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An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea

  • Mohammed A. Ghandourah EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: August 17, 2022
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are produced during the combustion of coal and oil, and they can cause sediment contamination. Marine sediments are an important source of information regarding human activities in coastal regions and the long-term fate of xenobiotics. PAHs are a serious environmental problem for marine ecosystems because of their detrimental health impacts on species, including endocrine-disrupting activities. The type of organic contaminants in marine sediments is determined by their origin, with PAHs classed as either petrogenic or pyrogenic. Accidental or deliberate discharges and spills of oil from ships, particularly tankers, offshore platforms, and pipelines, especially in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, are the most obvious and visible sources of oil pollution in the marine environment. The current review study will be extremely important and beneficial as a desk review as a result of the growing human population and rapid development in the area. The distribution pattern of PAHs along the Red Sea coastal sediments was limited. The majority of research along Saudi Arabia’s Red Sea coast demonstrates pyrogenic and petrogenic origins of PAHs, as well as in other parts of the world. Industrial activity, municipal waste runoff, petroleum spills, and sewage runoff have a significant impact on PAH distribution throughout the Red Sea’s coastal estuaries. However, after the Gulf war in 1992, much of the attention was occurred especially in the Arabian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia. This study portrayed a comparison of distribution pattern of PAHs with the other parts of the world as well.

Keywords: sediment; PAHs; Red Sea; sources; transport of PAHs

1 Introduction

Humans have attempted to halt or alter the dynamic coastal zone throughout history. The creation or stabilization of inlets, beach nourishment and sediment bypassing, creation of dunes for property protection, dredging of waterways for shipping and commerce, and the introduction of hard structures, such as jetties, groins, and seawalls, are examples of anthropogenic (human-influenced) changes to coastal environments. These changes alter coastal characteristics and have far-reaching consequences for coastal processes and ecosystems. For the protection and preservation of coastal areas, it is critical to understand how human changes affect shoreline habitats. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants with moderate-to-poor water solubility, which promotes sorption to particles and subsequent sediment buildup [1]. Particulate matter deposition in the atmosphere, runoff from contaminated ground sources, and contamination of rivers and lakes by industrial effluents, municipal wastewater discharge, and oil spills are the primary sources of PAHs in water bodies [2,3]. Furthermore, PAHs are produced during the combustion of coal and oil, which can contribute to sediment contamination, particularly in the vicinity of manufactured gas plant sites. Marine sediments are a valuable source of information on human activities in coastal areas as well as the long-term destiny of xenobiotics. Monitoring of contaminants in sediments, even if no applicable legislation exist, can provide information for analyzing the potential adverse effects of these compounds as well as supporting management decision-making [4]. Because of the large number of toxic substances transported from human activities, marine pollution in coastal areas is a global concern [5,6]. Traditional coastal industrialization and urbanization have resulted in the development of large metropolises, harbors, and industrial and shing bases, resulting in the deterioration of neighboring marine environments. PAHs are a major environmental concern for marine ecosystems because of their negative health effects on organisms, including endocrine-disrupting activity [7,8,9]. PAHs enter the marine environment through processes, such as organic matter combustion (pyrolytic origin), the slow geothermal transformation of organic matter (petroleum hydrocarbons), and degradation of biogenic material (diagenesis). The naturally formed PAHs are biosynthesis products or oil upwelling products that occur in marine sediments at very low levels ranging from 0.01 to 1 ng g−1 dry weight (background concentrations). Anthropogenic activities, on the other hand, are sources of a number of PAHs in the aqueous environment, with the highest levels found in estuaries and coastal areas, as well as areas with heavy vessel transport and oil treatment. Physical transport and mechanical considerations have a major role in the dispersion of PAHs in sediments once they are introduced into the marine environment. Furthermore, in situ factors, such as PAH fractionation, amongst sorbed and aqueous phases, infaunal remodeling (bioturbation), and specific microbial degradation may affect both the observed PAH composition and absolute PAH levels [10,11].

