Abstract
Recently, interest in new diagnostics methods in a field of induction machines was observed. Research presented in the paper shows the diagnostics of induction machine based on torque pulsation, under inter-turn short-circuit, during start-up of a machine. In the paper three numerical techniques were used: finite element analysis, signal analysis and artificial neural networks (ANN). The elaborated numerical model of faulty machine consists of field, circuit and motion equations. Voltage excited supply allowed to determine the torque waveform during start-up. The inter-turn short-circuit was treated as a galvanic connection between two points of the stator winding. The waveforms were calculated for different amounts of shorted-turns from 0 to 55. Due to the non-stationary waveforms a wavelet packet decomposition was used to perform an analysis of the torque. The obtained results of analysis were used as input vector for ANN. The response of the neural network was the number of shorted-turns in the stator winding. Special attention was paid to compare response of general regression neural network (GRNN) and multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP). Based on the results of the research, the efficiency of the developed algorithm can be inferred.
1 Introduction
One of the most common requirement in modern industrial applications is to minimize costs associated with repair and exploitation. Recently, in the industrial processes, induction motors are most often used as drive systems. Therefore, providing them continues and failure-free work is closely linked to the aforementioned cost minimization. The development of electronics as well as low cost of production will increase the number of induction motors which are used in industrial applications [1]. The use of semiconductor devices to control induction motors makes it easy to adjust the system and thus greatly improves its flexibility. With the variety of uses of induction motors, the importance of fault diagnostics is also increased. Diagnosis of faults has to ensure reliable and continuous operation of the motors [2]. One of the most common damage of induction motors are damage of the stator circuit. Stator circuit damage accounts for about 36% of damages [3, 4]. Damage to the stator circuit is very often triggered by inter-turn short-circuits [3, 5]. Inter-turn short-circuits are caused by insulation damage between the single windings of coil and this can lead to spread short-circuit to the whole coil and even between adjacent coils. Damage to the insulation may be associated with mechanical stress, over-current or thermal impact. In addition, inter-turn short-circuits may cause asymmetry of the magnetic field that can lead to the generation of vibration and the occurrence of higher harmonics in a torque waveform, which can significantly affect the reduction of system performance. As a result of the process described above, it may be possible to stop the motor which can involve high costs of a production process.
Current trends in the field of diagnostics of electrical machines focuses on early and non-invasive failure detection. Most common non-invasive diagnostic techniques use such methods as Discrete Variation Transform (DFT) or Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The input signal to the above mentioned methods is usually the current, the pulsation of the torque or the machine vibrations. One of the most popular methods is motor current signature analysis (MCSA). The MCSA method allows to monitor the state of machine without the use of additional sensors and thus does not interfere with its operation [2, 6]. Another example of a diagnostic method related to inter-turn short-circuit is a method that is similar to the MCSA method which involves analysis of back-electromotive force (emf) in the frequency domain. This method is more fully described in [7]. The above mentioned methods, apart from numerous advantages, also have disadvantages, frequency analysis can be used only for stationary signals. Analysis of non-periodic signals that occur, for example, during start-up of a motor, it is necessary to use another method which allows analysis of non-stationary signals such a method is based on wavelet transform. Furthermore, modern diagnostic systems use artificial neural networks as decision support systems to automate the diagnostic process [8, 9, 10].
In the paper, a finite element method (FEM) which is shown, among others, in the paper [11, 12, 13, 14, 15] and a field-circuit model were used. The use of a field-circuit model of the machine makes it unlike the circuit model to take into account such electromagnetic phenomena as for example: eddy currents or a saturation of magnetic core. For the field-circuit model equations of motion, supply system and magnetic field were formulated. These equations allow to describe the magnetic fields distribution as well as description of stator connection with power supply. As mentioned earlier, the finite element method was used. The FEM is one of the most popular methods used in the analysis of electrical machines. The advantage of FEM is the ability to determine in a simple way mechanical and electrical parameters or response of the motor. An additional argument for using FEM was the simplicity that it gives with modelling of motor faults. Other methods are, for example: winding function theory (WFT), magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) or dq0 conversion method [16].
The paper focuses on the analysis of torque pulsation of an induction motor. The presented results concern two cases: the first in which the machine is unloaded and the second when the load is equal to 15 Nm. Moreover, the paper describes the effect of inter-turn short-circuit on torque pulsations in transient state. Furthermore, results of the learning process of two types of neuronal networks were presented: the first GRNN and the second MLP. This paper presents an extension of the methods described in article [17].
2 Modeling of inter-turn short-circuit
The result of the inter-turn short circuit in a phase winding is a division of the phase winding into two parts (Figure 1).

