant properties was examined. The temperature time history, force time history, and reaction force-deflection curve were obtained. The peak force is discussed and the energy absorption is calculated. The results showed that the influence of steel fiber type on the impact resistance of SFRC was negligible, while the impact resistance and ductility of SFRC decreased significantly after exposure to fire. Compared with the partial fracture of the specimen at room temperature, the specimen after fire showed a more complete fracture under impact load, indicating a larger deflection and more pullout of steel fibers. This means that more friction is needed during the damage process, resulting a higher energy absorption.

Keywords: steel fiber reinforced concrete; open flame heating; high temperature; impact resistance; damage pattern

1 Introduction

Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is a composite material formed by adding steel fibers into concrete in random directions or in a specific direction. Numerous researchers have extensively explored the fundamental mechanical properties of SFRC, revealing that the incorporation of steel fiber can enhance the tensile [1,2,3], flexural [4,5,6], shear [7,8], and toughness [9,10,11] properties of concrete.

esearchers have revealed that SFRC has better impact resistance [12,13,14] than normal concrete. Yoo et al. [15,16,17] concluded that the dynamic impact resistance and ultimate strain were enhanced after steel fiber was added to the concrete. Mohammadi et al. [18] found the improvement of impact resistance of SFRC by long fiber was better than that by short fiber. Zaki et al. [19] studied the impact performance of SFRC at −20°C, and the results indicated that the impact resistance of SFRC at low temperatures enhances with the increase of steel fiber content.

In recent years, more and more scholars have turned their attention to the study of static and dynamic mechanical properties of SFRC under high temperatures. Moghadam and Izadifard [20] found in the range of 100–800°C, the addition of steel fiber can enhance the basic mechanical properties of concrete such as tensile, compressive, and bending. Huang et al. [21] found that SFRC can maintain good dynamic performance even at high temperatures, as confirmed by Mezzal et al. [22]. This may be due to the better high-temperature resistance of steel fibers [23]. Li et al. [24] investigated the dynamic pressure resistance of SFRC under the coupling effect of impact and high temperature. The results show that when the temperature is lower than 650°C, the steel fiber can effectively prevent the damage under the impact force.

The aforementioned research results have explored the mechanical properties of SFRC at normal and high temperatures from various perspectives. However, the coupled effect of impact loading and high temperature on the behavior of SFRC has not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, this study focuses on the impact resistance of the SFRC after exposure to fire, employing a drop hammer impact test. Specimens were heated by flame for 120 min, and then naturally cooled before impact test. The influence of fiber type and temperature on the SFRC was investigated.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Specimen and materials

SFRC beams were prepared for the test investigation using Portland cement, tap water, fine river sand, and river gravel with a maximum nominal size of 20 mm to form the SFRC beams matrix. Two types of steel fibers with a length of 25 mm are used, namely wavy and hooked end. In this experiment, the volume content of steel fiber is 2%. The specific parameters of the steel fiber are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Specific parameters of the steel fiber

Fiber type Diameter (mm) Length (mm) Length–diameter ratio Tensile strength (MPa)
Hooked end 0.4 25 63 1,700
Wavy 0.6 25 42 1,700

The SFRC beam dimensions are 550 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm. A total of 11 specimens were prepared, with 6 exposed to an open flame environment for 120 min and the remaining 5 kept under ambient temperature. The detailed information on the specimens is listed in Table 2.

Table 2

Specimens tested in the study

Specimen code Fiber type Fiber volume contents (%) Heating time
NT1-1, NT1-2 Hooked end 2 0
NT1-3, NT1-4, NT1-5 Wavy 2 0
HT-1, HT-2 Hooked end 2 120 min
HT1-3, HT1-4, HT1-5, HT1-6 Wavy 2 120 min

Note: “NT” means “normal temperature,” and “HT” means “high temperature.”

2.2 Test instrument and method

In the study, test equipment is shown in Figure 1. The heating equipment is shown in Figure 1(a). Firing equipment was used to heat the specimens. The open flame was used to heat SFRC beams, and the fuel was liquefied natural gas, which could reach a heating temperature of up to 600°C, and the heating time lasted for 120 min.

Figure 1 Test equipment: (a) heating equipment; (b) drop-weight impact test setup.
Figure 1

Test equipment: (a) heating equipment; (b) drop-weight impact test setup.