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia produces 12,402,761 barrels of oil per day (as of 2016), placing it second in the world. Saudi Arabia produces an amount equivalent to 1.7% of its total proven reserves [12,13] each year (as of 2016). The most obvious and visible source of oil pollution in the marine environment is accidental or deliberate discharges and spills of oil from ships, particularly tankers, offshore platforms, and pipelines. The Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia stretches for 2,000 km. A steep western escarpment rises to 1,500–3,000 m at the edge of a plateau that gradually declines eastward, flattening to a broad coastal plain. In July, the Red Sea’s surface temperatures range from 31°C in the south to 27°C in the north, and between 24 and 26°C in January, with temperatures dropping to 20°C in the Gulf of Aqaba. The salinity is high (37–40 ppt), and inflow from the Indian Ocean via the Bab el Mandeb compensates for about 2 m per year of evaporation from the sea surface. The warm saline water, which is clear due to the lack of river inflow, allows coral to grow anywhere in the Red Sea, and coral reefs are common, with fringing reefs along much of the Saudi coast, usually with shallow lagoons behind them [14]. The present review study discussed the distribution pattern of PAHs along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia, its general characteristics, and the comparison with the other locations around the world. The study will reflect a baseline idea about the distribution pattern along these regions including the local habitats like estuaries.

2 General characteristics of PAHs in the sediment

PAHs derived from combustion sources bind tightly to soot particles in natural sediments in general. They primarily accumulate in organism lipids due to their high lipophilicity. Some PAHs and petroleum hydrocarbons in seawater and soil have been reported to damage aquatic life even in low concentrations [15]. PAHs are a family of compounds that may have an influence on animals and people via the food chain due to their lipophilicity, poor water solubility, and adsorption to marine particles and sediments [16]. PAHs are deposited in the sedimentary environment via processes similar to those that govern surface soil deposition. PAHs sorb to atmospheric particles in rural areas and can settle on the surface of lakes, streams, and oceans via dry or wet deposition. Particulates are transported in suspension and on the surface of surface water when they fall out. PAH that has been adsorbed eventually ends up in fresh water or marine sediments. PAH is strongly bound to these sediments, which could serve as a pollution reservoir for PAH release under certain conditions. As a result, organisms that live in sediments and filter water are the most vulnerable to contamination [17]. PAHs are somewhat immobile once they have been incorporated into sediments because their non-polar structures prevent them from dissolving in water. Nonetheless, PAHs, particularly lower molecular weight PAHs, are not completely insoluble. As a result, small amounts of PAHs dissolve and become part of the pore water, where they are bioavailable [17].

Because PAHs will sorbet onto these organic colloids, the presence of pore water organic colloids can raise PAH concentrations above their aqueous solubility. These, in turn, are easily transported through the sediment’s pore spaces. As a result, sorption to colloids can increase PAH mobility and bioavailability in sediments [18]. PAHs in aquatic sediments decay slowly in the absence of penetrating radiation and oxygen and may survive permanently in oxygen-depleted basins or anoxic deposits. In aquatic habitats, PAH degradation is slower than in the atmosphere, and PAH cycling in aquatic environments, like other biological systems, is poorly understood [19]. PAHs are organic contaminants found in aquatic sediment that form when virtually all organic matter is pyrolyzed. Because of their acute toxicity and sublethal impacts on aquatic creatures, as well as their mutagenic and genotoxic potential through the food chain, researchers are interested in learning more about the composition and distribution of PAHs in the environment [20,21,22]. PAHs formed from pyrolytic activities are more firmly connected with sediments and withstand microbial degradation significantly better than PAHs derived from petrogenic mechanisms [23].

