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Aqueous synthesis of Nb-modified SnO2 quantum dots for efficient photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene for in situ agricultural waste treatment

  • Jia Shao , Kai Deng , Le Chen , Chaomeng Guo , Congshan Zhao , Jiayuan Cui , Tongan Shen , Kewei Li , Jianqiao Liu EMAIL logo and Ce Fu EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: August 10, 2021
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 10 Issue 1

Abstract

Low density polyethylene is widely used in agricultural production. It is of low cost and able to significantly improve the quality of fruits. However, its decomposition under natural circumstances needs more than one hundred of years. If not removed in time, it is hazardous to the ecological environment and crops. Up to now, the removal techniques of polyethylene films are polluted, expensive, and difficult to employ. A novel method is proposed for in situ removal of polyethylene by an effective and environmental friendly technique with low cost. The Nb-modified SnO2 quantum dots are prepared for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene under visible light. The green synthesis of the photocatalyst includes the procedures of hydrolysis, oxidation, and hydrothermal treatment in aqueous solution. The Nb-modified SnO2 has a band gap of 2.95 eV, which enhances its absorption of visible light. A degradation efficiency of 29% is obtained within 6 h under visible irradiation. The hydroxyl radicals (•OH) are main active species in the degradation process. The prepared Nb-SnO2 quantum dots demonstrate a promising application in the photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene, contributing a novel strategy for the in situ treatment of agricultural wastes.

Keywords: Nb-modified SnO2 ; visible-light photocatalysis; polyethylene; quantum dot; environment remediation

1 Introduction

Low density polyethylene films are widely used in agricultural production because they are able to improve the fruit quality by collecting solar irradiation and enhancing photosynthesis. Millions of tons of polyethylene products are fabricated annually due to the increasing market demands [1,2]. However, these polyethylene products are hazardous to ecological environment and worthless to recycle because they are difficult to be degraded in natural circumstances, fragile after long-term usage, and valueless to be reused [3]. Thus, a great amount of polyethylene wastes are deposited in rural environment and lead to heavy plastic pollution after accumulation [4,5]. Moreover, some polyethylene products contain metallic film on top so that they are highly conductive. High voltage wires for energy transmission and high-speed railway trains are in risks if conductive polyethylene films are not under control. The potential risks from power failure include collisions between high-speed trains and disturbance of power supply to cities/factories, causing a great direct or indirect economic loss. Three methods are usually used to remove polyethylene products, such as mechanical recycling, incineration, and burying [3]. Nevertheless, they suffer from the drawbacks of high cost and environmental pollution. Thus, a novel method is expected for the removal of polyethylene products by a technique with high efficiency, low cost, simple operation, and environmental friendship.

Photocatalysis is an emerging advanced technique in recent decades. The photocatalysts, usually based on functional semiconductors, absorb external irradiation and accelerate redox reactions by releasing reactive species excited from photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Thus, they are used in the applications of water splitting for hydrogen [6,7], organic degradation [8,9,10,11], heavy metal ion reduction [12,13], and anti-bacteria [14,15]. As the environmental issues are serious concern nowadays, the photocatalytic organic removal receives attention from a variety of fields. As a sustainable approach for environmental remediation, photocatalysis is able to remove plethora of recalcitrant pollutants [16,17,18] and is proved to be a smart alternative to mitigate environmental problems as it may complete rapid conversion from organic compounds to green products [19,20]. However, the mass application of emerging photocatalysis is still facing the challenges, such as the potential risks to human or ecological health as well as the uncertainties associated with dispersal, excotoxicity, persistency, bioaccumulation, and reversibility of photocatalysts [21]. Nevertheless, the photocatalytic activities are promising as they can make utilization of solar energy with low cost and green process. Thus, the design and synthesis of photocatalysts have become a hot topic at present [22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. Among nanostructured photocatalysts, the tin oxide (SnO2) quantum dot (QD) is attractive because it is stable, inexpensive, nontoxicity, and easy to prepare [29,30,31]. Its strong positive valence band not only prevents self-decomposition under long-time irradiation, but also benefits the generation of hydroxyl radicals, which are able to break the benzene ring for the decomposition of volatile organic compounds [32,33]. However, the stoichiometric SnO2 bulk is wide band gap semiconductor. The band gap of 3.6 eV [34] inhibits its photocatalytic application because it absorbs little visible light, which composes the main part of the solar irradiation spectrum. Thus, modifications should be made to reduce the band gap of SnO2-based materials for improving the absorption of visible light during photocatalytic activities. The incorporation of transition metal elements is one of the routes [35].

