Home Physical Sciences Fabrication of Ag Np-coated wetlace nonwoven fabric based on amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer
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Fabrication of Ag Np-coated wetlace nonwoven fabric based on amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer

  • Guangyu Zhang , Dao Wang , Yao Xiao , Jiamu Dai , Wei Zhang EMAIL logo and Yu Zhang
Published/Copyright: July 12, 2019
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 8 Issue 1

Abstract

To prepare antibacterial fabrics with simple approach, wood pulp/viscose fibers and amino-capped silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) solution were utilized to form Ag Nps-coated wetlace nonwove fabric. Characterization of the Ag Nps and prepared wetlace nonwoven fabric was performed in virtue of TEM, UV-vis, XRD, ICP-AES, FESEM, EDS mapping and antibacterial test. FESEM and EDS characterizations demonstrated the hierarchical and uniform coating of high-density Ag NPs on wood pulp fibers, and antibacterial test indicated the excellent antibacterial activity of prepared wetlace nonwoven fabric.

Keywords: Wetlace; fiber technology; sliver nanoparticles; antibacterial activity

1 Introduction

The wetlace nonwoven fabric was formed by wet-laid and spunlace reinforcement process [1, 2]. Compared with traditional fabrics, wetlace nonwoven fabric exhibits high generation speed and possess sufficient softness, flexibility and conformability, making it widely applied in moist wipes and biomedical field [3, 4, 5, 6]. The traditional wetlace nonwovens often contain entangled synthetic fibers, leading to difficulty in degradation. The ever-increasing consumer and industrial demand for environmentally friendly products makes natural raw materials popular, such as cotton, viscose, wood pulp, polylactic acid, and chitosan [7, 8, 9, 10].

Compared to other metal antibacterial materials, sliver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) exhibit an efficient antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria including Escherichia coli (E.coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S.aures) and Candida albicans, thereby enjoying an extensive application in biomedical field. Surface coating of biomedical fibers with Ag NPs has been extensively studied in term of the utility in biomedical field [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. Several methods can be used to make nanoparticle coatings on biomedical fabric, such as chemical deposition, spray pyrolysis, low plasma, and dip coating. Nevertheless, coating Ag NPs on the surface of fabric is challenging as related techniques require sophisticated equipment, large amount of time as well as high cost [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24].

Recently, hyperbranched polymers and dendrimers have been widely applied to the synthesis of nanoparticles. In our previous study, an amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer (HSDA)was synthesized (Figure 1). HSDA was used as template to synthesize and disperse ZnO nanoparticles and also served as a binder to impart and fix the ZnO nanoparticles on the bamboo fabric for generating antimicrobial and anti-ultraviolet activities [25, 26]. In this study, wood pulp/viscose fibers were chosen to produce the wetlace nonwoven fabric. For improving the antibacterial activity of fabric, HSDA was used to prepare Ag NPs to be fixed on the surface of wetlace nonwoven fabric.

Figure 1 Schematic description of the HSDA molecule structure.
Figure 1

Schematic description of the HSDA molecule structure.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials

Wood pulp (23mm in length) and viscose fibers (38mm,1.6 Den) were purchased from Well Nonwoven Materials Co., Ltd., Nantong, China, and HSDA was prepared as described in our paper [25]. AgNO3 was purchased from Guoyao Chemical Reagent, China. S. aureus (ATCC 6538) and E. coli (ATCC 8099) were obtained from the Shanghai Luwei Technology Co., Ltd. (China).

2.2 Preparation of the Silver Nanoparticles

Equimolar (2mM) aqueous solution of AgNO3 and 2g/L HSDA were dissolved in deionized water at 40∘C using a well-described procedure. The reaction mixture was slowly heated until reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 was complete and formed brown silver colloid nanoparticles. The result silver colloidal solution was stored in a brown-glass container.

2.3 Characterization of the Silver Nanoparticles

The morphology and size of Ag NPs were characterized using a JEM-2100F transmission electron microscope (TEM) (JEOL, Japan). The ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra from 250 to 600nm were recorded on a Hitachi UV-3010 spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Japan). X-ray diffraction (XRD) of silver nano hybrid particles was characterized with an Xpert pro diffractometer (Philips, Holland) utilizing a Cu Kα X-ray light source at a voltage of 40 kV and a current of 30 mA.