3 The transport of PAHs into the marine environment

Anthropogenic PAHs reach the ocean through a variety of routes, including air deposition, river runoff, household and industrial emissions, and oil spills. Natural input sources are often less-expensive than anthropogenic sources [24]. PAH concentrations and distribution within a country’s marine environment must be investigated to evaluate likely consequences on related ecosystems due to their environmental durability and possible ecotoxicological effects [25,26]. PAH bioavailability and type are determined by the origin of PAH chemicals detected in marine sediments [27], with PAHs classed as either petrogenic or pyrogenic [28]. Oil spills, urban runoff, and atmospheric deposition are the principal components of PAHs in coastal marine habitats [29]. Organic matter content and particle size influence PAH levels in sediments, affecting the sorption of these pollutants onto the solid phase [30,31,32]. According to ref. [33], a sediment organic carbon concentration of more than 1/10th percent is satisfactory to considerably enrich PAH sorption onto marine sediments. The kind of organic materials present in the sediment may also impact PAH concentrations [25]. Seasonal climate factors, such as wind direction, as well as anthropogenic factors with seasonal variability hot seasons and the intensity of seawater and shipping activities can affect PAH content and composition in the coastal sediment environment [34]. Two major physiochemical properties of PAHs determine their fate in marine sediments: solubility and vapor pressure [35]. Temperature, UV radiation, organic carbon content, and sediment dynamics are some of the geochemical and environmental elements that determine PAHs’ final destiny in sediments and near-bottom water (e.g., resuspension, grain size, and bioturbation). Temperature and salinity are two of the most essential elements that influence PAH dissolution, adsorption, and transport in coastal waters.

4 Distribution pattern of PAHs along the red sea sediment of Saudi Arabia

The Red Sea city of Jeddah is Saudi Arabia’s most industrialized city [36], and much of the PAHs research has taken conducted near the Jeddah shoreline and in the neighboring areas. In this location, oil contamination is a major cause of pollution. Approximately 10.8 million barrels of crude oil were purposely spilled into the Arabian Gulf during the 1991 Gulf War [37]. In the Jeddah coastal region sediments, a little quantity of information regarding the various PAHs has been documented. The current review study will be extremely important and beneficial as a desk review as a result of the growing human population and rapid development in the area. Al-Mur [36], conducted a study along the Jeddah coast and found a total level of 1,170–3,003 ng g−1 dry wt for 16 PAHs. The study by [38] conducted a similar study in the same location and found a lower concentration of 40–1,730 ng g−1 dry weight. Furthermore, their concentrations are four to six times higher than those found in the Gulf of Suez, the western side (Egyptian) of the Red Sea coast (0.75–457 ng g−1 dry weight) [38], and the Gulf of Aden was 2.5–605 ng g−1 dry wt [21,35].

There are few studies were done along the Jeddah coastal lagoon as well. The levels of numerous contaminants in the lagoon water and sediments of the Al-Arbaeen and Al-Shabab lagoons in southern Jeddah have increased [40,41]. PAHs were found in very high concentrations in the sediments of these lagoons (5.4–5,372 and 60–7,927 ng g−1, respectively) [38], while moderate values (97.1–507.3 and 97.3–314 ng L−1, respectively) were found in the water column [42,43]. Low to extremely polluted levels of pollution have been found in both Jeddah coast lagoons. When considering total PAH levels between the two lagoons, Al-Arbaeen is somewhat higher than Al-Shabab for both 38 and 16 PAHs; carcinogenic PAHs (cPAHs) were estimated to be two orders of magnitude higher in Al-Arbaeen than in Al-Shabab. The difference in wastewater input and the geographical structure of the Al-Arbeen lagoon, which hampered water circulation inside the lagoon, might explain the comparatively high PAH levels in Al-Arbeen. The study was conducted by Ruiz-Compean et al., [44], along the Red Sea coastal sediments (Duba, Rabigh, Thuwal, Jeddah, Farasan Island, Jazan Economic City, Jazan city, and Farasan Islands) showing that 1-methyl naphthalene, 2-methyl naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, and benzo[a]anthracene were not detected in any of the samples collected. In general, all the concentrations were very low. None of the analytes presented concentrations above 10 ng g−1 suggesting minor contamination for PAH in the study areas. Most of the studies along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia show the pyrogenic and petrogenic sources of PAHs and it is shown in the other parts of the world as well. Industrial activities, municipal waste run off, petroleum spilling, and sewage run off were also highly impacted on the distribution of PAHs along the coastal estuaries of Red Sea [38]. Industrial and sewage wastewater from Jeddah have an impact on PAH concentrations, either directly or indirectly. Furthermore, for most stations, industrial and sewage wastewater discharge, as well as urban emissions from the surrounding area, could be a major source of PAHs.