The drop-weight impact test device shown in Figure 1(b) is used to carry out impact test on SFRC beams. A cylinder hammer with a weight of 43 kg and a diameter of 100 mm was utilized to exert impact load on the top surface at the mid-span of the specimen. The drop hammer is equipped with a shock accelerometer to record the acceleration, enabling the calculation of the impact load by multiplying the drop mass. The SFRC beam was supported at both ends using semicircular cylinder steel rollers. The impact reaction force is defined as the sum of the reaction forces at two supports, which is measured by the dynamic force sensor under the support. A displacement laser sensor installed at the bottom of mid-span collected the deflection of the beam. In this study, the impact height was set to 1 m.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Time history of the temperature

Figure 2 displays the temperature curve of the SFRC specimen HT1-2 under an open flame, which is compared with the ISO834 standard fire curve [25]. For the open flame heating process, a duration of 120 min was applied to heat up and the duration from 120 to 320 min is the cooling process in a natural environment. The heating process first accelerated and then slowed down, and finally stabilized at about 500°C. The cooling process is very fast at the first stage and then becomes slow. After about 200 min of cooling, the surface temperature of the specimen drops to about 60°C. The trend and stability of the open flame curve are basically consistent with the ISO834 standard fire curve except for the early heating rate and the highest temperature. In addition, the open flame heating process is slightly slower than the ISO834 standard fire curve.

Figure 2 The open flaming temperature of HT1-2 and standard temperature curve.
Figure 2

The open flaming temperature of HT1-2 and standard temperature curve.

Figure 3 is a thermal image of NT1-2 heating at different times. The bottom surface of the specimen reached the highest temperature first after being heated, and the top surface also reached the highest temperature after about 70 min. However, due to the long length of the specimen, the heat transferred by the bottom surface could not be completely transferred to the two ends of the specimen before cooling, so the two ends of the specimen failed to reach the highest temperature. In the process of an actual fire, the components or structures are normally not uniformly heated, so the experiment with open flame heating is closer to the real situation of the fire.

Figure 3 Thermal imaging of HT1-2 at different heating times.
Figure 3

Thermal imaging of HT1-2 at different heating times.

3.2 Time history of the force

The force-time history of the HT1-2 specimen under impact load is shown in Figure 4, and the impact test results are listed in Table 3. After the specimen is impacted by the drop hammer, the impact force rapidly reaches a peak value of 145.07 kN in a very short time, approximately 0.0008 s. Subsequently, the impact force decreases rapidly. oscillating around 10 kN and gradually diminishing to 0. Another sudden change in the impact force at 0.003 s is caused by the secondary impact, which bounces up after the drop hammer hits the specimen. After the drop-weight impacts the specimen, the reaction force rises to the maximum value of 32.01 kN at about 0.0008 s, and then, the reaction force oscillates around the peak value, and eventually, the impact reaction slowly unloads to 0.

Figure 4 Force time history of HT1-2 under impact load.
Figure 4

Force time history of HT1-2 under impact load.

Table 3

Impact test results of the specimens

Specimen code Fiber type Impact force (kN) Average value of impact force (kN) Coefficient of variation (%) Reaction force (kN) Average value of reaction force (kN) Coefficient of variation
NT1-1 Hooked end 177.89 185.99 6.16 53.65 45.63 24.86%
NT1-2 Hooked end 194.08 37.61
NT1-3 Wavy 235.92 211.11 22.81 49.15 51.68 6.35%
NT1-4 Wavy 155.62 50.51
NT1-5 Wavy 241.79 55.39
HT1-1 Hooked end 177.91 161.49 14.38 53.64 42.83 35.71%
HT1-2 Hooked end 145.07 32.01
HT1-3 Wavy 148.33 149.99 4.54 45.37 46.59 12.05%
HT1-4 Wavy 158.42 44.08
HT1-5 Wavy 146.55 54.78
HT1-6 Wavy 146.69 42.15

The impact force and reaction force time history curves of other specimens exhibit a similar pattern to HT1-2. From the curve in Figure 4 and peak force values listed in Table 3, the peak of impact force is about 3–5 times higher than the peak of reaction force. This significant difference is attributed to two main factors. First, since the impact load is a dynamic, the dynamic load coefficient should be considered, making the dynamic load greater than the static load. Second, after the specimen is impacted, a portion of the impact energy of the drop-weight is absorbed by the specimen, resulting in the impact reaction force being significantly less than the impact force.

