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Variability and improvement of optical and antimicrobial performances for CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites via in situ synthesis

  • Youliang Cheng , Mingjie Wang , Changqing Fang EMAIL logo , Ying Wei , Jing Chen and Jin Zhang
Published/Copyright: July 19, 2021
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 10 Issue 1

Abstract

To change the optical properties and improve the antibacterial performances of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and Ag NPs, mesoporous SiO2 spheres were combined with them to form the composites. In this paper, CQDs with a uniform size of about 3.74 nm were synthesized using glucose as carbon source. Then, CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites were obtained in situ under UV light irradiating by using mesoporous SiO2 and Ag NO3 as the carrier and silver resource, respectively. The diameter of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs particles was in the range of 200–250 nm. With the increase in irradiating time, the red-shift in the UV-Vis spectrum for as-prepared CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites was found, and the adsorption peak was widened. In addition, the composites showed a high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli via disc diffusion method. These results indicated that inhibition circles for Ag NPs/mesoporous SiO2/CQDs and mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs were similar in diameter. Furthermore, the two composites had a better bactericidal performance compared with other particles. Therefore, as-prepared CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites in this paper have great potential applications for fluorescent materials and antibacterial materials.

Keywords: silver nanoparticles; carbon quantum dots; mesoporous silicon dioxide; antimicrobial performances

1 Introduction

Raw materials of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are very rich, and they showed low toxicity, good biocompatibility, multicolor fluorescence, excellent conductivity, and catalytic performances [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Compared with conventional semiconductor quantum dots, CQDs also had large specific surface area and exhibited strong fluorescence [7,8,9,10]. Moreover, CQDs, acting as both electron donors and electron acceptors, can be used as the oxidizer and reductant. Interestingly, the fluorescence for the system quenched when electron donor and acceptor were concurrent in the composites containing CQDs [11,12,13].

Ag NPs had excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, catalytic performances, antibacterial performances, and so on [14]. To the best of our knowledge, CQDs/Ag NPs composites are effective antibacterial materials in food packaging by using the synergistic effect of CQDs and Ag NPs. Besides, they can be applied in environmental protection and anti-counterfeiting [15]. Wang and coworkers synthesized core-shell structured CQDs/Ag NPs composites with the size of 40–80 nm, having a good monodispersity [16]. Zhao and coworkers prepared CQDs/Ag NPs composites consisting of CQDs well dispersed on the surface of Ag NPs [7]. For synthesizing CQDs/Ag NPs composites, reductants were essential, and surfactants were often used. As far as we know, the utilization efficiency would decrease drastically if materials had a poor stability [9]. Therefore, it is the key to control the stability of composites containing Ag NPs for building antibacterial materials [17].

Mesoporous SiO2 particles had good optical transparency, biocompatibility, and high chemical inertness; thus, they were frequently used in preparing core-shell structured materials. Ge and coworkers synthesized mesoporous SiO2 supported by Ag NPs and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), providing a highly reactive surface enhanced Raman scattering substrate [18]. Importantly, the solution of GQDs prepared by the electrochemical method can be used as the reductant for in situ synthesis of Ag NPs/GQDs composites under UV irradiating.

Inspired by aforementioned studies, mesoporous SiO2 spheres were used to improve the stability of as-prepared CQDs in this paper. Meanwhile, CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites were prepared by using CQDs as the reductant. Interestingly, compared with Ag NPs and CQDs, CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites showed variable optical properties and excellent antibacterial performances.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials

Glucose was purchased from Kemio (Tianjin) Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Ag NO3 particles were obtained from North China Petrochemical Co., Ltd. CTAB was purchased from Tianjin Windward Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Urea was purchased from Tianjin Yongsheng Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. Glycerol was purchased from Tianjin Fuchen Chemical Reagent Factory. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was purchased from Bellevue Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. Escherichia coli (CGMCC 1.2463) and Staphylococcus aureus (CGMCC 1.2910) were provided by Shanghai Luwei Technology Co., Ltd. Nutrient AGAR, anhydrous ethanol, and potassium bromide were purchased from Aoboxing (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Tianjin Fuyu Fine Chemical Co., Ltd, and Tianjin Beilian Fine Chemicals Development Co., Ltd, respectively. Deionized water was used throughout the experiments.

2.2 Synthesis of CQDs

CQDs were prepared by using glucose as carbon source via a hydrothermal method. Briefly, 0.6 g of glucose was dissolved in 90 mL of deionized water, and the mixture was transferred to a 100 mL teflon-lined autoclave and heated at 180°C for 24 h. Then, the reactor was cooled to room temperature naturally. Finally, obtained mixtures were centrifuged at a speed of 10,000 rpm for 15 min, and the supernatant containing CQDs was taken for further use.