In the present work, Nb-modified SnO2 QDs are synthesized via an aqueous-based method. The morphology, composition, and optical characteristics are investigated. The Nb-SnO2 QDs are employed to degrade polyethylene and the photocatalytic properties are discussed based on the performances at various QD concentrations and irradiation sources. The main active species in the photocatalytic activities and the degradation mechanism are discussed.

2 Materials and methods

The aqueous synthesis of SnO2 QDs was completed by using a one-step method [36,37]. Stannous chloride of 2.257 g and thiourea of 0.077 g were commingled into deionized water of 50 mL. The mixture was stirred in a magnetic stirring apparatus at room temperature for 24 h. Then, the solution of SnO2 QDs was obtained. Niobium ammonium oxalate of 0.0425 g was added into the SnO2 QD solution of 10 mL and the Nb-added solution was put into a teflon autoclave for hydrothermal treatment at 160°C for 6 h. After cooling to room temperature, the Nb-modified SnO2 QDs for photocatalysts were obtained.

The X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/MAX-Ultima, Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) was used to determine the crystal structure, crystallite size, and lattice parameters of the Nb-modified SnO2 QDs. The chemical composition and bonding details were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientific ESCALAB 250 XI, ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The surface morphology and lattice fringes were observed by the high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, JEM-3200FS, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) was used to collect and determine the absorption spectrum and band gap (E g).

The artificial irradiation sources of 50 and 300 W were used to examine the photocatalytic properties. The polyethylene film products were mechanically crashed and commingled with the Nb-SnO2 QD solution. During the photocatalytic activities, the mixture was stirring at room temperature. The degradation efficiency (η) of the photocatalytic process was defined as:

(1) η = ( m 1 − m 2 ) / m 1 × 100 %

where m 1 and m 2 were the initial weight and final weight of polyethylene film before and after photocatalytic activity.

The trapping experiments of possible active radicals in the degradation process were carried out by introducing the radical scavengers of isopropanol (IPA), potassium bromate (KBrO3), and ammonium oxalate [(NH4)2C2O4]. Each radical scavenger of 2 mmol/L was added before the irradiation.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Morphology and composition

As shown in Figure 1a, four main peaks in the XRD pattern at 26.5°, 33.9°, 38.2°, and 51.7° are observed, corresponding to the planes of (110), (101), (200), and (211). The pattern is in agreement with the standard pattern [38]. A slight enlargement in crystal lattice caused by Nb modification is concluded by the lattice parameters of a(b) = 4.7429 Å and c = 3.1966 Å. No Nb-containing phase is detected so that the Nb atoms are incorporated into the SnO2 QD lattice. According to the Scherrer’s formula, the average crystallite size is calculated to be 5.3 nm. The morphology of Nb-modified SnO2 QDs is shown in Figure 1b. The average grain size is found to be 5.6 nm, which is close to the result from XRD analysis. The characteristic plane distances of 0.321–0.325 nm are found and they are associated with the (110) plane of SnO2 crystal lattice. Figure 1c shows the XPS survey spectrum after calibration [39]. The Nb peak is observed at 207.63 eV, demonstrating the successful incorporation of Nb atoms into the SnO2 lattice. The XPS spectrum of O 1s is shown in Figure 1d, in which an asymmetric peak is observed. It is deconvoluted with sub-peaks obtained at 531.76 and 530.97 eV. They are ascribed to different chemical states of oxygen in the lattice. The former one centered at 531.76 eV is resulted from the stoichiometric lattice of SnO2. The other one centered at 530.97 eV is caused by the oxygen vacancies, which are inherent in SnO2 grains. Compared to pristine SnO2 QDs [40], the Nb modification leads to red shifts to both sub-peaks of O 1s and it may benefit the stability of oxygen-deficient SnO2 QDs.

Figure 1 Composition and morphology of Nb-modified SnO2 quantum dots: (a) XRD pattern, (b) HRTEM, (c) XPS survey spectrum, and (d) XPS O 1s spectrum.
Figure 1

Composition and morphology of Nb-modified SnO2 quantum dots: (a) XRD pattern, (b) HRTEM, (c) XPS survey spectrum, and (d) XPS O 1s spectrum.