5 The comparative study of the PAHs between Red Sea sediment and worldwide

Few investigations on Red Sea sediments have been conducted, and sedimentology and geochemical studies along the Red Sea coast have problems. To our knowledge, only a modest quantity of data on specific PAHs has been documented in Saudi Arabia’s Red Sea coastal region sediments. The inclusive PAH values in the Red Sea coastal sediment of Saudi Arabia were lower than the PAH levels in Guanabara Bay, Brazil (78–7,750 ng g−1 dry wt) [45]; in Vhembe District, South Africa (27,101–55,931 ng g−1 dry wt) [46]; in the Mediterranean Sea (13.6–22,601 ng g−1 dry wt) [47]; and in Boston Harbor, USA (7,301–358,001 ng g−1 dry wt) [48]. The total PAHs’ concentration in sediments from Qatar’s exclusive economic zone in the Arabian Gulf ranged from 2.5 to 1,026 ng g−1 [49]. The level of PAHs along the Gulf countries is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

The level of PAHs along the Gulf countries

Region Medium PAHs (μg g−1 dw) References
Kuwait, Bahrain Surface sediment 11.6–11.9, [50]
3.9–8.5
Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, UAE Surface sediment 5.7–175 [51]
3.3–7.9
4.0–6.1
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia Surface sediment 7.2–80.0 [52]
1.4–1,400
Saudi Arabia Surface sediment 1–7 [53]
Kuwait Surface sediment 0.01–0.91 [54]
Kuwait Surface sediment 0.006–1.334 [55]
Iran Surface sediment 0.009–0.497 [56]
Qatar Surface sediment 0.003–1.03 [49]
Qatar Surface sediment 0.001–1.56 [57]

The current study’s PAH contents are similar to those discovered in Iranian and Qatari coastal sediments but lower than those observed in Bahrain and Kuwait [49,58]. PAH concentrations in Gulf sediments were usually elevated before and soon after the Gulf war (1991), reaching 1,405 μg g−1 dw in sediments off the coast of Saudi Arabia, but have fallen dramatically in the subsequent 20 years period of time. The values in the current research are much lower than those documented in other marginal seas, such as the Mediterranean Sea (1,115–17,005 ng−1 dw) [59]. The carcinogenic PAHs (PAHCARC) concentrations along the Egyptian Red Sea coast were found to be between 0.065 and 3.523 µg g−1, according to the study (dry weight). The samples from Ras Suder (5.185 µg g−1), El-Tour (4.055 g g−1), and Sharm (3.368 µg g−1) had the highest PAHs’ content [60]. The total concentration of PAHs in sediment along the Red Sea coast of Yemen samples ranged from 33.8 µg g−1 at Rass-Issa to 5.25 µg g−1 dry wt at Al-Mukha [61]. A comparative study of PAHs along the estuarine coastal system other than Red Sea and Arabian Gulf is shown in Table 2.

Table 2

A comparative study of PAHs along the estuarine coastal system other than Red Sea and Arabian Gulf

Region PAH (ng g−1) References
Yangtze, China 190–7,600 [62]
Pearl River, China 125–3,830 [63]
Luan Estuary, China 6–546 [63]
Yellow River, China 97–204 [64]
Haihe river basin, China 90–15,890 [65]
Galician estuaries, NW Spain 45–7,900 [66]
Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina 20–30,055 [67]
Selangor estuary, Malaysia 205–965 [68]
Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan 35–16,705 [69]
Patos Estuary, Brazil 90–10,450 [70]
Esterode Urias, estuary, Mexico 30–415 [71]
Lenga Estuary, Chile 295–6,120 [72]
Cochin estuary, India 195–14,150 [73]