2.4 Preparation and characterization of Ag NPs-coated wetlace nonwoven fabric

The prepared Ag NPs solution was diluted with deionized water to keep the Ag content range from 50 to 200mg/L. To keep the gram weight of wetlace fabric around 60g/m2 and the strength of the wetlace fabric around 10N, 7g wood pulp and viscose fibers (70/30 in weight) were immersed in Ag NPs solutions for 30min at a water tank which contained a 0.1m2 net curtain with the bath ratio of 1:50 [1, 2]. Beater was used to disperse the mixing fiber in Ag NPs solution. After the water in tank was drained, the homogenous fiber web was formed in net curtain, whichwere then bonded at 30 bars water pressure on both sides of the fabric. The Spunlace line used in this experiment was made by Feilong Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China.

The fabric was characterized and analyzed using Energy Dispersive Spectromete (EDS)(Carl Zeiss, EVO15), field emission scanning electron microcopy(FESEM)(scios dual-beam, Czechia). The silver content was measured by the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) method. (Varian, USA). The antimicrobial activity of silver-treated fabrics was tested against E. coli and S. aureu by using a shaking flask method according to GB/T 20944.3-2008 (China). 0.75 g sample fabric, cut into small pieces in a size around 0.5×0.5 cm2,was dipped into a flask containing 70 ml of 0.3 mM PBS (monopotassium phosphate, pH≈ 7.2) culture solution with a cell concentration of 1×105 cfu/ml-4×105 cfu/ml. The flask was then shaken at 150 rpm on a rotary shaker at 24∘C for 18 h. From each incubated sample, 1 ml of solution was taken, diluted and distributed onto an agar plate. All plates were incubated at 37∘C for 24 h, and the colonies formed were counted. The percentage reduction was determined as follows:

Reduction cfu(%)=C−AC×100%

Where, C and A are the bacterial colonies of the original fabrics and the treated fabrics, respectively [27, 28].

3 Results and discussion

Characterization of Ag NPS

In this work, amino-functionalized Ag NPs were prepared in one-step by mixing AgNO3 aqueous solution and HSDA aqueous solution under vigorous stirring and heating conditions.With the increase in the stirring strength and heating time, the colorless and transparent solution gradually changed into light-yellow. The formation of sliver NPs can be observed by an UV-vis spectrophotometer, as shown in Figure 2. HSDA has a characteristic peak at 298nm, when the AgNO3 aqueous solution and HSDA aqueous solution were mixed. However, a new characteristic absorption of spherical silver nanoparticles appeared at 408 nm. corresponding to the characteristic surface eplasmon resonance of metallic Ag NPs [29, 30, 31].

Figure 2 UV adsorption spectra of the Ag NPs solution.
Figure 2

UV adsorption spectra of the Ag NPs solution.

The Ag NPs further confirmed by the TEM image shown in Figure 3(a) and Figure 3(b) revealed that the monodispersed Ag NPs had an average diameter of about 10nm and a good dispersion. The observed large-scale HSDA capped Ag NPs with a regular spherical structure indicated HSDA has a good control of particle shape.

Figure 3 Characterization of the Ag NPs (a) TEM images of Ag NPs (b)HR TEM of Ag NPs.
Figure 3

Characterization of the Ag NPs (a) TEM images of Ag NPs (b)HR TEM of Ag NPs.

To verify that silver nanoparticles were synthesized, the precipitated silver powders in the silver colloid were centrifuged, washed with methanol, and dried in the air for XRD measurement. The result was shown in Figure 4, the peaks at 2θ values are 38, 44, 64, 78, and 82, representing the 111, 200, 220, 311, and 222 Braggs reflections of the face centered cubic structure of silver respectively, which are in excellent agreement with the values reported in literature [32, 33, 34].

Figure 4 XRD spectrum of resulting Ag NPs.
Figure 4

XRD spectrum of resulting Ag NPs.

As HSDA has a large number of amino functional groups with reducibility, which can reduce Ag+ to Ag0 under a high temperature. HSDA can entrap Ag NPs into the confined inner cavity, preventing them from further aggregation. No noticeable change was found after the result nano-silver colloidal solutions had been stored more than one years.