2.3 Synthesis of mesoporous SiO2 and CQDs/mesoporous SiO2

Mesoporous SiO2 was prepared by sol-gel method. Typically, 1.2 g of CTAB was dissolved in 80 mL deionized water with stirring for 30 min at a speed of 200 rpm. Meanwhile, 13.824 g of urea was dissolved in 120 mL deionized water and then mixed with above solution of CTAB. The temperature was set to 85°C and the stirring rate was 100 rpm. After stirring for 15 min, 32 mL of glycerol and 9.2 mL of TEOS were added, and then still stirred overnight. Obtained mixtures were centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 15 min, and the precipitate was washed thrice with ethanol and once with deionized water. The white product was dried at 80°C for 5 h and then calcined at 540°C for 4 h to obtain mesoporous SiO2 spheres.

For synthesizing CQDs/mesoporous SiO2 composites, 0.075 g of as-prepared mesoporous SiO2 was added to 5 mL of above CQDs solution with stirring for 2 h. The mixtures were centrifuged and then dried in a vacuum oven at 80°C for 12 h to obtain CQDs/mesoporous SiO2 composites.

2.4 Synthesis of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs

CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites were prepared in a photochemical reactor. Briefly, 5 mg of AgNO3, 10 mL of CQDs solution, and 10 mL of deionized water were mixed with stirring for 20 min, and then placed in the photochemical reactor under UV irradiating with the power of 200 W. The irradiating time was set as 10, 20, and 30 min, respectively, and different samples of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites were obtained.

2.5 Characterization

Morphologies of CQDs, CQDs/mesoporous SiO2, and CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL-2010, Japan). The specimens for TEM were prepared by dropping the solution containing samples on a copper grid and dried under an infrared lamp. The structure of CQDs was investigated by an X-ray diffractometer (Shimadzu XRD-7000, Japan) in the scanning range of 10–80°. Functional groups for CQDs were characterized by a Fourier infrared spectrometer (FTIR, SHIMADZU 8400S, Japan) using potassium bromide as the matrix in the range of 500–4,000 cm−1. Optical performances were investigated by using an UV-Vis spectrometer (SHIMADZU UV-1800, Japan) and a fluorescence spectrometer (HITACHI, F-4600, Japan), and the samples were diluted before testing. All measurements were performed at room temperature.

2.6 Antimicrobial test

Antibacterial effects of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs against E. coli and S. aureus were verified by the inhibition zone method. Briefly, 16.5 g of agar was dissolved in 500 mL deionized water at 100℃, and then 10–15 mL of agar solution was taken to drop to the petri dish. Meanwhile, E. coli and S. aureus were dissolved in sterile deionized water and diluted to make sure that the bacteria concentration was in the range of 106–108 cfu/mL. After the agar was solidified, an inoculating loop was used to scrape as-prepared E. coli and S. aureus solution and spread them on the solidified agar petri dish. Then, filter papers (the diameter of 6 mm) containing samples were placed on agar petri dishes. Finally, as-prepared petri dishes were put in a box (the temperature of 37℃ and the humidity of 70%) for 24 h to observe the growth of bacteria around filter papers. All equipment in the experiment was sterilized and the whole process was operated under aseptic conditions.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Morphologies and optical performances of CQDs and CQDs/mesoporous SiO2 composites

TEM image of as-prepared CQDs is shown in Figure 1a, and they were near-spherical particles. In addition, the lattice spacing of (020) for CQDs (upper right inset in Figure 1a) was about 0.275 nm. According to Figure 1a, we counted the diameter of about 500 CQDs using Nano Measure software, and the size distribution is shown in Figure 1b. According to the result in Figure 1b, the particle size of most CQDs was in the range of 3–4 nm and the average diameter was about 3.74 nm. Thus, these results indicated that as-prepared CQDs with graphite like microcrystal had a small and relatively uniform size.

Figure 1 (a) TEM image of CQDs and high resolution image of single CQDs (upper right inset), (b) the size distribution graphics of CQDs, (c) XRD patterns of CQDs, (d) FTIR spectra of CQDs.
Figure 1

(a) TEM image of CQDs and high resolution image of single CQDs (upper right inset), (b) the size distribution graphics of CQDs, (c) XRD patterns of CQDs, (d) FTIR spectra of CQDs.

