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The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar

  • Mehmet Sami Guler EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 3, 2022
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

The aim of this finite element analysis study is to evaluate the stress distributions of different types of restorative materials at Class I cavity in the primary molar. The non-cracked caries-free primary mandibular second molar that is extracted for orthodontic reasons is used to create a three-dimensional model. Two models were prepared as Model 1: the tooth model without restoration (control group) and Model 2: the tooth model with Class I restoration. Five different types of restorative materials were tested in Model 2 (resin modified glass ionomer [Fuji II LC], compomer [Dyract AP], giomer [Beautiful II], glass carbomer [GPC Glass Fill] and ionic resin material with bioactive properties [Activa Kids Bioactive]). A force of 197 N was applied in the vertical and oblique directions in the ANSYS program (Ansys Workbench 19.0, Canonsburg, PA). The maximum Von Mises stress values were compared in the models. The vertical or oblique loading created different stresses in enamel, dentin and restorative materials. The stresses in the enamel tissue were higher than that in the dentin tissue. The stresses in vertical loading were higher than in the oblique loading for restorative materials. The different restorative materials exhibited similar stress distribution patterns, except Activa Kids Bioactive (vertical and oblique loading 446.16 and 8.57, respectively).

Keywords: finite element analysis; stress; resin-modified glass ionomer; compomer; giomer; glass carbomer and ionic resin material with bioactive properties

1 Introduction

Although there are many technological developments today, tooth caries is still one of the most important problems in dentistry. Teeth should be treated to provide aesthetics, function and phonation. In addition, primary teeth serve as a guide for permanent teeth. By preventing early loss of primary teeth, more complicated treatments that may develop in the future will be minimized.

In the past, amalgam was widely used as a restorative material [1]. Today, parallel to the development of adhesive technological materials, different types of restorative materials are produced. The amalgam was replaced by tooth colored restorative materials, which have superior esthetic properties and require less removal of tooth structure [2,3].

Conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs) are one of the most commonly used materials in pediatric dentistry due to their chemical adhesion to the tooth structure and their fluoride release properties. However, conventional GICs have drawbacks like handling and working difficulties, sensitivity to wetness and fragility [4]. In order to reduce the negative properties of conventional GICs, new materials have been developed such as resin-modified GICs, compomers, giomers, glass carbomers and ionic bioactive resin materials.

At the end of the 1980s resin-modified GICs were developed [5]. This restorative material includes monomeric components such as bisphenol-A-glycidyl methacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Resin-modified GICs have higher resistance to compression and tensile strength, fracture resistance, modulus of elasticity and retention rates than conventional GICs [6].

Compomer or polyacid-modified composite resin was introduced by early 1990s in dentistry [7]. This restorative material was designed to combine the aesthetics of resin composite with the fluoride release of conventional GICs. Compomer lacks the ability to bond chemically to tooth structure and is able to release fluoride ions even if the amount of released ions is significantly lower than those of GICs [8,9].

Giomer was developed by adding glass ionomer filler particles into composite resins. This restorative material represents promising aesthetic and physical–mechanical properties similar to composite resins. In addition, the fluoride charging and releasing ability offered by giomers are similar to GICs [10].

Glass carbomer was developed in 2008. This material has higher mechanical and chemical properties than conventional GICs. This new material has nanosized hydroxyapatite fluorapatite particles in powder form [11]. The addition of nanoparticles has improved the compressive strength and the wear resistance of cement [12]. Another advantage of glass carbomer cement is its greatly reduced moisture sensitivity [13].

ACTIVA BioACTIVE Restorative (Pulpdent) is a recently developed ionic resin material with bioactive properties. These materials are ionic composite resins, which combine the biocompatibility, chemical bonding and the ability to release fluoride of GIC with the mechanical properties, aesthetics and durability of resin composite. It is able to release and recharge calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions. Activa Kids BioACTIVE Restorative has similar features as ACTIVA BioACTIVE Restorative. However, Activa Kids BioACTIVE Restorative has an opaque white shade to mimic the shade of primary dentition [14,15].

The ideal restorative material should be resistant to occlusal loads or bite force during chewing. In some studies, bite force in primary dentition was evaluated [16,17]. Finite element analysis (FEA) is accepted as an effective method to evaluate the biomechanical properties of new dental restorative materials. As a result of these analyses, potential problems that may be encountered in clinical practice can be identified in advance by computer simulation.