In Figure 5(a), the impact force history of specimens with different types of steel fibers and at different temperatures generally follows the same changing trend. When the drop hammer impacts the SFRC beam, the impact duration is about 0.004 s, of which the peak value impact force occurs between 0.0005 and 0.001 s, and then the impact force rapidly decays. The peak impact force of NT1-2 is about 194.08 kN, and NT1-5 is about 241.79 kN. The peak impact force of HT1-2 is 145.07 kN and HT1-5 is about 146.55 kN. Notably, the peak impact force of the specimens at normal temperature is higher than that at high temperature, irrespective of the fiber type. In comparison with the fiber type, it is evident that the specimen mixed with wavy fiber in the normal temperature group has a higher impact force than that of the end hook fiber specimen. However, there is no significant difference between the two in the high-temperature group.

Figure 5 Force history of NT1-2, NT1-5, HT1-2, and HT1-5: (a) impact force history and (b) reaction force history.
Figure 5

Force history of NT1-2, NT1-5, HT1-2, and HT1-5: (a) impact force history and (b) reaction force history.

Figure 5(b) shows the reaction force history curves of different specimens. The reaction force history of each specimen generally follows the same trend, and its curve shape is similar to the corresponding impact reaction force time history. This indicates a corresponding relationship between reaction force and impact force.

3.3 Energy absorption

The reaction force-deflection curves of the SFRC beams are displayed in Figure 6, in which the curve area is defined as the energy absorption during impact [26]. The values of energy absorption for different specimens are listed in Table 4. It can be seen that the energy absorbed by the specimens in the high-temperature group is greater than that in the normal-temperature group. The reason could be that the specimen subjected to the high temperature exhibits a higher degree of damage, with more observed cracks. Besides, the high-temperature series showed a total fracture, while the normal-temperature series showed a partial fracture, leading to higher energy consumption due to the friction force and chemical bonding force as the steel fiber pulled out of the matrix at the fracture surface.

Figure 6 Reaction force–deflection curves.
Figure 6

Reaction force–deflection curves.

Table 4

Energy absorption of different specimens

Specimen code Fiber type Peak of reaction force (kN) Absorbed energy (J)
NT1-2 Hooked end 37.61 107.12
NT1-5 Wavy 55.39 131.29
HT1-2 Hooked end 32.01 184.25
HT1-5 Wavy 54.78 142.34

3.4 Specimen failure patterns

Figure 7 shows the comparison of failure patterns of SFRC beams under the same impact at room temperature and high temperature. The two specimens have similar failure patterns under impact loads, but the crack development patterns are different. As shown in Figure 7(a), the cracks of the NT1-4 under the impact load are small and do not develop to the top of the beam, and a large number of bridled steel fibers can be observed at the cracks. Compared with the NT1-4, as shown in Figure 7(b), the damage degree and integrity of the HT1-4 are more severe and worse than NT1-4. Cracks under impact load run through the entire section. This means that high temperature has an adverse effect on the impact resistance of SFRC. The reason is that high temperature reduces the mechanical properties of steel fibers and weakens the bridging effect of steel fibers.

Figure 7 Comparison of impact failure patterns of SFRC at different temperature environments: (a) NT1-4 and (b) HT1-4.
Figure 7

Comparison of impact failure patterns of SFRC at different temperature environments: (a) NT1-4 and (b) HT1-4.

4 Conclusions

The impact resistance of the SFRC beams is studied to discuss the effect of temperature and fiber type. A total of 11 specimens were considered. The results are concluded as follows:

  1. It can be seen that the specimen mixed with wavy fiber in the normal temperature group has a higher impact force than that of the end-hooked fiber specimen, but there is no difference between the two in the high-temperature group.

  2. The impact force time histories of SFRC beams showed a similar trend regardless of the steel fiber type and the temperature. The impact duration is about 0.004 s, with the peak value impact force occurring before 0.001 s.

  3. The SFRC beams suffer more serious damage and worse integrity after exposure to fire, indicating that the impact resistance and ductility of SFRC decrease significantly after exposure to fire.

  4. The energy absorption of the SFRC beams at high temperatures is larger than that the case at the normal temperature. The reason could be that compared with the failure at normal temperature, the specimens showed more brittle after exposure to fire, leading to a more complete fracture. Hence, more steel fibers were pulled out of the fracture surface, and the work done by friction during the process was larger, resulting in a higher energy absorption.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by the National Natural Science Funds of China (52008105) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China ( BK20200374).