3.2 Optical characterization

The UV-Vis absorption of the Nb-SnO2 QDs is plotted in Figure 2a. After being converted to the Tauc relation [41] in Figure 2b, the E g is calculated to be 2.95 eV, which is located in the region of visible light in the solar light spectrum. Therefore, it is possible for the Nb-modified SnO2 QDs to be efficient photocatalyst under visible light. Figure 2c reveals the XPS valence band spectrum of Nb-modified SnO2 QDs. The top edge position of valence band (E V) is 3.58 eV. Thus, the bottom edge position of conduction band (E C) is 0.63 eV according to E C = E V – E g. Hence, the band structure of QD photocatalysts is displayed in Figure 2d. It is found that E V is greater than the redox potential of aqueous solution so that the photogenerated holes could combine with H2O to produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH) with strong ability of oxidation. Thus, the present Nb-modified SnO2 QDs have proficient photocatalytic abilities in the degradation of polyethylene.

Figure 2 Optical properties of Nb-modified SnO2 quantum dots: (a) UV-Vis absorption spectrum, (b) Tauc plot for band gap evaluation, (c) valence band spectrum, and (d) band structure.
Figure 2

Optical properties of Nb-modified SnO2 quantum dots: (a) UV-Vis absorption spectrum, (b) Tauc plot for band gap evaluation, (c) valence band spectrum, and (d) band structure.

3.3 Polyethylene degradation

Figure 3a plots the 3-hour photocatalytic degradation efficiency of polyethylene at various concentrations of Nb-modified SnO2 QDs under 300 W irradiation. The concentration of Sn atoms in the aqueous solution is used to indicate the concentration of QDs. The maximum photocatalytic degradation of 17% is observed at QD concentration of 5 × 10−4 mol/L, which is considered as the optimized concentration for photocatalytic degradation. Figure 3b illustrates the time-dependent photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene at the optimum concentration of 5 × 10−4 mol/L. The degradation efficiency increases to 29% within 6 h and the linear fitting indicates a degradation rate of 4.6%/h.

Figure 3 Photocatalytic properties of Nb-modified SnO2 quantum dots in polyethylene degradation: (a) effect of QD concentration, (b) time-dependent photocatalytic performance, (c) trapping experiments of active radicals, and (d) effect of irradiation source.
Figure 3

Photocatalytic properties of Nb-modified SnO2 quantum dots in polyethylene degradation: (a) effect of QD concentration, (b) time-dependent photocatalytic performance, (c) trapping experiments of active radicals, and (d) effect of irradiation source.

The radical scavengers of IPA, KBrO3, and (NH4)2C2O4 are used to determine the existence of active radicals of •OH, e−, and h+, which can be captured by the scavengers. The degradation performances are significantly reduced by IPA, KBrO3, and (NH4)2C2O4 to 4.0%, 6.1%, and 4.6%, respectively, as shown in Figure 3c. Therefore, all of •OH, e−, and h+ are confirmed to be the active radicals in the degradation process, when •OH makes the greatest contribution in the photocatalytic activities.

The effect of irradiation sources on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency is revealed in Figure 3d. The Nb-modified SnO2 QDs show better photocatalytic performances under ultraviolet light, which has higher photon energy to complete electron transition from the top edge position of valence band to the bottom edge position of conduction band. As ultraviolet irradiation is also a part of solar energy, its utilization could benefit the photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene for in situ agriculture waste treatment.

The present Nb-modified SnO2 QDs demonstrate an efficient photocatalytic property in the degradation of polyethylene for in situ agriculture waste treatment. It is known that the band gap of stoichiometric SnO2 bulk is 3.6 eV. The quantum confinement effect elevates the band gap to over 4 eV in ultrasmall QD system [42]. These values of the band gap lead to difficulties for the SnO2 nanomaterial in photocatalytic applications. Table 1 illustrates the properties of the SnO2 QDs before and after Nb modifications. Compared to the pristine SnO2 QDs [40], Nb modification reduces the band gap to 2.95 eV, which is in the range of visible light. The incorporation of Nb in the SnO2 lattice introduces energy levels of defects [43], leading to shifts of E V and E C positions. The 4d orbit electrons of transition metals, such as Nb, may occupy the lower energy levels near the bottom of E C, which is consequently extended to the Fermi level. These electrons in the 4d orbit are able to transit from the occupied states to the unoccupied states in the conduction band. Therefore, the photocatalytic properties are enhanced by the incorporation of transition metal Nb [35]. Meanwhile, the E V of the present photocatalyst at 3.58 eV is above the redox potential for the formation of highly oxidative hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which are the resultants of water and photogenerated holes. Therefore, the present Nb-modified SnO2 QDs are able to be used as efficient photocatalysts for the in situ degradation of polyethylene. Compared with other typical semiconductor photocatalysts [44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52], the present Nb-SnO2 QDs demonstrate excellent performances in polyethylene degradation, as shown in Table 2.