In the literature review, it has been determined that there are limited studies about ACTIVA Kids BioACTIVE, which is a newly developed material [18,19,20,21]. However, there is no study evaluating the stress distributions using FEA of ACTIVA Kids BioACTIVE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution of different restorative materials at Class I cavity in primary molar teeth using FEA. The tested hypothesis is that there will be no differences in the stress distribution of different restorative materials at Class I cavity in the primary molar tooth.

2 Materials and methods

The non-cracked caries-free primary mandibular second molar that is extracted for orthodontic reasons is used to create a three-dimensional (3D) model. The original DICOM data obtained from the computed tomography of this tooth were transferred to a computer program (Mimics 10.01, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). The geometry was simplified using a computer-aided design program (SolidWorks 2014 Premium, Concord, MA), and a 3D design was created. The appropriate tooth preparation for Class I cavity was simulated on a 3D solid model of the tooth.

Two models were prepared as Model 1: the tooth model without restoration (control group) and Model 2: the tooth model with Class I restoration, respectively (Figure 1a and b). Five different restorative materials were tested in Model 2 (resin-modified glass ionomer [Fuji II LC], compomer [Dyract AP], giomer [Beautiful II], glass carbomer [GPC Glass Fill] and ionic resin material with bioactive properties [Activa Kids Bioactive]). The mechanical properties of the tooth and restorative materials (elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio) were obtained from the manufacturer and published studies (Table 1) [4,22,23,24,25]. The models were transferred to ANSYS Workbench (Ansys Workbench 19.0, Canonsburg, PA) for mathematical solutions and automatic mesh generation (Figure 1c). In each model, 335,549 elements and 489,228 nodes were used. All of the models were considered as linear, homogeneous, and isotropic materials.

Figure 1 Model 1 and Model 2: (a) Model 1: tooth model without restoration (control group), (b) Model 2: tooth model with Class I restoration and (c) meshed model.
Figure 1

Model 1 and Model 2: (a) Model 1: tooth model without restoration (control group), (b) Model 2: tooth model with Class I restoration and (c) meshed model.

Table 1

Mechanical properties of the tooth and restorative materials

Materials Elastic modulus (GPa) Poisson’s ratio Literature
Enamel (primary teeth) 80.35 0.33 [22]
Dentine (primary teeth) 19.89 0.31 [22]
Pulp 2 0.45 [22]
Fuji II LC (resin-modified glass ionomer) 10.8 0.30 [23]
Dyract AP (compomer) 10.70 0.28 [24]
Beautiful II (giomer) 11.30 0.30 [25]
GPC Glass Fill (glass carbomer) 8.3 0.30 [4]
Activa Kids Bioactive (ionic resin material with bioactive properties) 2.35 0.25 *

*Experimentally tested.

A force of 197 N was applied to simulate the bite force for primary dentition [16]. The force was applied to the prepared models at two different angles (in the vertical loading to simulation of functional occlusal loads and in the oblique loading to simulation of lateral chewing forces) at occlusal contact points. In oblique loading, the force is given from lingual to buccal, forming an angle of 45° with the long axis of the tooth. A total force of 197 N was applied from the occlusal contact points in both loading conditions.

The stresses that occur as a result of the forces applied on enamel, dentin and restorative material in the models were compared by considering the maximum Von Mises stress values. The maximum Von Mises stress values were calculated as MPa. Stress distributions in the models are shown using color scales, with decreasing values from red to blue. The dark blue represents areas experiencing minimal Von Mises stress and red represents areas experiencing maximal Von Mises stress.

3 Results

3.1 Von Mises stress values in models with vertical loading

The maximum Von Mises stress values are shown in Table 2 for models with vertical loading. The Von Mises stress distribution is given in Figure 2a–f for models with vertical loading.

Table 2

Maximum Von Mises stress values (MPa) in models with vertical loading

Models Restorative material Enamel Dentin
Model 1 — 405.05 35.59
Model 2A 431.56 225.29 40.46
Model 2B 433.61 225.86 40.30
Model 2C 431.05 224.32 40.19
Model 2D 434.16 230.24 42.28
Model 2E 446.16 241.70 50.34

Model 1: Tooth model without restoration (control group).

Model 2: Tooth model with Class I restoration.

Model 2A: Resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC).

Model 2B: Compomer (Dyract AP).

Model 2C: Giomer (Beautiful II).

Model 2D: Glass carbomer (GPC Glass Fill).

Model 2E: Ionic resin material with bioactive properties (Activa Kids Bioactive).