Scheme of stator winding taking into account inter-turn short-circuits
In the Figure 1, the phase stator windings are highlighted as follows: phase A is highlighted in red, phase B in green, and phase C in blue. However, the part of phase A winding, which has been shorted is in yellow. The red part denotes the faulty phase winding with the number of turns equal to NAf, the resistance RAf and the inductance LAf. The yellow part represents shorted turns has a number of turns equal to Nf, the resistance Rf and the inductance Lf. The short circuit has been treated as a metal-metal connection. Therefore, there is no additional resistance in the shorted circuit.
3 Wavelet analysis of torque waveforms
3.1 The torque waveforms during the start of the machine
Calculations were made for a squirrel cage induction machine. Its rated parameters were: the power was 2.2kW, the speed was 1410 rpm, the supply voltage was 400 V (stator windings connected in a star configuration), and the frequency of supply system was 50 Hz. The machine had 24 stator slots, and 22 rotor slots. The number of coils per phase winding was 4, the number of turns per winding was 220. The rotor cage was made of aluminum. The nonlinear B-H curve of the stator and rotor core was taken into account. The skewing of the rotor was included into the field-circuit model. It was assumed that the supply voltage was sinusoidal, symmetrically and mutually displaced by the angle of 2/3π. On the basis of the technical documentation of the tested machine, the FEM model of a machine was developed.
Simulations were performed for two cases: the first at no-load test (TL = 0 Nm) and the second at rated load (TL = 15 Nm). In the first step, the torque waveforms for a healthy motor was calculated. In the second step, the torque waveforms for a faulty motor were calculated. The calculations were performed for a set of selected numbers of shorted turns from Nf = 0 turns to Nf =55 turns. The obtained waveforms as results of calculations in case of TL = 0 Nm and TL = 15 Nm are presented in Figure 2a and Figure 2b, respectively. The amplitudes of the torque waveforms are presented in Table 1. The calculations were carried out in Maxwell computing software.

Torque waveforms of a faulty motor: a) at no-load (TL = 0 Nm), b) at rated torque (TL = 15 Nm)
Amplitudes of the torque during start-up.
Nf | TL = 0 Nm | TL = 15 Nm |
---|---|---|
55 | 90.589 | 99.471 |
50 | 90.365 | 99.702 |
40 | 89.148 | 99.567 |
30 | 87.410 | 98.583 |
20 | 91.727 | 96.986 |
10 | 92.689 | 95.689 |
3 | 91.938 | 97.009 |
2 | 92.076 | 97.286 |
1 | 92.220 | 97.599 |
0 | 92.305 | 97.974 |
3.2 Wavelet analysis torque waveforms
The obtained waveforms of torque have been analysed using wavelet transform. In this analysis, the Discrete Wavelet Transform using the wavelet Daubechies “db3” was used [18]. The analysis relies upon a decomposition process which split the signal (torque waveform) into approximation and detail. The calculations were performed up to the 5th level of the decomposition tree (Figure 3). The results of decomposition, i.e. approximation “A” and detail “D”, for number of shorted turns equal to 55 at no-load and nominal load, are presented in Figure 4 and Figure 5, respectively.

Five-level decomposition tree

Results of decomposition of torque waveform in case of Nf = 55 turns at no-load: a) approximation of the torque waveform, b) details of the torque waveform

Results of decomposition of torque waveform in case of Nf = 55 turns at rated torque: a) approximation of the torque waveform, b) details of the torque waveform
4 Implementation of generalized regression neural network
The numerical technique in signal analysis, classification problems and deduction is a difficult task. The artificial neural network could be very helpful and stand in for this task.
In this paper a generalized regression neural network (GRNN) was developed. The GRNN consist of two-layers and two types of activation function (Figure 6a). A radial basis function was used as an activation function for neurons in the first layer of network. Neurons in the second layer were activated using a linear function. The radial basis function of neurons of the first layer is defined as:
where ci is the center, and σi is the spread.