Table 1

Comparison of SnO2 QD properties before and after Nb modification

Pristine SnO2 Nb-doped SnO2
Reference [40] This work
Lattice parameter of a(b) (Å) 4.7710 4.7429
Lattice parameter of c (Å) 3.1950 3.1966
Grain size (nm) 2.0 5.3
E g (eV) 4.20 2.95
E C (eV) −0.55 0.63
E V (eV) 3.65 3.58
Photocatalytic active radicals h+ and O2 −˙ •OH, e−, and h+
Table 2

Photocatalytic properties in polyethylene degradation of Nb-modified SnO2 QDs compared with other typical semiconductor photocatalysts

Photocatalyst Irradiation source Reaction time Efficiency (%) Reference
TiO2@AIH 1,800 W ultraviolet light 72 h 20 [44]
C/N-TiO2 50 W visible light 50 h 71 [45]
NiAl2O4 350 W visible light 5 h 12.5 [46]
Fe-ZnO Sunlight 120 h 41.3 [47]
N-TiO2 27 W visible light 20 min 6.4 [48]
NiO Sunlight 240 h 33 [49]
PPy/TiO2 Sunlight 240 h 35.4 [50]
TiO2 nanotubes 85 W visible light 45 days 43 [51]
PAM-TiO2 40 W ultraviolet light 520 h 39.85 [52]
Nb-SnO2 QDs 300 W visible light 6 h 29 This work

The molecule degradation mechanism [45,53] could be described by the following Eqs. 2–6:

(2) ( − CH 2 − CH 2 • − ) n + O • H → ( − CH 2 − CH 2 • − ) n + H 2 O

(3) ( − CH 2 − CH 2 • − ) n + O 2 → ( − CH 2 − • OOCH − CH 2 − ) n

(4) ( − CH 2 − CH 2 − ) n + ( − CH 2 − O • OCH − CH 2 − ) n → ( − CH 2 − HOOCH − CH 2 − ) n + ( − CH 2 − CH 2 • − ) n

(5) ( − CH 2 − HOOCH − CH 2 − ) n → ( − CH 2 − • OCH − CH 2 − ) n + • OH

(6) ( − CH 2 − • OCH − CH 2 − ) n + ( − CH 2 − CH 2 − ) n → ( − CH 2 − CH 2 • − ) n + ( − CH 2 − HOCH − CH 2 − ) n

The Eq. 2 indicates that the photocatalytic-generated •OH radicals interact with polyethylene, resulting in polyethylene alkyl radicals, which are converted into peroxy radicals after oxidation, as Eq. 3. Then, as Eq. 4, the peroxy radicals extract H atoms from polyethylene with hydroperoxide obtained. It cleaves the weak O–O bonds by producing highly active radicals of oxy and •OH, as Eq. 5. The resultants then extract hydrogen from the polyethylene chains, as Eq. 6, and thus the photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene is accomplished. The mechanism above demonstrates that no chemicals except for photocatalysts are needed in the photocatalytic process and solar energy is of good utilization, exhibiting the advantages of photocatalytic degradation technique.

4 Conclusion

Nb-modified SnO2 QDs are synthesized by an aqueous route for the photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene, which is widely used but difficult to recycle and hazardous to ecological environment. The green synthesis of Nb-modified SnO2 QDs is completed by procedures of hydrolysis, oxidation, and hydrothermal treatment. The prepared QDs demonstrate efficient photocatalytic performances for the removal of polyethylene. At the optimum QD concentration of 5 × 10−4 mol/L, the degradation efficiency reaches 29% within 6 h. The proficient photocatalytic properties are ascribed to the band structure, which is modified by Nb incorporation. The band gap is 2.95 eV and the position of valence band top is 3.58 eV, which is above the oxidation potential of water. The highly oxidative hydroxyl radicals (•OH), resulting from water and photogenerated holes, are the main active species in the photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene. The present work develops the nontoxic SnO2 QD photocatalysts and provides a novel strategy for the in situ removal of polyethylene from agricultural wastes.

  1. Funding information: This work is financially supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Grant No. CAAS-ZDRW202110) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 3132019348).