  1. Funding information: This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52008105) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (BK20200374).

  2. Author contributions: Wenjie Wang: conceptualization, methodology, funding acquisition, review & editing, supervision. Yunpeng Zhang: manuscript preparation and drafting, experimental investigation, data collection and visualization. Zonglai Mo: experiment preparation, data collection. Hong Wei: data curation.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Data will be made available on request.

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Received: 2024-04-12
Revised: 2024-05-12
Accepted: 2024-05-13
Published Online: 2024-06-20

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2024-0021
Keywords for this article
steel fiber reinforced concrete; open flame heating; high temperature; impact resistance; damage pattern
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Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. De-chlorination of poly(vinyl) chloride using Fe2O3 and the improvement of chlorine fixing ratio in FeCl2 by SiO2 addition
  3. Reductive behavior of nickel and iron metallization in magnesian siliceous nickel laterite ores under the action of sulfur-bearing natural gas
  4. Study on properties of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO–B2O3 electroslag remelting slag for rack plate steel
  5. The origin of {113}<361> grains and their impact on secondary recrystallization in producing ultra-thin grain-oriented electrical steel
  6. Channel parameter optimization of one-strand slab induction heating tundish with double channels
  7. Effect of rare-earth Ce on the texture of non-oriented silicon steels
  8. Performance optimization of PERC solar cells based on laser ablation forming local contact on the rear
  9. Effect of ladle-lining materials on inclusion evolution in Al-killed steel during LF refining
  10. Analysis of metallurgical defects in enamel steel castings
  11. Effect of cooling rate and Nb synergistic strengthening on microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength rebar
  12. Effect of grain size on fatigue strength of 304 stainless steel
  13. Analysis and control of surface cracks in a B-bearing continuous casting blooms
  14. Application of laser surface detection technology in blast furnace gas flow control and optimization
  15. Preparation of MoO3 powder by hydrothermal method
  16. The comparative study of Ti-bearing oxides introduced by different methods
  17. Application of MgO/ZrO2 coating on 309 stainless steel to increase resistance to corrosion at high temperatures and oxidation by an electrochemical method
  18. Effect of applying a full oxygen blast furnace on carbon emissions based on a carbon metabolism calculation model
  19. Characterization of low-damage cutting of alfalfa stalks by self-sharpening cutters made of gradient materials
  20. Thermo-mechanical effects and microstructural evolution-coupled numerical simulation on the hot forming processes of superalloy turbine disk
  21. Endpoint prediction of BOF steelmaking based on state-of-the-art machine learning and deep learning algorithms
  22. Effect of calcium treatment on inclusions in 38CrMoAl high aluminum steel
  23. Effect of isothermal transformation temperature on the microstructure, precipitation behavior, and mechanical properties of anti-seismic rebar
  24. Evolution of residual stress and microstructure of 2205 duplex stainless steel welded joints during different post-weld heat treatment
  25. Effect of heating process on the corrosion resistance of zinc iron alloy coatings
  26. BOF steelmaking endpoint carbon content and temperature soft sensor model based on supervised weighted local structure preserving projection
  27. Innovative approaches to enhancing crack repair: Performance optimization of biopolymer-infused CXT
  28. Structural and electrochromic property control of WO3 films through fine-tuning of film-forming parameters
  29. Influence of non-linear thermal radiation on the dynamics of homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions between the cone and the disk
  30. Thermodynamic modeling of stacking fault energy in Fe–Mn–C austenitic steels
  31. Research on the influence of cemented carbide micro-textured structure on tribological properties
  32. Performance evaluation of fly ash-lime-gypsum-quarry dust (FALGQ) bricks for sustainable construction
  33. First-principles study on the interfacial interactions between h-BN and Si3N4
  34. Analysis of carbon emission reduction capacity of hydrogen-rich oxygen blast furnace based on renewable energy hydrogen production
  35. Just-in-time updated DBN BOF steel-making soft sensor model based on dense connectivity of key features
  36. Effect of tempering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Q125 shale gas casing steel
  37. Review Articles
  38. A review of emerging trends in Laves phase research: Bibliometric analysis and visualization