Structure of ANN: a) generalized regression (GRNN) b) multi-layer perceptron (MLP)
An issue related to the classification of faults in a machine as the number of shorted turns through the neural network was based on a sum of radial basis functions which can be described by following formula:
where φ is the activation function and wi is the weight.
Expected value of a number of shorted turns as well as the answer of GRNN and MLP in cases of TL = 0 Nm and TL = 15 Nm are shown in Figure 7. The multilayer perceptron network (MLP) was chosen as the reference for performance of GRNN. The structure of MLP was as follows: ten neurons with a sigmoid activation function in the first layer and one neuron with a linear activation function in the second layer of network (Figure 6b). The elaborated MLP network was trained using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.
The process of training an artificial neural network consists in modifying network parameters such as weights and biases. The learning process ends when the objective function reaches its minimum value. The objective function can be describe by following formula:
where di is the target value.
The performance of ANN (GRNN, MLP) was determined by the answer error. The error was calculated as a relative difference between the answer of the ANN and the expected value in the following form:
where Nf is expected value, NANN is answer of ANN (GRNN, MLP).
This error indicates how well the ANN has been trained. The goal of training process it to get the lowest value of the error. The results of training process are presented in Figure 8.
One of parameters of GRNN which can be modified is a spread σ(1). Therefore, the results of error of GRNN answer are presented as a function of spread in case of selected number of shorted turns (Figure 9).
5 Summary
In the paper, the analysis of the torque of the squirrel cage induction motor with use of DFT and ANN was shown. Torque waveforms were obtained from finite element analysis for two cases: first one when induction motor was loaded by rated torque equal of 15 Nm and second for a load equal 0 Nm. The wavelet decomposition of torque waveforms was made up to 5th level of decomposition tree. Results presented in Figure 7. i.e. answer of ANN in relation to expected value, show advantage GRNN over MLP. It should be noted that in the case in which motor is loaded by rated torque, the error of MLP is lower than in the case of an unloaded motor. Furthermore, one can observe that the biggest error of answer is in case of few shorted turns at rated torque. Regardless of the load of the motor, MLP generates larger errors than GRNN which is shown on Figure 8. Moreover, it should be noticed that for GRNN influence of spread on mean square error (mse) is significant only for small number of shorted turns. Increasing the number of shorted turns reduces the effect of the spread parameter on the mse.

The expected value, the answer of GRNN and the answer of MLP: a) TL= 0 Nm, b) TL= 15 Nm