  2. Author contributions: Jia Shao: methodology, writing – original draft; Kai Deng: methodology, data analysis; Le Chen: experiments, writing – original draft; Chaomeng Guo: experiments; Congshan Zhao: experiments; Jiayuan Cui: experiments; Tongan Shen: experiments; Kewei Li: experiments; Jianqiao Liu: writing – editing and review, project administration; Ce Fu: project administration.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2021-04-15
Revised: 2021-06-20
Accepted: 2021-07-09
Published Online: 2021-08-10

© 2021 Jia Shao et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

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  2. MW irradiation and ionic liquids as green tools in hydrolyses and alcoholyses
  3. Effect of CaO on catalytic combustion of semi-coke
  4. Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides
  5. Development of leftover rice/gelatin interpenetrating polymer network films for food packaging
  6. Potent antibacterial action of phycosynthesized selenium nanoparticles using Spirulina platensis extract
  7. Green synthesized silver and copper nanoparticles induced changes in biomass parameters, secondary metabolites production, and antioxidant activity in callus cultures of Artemisia absinthium L.
  8. Gold nanoparticles from Celastrus hindsii and HAuCl4: Green synthesis, characteristics, and their cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells
  9. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Tropaeolum majus: Phytochemical screening and antibacterial studies
  10. One-step preparation of metal-free phthalocyanine with controllable crystal form
  11. In vitro and in vivo applications of Euphorbia wallichii shoot extract-mediated gold nanospheres
  12. Fabrication of green ZnO nanoparticles using walnut leaf extract to develop an antibacterial film based on polyethylene–starch–ZnO NPs
  13. Preparation of Zn-MOFs by microwave-assisted ball milling for removal of tetracycline hydrochloride and Congo red from wastewater
  14. Feasibility of fly ash as fluxing agent in mid- and low-grade phosphate rock carbothermal reduction and its reaction kinetics
  15. Three combined pretreatments for reactive gasification feedstock from wet coffee grounds waste
  16. Biosynthesis and antioxidation of nano-selenium using lemon juice as a reducing agent
  17. Combustion and gasification characteristics of low-temperature pyrolytic semi-coke prepared through atmosphere rich in CH4 and H2
  18. Microwave-assisted reactions: Efficient and versatile one-step synthesis of 8-substituted xanthines and substituted pyrimidopteridine-2,4,6,8-tetraones under controlled microwave heating
  19. New approach in process intensification based on subcritical water, as green solvent, in propolis oil in water nanoemulsion preparation
  20. Continuous sulfonation of hexadecylbenzene in a microreactor
  21. Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications of alcoholic extract of saffron (Crocus sativus) flower stigma-based gold nanoparticles
  22. Foliar applications of plant-based titanium dioxide nanoparticles to improve agronomic and physiological attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants under salinity stress
  23. Simultaneous leaching of rare earth elements and phosphorus from a Chinese phosphate ore using H3PO4
  24. Silica extraction from bauxite reaction residue and synthesis water glass
  25. Metal–organic framework-derived nanoporous titanium dioxide–heteropoly acid composites and its application in esterification
  26. Highly Cr(vi)-tolerant Staphylococcus simulans assisting chromate evacuation from tannery effluent
  27. A green method for the preparation of phoxim based on high-boiling nitrite
  28. Silver nanoparticles elicited physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant modifications in rice plants to control Aspergillus flavus
  29. Mixed gel electrolytes: Synthesis, characterization, and gas release on PbSb electrode
  30. Supported on mesoporous silica nanospheres, molecularly imprinted polymer for selective adsorption of dichlorophen
  31. Synthesis of zeolite from fly ash and its adsorption of phosphorus in wastewater
  32. Development of a continuous PET depolymerization process as a basis for a back-to-monomer recycling method
  33. Green synthesis of ZnS nanoparticles and fabrication of ZnS–chitosan nanocomposites for the removal of Cr(vi) ion from wastewater
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  36. Variability and improvement of optical and antimicrobial performances for CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites via in situ synthesis
  37. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Characterization and its potential biomedical applications
  38. Green synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles prepared using Trigonella foenum-graecum L. leaves grown in Saudi Arabia
  39. Intensification process in thyme essential oil nanoemulsion preparation based on subcritical water as green solvent and six different emulsifiers
  40. Synthesis and biological activities of alcohol extract of black cumin seeds (Bunium persicum)-based gold nanoparticles and their catalytic applications
  41. Digera muricata (L.) Mart. mediated synthesis of antimicrobial and enzymatic inhibitory zinc oxide bionanoparticles
  42. Aqueous synthesis of Nb-modified SnO2 quantum dots for efficient photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene for in situ agricultural waste treatment