To further characterize the synthesized CQDs, as-prepared solution containing CQDs was freeze-dried, and obtained solids were characterized by XRD. As shown in Figure 1c, there was a broad peak in the range of 2θ = 20–30°, indicating (002) lattice plane for synthesized CQDs. The FTIR spectrum for CQDs is shown in Figure 1d. The wide peak at 3,450 cm−1 was ascribed to the stretching vibration of –OH. In addition, the peaks at 1,600 and 1,100 cm−1 were attributed to the stretching vibration of C═C and the stretching vibration of C–H, respectively. These peaks corresponded to the characteristic functional groups for CQDs.

As shown in Figure 2a, as-prepared mesoporous SiO2 spheres had a uniform size of about 200 nm. According to TEM image of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2 composites (as shown in Figure 2b), we observed that CQDs were wrapped around SiO2 by electrostatic interaction [19]. The illustration of the synthesis of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2 composites is shown in Scheme 1.

Figure 2 TEM images of (a) as-prepared mesoporous SiO2 particles and (b) CQDs/mesoporous SiO2 composites.
Figure 2

TEM images of (a) as-prepared mesoporous SiO2 particles and (b) CQDs/mesoporous SiO2 composites.

Scheme 1 Schematic diagram for the synthesis of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2.
Scheme 1

Schematic diagram for the synthesis of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2.

To the best of our knowledge, CQDs usually exhibited characteristic absorption peaks in the range of 250–390 nm in UV-Vis spectra. As shown in Figure 3a, the UV-Vis absorption peak for CQDs located at around 260 nm because of the π–π* transition of C═C, while there were two peaks at around 290 and 400 nm for CQDs/mesoporous SiO2 composites. The absorption peak at about 290 nm was because of the n–π* transition of C═O for CQDs in composites [20]. In addition, CQDs/mesoporous SiO2 composites had a broad absorption line near 400 nm, which may be caused by the optical effect of mesoporous SiO2 spheres [21,22].

Figure 3 (a) UV-Vis spectra of CQDs and CQDs/mesoporous SiO2, and (b) fluorescence emission spectra of CQDs and CQDs/mesoporous SiO2.
Figure 3

(a) UV-Vis spectra of CQDs and CQDs/mesoporous SiO2, and (b) fluorescence emission spectra of CQDs and CQDs/mesoporous SiO2.

According to the previous report, the fluorescence emission peak in the range of 300–500 nm belonged to the characteristic emission of CQDs [23]. As shown in Figure 3b, the strongest peak for CQDs was 375 nm at the excitation wavelength of 300 nm, and that for CQDs/mesoporous SiO2 composites located at 365 nm. The latter containing CQDs with smaller size had a blue-shift, which was mainly attributed to the quantum size effect [24,25,26]. On the contrary, the intensity of fluorescence emission for the composites was greatly enhanced, which may be because of the reduction of surface defects for CQDs/mesoporous SiO2, and the non-radiative transition also had less probability [27,28,29,30].

3.2 Morphologies and optical performances of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs

TEM images of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs obtained in photochemical reactor for different UV irradiating time are shown in Figure 4a–c. We found that the diameter of as-prepared Ag NPs was about 10 nm, and Ag NPs and CQDs mainly distributed on the surface of mesoporous SiO2 spheres. Compared with Figure 4a, the particle size of Ag NPs as shown in Figure 4b and c was more uniform, and the amount changed to be more inferring that the concentration of obtained Ag NPs was higher under a longer UV irradiating time. These results indicated that the irradiation time plays an important role in the formation and the morphology of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites. The illustration of the formation of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites is shown in Scheme 2.

Figure 4 TEM images of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites in photochemical reactor for different UV irradiating time: (a) 1 h, (b) 2 h, and (c) 3 h.
Figure 4

TEM images of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites in photochemical reactor for different UV irradiating time: (a) 1 h, (b) 2 h, and (c) 3 h.

Scheme 2 Schematic diagram for the synthesis of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs.
Scheme 2

Schematic diagram for the synthesis of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs.

As shown in Figure 5a, the absorption peak of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites showed gradual blue-shift, and the absorption band was narrowed with the increase in UV irradiating time. This may be because of more uniform size and higher concentration of Ag NPs in the composite solution consistent with the result of TEM analysis [31].

Figure 5 (a) UV-Vis spectra and (b) fluorescence emission spectra of as-prepared CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites in photochemical reactor for different UV irradiating time.
Figure 5

(a) UV-Vis spectra and (b) fluorescence emission spectra of as-prepared CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites in photochemical reactor for different UV irradiating time.