Preparation of Ag Np-coated wetlace nonwoven fabric

The mechanism of prepare Ag Np-coated wetlace nonwoven fabric was shown in Scheme 1. Wood pulp/viscose fibers were immersed in the HSDA coated Ag NPs solution (Ag content range from 50 to 200mg/L). Ag NPs can be easily combined with cellulose fibers through intermolecular hydrogen bonds between amino end groups and pendent hydroxyl groups on cellulose fiber. Electrostatic bonding interactions between the negatively charged hydroxyl groups on cellulose fiber and positively charged amino end groups contributed to the enhancement of the stability and adhesion of HSDA capped Ag Nps on the surface of wetlace nonwoven [28, 35]. In the reaction, Ag NPs can be coated on the surface of cellulose fiber, with the white cellulose fiber finally turning into yellow, and the light-yellow solution gradually turning into colorless and transparent.

Scheme 1 Schematic illustration of Ag NPS on the surface of wetlace nonwoven fabric.
Scheme 1

Schematic illustration of Ag NPS on the surface of wetlace nonwoven fabric.

To investigate the adsorption ability and content of Ag NPs on the fiber, the treated fabric was measured quantitatively with ICP-AES. As shown in Figure 5, the content of Ag NPs were confirmed to be highly dependent on Ag NPs concentration. With increasing the concentration of Ag NPs from 50 to 200 mg/L, the silver content of fibers increased proportionally from 2.5 to 7.5 mg/g. This result revealed that the adsorption ability of Ag NPs on fibers was very strong. The maximum silver content of coated fibers can reach up to 7.5 mg/g.

Figure 5 Silver content of Ag NPs coated fabric.
Figure 5

Silver content of Ag NPs coated fabric.

SEM morphology and EDS Mapping of the AgNP-calcium alginate fibers

The morphologies and distribution of Ag NPs coated on the surface of wood pulp fiber can be seen in Figure 6. Pure wood pulp fiber displayed a flat, dense and smooth surface, as shown in Figures 6(a). By contrast, the surface of Ag NPs-coated wood pulp fiber saw a uniform distribution of high-density white spots, as shown Figures 6(b), revealing a stronger adhesion of Ag NPs on the wood pulp fiber.

Figure 6 FESEM of (a) blank and (b) Ag NPs-coated wood pulp fiber(Ag content:7.5mg/g).
Figure 6

FESEM of (a) blank and (b) Ag NPs-coated wood pulp fiber(Ag content:7.5mg/g).

The chemical characteristics of the nano coating were further confirmed by the EDS mapping. Figure 7(a) showed additional Ag elements in the Ag NPs coated fabric, Cellulose fiber have O and C elements showed in Figure 7(b) and (C), Figure 7(d) showed the even distribution of Ag NPs on the fabric surfaces, which was in good agreement with FESEM measurements. This effect was mainly attributed to the strong adsorption between the wood pulp fiber and the amino groups capped on Ag NPs.

Figure 7 EDS mapping of (a) elements on wetlace nonwoven fabric and(b) C on fabric(c) O on fabric (d) Ag on fabric(Ag content: 7.5 mg/g).
Figure 7

EDS mapping of (a) elements on wetlace nonwoven fabric and(b) C on fabric(c) O on fabric (d) Ag on fabric(Ag content: 7.5 mg/g).

Antibacterial activity of Ag NPs coated wetlace nonwoven fabrics

The antibacterial activity of wetlace nonwoven fabric was qualitatively evaluated by the shake-flask method using gram-negative E. coli and gram-positive S. aureus bacteria cells. Blank and HSDA treated fabric as contrast sample, the results of which were presented in Table 1. Cellulose fibers did not show antibacterial activities against S. aureus or E. coli, indicating the fiber itself was insufficient to inhibit the bacterial growth. As the Cationic group in HSDA, HSDA treated fibers showed antibacterial activities, the reduction rates of S. aureus and E. coli can reach about 50%. By contrast, Ag NP-coated fibers exhibited excellent antibacterial activities. The bacterial reduction rates of both S. aureus and E. coli can reach above 99%, even at the minimum silver content (2.5 mg/g) [25, 36].