In previous studies, high PAH concentrations, largely from human activities, were discovered in Brazilian estuary environments [74,75]. However, a lack of rigorous examination of PAH distribution and behavior in various compartments of subtropical estuarine systems, as well as an integrated interpretation of PAH content and water column physico-chemical properties, limits our current understanding of these contaminants. The PAH concentrations ranged from low to high, with the lowest values being commensurate with other human-affected settings, such as various Chinese locales [76,77]. Luo et al. [76] discovered the greatest PAH concentrations in the SPM in the Pearl River (China), Dauner et al. [78] in Guaratuba Bay (Brazil), and Maioli et al. [79] in the Manguaba and Munda lagoons (NE Brazil) and the Paraba do Sul River (Brazil). Guo et al. [77] reported lower quantities in the Daliao River (China) while Qin et al. [80] discovered lower values in Chaohu Lake (China). The amount of PAHs recorded in the Middle East area is greater than in eastern Asia and the Americas.

6 Conclusion

The principal PAH pollutants differ in different functional sectors, according to an examination of the features of PAH pollution in distinct coastal locations. In locations with a lot of anthropogenic activity, pollution is frequent, and PAH contamination is the most common. Fuel leaks and other causes in oil and gas development sites and commercial ports contribute to a high concentration of PAHs. The PAH mixture formed by pyrogenic origin is categorized by unsubstituted and high molecular weight congeners, whereas the PAH mixture produced by petrogenic origin is characterized by alkyl-substituted low molecular weight congeners. Differentiating between pyrolytic and petrogenic sources of PAH mixture in marine sediments is particularly difficult due to the complexity of controlling PAH dispersion in marine sediments. The majority of research found pyrogenic and petrogenic sources of PAHs along Saudi Arabia’s Red Sea coast, as well as elsewhere in the world. The quality guidelines reflect the lesser impacts of PAHs in the sediment compared to the Arabian Gulf region. However, the bioaccumulation and the persistence in the sediment are significantly higher than the few of the European and American countries.

Acknowledgment

The author is grateful to the Department of Marine Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, for providing the technical support.

  1. Funding information: There is no external funding.

  2. Conflict of interest: This article does not have any conflict of interest. The corresponding author approves the above statement as well.

  3. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

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Received: 2022-04-23
Revised: 2022-06-18
Accepted: 2022-07-03
Published Online: 2022-08-17