Error of answer of ANN (GRNN, MLP), at TL= 0 Nm and TL= 15 Nm

The error of GRNN for the selected number of shorted turns as a function of the spread
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© 2017 Wojciech Pietrowski and Konrad Górny
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
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- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Topology optimization of induction heating model using sequential linear programming based on move limit with adaptive relaxation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Current superimposition variable flux reluctance motor with 8 salient poles
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Modelling axial vibration in windings of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field analysis & eddy current losses calculation in five-phase tubular actuator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Hybrid excited claw pole generator with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Electromagnetic phenomena analysis in brushless DC motor with speed control using PWM method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-circuit analysis and measurements of a single-phase self-excited induction generator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A comparative analysis between classical and modified approach of description of the electrical machine windings by means of T0 method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-based optimal-design of an electric motor: a new sensitivity formulation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Virtual reality as a new trend in mechanical and electrical engineering education
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Holonomicity analysis of electromechanical systems
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- An accurate reactive power control study in virtual flux droop control
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Localized probability of improvement for kriging based multi-objective optimization
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Research of influence of open-winding faults on properties of brushless permanent magnets motor
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimal design of the rotor geometry of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor using the bat algorithm
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Model of depositing layer on cylindrical surface produced by induction-assisted laser cladding process
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn faults in transformer winding using the capacitor discharge method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Lamination effects on a 3D model of the magnetic core of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of vertical disparity in three-dimensional visualizations
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Calculations of magnetic field in dynamo sheets taking into account their texture
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- 3-dimensional computer model of electrospinning multicapillary unit used for electrostatic field analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimization of wearable microwave antenna with simplified electromagnetic model of the human body
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Induction heating process of ferromagnetic filled carbon nanotubes based on 3-D model
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Speed control of an induction motor by 6-switched 3-level inverter
Articles in the same Issue
- Regular Articles
- Analysis of a New Fractional Model for Damped Bergers’ Equation
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- A comparison study of steady-state vibrations with single fractional-order and distributed-order derivatives
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- Some new remarks on MHD Jeffery-Hamel fluid flow problem
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- Numerical investigation of magnetohydrodynamic slip flow of power-law nanofluid with temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity over a permeable surface
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- The structure and conductivity of polyelectrolyte based on MEH-PPV and potassium iodide (KI) for dye-sensitized solar cells
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- Chiral symmetry restoration and the critical end point in QCD
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- Numerical solution for fractional Bratu’s initial value problem
- Regular Articles
- Structure and optical properties of TiO2 thin films deposited by ALD method
- Regular Articles
- Quadruple multi-wavelength conversion for access network scalability based on cross-phase modulation in an SOA-MZI
- Regular Articles
- Application of ANNs approach for wave-like and heat-like equations
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Study on node importance evaluation of the high-speed passenger traffic complex network based on the Structural Hole Theory
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A mathematical/physics model to measure the role of information and communication technology in some economies: the Chinese case
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Numerical modeling of the thermoelectric cooler with a complementary equation for heat circulation in air gaps
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- On the libration collinear points in the restricted three – body problem
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on Critical Nodes Algorithm in Social Complex Networks
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A simulation based research on chance constrained programming in robust facility location problem
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A mathematical/physics carbon emission reduction strategy for building supply chain network based on carbon tax policy
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Mathematical analysis of the impact mechanism of information platform on agro-product supply chain and agro-product competitiveness
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A real negative selection algorithm with evolutionary preference for anomaly detection
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A privacy-preserving parallel and homomorphic encryption scheme
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Random walk-based similarity measure method for patterns in complex object
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A Mathematical Study of Accessibility and Cohesion Degree in a High-Speed Rail Station Connected to an Urban Bus Transport Network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Design and Simulation of the Integrated Navigation System based on Extended Kalman Filter
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Oil exploration oriented multi-sensor image fusion algorithm
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Analysis of Product Distribution Strategy in Digital Publishing Industry Based on Game-Theory
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Expanded Study on the accumulation effect of tourism under the constraint of structure
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Unstructured P2P Network Load Balance Strategy Based on Multilevel Partitioning of Hypergraph
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on the method of information system risk state estimation based on clustering particle filter
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Demand forecasting and information platform in tourism
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Physical-chemical properties studying of molecular structures via topological index calculating
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Local kernel nonparametric discriminant analysis for adaptive extraction of complex structures
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- City traffic flow breakdown prediction based on fuzzy rough set
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Conservation laws for a strongly damped wave equation
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Blending type approximation by Stancu-Kantorovich operators based on Pólya-Eggenberger distribution
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Computing the Ediz eccentric connectivity index of discrete dynamic structures
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A discrete epidemic model for bovine Babesiosis disease and tick populations
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Study on maintaining formations during satellite formation flying based on SDRE and LQR
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Relationship between solitary pulmonary nodule lung cancer and CT image features based on gradual clustering
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- A novel fast target tracking method for UAV aerial image
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of interuniversity collaborative learning based on network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Conservation laws, classical symmetries and exact solutions of the generalized KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- After notes on self-similarity exponent for fractal structures