Figure 5b shows that the wavelength for the fluorescence emission peak of composites basically remained constant. To the best of our knowledge, the wavelength of fluorescence emission for Ag nano clusters (Ag NCs) was around 530 nm, and the intensity was proportional to the concentration of Ag NCs in composites [32,33], similar to that obtained in this paper. In addition, there was a fluorescence emission peak at about 375 nm under the excitation wavelength of 300 nm, corresponding to the fluorescence emission peak of CQDs. This result was basically consistent with that in Figure 3b. As-prepared CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites under UV irradiating for 30 min were selected as the specific sample for the antibacterial test because of the excellent optical performances.

3.3 Antibacterial performances of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs

The inhibition zones for as-prepared five antibacterial agents against E. coli and S. aureus are presented in Figure 6a and b, respectively. The initial concentration of E. coli and S. aureus was diluted 10 times (Ⅰ), 102 times (Ⅱ), and 103 times (Ⅲ), respectively. Antibacterial performances for these antibacterial agents were estimated by the size of inhibition zone. We found that CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs and mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites showed excellent antibacterial performances against E. coli and S. aureus. To the best of our knowledge, sole Ag NPs possessed good antibacterial properties without any modification. The antibacterial mechanism for Ag NPs may be that Ag+ on the surface of nanoparticles can interact with sulfhydryl and amino groups of DNA molecules; thus, bacteria cells failed to divide and proliferate and eventually die [34,35]. In addition, Ag NPs can be freely diffused into the culture medium and act as fungicides. In previous reports, CQDs have been used to synthesize the composites containing metal NPs and also can improve the stability of Ag NPs [36,37,38,39]. Ag+ attached on mesoporous SiO2 microspheres easily interacted with bacterial cells; therefore, CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs and mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites also exhibited excellent antibacterial performances [40,41,42].

Figure 6 Representative images of agar plates containing (1) CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs, (2) Ag NPs, (3) mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs, (4) CQDs/mesoporous SiO2 and (5) CQDs, and inhibition zones for (a) E. coli and (b) S. aureus （diluted 10 times (Ⅰ), 102 times (Ⅱ), and 103 times (Ⅲ), respectively).
Figure 6

Representative images of agar plates containing (1) CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs, (2) Ag NPs, (3) mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs, (4) CQDs/mesoporous SiO2 and (5) CQDs, and inhibition zones for (a) E. coli and (b) S. aureus （diluted 10 times (Ⅰ), 102 times (Ⅱ), and 103 times (Ⅲ), respectively).

Compared with other samples, the antibacterial performance for solo CQDs was poor. However, that for CQDs/mesoporous SiO2 was significantly improved by loading CQDs. According to the characteristics of composites, many –OH groups on the surface of mesoporous SiO2 spheres have a strong activity. Therefore, they were used as carriers to adsorb antibacterial ions to achieve the sterilization [42,44]. Interestingly, the antibacterial activity of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites against E. coli was greater than that against S. aureus. This result may be because of the fact that Ag NPs eliminated the random distribution of DNA in E. coli, and the degradation of total DNA in E. coli was better than that in S. aureus [33,34]. According to the antibacterial effects against different dilutions of E. coli and S. aureus, we inferred that as-prepared composites can possess stable and effective antibacterial activity for E. coli and S. aureus.

4 Conclusion

In this work, glucose was used as the carbon source to synthesize CQDs via a hydrothermal method, and then mesoporous SiO2 microspheres were used as carriers to prepare CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites in a photochemical reactor. Compared with CQDs, optical properties of CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites changed significantly, and the fluorescence intensity increased with the increase in UV irradiating time. In addition, mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs and CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites showed a high stability and a strong antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus, which were similar to that for Ag NPs. Therefore, as-prepared CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites in this paper can be used as potential candidate materials for antibacterial packaging.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Huan Li for assistance with the antibacterial experiment and Xi’an Jiaotong University for testing equipment support.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51772243), Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 2020GXLH-Z-031), Weinan Industrial Innovation Project (Grant No. 2020ZDYF-GYCX-107), Xi’an Science and Technology Project (Grant No. 2020KJRC0074), and Key Scientific Research Project of Education Department of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 20JS106).

  2. Author contributions: Youliang Cheng: conceptualization, writing – review and editing, funding acquisition; Mingjie Wang: writing – original draft, data curation, investigation; Changqing Fang: resources, project administration; Ying Wei: investigation, validation; Jing Chen: supervision; Jin Zhang: supervision.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflicts of interest.