  39. Effect of bottom stirring on bath mixing and transfer behavior during scrap melting in BOF steelmaking: A review
  40. High-temperature antioxidant silicate coating of low-density Nb–Ti–Al alloy: A review
  41. Communications
  42. Experimental investigation on the deterioration of the physical and mechanical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete at elevated temperatures
  43. Damage evaluation of the austenitic heat-resistance steel subjected to creep by using Kikuchi pattern parameters
  44. Topical Issue on Focus of Hot Deformation of Metaland High Entropy Alloys - Part II
  45. Synthesis of aluminium (Al) and alumina (Al2O3)-based graded material by gravity casting
  46. Experimental investigation into machining performance of magnesium alloy AZ91D under dry, minimum quantity lubrication, and nano minimum quantity lubrication environments
  47. Numerical simulation of temperature distribution and residual stress in TIG welding of stainless-steel single-pass flange butt joint using finite element analysis
  48. Special Issue on A Deep Dive into Machining and Welding Advancements - Part I
  49. Electro-thermal performance evaluation of a prismatic battery pack for an electric vehicle
  50. Experimental analysis and optimization of machining parameters for Nitinol alloy: A Taguchi and multi-attribute decision-making approach
  51. Experimental and numerical analysis of temperature distributions in SA 387 pressure vessel steel during submerged arc welding
  52. Optimization of process parameters in plasma arc cutting of commercial-grade aluminium plate
  53. Multi-response optimization of friction stir welding using fuzzy-grey system
  54. Mechanical and micro-structural studies of pulsed and constant current TIG weldments of super duplex stainless steels and Austenitic stainless steels
  55. Stretch-forming characteristics of austenitic material stainless steel 304 at hot working temperatures
  56. Work hardening and X-ray diffraction studies on ASS 304 at high temperatures
  57. Study of phase equilibrium of refractory high-entropy alloys using the atomic size difference concept for turbine blade applications
  58. A novel intelligent tool wear monitoring system in ball end milling of Ti6Al4V alloy using artificial neural network
  59. A hybrid approach for the machinability analysis of Incoloy 825 using the entropy-MOORA method
  60. Special Issue on Recent Developments in 3D Printed Carbon Materials - Part II
  61. Innovations for sustainable chemical manufacturing and waste minimization through green production practices
  62. Topical Issue on Conference on Materials, Manufacturing Processes and Devices - Part I
  63. Characterization of Co–Ni–TiO2 coatings prepared by combined sol-enhanced and pulse current electrodeposition methods
  64. Hot deformation behaviors and microstructure characteristics of Cr–Mo–Ni–V steel with a banded structure
  65. Effects of normalizing and tempering temperature on the bainite microstructure and properties of low alloy fire-resistant steel bars
  66. Dynamic evolution of residual stress upon manufacturing Al-based diesel engine diaphragm
  67. Study on impact resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete after exposure to fire
  68. Bonding behaviour between steel fibre and concrete matrix after experiencing elevated temperature at various loading rates
  69. Diffusion law of sulfate ions in coral aggregate seawater concrete in the marine environment
  70. Microstructure evolution and grain refinement mechanism of 316LN steel
  71. Investigation of the interface and physical properties of a Kovar alloy/Cu composite wire processed by multi-pass drawing
  72. The investigation of peritectic solidification of high nitrogen stainless steels by in-situ observation
  73. Microstructure and mechanical properties of submerged arc welded medium-thickness Q690qE high-strength steel plate joints
  74. Experimental study on the effect of the riveting process on the bending resistance of beams composed of galvanized Q235 steel
  75. Density functional theory study of Mg–Ho intermetallic phases
  76. Investigation of electrical properties and PTCR effect in double-donor doping BaTiO3 lead-free ceramics
  77. Special Issue on Thermal Management and Heat Transfer
  78. On the thermal performance of a three-dimensional cross-ternary hybrid nanofluid over a wedge using a Bayesian regularization neural network approach
  79. Time dependent model to analyze the magnetic refrigeration performance of gadolinium near the room temperature
  80. Heat transfer characteristics in a non-Newtonian (Williamson) hybrid nanofluid with Hall and convective boundary effects
  81. Computational role of homogeneous–heterogeneous chemical reactions and a mixed convective ternary hybrid nanofluid in a vertical porous microchannel
  82. Thermal conductivity evaluation of magnetized non-Newtonian nanofluid and dusty particles with thermal radiation
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