  43. Study on the effect of microwave roasting pretreatment on nickel extraction from nickel-containing residue using sulfuric acid
  44. Green nanotechnology synthesized silver nanoparticles: Characterization and testing its antibacterial activity
  45. Phyto-fabrication of selenium nanorods using extract of pomegranate rind wastes and their potentialities for inhibiting fish-borne pathogens
  46. Hydrophilic modification of PVDF membranes by in situ synthesis of nano-Ag with nano-ZrO2
  47. Paracrine study of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) in a self-assembling nano-polypeptide hydrogel environment
  48. Study of the corrosion-inhibiting activity of the green materials of the Posidonia oceanica leaves’ ethanolic extract based on PVP in corrosive media (1 M of HCl)
  49. Callus-mediated biosynthesis of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles using aqueous callus extract of Cannabis sativa: Their cytotoxic potential and clinical potential against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi
  50. Ionic liquids as capping agents of silver nanoparticles. Part II: Antimicrobial and cytotoxic study
  51. CO2 hydrogenation to dimethyl ether over In2O3 catalysts supported on aluminosilicate halloysite nanotubes
  52. Corylus avellana leaf extract-mediated green synthesis of antifungal silver nanoparticles using microwave irradiation and assessment of their properties
  53. Novel design and combination strategy of minocycline and OECs-loaded CeO2 nanoparticles with SF for the treatment of spinal cord injury: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
  54. Fe3+ and Ce3+ modified nano-TiO2 for degradation of exhaust gas in tunnels
  55. Analysis of enzyme activity and microbial community structure changes in the anaerobic digestion process of cattle manure at sub-mesophilic temperatures
  56. Synthesis of greener silver nanoparticle-based chitosan nanocomposites and their potential antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens
  57. Baeyer–Villiger co-oxidation of cyclohexanone with Fe–Sn–O catalysts in an O2/benzaldehyde system
  58. Increased flexibility to improve the catalytic performance of carbon-based solid acid catalysts
  59. Study on titanium dioxide nanoparticles as MALDI MS matrix for the determination of lipids in the brain
  60. Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles with aqueous extract of green algae Chaetomorpha ligustica and its anticancer potential
  61. Curcumin-removed turmeric oleoresin nano-emulsion as a novel botanical fungicide to control anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) in litchi
  62. Antibacterial greener silver nanoparticles synthesized using Marsilea quadrifolia extract and their eco-friendly evaluation against Zika virus vector, Aedes aegypti
  63. Optimization for simultaneous removal of NH3-N and COD from coking wastewater via a three-dimensional electrode system with coal-based electrode materials by RSM method
  64. Effect of Cu doping on the optical property of green synthesised l-cystein-capped CdSe quantum dots
  65. Anticandidal potentiality of biosynthesized and decorated nanometals with fucoidan
  66. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Mentha pulegium, their characterization, and antifungal properties
  67. A study on the coordination of cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril with copper, zinc, and magnesium ions
  68. Ultrasound-assisted l-cysteine whole-cell bioconversion by recombinant Escherichia coli with tryptophan synthase
  69. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Citrus sinensis peels and evaluation of their antibacterial efficacy
  70. Preparation and characterization of sodium alginate/acrylic acid composite hydrogels conjugated to silver nanoparticles as an antibiotic delivery system
  71. Synthesis of tert-amylbenzene for side-chain alkylation of cumene catalyzed by a solid superbase
  72. Punica granatum peel extracts mediated the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their detailed in vivo biological activities
  73. Simulation and improvement of the separation process of synthesizing vinyl acetate by acetylene gas-phase method
  74. Review Articles
  75. Carbon dots: Discovery, structure, fluorescent properties, and applications
  76. Potential applications of biogenic selenium nanoparticles in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants: A comprehensive insight on the mechanistic approach and future perspectives
  77. Review on functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for the pretreatment of organophosphorus pesticides
  78. Extraction and modification of hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: A review
  79. Topical Issue: Recent advances in deep eutectic solvents: Fundamentals and applications (Guest Editors: Santiago Aparicio and Mert Atilhan)
  80. Delignification of unbleached pulp by ternary deep eutectic solvents
  81. Removal of thiophene from model oil by polyethylene glycol via forming deep eutectic solvents
  82. Valorization of birch bark using a low transition temperature mixture composed of choline chloride and lactic acid
  83. Topical Issue: Flow chemistry and microreaction technologies for circular processes (Guest Editor: Gianvito Vilé)
  84. Stille, Heck, and Sonogashira coupling and hydrogenation catalyzed by porous-silica-gel-supported palladium in batch and flow