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Received: 2021-02-01
Revised: 2021-04-13
Accepted: 2021-05-04
Published Online: 2021-07-19

© 2021 Youliang Cheng et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. MW irradiation and ionic liquids as green tools in hydrolyses and alcoholyses
  3. Effect of CaO on catalytic combustion of semi-coke
  4. Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides
  5. Development of leftover rice/gelatin interpenetrating polymer network films for food packaging
  6. Potent antibacterial action of phycosynthesized selenium nanoparticles using Spirulina platensis extract
  7. Green synthesized silver and copper nanoparticles induced changes in biomass parameters, secondary metabolites production, and antioxidant activity in callus cultures of Artemisia absinthium L.
  8. Gold nanoparticles from Celastrus hindsii and HAuCl4: Green synthesis, characteristics, and their cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells
  9. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Tropaeolum majus: Phytochemical screening and antibacterial studies
  10. One-step preparation of metal-free phthalocyanine with controllable crystal form
  11. In vitro and in vivo applications of Euphorbia wallichii shoot extract-mediated gold nanospheres
  12. Fabrication of green ZnO nanoparticles using walnut leaf extract to develop an antibacterial film based on polyethylene–starch–ZnO NPs
  13. Preparation of Zn-MOFs by microwave-assisted ball milling for removal of tetracycline hydrochloride and Congo red from wastewater
  14. Feasibility of fly ash as fluxing agent in mid- and low-grade phosphate rock carbothermal reduction and its reaction kinetics
  15. Three combined pretreatments for reactive gasification feedstock from wet coffee grounds waste
  16. Biosynthesis and antioxidation of nano-selenium using lemon juice as a reducing agent
  17. Combustion and gasification characteristics of low-temperature pyrolytic semi-coke prepared through atmosphere rich in CH4 and H2
  18. Microwave-assisted reactions: Efficient and versatile one-step synthesis of 8-substituted xanthines and substituted pyrimidopteridine-2,4,6,8-tetraones under controlled microwave heating
  19. New approach in process intensification based on subcritical water, as green solvent, in propolis oil in water nanoemulsion preparation
  20. Continuous sulfonation of hexadecylbenzene in a microreactor
  21. Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications of alcoholic extract of saffron (Crocus sativus) flower stigma-based gold nanoparticles
  22. Foliar applications of plant-based titanium dioxide nanoparticles to improve agronomic and physiological attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants under salinity stress
  23. Simultaneous leaching of rare earth elements and phosphorus from a Chinese phosphate ore using H3PO4
  24. Silica extraction from bauxite reaction residue and synthesis water glass
  25. Metal–organic framework-derived nanoporous titanium dioxide–heteropoly acid composites and its application in esterification
  26. Highly Cr(vi)-tolerant Staphylococcus simulans assisting chromate evacuation from tannery effluent
  27. A green method for the preparation of phoxim based on high-boiling nitrite
  28. Silver nanoparticles elicited physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant modifications in rice plants to control Aspergillus flavus
  29. Mixed gel electrolytes: Synthesis, characterization, and gas release on PbSb electrode
  30. Supported on mesoporous silica nanospheres, molecularly imprinted polymer for selective adsorption of dichlorophen
  31. Synthesis of zeolite from fly ash and its adsorption of phosphorus in wastewater
  32. Development of a continuous PET depolymerization process as a basis for a back-to-monomer recycling method
  33. Green synthesis of ZnS nanoparticles and fabrication of ZnS–chitosan nanocomposites for the removal of Cr(vi) ion from wastewater
  34. Synthesis, surface modification, and characterization of Fe3O4@SiO2 core@shell nanostructure
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  36. Variability and improvement of optical and antimicrobial performances for CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites via in situ synthesis
  37. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Characterization and its potential biomedical applications
  38. Green synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles prepared using Trigonella foenum-graecum L. leaves grown in Saudi Arabia
  39. Intensification process in thyme essential oil nanoemulsion preparation based on subcritical water as green solvent and six different emulsifiers
  40. Synthesis and biological activities of alcohol extract of black cumin seeds (Bunium persicum)-based gold nanoparticles and their catalytic applications
  41. Digera muricata (L.) Mart. mediated synthesis of antimicrobial and enzymatic inhibitory zinc oxide bionanoparticles
  42. Aqueous synthesis of Nb-modified SnO2 quantum dots for efficient photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene for in situ agricultural waste treatment
  43. Study on the effect of microwave roasting pretreatment on nickel extraction from nickel-containing residue using sulfuric acid
  44. Green nanotechnology synthesized silver nanoparticles: Characterization and testing its antibacterial activity