Figure 2 Distribution of Von Mises stress for models with vertical loading: (a) tooth model without restoration (control group), (b) tooth model with Class I restoration (resin-modified glass ionomer), (c) tooth model with Class I restoration (compomer), (d) tooth model with Class I restoration (giomer), (e) tooth model with Class I restoration (glass carbomer) and (f) tooth model with Class I restoration (ionic resin material with bioactive properties).
Figure 2

Distribution of Von Mises stress for models with vertical loading: (a) tooth model without restoration (control group), (b) tooth model with Class I restoration (resin-modified glass ionomer), (c) tooth model with Class I restoration (compomer), (d) tooth model with Class I restoration (giomer), (e) tooth model with Class I restoration (glass carbomer) and (f) tooth model with Class I restoration (ionic resin material with bioactive properties).

When the distribution of Von Mises stress values as a result of vertical loading is examined, more intense stress accumulation is observed in enamel than in dentin. In addition, it was observed that the maximum stress values were formed in the force application areas. The tested restorative materials exhibited similar stress distribution patterns, except Activa Kids Bioactive. The stress values of vertical loading for restorative materials were listed as Activa Kids Bioactive > GPC Glass Fill > Dyract AP > Fuji II LC > Beautiful II.

3.2 Von Mises stress values in models with oblique loading

The maximum Von Mises stress values are shown in Table 3 for models with oblique loading. The Von Mises stress distribution is given in Figure 3a–f for models with oblique loading.

Table 3

Maximum Von Mises stress values (MPa) in models with oblique loading

Models Restorative material Enamel Dentin
Model 1 — 374.71 62.13
Model 2A 20.52 369.22 79.84
Model 2B 20.51 369.15 79.82
Model 2C 20.91 369.09 79.83
Model 2D 18.26 369.96 79.93
Model 2E 8.57 372.32 80.05

Model 1: Tooth model without restoration (control group).

Model 2: Tooth model with Class I restoration.

Model 2A: Resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC).

Model 2B: Compomer (Dyract AP).

Model 2C: Giomer (Beautiful II).

Model 2D: Glass carbomer (GPC Glass Fill).

Model 2E: Ionic resin material with bioactive properties (Activa Kids Bioactive).

Figure 3 Distribution of Von Mises stress for models with oblique loading: (a) tooth model without restoration (control group), (b) tooth model with Class I restoration (resin-modified glass ionomer), (c) tooth model with Class I restoration (compomer), (d) tooth model with Class I restoration (giomer), (e) tooth model with Class I restoration (glass carbomer) and (f) tooth model with Class I restoration (ionic resin material with bioactive properties).
Figure 3

Distribution of Von Mises stress for models with oblique loading: (a) tooth model without restoration (control group), (b) tooth model with Class I restoration (resin-modified glass ionomer), (c) tooth model with Class I restoration (compomer), (d) tooth model with Class I restoration (giomer), (e) tooth model with Class I restoration (glass carbomer) and (f) tooth model with Class I restoration (ionic resin material with bioactive properties).

When the distribution of Von Mises stress values as a result of oblique loading is examined, more intense stress accumulation is observed in enamel than in dentin. In addition, it was observed that the maximum stress values were formed in the force application areas. The tested restorative materials exhibited similar stress distribution patterns, except Activa Kids Bioactive. The stress values of oblique loading for restorative materials were listed as Beautiful II > Fuji II LC > Dyract AP > GPC Glass Fill > Activa Kids Bioactive.

4 Discussion

Stresses occurring in the restorative material and in the oral environment are highly difficult to calculate under clinical conditions. FEA simulates the clinical conditions and provides us to evaluate the stresses in the restored teeth. This study aimed to evaluate the different restorative material’s stress distribution under occlusal forces. The different restorative materials tested in our study exhibited similar stress distribution patterns, except Activa Kids Bioactive. Therefore, the null hypothesis was partially rejected.

Researchers have also emphasized that the distribution of the maximum von Mises stresses change in FEA when the direction of the applied force and the application area are changed [26,27]. In order to simulate the masticatory force, Owais et al. used 176 N in early primary stage and 240 N in late primary stage as maximum occlusal bite force [17]. Abu-Alhaija et al. used 197 N force by evaluating many closely related studies in his study [16]. In accordance with the studies made in this study, vertical and oblique static force of 197 N was applied to the restored teeth to simulate mastication force.

In a study, where time-dependent forces were applied to the long axis of the tooth at 0°, 45° and 90°, the highest stress was observed in the vertical force [28]. In our study, the restored teeth were subjected to oblique and vertical forces and the highest von Mises stress analysis values recorded in the restorative materials were in the vertical forces. Also, the maximum von Mises stress values of restored teeth were found at the force application areas, especially occlusal contact areas. In accordance with our study, in a study examining the distribution of stress in Class II cavities in primary teeth maximum stress was obtained in occlusal contact regions [25].