© 2022 Mohammed A. Ghandourah, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0191
Keywords for this article
sediment; PAHs; Red Sea; sources; transport of PAHs
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  8. Passenger demand forecasting for railway systems
  9. Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach
  10. Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses
  11. Bridging chiral de-tert-butylcalix[4]arenes: Optical resolution based on column chromatography and structural characterization
  12. Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt
  13. Comparison of the yield and purity of plasma exosomes extracted by ultracentrifugation, precipitation, and membrane-based approaches
  14. Bioactive triterpenoids from Indonesian medicinal plant Syzygium aqueum
  15. Investigation of the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity in micromachining
  16. The mesoporous aluminosilicate application as support for bifunctional catalysts for n-hexadecane hydroconversion
  17. Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
  18. Numerical investigation on perforated sheet metals under tension loading
  19. Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
  20. Two new polypodane-type bicyclic triterpenoids from mastic
  21. Structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the TiO2 added hydroxyapatite composites
  22. Tribological properties and characterization of borided Co–Mg alloys
  23. Studies on Anemone nemorosa L. extracts; polyphenols profile, antioxidant activity, and effects on Caco-2 cells by in vitro and in silico studies
  24. Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system
  25. Cyclic connectivity index of bipolar fuzzy incidence graph
  26. The role of passage numbers of donor cells in the development of Arabian Oryx – Cow interspecific somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos
  27. Mechanical property evaluation of tellurite–germanate glasses and comparison of their radiation-shielding characteristics using EPICS2017 to other glass systems
  28. Molecular screening of ionic liquids for CO2 absorption and molecular dynamic simulation
  29. Microwave-assisted preparation of Ag/Fe magnetic biochar from clivia leaves for adsorbing daptomycin antibiotics
  30. Iminodisuccinic acid enhances antioxidant and mineral element accumulation in young leaves of Ziziphus jujuba
  31. Cytotoxic activity of guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactone (deoxycynaropicrin) isolated from the leaves of Centaurothamnus maximus
  32. Effects of welding parameters on the angular distortion of welded steel plates
  33. Simulation of a reactor considering the Stamicarbon, Snamprogetti, and Toyo patents for obtaining urea
  34. Effect of different ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) cultivars on the adsorption of heavy metal ions cadmium and lead in the remediation of contaminated farmland soils
  35. Impact of a live bacterial-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) postpartum and weaning system on performance, mortality, and health of Najdi lambs
  36. Anti-tumor effect of liposomes containing extracted Murrayafoline A against liver cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultured models
  37. Physicochemical properties and some mineral concentration of milk samples from different animals and altitudes
  38. Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies
  39. Diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes in nuclear medicine: Determination of gamma-ray transmission factors and safety competencies of high-dense and transparent glassy shields
  40. Calculation of NaI(Tl) detector efficiency using 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioisotopes: Three-phase Monte Carlo simulation study
  41. Isolation and identification of unstable components from Caesalpinia sappan by high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
  42. Quantification of biomarkers and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicity properties of Dodonaea viscosa grown in Saudi Arabia using HPTLC technique
  43. Characterization of the elastic modulus of ceramic–metal composites with physical and mechanical properties by ultrasonic technique
  44. GC-MS analysis of Vespa velutina auraria Smith and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in vitro
  45. Texturing of nanocoatings for surface acoustic wave-based sensors for volatile organic compounds
  46. Insights into the molecular basis of some chalcone analogues as potential inhibitors of Leishmania donovani: An integrated in silico and in vitro study
  47. (1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexyl 4-amino-3-phenylbutanoate hydrochloride: Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity
  48. On the relative extraction rates of colour compounds and caffeine during brewing, an investigation of tea over time and temperature
  49. Characterization of egg shell powder-doped ceramic–metal composites
  50. Rapeseed oil-based hippurate amide nanocomposite coating material for anticorrosive and antibacterial applications
  51. Chemically modified Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae) plant act as an effective adsorbent tool for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in wastewater remediation
  52. Efficiency analysis of photovoltaic systems installed in different geographical locations
  53. Risk prioritization model driven by success factor in the light of multicriteria decision making
  54. Theoretical investigations on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in the solvated 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde carbohydrazone
  55. Mechanical and gamma-ray shielding examinations of Bi2O3–PbO–CdO–B2O3 glass system
  56. Machine learning-based forecasting of potability of drinking water through adaptive boosting model
  57. The potential effect of the Rumex vesicarius water seeds extract treatment on mice before and during pregnancy on the serum enzymes and the histology of kidney and liver
  58. Impact of benzimidazole functional groups on the n-doping properties of benzimidazole derivatives
  59. Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts
  60. Flexural strength and thermal properties of carbon black nanoparticle reinforced epoxy composites obtained from waste tires
  61. A focusing study on radioprotective and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata leaf extract in the circulation and liver tissue: Clinical and experimental studies
  62. Clinical comprehensive and experimental assessment of the radioprotective effect of Annona muricata leaf extract to prevent cellular damage in the ileum tissue
  63. Effect of WC content on ultrasonic properties, thermal and electrical conductivity of WC–Co–Ni–Cr composites
  64. Influence of various class cleaning agents for prosthesis on Co–Cr alloy surface
  65. The synthesis of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites for the effective removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution
  66. Study on the influence of physical interlayers on the remaining oil production under different development modes
  67. Optimized linear regression control of DC motor under various disturbances
  68. Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva
  69. Determination of flow distance of the fluid metal due to fluidity in ductile iron casting by artificial neural networks approach
  70. Investigation of mechanical activation effect on high-volume natural pozzolanic cements
  71. In vitro: Anti-coccidia activity of Calotropis procera leaf extract on Eimeria papillata oocysts sporulation and sporozoite
  72. Determination of oil composition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) seeds under influence of organic fertilizer forms
  73. Activated partial thromboplastin time maybe associated with the prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
  74. Treatment of rat brain ischemia model by NSCs-polymer scaffold transplantation
  75. Lead and cadmium removal with native yeast from coastal wetlands
  76. Characterization of electroless Ni-coated Fe–Co composite using powder metallurgy
  77. Ferrate synthesis using NaOCl and its application for dye removal
  78. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase potential of Chenopodium murale L. extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches
  79. Study on essential oil, antioxidant activity, anti-human prostate cancer effects, and induction of apoptosis by Equisetum arvense
  80. Experimental study on turning machine with permanent magnetic cutting tool
  81. Numerical simulation and mathematical modeling of the casting process for pearlitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
  82. Design, synthesis, and cytotoxicity evaluation of novel thiophene, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and pyridine: Griseofulvin heterocyclic extension derivatives
  83. Isolation and identification of promising antibiotic-producing bacteria
  84. Ultrasonic-induced reversible blood–brain barrier opening: Safety evaluation into the cellular level
  85. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan
  86. Effect of calcium lactate in standard diet on selected markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized rats
  87. Identification of crucial salivary proteins/genes and pathways involved in pathogenesis of temporomandibular disorders
  88. Zirconium-modified attapulgite was used for removing of Cr(vi) in aqueous solution
  89. The stress distribution of different types of restorative materials in primary molar
  90. Reducing surface heat loss in steam boilers
  91. Deformation behavior and formability of friction stir processed DP600 steel
  92. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth oxide/commercial activated carbon composite for battery anode
  93. Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics
  94. Effects of in ovo injection of black cumin (Nigella sativa) extract on hatching performance of broiler eggs
  95. Separation and evaluation of potential antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of limonene-rich essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.)
  96. Bioactivity of a polyhydroxy gorgostane steroid from Xenia umbellata
  97. BiCAM-based automated scoring system for digital logic circuit diagrams
  98. Analysis of standard systems with solar monitoring systems
  99. Structural and spectroscopic properties of voriconazole and fluconazole – Experimental and theoretical studies
  100. New plant resistance inducers based on polyamines
  101. Experimental investigation of single-lap bolted and bolted/bonded (hybrid) joints of polymeric plates
  102. Investigation of inlet air pressure and evaporative cooling of four different cogeneration cycles
  103. Review Articles
  104. Comprehensive review on synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of activated carbon from the Arecaceae plants for enhanced wastewater treatment
  105. Research progress on speciation analysis of arsenic in traditional Chinese medicine
  106. Recent modified air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction applications for medicines and organic compounds in various samples: A review
  107. An insight on Vietnamese bio-waste materials as activated carbon precursors for multiple applications in environmental protection
  108. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts and secondary metabolites from Clausena genus – A review
  109. Bioremediation of organic/heavy metal contaminants by mixed cultures of microorganisms: A review
  110. Sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer: A literature review
  111. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target
  112. Aconitum coreanum Rapaics: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology
  113. Corrigendum
  114. Corrigendum to “Petrology and geochemistry of multiphase post-granitic dikes: A case study from the Gabal Serbal area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt”
  115. Corrigendum to “Design of a Robust sliding mode controller for bioreactor cultures in overflow metabolism via an interdisciplinary approach”
  116. Corrigendum to “Statistical analysis on the radiological assessment and geochemical studies of granite rocks in the north of Um Taghir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt”