  45. Phyto-fabrication of selenium nanorods using extract of pomegranate rind wastes and their potentialities for inhibiting fish-borne pathogens
  46. Hydrophilic modification of PVDF membranes by in situ synthesis of nano-Ag with nano-ZrO2
  47. Paracrine study of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) in a self-assembling nano-polypeptide hydrogel environment
  48. Study of the corrosion-inhibiting activity of the green materials of the Posidonia oceanica leaves’ ethanolic extract based on PVP in corrosive media (1 M of HCl)
  49. Callus-mediated biosynthesis of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles using aqueous callus extract of Cannabis sativa: Their cytotoxic potential and clinical potential against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi
  50. Ionic liquids as capping agents of silver nanoparticles. Part II: Antimicrobial and cytotoxic study
  51. CO2 hydrogenation to dimethyl ether over In2O3 catalysts supported on aluminosilicate halloysite nanotubes
  52. Corylus avellana leaf extract-mediated green synthesis of antifungal silver nanoparticles using microwave irradiation and assessment of their properties
  53. Novel design and combination strategy of minocycline and OECs-loaded CeO2 nanoparticles with SF for the treatment of spinal cord injury: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
  54. Fe3+ and Ce3+ modified nano-TiO2 for degradation of exhaust gas in tunnels
  55. Analysis of enzyme activity and microbial community structure changes in the anaerobic digestion process of cattle manure at sub-mesophilic temperatures
  56. Synthesis of greener silver nanoparticle-based chitosan nanocomposites and their potential antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens
  57. Baeyer–Villiger co-oxidation of cyclohexanone with Fe–Sn–O catalysts in an O2/benzaldehyde system
  58. Increased flexibility to improve the catalytic performance of carbon-based solid acid catalysts
  59. Study on titanium dioxide nanoparticles as MALDI MS matrix for the determination of lipids in the brain
  60. Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles with aqueous extract of green algae Chaetomorpha ligustica and its anticancer potential
  61. Curcumin-removed turmeric oleoresin nano-emulsion as a novel botanical fungicide to control anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) in litchi
  62. Antibacterial greener silver nanoparticles synthesized using Marsilea quadrifolia extract and their eco-friendly evaluation against Zika virus vector, Aedes aegypti
  63. Optimization for simultaneous removal of NH3-N and COD from coking wastewater via a three-dimensional electrode system with coal-based electrode materials by RSM method
  64. Effect of Cu doping on the optical property of green synthesised l-cystein-capped CdSe quantum dots
  65. Anticandidal potentiality of biosynthesized and decorated nanometals with fucoidan
  66. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Mentha pulegium, their characterization, and antifungal properties
  67. A study on the coordination of cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril with copper, zinc, and magnesium ions
  68. Ultrasound-assisted l-cysteine whole-cell bioconversion by recombinant Escherichia coli with tryptophan synthase
  69. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Citrus sinensis peels and evaluation of their antibacterial efficacy
  70. Preparation and characterization of sodium alginate/acrylic acid composite hydrogels conjugated to silver nanoparticles as an antibiotic delivery system
  71. Synthesis of tert-amylbenzene for side-chain alkylation of cumene catalyzed by a solid superbase
  72. Punica granatum peel extracts mediated the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their detailed in vivo biological activities
  73. Simulation and improvement of the separation process of synthesizing vinyl acetate by acetylene gas-phase method
  74. Review Articles
  75. Carbon dots: Discovery, structure, fluorescent properties, and applications
  76. Potential applications of biogenic selenium nanoparticles in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants: A comprehensive insight on the mechanistic approach and future perspectives
  77. Review on functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for the pretreatment of organophosphorus pesticides
  78. Extraction and modification of hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: A review
  79. Topical Issue: Recent advances in deep eutectic solvents: Fundamentals and applications (Guest Editors: Santiago Aparicio and Mert Atilhan)
  80. Delignification of unbleached pulp by ternary deep eutectic solvents
  81. Removal of thiophene from model oil by polyethylene glycol via forming deep eutectic solvents
  82. Valorization of birch bark using a low transition temperature mixture composed of choline chloride and lactic acid
  83. Topical Issue: Flow chemistry and microreaction technologies for circular processes (Guest Editor: Gianvito Vilé)
  84. Stille, Heck, and Sonogashira coupling and hydrogenation catalyzed by porous-silica-gel-supported palladium in batch and flow
  85. In-flow enantioselective homogeneous organic synthesis
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2021-0035