Table 1

Antibacterial activity of wetlace nonwoven fabrics

SampleSilver contentS. aureusE. coli
(mg/g)Surviving cells (CFU/mL)Reduction (%)Surviving cells (CFU/mL)Reduction (%)
Wetlcae fabric01.58×106-2.5×105-
HSDA treated fabric01.05×10650.41.4×10544
Ag NPs fabric2.51.2×10499.241.5×10399.4
52.3×10299.982.1×10299.91
7.531002100
7.5201000100

4 Conclusions

HSDA-capped Ag NPs were prepared in one-step by mixing AgNO3 and HSDA aqueous solutions under heating condition. HSDA-capped AgNPs were endowed with positive charges and high binding affinity towards wood pulp fiber. The Ag NPs-coated wetlace nonwoven fabric was formed by wet-laid and spunlace process. Both SEM and EDS analysis showed that high-density Ag NPs were well distributed on the surface of wetlace nonwoven. Also, Ag NPs-coated fabric showed excellent antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli.

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Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the the National Science Foundation (Grant No. 51503105, 51803094), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFB0303100)

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Received: 2019-02-21
Accepted: 2019-04-12
Published Online: 2019-07-12

© 2019 G. Zhang et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2019-0009
Keywords for this article
Wetlace; fiber technology; sliver nanoparticles; antibacterial activity
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BY 4.0

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  23. Electric-field assisted growth and mechanical bactericidal performance of ZnO nanoarrays with gradient morphologies
  24. Flexural behavior and mechanical model of aluminum alloy mortise-and-tenon T-joints for electric vehicle
  25. Synthesis of nano zirconium oxide and its application in dentistry
  26. Surface modification of nano-sized carbon black for reinforcement of rubber
  27. Temperature-dependent negative Poisson’s ratio of monolayer graphene: Prediction from molecular dynamics simulations
  28. Finite element nonlinear transient modelling of carbon nanotubes reinforced fiber/polymer composite spherical shells with a cutout
  29. Preparation of low-permittivity K2O–B2O3–SiO2–Al2O3 composites without the addition of glass
  30. Large amplitude vibration of doubly curved FG-GRC laminated panels in thermal environments
  31. Enhanced flexural properties of aramid fiber/epoxy composites by graphene oxide
  32. Correlation between electrochemical performance degradation and catalyst structural parameters on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
  33. Materials characterization of advanced fillers for composites engineering applications
  34. Humic acid assisted stabilization of dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes in cementitious composites
  35. Test on axial compression performance of nano-silica concrete-filled angle steel reinforced GFRP tubular column
  36. Multi-scale modeling of the lamellar unit of arterial media
  37. The multiscale enhancement of mechanical properties of 3D MWK composites via poly(oxypropylene) diamines and GO nanoparticles
  38. Mechanical properties of circular nano-silica concrete filled stainless steel tube stub columns after being exposed to freezing and thawing
  39. Arc erosion behavior of TiB2/Cu composites with single-scale and dual-scale TiB2 particles
  40. Yb3+-containing chitosan hydrogels induce B-16 melanoma cell anoikis via a Fak-dependent pathway
  41. Template-free synthesis of Se-nanorods-rGO nanocomposite for application in supercapacitors
  42. Effect of graphene oxide on chloride penetration resistance of recycled concrete
  43. Bending resistance of PVA fiber reinforced cementitious composites containing nano-SiO2
  44. Review Articles
  45. Recent development of Supercapacitor Electrode Based on Carbon Materials
  46. Mechanical contribution of vascular smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of artery
  47. Applications of polymer-based nanoparticles in vaccine field
  48. Toxicity of metallic nanoparticles in the central nervous system
  49. Parameter control and concentration analysis of graphene colloids prepared by electric spark discharge method
  50. A critique on multi-jet electrospinning: State of the art and future outlook
  51. Electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers and Au@AgNPs for antimicrobial activity - A mini review
  52. Recent progress in supercapacitors based on the advanced carbon electrodes
  53. Recent progress in shape memory polymer composites: methods, properties, applications and prospects
  54. In situ capabilities of Small Angle X-ray Scattering
  55. Review of nano-phase effects in high strength and conductivity copper alloys
  56. Progress and challenges in p-type oxide-based thin film transistors
  57. Advanced materials for flexible solar cell applications
  58. Phenylboronic acid-decorated polymeric nanomaterials for advanced bio-application
  59. The effect of nano-SiO2 on concrete properties: a review
  60. A brief review for fluorinated carbon: synthesis, properties and applications
  61. A review on the mechanical properties for thin film and block structure characterised by using nanoscratch test
  62. Cotton fibres functionalized with plasmonic nanoparticles to promote the destruction of harmful molecules: an overview
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