Enamel is the structure whose elastic modulus is the highest within the tooth restoration system. Therefore, enamel did not yield to the applied force and resulted in increased stress for the tooth model without restoration. However, when a vertical load was applied to the tooth model with Class I restoration, the stress on the restorative material increased while the stress on enamel and dentin decreased. Stress from the occlusal force was concentrated in the structure that had direct contact with restorative material. From there, the stress was transferred to the surrounding structure such as enamel and dentine. The stress values of restorative materials were listed as Activa Kids Bioactive > GPC Glass Fill > Dyract AP > Fuji II LC > Beautiful II when a vertical load was applied to the tooth model with Class I restoration. When an oblique load was applied to the tooth model with Class I restoration, the stress on the restorative material decreased while the stress on the enamel and dentin increased. The stress values of restorative materials were listed as Beautiful II > Fuji II LC > Dyract AP > GPC Glass Fill > Activa Kids Bioactive when an oblique load was applied to the tooth model with Class I restoration. It can be said that the reason for this difference in stress distributions in restorative materials is caused by elastic modulus. Researchers have noticed that the different elastic modules of dentine and restorative materials cause great stresses to occur because of the failure of the mechanical continuity between the restoration and the tooth structure [29]. In addition, vertical or oblique load had a great impact on the stress distribution. The stress was transferred prominently to the enamel and dentine at the oblique load.

The elastic modulus plays an important role in the success of restorations performed on primary molars. As consistent with the results of our study, Sengul et al. reported low stress values in materials with elastic modulus close to enamel [25]. It has been reported in previous studies that as the elastic modulus of the restorative material increases, the stress within the material increases, and accordingly the stress transmitted to the dental tissues decreases [30,31]. This result is consistent with the findings of our study. It was found that the maximum von miss value for Activa Kids Bioactive was higher than other restorative materials according to the present study results. The group with the highest stress values transmitted to enamel and dentin tissue is the model with Activa Kids Bioactive. Considering our study, it can be said that the elastic modulus has an important role in the distribution of stress in the restorative materials used, and clinicians should consider this factor to increase the clinical success rate while selecting the restorative materials.

This study has some limitations. First, only five different restorative materials were tested, so results may vary when using different materials. Second, the mandibular primary second molar was used for testing, so results may vary when different teeth are used. Third, our study is an in vitro study and the results of in vitro studies for restorative materials may not properly reflect clinical studies.

Studies employing FEA in the literature are mostly on permanent teeth. In this study, the stress distributions resulting from the forces exerted in different directions on Class I cavity models performed with different restorative materials on primary teeth were evaluated by FEA. It is aimed to determine current, aesthetic and durable restorations and restorative materials in the dental treatments of pediatric patients. However, for more clear results of the clinical success of the restorative materials and restoration techniques used in primary teeth, studies with more in vivo follow-up and additional studies in which FEA results are compared through different in vitro analysis methods are required.

5 Conclusion

  • The tested restorative materials exhibited similar stress distribution patterns, except Activa Kids Bioactive (vertical and oblique loading 446.16 and 8.57, respectively).

  • The highest stress values transmitted to enamel tissues both vertical and oblique loading were in Activa Kids Bioactive applied models (vertical and oblique loading 241.70 and 372.32, respectively).

  • The highest stress values transmitted to dentin tissues both vertical and oblique loading were in Activa Kids Bioactive applied models (vertical and oblique loading 50.34 and 80.05, respectively).

  • Elastic modulus of restorative materials has an important role in the success of restorations. As the elastic modulus of the restorative materials increases, the stresses in the dental tissues decrease. Therefore, the restorative materials with a higher elastic modulus should be preferred in patients with malocclusion.

Acknowledgment

The author would like to thank Prof. Dr Cigdem Guler for consultancy on dental issues.

  1. Funding information: Author states no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: M.S.G. has performed all the work (simulation, analyses, and writing) and accepts the responsibility for releasing this material.

  3. Conflict of interest: Author states no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

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Received: 2022-10-12
Revised: 2022-10-24
Accepted: 2022-10-30
Published Online: 2022-12-03

© 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
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  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
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  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
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  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
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  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
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  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
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  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
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  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0240
Keywords for this article
finite element analysis; stress; resin-modified glass ionomer; compomer; giomer; glass carbomer and ionic resin material with bioactive properties
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
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  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
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  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
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  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
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  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
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  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
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  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
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  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
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  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
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  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
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  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
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