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Excitation probability and effective temperature in the stationary regime of conductivity for Coulomb Glasses
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Comparisons of feature extraction algorithm based on unmanned aerial vehicle image
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Research on identification method of heavy vehicle rollover based on hidden Markov model
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Classifying BCI signals from novice users with extreme learning machine
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Topics on data transmission problem in software definition network
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Statistical inferences with jointly type-II censored samples from two Pareto distributions
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Estimation for coefficient of variation of an extension of the exponential distribution under type-II censoring scheme
- Special issue on Nonlinear Dynamics in General and Dynamical Systems in particular
- Analysis on trust influencing factors and trust model from multiple perspectives of online Auction
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Coupling of two-phase flow in fractured-vuggy reservoir with filling medium
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Production decline type curves analysis of a finite conductivity fractured well in coalbed methane reservoirs
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Flow Characteristic and Heat Transfer for Non-Newtonian Nanofluid in Rectangular Microchannels with Teardrop Dimples/Protrusions
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- The size prediction of potential inclusions embedded in the sub-surface of fused silica by damage morphology
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Research on carbonate reservoir interwell connectivity based on a modified diffusivity filter model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- The method of the spatial locating of macroscopic throats based-on the inversion of dynamic interwell connectivity
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Unsteady mixed convection flow through a permeable stretching flat surface with partial slip effects through MHD nanofluid using spectral relaxation method
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- A volumetric ablation model of EPDM considering complex physicochemical process in porous structure of char layer
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Numerical simulation on ferrofluid flow in fractured porous media based on discrete-fracture model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Macroscopic lattice Boltzmann model for heat and moisture transfer process with phase transformation in unsaturated porous media during freezing process
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Modelling of intermittent microwave convective drying: parameter sensitivity
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Simulating gas-water relative permeabilities for nanoscale porous media with interfacial effects
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Simulation of counter-current imbibition in water-wet fractured reservoirs based on discrete-fracture model
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Investigation effect of wettability and heterogeneity in water flooding and on microscopic residual oil distribution in tight sandstone cores with NMR technique
- Special Issue on Advances on Modelling of Flowing and Transport in Porous Media
- Analytical modeling of coupled flow and geomechanics for vertical fractured well in tight gas reservoirs
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Special Issue: Ever New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Erratum to: The ultimate loophole in Bell’s theorem: The inequality is identically satisfied by data sets composed of ±1′s assuming merely that they exist
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Rhetoric, logic, and experiment in the quantum nonlocality debate
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- What If Quantum Theory Violates All Mathematics?
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Relativity, anomalies and objectivity loophole in recent tests of local realism
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Bohr against Bell: complementarity versus nonlocality
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Is Einsteinian no-signalling violated in Bell tests?
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Bell’s “Theorem”: loopholes vs. conceptual flaws
- Special Issue on Ever-New "Loopholes" in Bell’s Argument and Experimental Tests
- Nonrecurrence and Bell-like inequalities
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Three-dimensional computer models of electrospinning systems
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Electric field computation and measurements in the electroporation of inhomogeneous samples
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Modelling of magnetostriction of transformer magnetic core for vibration analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Comparison of the fractional power motor with cores made of various magnetic materials
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Dynamics of the line-start reluctance motor with rotor made of SMC material
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Inhomogeneous dielectrics: conformal mapping and finite-element models
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Topology optimization of induction heating model using sequential linear programming based on move limit with adaptive relaxation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn short-circuit at start-up of induction machine based on torque analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Current superimposition variable flux reluctance motor with 8 salient poles
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Modelling axial vibration in windings of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field analysis & eddy current losses calculation in five-phase tubular actuator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Hybrid excited claw pole generator with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Electromagnetic phenomena analysis in brushless DC motor with speed control using PWM method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-circuit analysis and measurements of a single-phase self-excited induction generator
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A comparative analysis between classical and modified approach of description of the electrical machine windings by means of T0 method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Field-based optimal-design of an electric motor: a new sensitivity formulation
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Application of the parametric proper generalized decomposition to the frequency-dependent calculation of the impedance of an AC line with rectangular conductors
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Virtual reality as a new trend in mechanical and electrical engineering education
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Holonomicity analysis of electromechanical systems
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- An accurate reactive power control study in virtual flux droop control
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Localized probability of improvement for kriging based multi-objective optimization
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Research of influence of open-winding faults on properties of brushless permanent magnets motor
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimal design of the rotor geometry of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor using the bat algorithm
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Model of depositing layer on cylindrical surface produced by induction-assisted laser cladding process
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of inter-turn faults in transformer winding using the capacitor discharge method
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for optimal design of IPM machines for electric vehicle
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Lamination effects on a 3D model of the magnetic core of power transformers
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Detection of vertical disparity in three-dimensional visualizations
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Calculations of magnetic field in dynamo sheets taking into account their texture
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- 3-dimensional computer model of electrospinning multicapillary unit used for electrostatic field analysis
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Optimization of wearable microwave antenna with simplified electromagnetic model of the human body
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Induction heating process of ferromagnetic filled carbon nanotubes based on 3-D model
- Special Issue: The 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering ISEF 2017
- Speed control of an induction motor by 6-switched 3-level inverter