Keywords for this article
silver nanoparticles; carbon quantum dots; mesoporous silicon dioxide; antimicrobial performances
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. MW irradiation and ionic liquids as green tools in hydrolyses and alcoholyses
  3. Effect of CaO on catalytic combustion of semi-coke
  4. Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides
  5. Development of leftover rice/gelatin interpenetrating polymer network films for food packaging
  6. Potent antibacterial action of phycosynthesized selenium nanoparticles using Spirulina platensis extract
  7. Green synthesized silver and copper nanoparticles induced changes in biomass parameters, secondary metabolites production, and antioxidant activity in callus cultures of Artemisia absinthium L.
  8. Gold nanoparticles from Celastrus hindsii and HAuCl4: Green synthesis, characteristics, and their cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells
  9. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Tropaeolum majus: Phytochemical screening and antibacterial studies
  10. One-step preparation of metal-free phthalocyanine with controllable crystal form
  11. In vitro and in vivo applications of Euphorbia wallichii shoot extract-mediated gold nanospheres
  12. Fabrication of green ZnO nanoparticles using walnut leaf extract to develop an antibacterial film based on polyethylene–starch–ZnO NPs
  13. Preparation of Zn-MOFs by microwave-assisted ball milling for removal of tetracycline hydrochloride and Congo red from wastewater
  14. Feasibility of fly ash as fluxing agent in mid- and low-grade phosphate rock carbothermal reduction and its reaction kinetics
  15. Three combined pretreatments for reactive gasification feedstock from wet coffee grounds waste
  16. Biosynthesis and antioxidation of nano-selenium using lemon juice as a reducing agent
  17. Combustion and gasification characteristics of low-temperature pyrolytic semi-coke prepared through atmosphere rich in CH4 and H2
  18. Microwave-assisted reactions: Efficient and versatile one-step synthesis of 8-substituted xanthines and substituted pyrimidopteridine-2,4,6,8-tetraones under controlled microwave heating
  19. New approach in process intensification based on subcritical water, as green solvent, in propolis oil in water nanoemulsion preparation
  20. Continuous sulfonation of hexadecylbenzene in a microreactor
  21. Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications of alcoholic extract of saffron (Crocus sativus) flower stigma-based gold nanoparticles
  22. Foliar applications of plant-based titanium dioxide nanoparticles to improve agronomic and physiological attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants under salinity stress
  23. Simultaneous leaching of rare earth elements and phosphorus from a Chinese phosphate ore using H3PO4
  24. Silica extraction from bauxite reaction residue and synthesis water glass
  25. Metal–organic framework-derived nanoporous titanium dioxide–heteropoly acid composites and its application in esterification
  26. Highly Cr(vi)-tolerant Staphylococcus simulans assisting chromate evacuation from tannery effluent
  27. A green method for the preparation of phoxim based on high-boiling nitrite
  28. Silver nanoparticles elicited physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant modifications in rice plants to control Aspergillus flavus
  29. Mixed gel electrolytes: Synthesis, characterization, and gas release on PbSb electrode
  30. Supported on mesoporous silica nanospheres, molecularly imprinted polymer for selective adsorption of dichlorophen
  31. Synthesis of zeolite from fly ash and its adsorption of phosphorus in wastewater
  32. Development of a continuous PET depolymerization process as a basis for a back-to-monomer recycling method
  33. Green synthesis of ZnS nanoparticles and fabrication of ZnS–chitosan nanocomposites for the removal of Cr(vi) ion from wastewater
  34. Synthesis, surface modification, and characterization of Fe3O4@SiO2 core@shell nanostructure
  35. Antioxidant potential of bulk and nanoparticles of naringenin against cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
  36. Variability and improvement of optical and antimicrobial performances for CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites via in situ synthesis
  37. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Characterization and its potential biomedical applications
  38. Green synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles prepared using Trigonella foenum-graecum L. leaves grown in Saudi Arabia
  39. Intensification process in thyme essential oil nanoemulsion preparation based on subcritical water as green solvent and six different emulsifiers
  40. Synthesis and biological activities of alcohol extract of black cumin seeds (Bunium persicum)-based gold nanoparticles and their catalytic applications
  41. Digera muricata (L.) Mart. mediated synthesis of antimicrobial and enzymatic inhibitory zinc oxide bionanoparticles
  42. Aqueous synthesis of Nb-modified SnO2 quantum dots for efficient photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene for in situ agricultural waste treatment
  43. Study on the effect of microwave roasting pretreatment on nickel extraction from nickel-containing residue using sulfuric acid