  117. Corrigendum to “Aroma components of tobacco powder from different producing areas based on gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry”
  118. Corrigendum to “Mechanical properties, elastic moduli, transmission factors, and gamma-ray-shielding performances of Bi2O3–P2O5–B2O3–V2O5 quaternary glass system”
  119. Erratum
  120. Erratum to “Copper(ii) complexes supported by modified azo-based ligands: Nucleic acid binding and molecular docking studies”
  121. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2021)
  122. Study of solidification and stabilization of heavy metals by passivators in heavy metal-contaminated soil
  123. Human health risk assessment and distribution of VOCs in a chemical site, Weinan, China
  124. Preparation and characterization of Sparassis latifolia β-glucan microcapsules
  125. Special Issue on the Conference of Energy, Fuels, Environment 2020
  126. Improving the thermal performance of existing buildings in light of the requirements of the EU directive 2010/31/EU in Poland
  127. Special Issue on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Medicinal Plants
  128. Study of plant resources with ethnomedicinal relevance from district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
  129. Studies on the chemical composition of plants used in traditional medicine in Congo
  130. Special Issue on Applied Chemistry in Agriculture and Food Science
  131. Strip spraying technology for precise herbicide application in carrot fields
  132. Special Issue on Pharmacology and Metabolomics of Ethnobotanical and Herbal Medicine
  133. Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas
  134. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains
  135. Integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Xinguan No. 3 in the treatment of COVID-19
  136. Chemical composition and in vitro and in vivo biological assortment of fixed oil extracted from Ficus benghalensis L.
  137. A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases
  138. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants in Kastamonu province (Türkiye)
  139. Protective effects of asperuloside against cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats
  140. Special Issue on Essential Oil, Extraction, Phytochemistry, Advances, and Application
  141. Identification of volatile compounds and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties against drug-resistant microbes of essential oils from the leaves of Mentha rotundifolia var. apodysa Briq. (Lamiaceae)
  142. Phenolic contents, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial capacities of MeOH extract from the aerial parts of Trema orientalis plant
  143. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis against multidrug-resistant microbes and their acute toxicity study
  144. Special Issue on Marine Environmental Sciences and Significance of the Multidisciplinary Approaches
  145. An insightful overview of the distribution pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the marine sediments of the Red Sea
  146. Antifungal–antiproliferative norcycloartane-type triterpenes from the Red Sea green alga Tydemania expeditionis
  147. Solvent effect, dipole moment, and DFT studies of multi donor–acceptor type pyridine derivative
  148. An extensive assessment on the distribution pattern of organic contaminants in the aerosols samples in the Middle East
  149. Special Issue on 4th IC3PE
  150. Energetics of carboxylic acid–pyridine heterosynthon revisited: A computational study of intermolecular hydrogen bond domination on phenylacetic acid–nicotinamide cocrystals
  151. A review: Silver–zinc oxide nanoparticles – organoclay-reinforced chitosan bionanocomposites for food packaging
  152. Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from peanut shells functionalized with TiO2 photocatalyst for Batik liquid waste treatment
  153. Coagulation activity of liquid extraction of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora on the removal of turbidity
  154. Hydrocracking optimization of palm oil over NiMoO4/activated carbon catalyst to produce biogasoline and kerosine
  155. Special Issue on Pharmacology and metabolomics of ethnobotanical and herbal medicine
  156. Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ
  157. Special Issue on The 1st Malaysia International Conference on Nanotechnology & Catalysis (MICNC2021)
  158. Surfactant evaluation for enhanced oil recovery: Phase behavior and interfacial tension
  159. Topical Issue on phytochemicals, biological and toxicological analysis of aromatic medicinal plants
  160. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and stems of Physalis alkekengi L. (Solanaceae)
  161. Phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Trewia nudiflora Linn. leaf extract deciphers therapeutic potentials against thrombosis, arthritis, helminths, and insects
  162. Pergularia tomentosa coupled with selenium nanoparticles salvaged lead acetate-induced redox imbalance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disruption of neurotransmission in rats’ brain
  163. Protective effect of Allium atroviolaceum-synthesized SeNPs on aluminum-induced brain damage in mice
  164. Mechanism study of Cordyceps sinensis alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury
  165. Plant-derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid tetrandrine prevents human podocyte injury by regulating the miR-150-5p/NPHS1 axis
  166. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the anti-osteoporosis mechanisms of β-ecdysone derived from medicinal plants
  167. Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum cuspidatum ameliorates silicosis via suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
  168. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part I
  169. Investigation of improved optical and conductivity properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–MXenes (PMMA–MXenes) nanocomposite thin films for optoelectronic applications
  170. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (ABB 2022)
  171. Model predictive control for precision irrigation of a Quinoa crop
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