  85. In-flow enantioselective homogeneous organic synthesis
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2021-0046
Keywords for this article
Nb-modified SnO2; visible-light photocatalysis; polyethylene; quantum dot; environment remediation
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. MW irradiation and ionic liquids as green tools in hydrolyses and alcoholyses
  3. Effect of CaO on catalytic combustion of semi-coke
  4. Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides
  5. Development of leftover rice/gelatin interpenetrating polymer network films for food packaging
  6. Potent antibacterial action of phycosynthesized selenium nanoparticles using Spirulina platensis extract
  7. Green synthesized silver and copper nanoparticles induced changes in biomass parameters, secondary metabolites production, and antioxidant activity in callus cultures of Artemisia absinthium L.
  8. Gold nanoparticles from Celastrus hindsii and HAuCl4: Green synthesis, characteristics, and their cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells
  9. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Tropaeolum majus: Phytochemical screening and antibacterial studies
  10. One-step preparation of metal-free phthalocyanine with controllable crystal form
  11. In vitro and in vivo applications of Euphorbia wallichii shoot extract-mediated gold nanospheres
  12. Fabrication of green ZnO nanoparticles using walnut leaf extract to develop an antibacterial film based on polyethylene–starch–ZnO NPs
  13. Preparation of Zn-MOFs by microwave-assisted ball milling for removal of tetracycline hydrochloride and Congo red from wastewater
  14. Feasibility of fly ash as fluxing agent in mid- and low-grade phosphate rock carbothermal reduction and its reaction kinetics
  15. Three combined pretreatments for reactive gasification feedstock from wet coffee grounds waste
  16. Biosynthesis and antioxidation of nano-selenium using lemon juice as a reducing agent
  17. Combustion and gasification characteristics of low-temperature pyrolytic semi-coke prepared through atmosphere rich in CH4 and H2
  18. Microwave-assisted reactions: Efficient and versatile one-step synthesis of 8-substituted xanthines and substituted pyrimidopteridine-2,4,6,8-tetraones under controlled microwave heating
  19. New approach in process intensification based on subcritical water, as green solvent, in propolis oil in water nanoemulsion preparation
  20. Continuous sulfonation of hexadecylbenzene in a microreactor
  21. Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications of alcoholic extract of saffron (Crocus sativus) flower stigma-based gold nanoparticles
  22. Foliar applications of plant-based titanium dioxide nanoparticles to improve agronomic and physiological attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants under salinity stress
  23. Simultaneous leaching of rare earth elements and phosphorus from a Chinese phosphate ore using H3PO4
  24. Silica extraction from bauxite reaction residue and synthesis water glass
  25. Metal–organic framework-derived nanoporous titanium dioxide–heteropoly acid composites and its application in esterification
  26. Highly Cr(vi)-tolerant Staphylococcus simulans assisting chromate evacuation from tannery effluent
  27. A green method for the preparation of phoxim based on high-boiling nitrite
  28. Silver nanoparticles elicited physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant modifications in rice plants to control Aspergillus flavus
  29. Mixed gel electrolytes: Synthesis, characterization, and gas release on PbSb electrode
  30. Supported on mesoporous silica nanospheres, molecularly imprinted polymer for selective adsorption of dichlorophen
  31. Synthesis of zeolite from fly ash and its adsorption of phosphorus in wastewater
  32. Development of a continuous PET depolymerization process as a basis for a back-to-monomer recycling method
  33. Green synthesis of ZnS nanoparticles and fabrication of ZnS–chitosan nanocomposites for the removal of Cr(vi) ion from wastewater
  34. Synthesis, surface modification, and characterization of Fe3O4@SiO2 core@shell nanostructure
  35. Antioxidant potential of bulk and nanoparticles of naringenin against cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
  36. Variability and improvement of optical and antimicrobial performances for CQDs/mesoporous SiO2/Ag NPs composites via in situ synthesis
  37. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Characterization and its potential biomedical applications
  38. Green synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles prepared using Trigonella foenum-graecum L. leaves grown in Saudi Arabia
  39. Intensification process in thyme essential oil nanoemulsion preparation based on subcritical water as green solvent and six different emulsifiers
  40. Synthesis and biological activities of alcohol extract of black cumin seeds (Bunium persicum)-based gold nanoparticles and their catalytic applications
  41. Digera muricata (L.) Mart. mediated synthesis of antimicrobial and enzymatic inhibitory zinc oxide bionanoparticles
  42. Aqueous synthesis of Nb-modified SnO2 quantum dots for efficient photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene for in situ agricultural waste treatment
  43. Study on the effect of microwave roasting pretreatment on nickel extraction from nickel-containing residue using sulfuric acid