  44. Green nanotechnology synthesized silver nanoparticles: Characterization and testing its antibacterial activity
  45. Phyto-fabrication of selenium nanorods using extract of pomegranate rind wastes and their potentialities for inhibiting fish-borne pathogens
  46. Hydrophilic modification of PVDF membranes by in situ synthesis of nano-Ag with nano-ZrO2
  47. Paracrine study of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) in a self-assembling nano-polypeptide hydrogel environment
  48. Study of the corrosion-inhibiting activity of the green materials of the Posidonia oceanica leaves’ ethanolic extract based on PVP in corrosive media (1 M of HCl)
  49. Callus-mediated biosynthesis of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles using aqueous callus extract of Cannabis sativa: Their cytotoxic potential and clinical potential against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi
  50. Ionic liquids as capping agents of silver nanoparticles. Part II: Antimicrobial and cytotoxic study
  51. CO2 hydrogenation to dimethyl ether over In2O3 catalysts supported on aluminosilicate halloysite nanotubes
  52. Corylus avellana leaf extract-mediated green synthesis of antifungal silver nanoparticles using microwave irradiation and assessment of their properties
  53. Novel design and combination strategy of minocycline and OECs-loaded CeO2 nanoparticles with SF for the treatment of spinal cord injury: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
  54. Fe3+ and Ce3+ modified nano-TiO2 for degradation of exhaust gas in tunnels
  55. Analysis of enzyme activity and microbial community structure changes in the anaerobic digestion process of cattle manure at sub-mesophilic temperatures
  56. Synthesis of greener silver nanoparticle-based chitosan nanocomposites and their potential antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens
  57. Baeyer–Villiger co-oxidation of cyclohexanone with Fe–Sn–O catalysts in an O2/benzaldehyde system
  58. Increased flexibility to improve the catalytic performance of carbon-based solid acid catalysts
  59. Study on titanium dioxide nanoparticles as MALDI MS matrix for the determination of lipids in the brain
  60. Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles with aqueous extract of green algae Chaetomorpha ligustica and its anticancer potential
  61. Curcumin-removed turmeric oleoresin nano-emulsion as a novel botanical fungicide to control anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) in litchi
  62. Antibacterial greener silver nanoparticles synthesized using Marsilea quadrifolia extract and their eco-friendly evaluation against Zika virus vector, Aedes aegypti
  63. Optimization for simultaneous removal of NH3-N and COD from coking wastewater via a three-dimensional electrode system with coal-based electrode materials by RSM method
  64. Effect of Cu doping on the optical property of green synthesised l-cystein-capped CdSe quantum dots
  65. Anticandidal potentiality of biosynthesized and decorated nanometals with fucoidan
  66. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Mentha pulegium, their characterization, and antifungal properties
  67. A study on the coordination of cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril with copper, zinc, and magnesium ions
  68. Ultrasound-assisted l-cysteine whole-cell bioconversion by recombinant Escherichia coli with tryptophan synthase
  69. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Citrus sinensis peels and evaluation of their antibacterial efficacy
  70. Preparation and characterization of sodium alginate/acrylic acid composite hydrogels conjugated to silver nanoparticles as an antibiotic delivery system
  71. Synthesis of tert-amylbenzene for side-chain alkylation of cumene catalyzed by a solid superbase
  72. Punica granatum peel extracts mediated the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their detailed in vivo biological activities
  73. Simulation and improvement of the separation process of synthesizing vinyl acetate by acetylene gas-phase method
  74. Review Articles
  75. Carbon dots: Discovery, structure, fluorescent properties, and applications
  76. Potential applications of biogenic selenium nanoparticles in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants: A comprehensive insight on the mechanistic approach and future perspectives
  77. Review on functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for the pretreatment of organophosphorus pesticides
  78. Extraction and modification of hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: A review
  79. Topical Issue: Recent advances in deep eutectic solvents: Fundamentals and applications (Guest Editors: Santiago Aparicio and Mert Atilhan)
  80. Delignification of unbleached pulp by ternary deep eutectic solvents
  81. Removal of thiophene from model oil by polyethylene glycol via forming deep eutectic solvents
  82. Valorization of birch bark using a low transition temperature mixture composed of choline chloride and lactic acid
  83. Topical Issue: Flow chemistry and microreaction technologies for circular processes (Guest Editor: Gianvito Vilé)
  84. Stille, Heck, and Sonogashira coupling and hydrogenation catalyzed by porous-silica-gel-supported palladium in batch and flow
  85. In-flow enantioselective homogeneous organic synthesis
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