  44. Green nanotechnology synthesized silver nanoparticles: Characterization and testing its antibacterial activity
  45. Phyto-fabrication of selenium nanorods using extract of pomegranate rind wastes and their potentialities for inhibiting fish-borne pathogens
  46. Hydrophilic modification of PVDF membranes by in situ synthesis of nano-Ag with nano-ZrO2
  47. Paracrine study of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) in a self-assembling nano-polypeptide hydrogel environment
  48. Study of the corrosion-inhibiting activity of the green materials of the Posidonia oceanica leaves’ ethanolic extract based on PVP in corrosive media (1 M of HCl)
  49. Callus-mediated biosynthesis of Ag and ZnO nanoparticles using aqueous callus extract of Cannabis sativa: Their cytotoxic potential and clinical potential against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi
  50. Ionic liquids as capping agents of silver nanoparticles. Part II: Antimicrobial and cytotoxic study
  51. CO2 hydrogenation to dimethyl ether over In2O3 catalysts supported on aluminosilicate halloysite nanotubes
  52. Corylus avellana leaf extract-mediated green synthesis of antifungal silver nanoparticles using microwave irradiation and assessment of their properties
  53. Novel design and combination strategy of minocycline and OECs-loaded CeO2 nanoparticles with SF for the treatment of spinal cord injury: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
  54. Fe3+ and Ce3+ modified nano-TiO2 for degradation of exhaust gas in tunnels
  55. Analysis of enzyme activity and microbial community structure changes in the anaerobic digestion process of cattle manure at sub-mesophilic temperatures
  56. Synthesis of greener silver nanoparticle-based chitosan nanocomposites and their potential antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens
  57. Baeyer–Villiger co-oxidation of cyclohexanone with Fe–Sn–O catalysts in an O2/benzaldehyde system
  58. Increased flexibility to improve the catalytic performance of carbon-based solid acid catalysts
  59. Study on titanium dioxide nanoparticles as MALDI MS matrix for the determination of lipids in the brain
  60. Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles with aqueous extract of green algae Chaetomorpha ligustica and its anticancer potential
  61. Curcumin-removed turmeric oleoresin nano-emulsion as a novel botanical fungicide to control anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) in litchi
  62. Antibacterial greener silver nanoparticles synthesized using Marsilea quadrifolia extract and their eco-friendly evaluation against Zika virus vector, Aedes aegypti
  63. Optimization for simultaneous removal of NH3-N and COD from coking wastewater via a three-dimensional electrode system with coal-based electrode materials by RSM method
  64. Effect of Cu doping on the optical property of green synthesised l-cystein-capped CdSe quantum dots
  65. Anticandidal potentiality of biosynthesized and decorated nanometals with fucoidan
  66. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Mentha pulegium, their characterization, and antifungal properties
  67. A study on the coordination of cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril with copper, zinc, and magnesium ions
  68. Ultrasound-assisted l-cysteine whole-cell bioconversion by recombinant Escherichia coli with tryptophan synthase
  69. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Citrus sinensis peels and evaluation of their antibacterial efficacy
  70. Preparation and characterization of sodium alginate/acrylic acid composite hydrogels conjugated to silver nanoparticles as an antibiotic delivery system
  71. Synthesis of tert-amylbenzene for side-chain alkylation of cumene catalyzed by a solid superbase
  72. Punica granatum peel extracts mediated the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their detailed in vivo biological activities
  73. Simulation and improvement of the separation process of synthesizing vinyl acetate by acetylene gas-phase method
  74. Review Articles
  75. Carbon dots: Discovery, structure, fluorescent properties, and applications
  76. Potential applications of biogenic selenium nanoparticles in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants: A comprehensive insight on the mechanistic approach and future perspectives
  77. Review on functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for the pretreatment of organophosphorus pesticides
  78. Extraction and modification of hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: A review
  79. Topical Issue: Recent advances in deep eutectic solvents: Fundamentals and applications (Guest Editors: Santiago Aparicio and Mert Atilhan)
  80. Delignification of unbleached pulp by ternary deep eutectic solvents
  81. Removal of thiophene from model oil by polyethylene glycol via forming deep eutectic solvents
  82. Valorization of birch bark using a low transition temperature mixture composed of choline chloride and lactic acid
  83. Topical Issue: Flow chemistry and microreaction technologies for circular processes (Guest Editor: Gianvito Vilé)
  84. Stille, Heck, and Sonogashira coupling and hydrogenation catalyzed by porous-silica-gel-supported palladium in batch and flow
  85. In-flow enantioselective homogeneous organic synthesis
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