Home Medicine Electromyography as an intraoperative test to assess the quality of nerve anastomosis – experimental study on rats
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Electromyography as an intraoperative test to assess the quality of nerve anastomosis – experimental study on rats

  • Norbert Czapla EMAIL logo , Piotr Bargiel , Jan Petriczko , Daniel Kotrych , Piotr Krajewski and Piotr Prowans
Published/Copyright: June 13, 2020
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Open Medicine
From the journal Open Medicine Volume 15 Issue 1

Abstract

Background

Many factors contribute to successful nerve reconstruction. The correct technique of anastomosis is one of the key elements that determine the final result of a surgery. The aim of this study is to examine how useful an electromyography (EMG) can be as an objective intraoperative anastomosis assessment method.

Methods

The study material included 12 rats. Before the surgery, the function of the sciatic nerve was tested using hind paw prints. Then, both nerves were cut. The left nerve was sutured side-to-side, and the right nerve was sutured end-to-end. Intraoperative electromyography was performed. After 4 weeks, the rats were reassessed using the hind paw print analysis and electromyography.

Results

An analysis of left and right hind paw prints did not reveal any significant differences between the length of the steps, the spread of the digits in the paws, or the deviation of a paw. The width of the steps also did not change.

Electromyography revealed that immediately after a nerve anastomosis (as well as 4 weeks after the surgery), better nerve conduction was observed through an end-to-end anastomosis. Four weeks after the surgery, better nerve conduction was seen distally to the end-to-end anastomosis.

Conclusions

The results indicate that in acute nerve injuries intraoperative electromyography may be useful to obtain unbiased information on whether the nerve anastomosis has been performed correctly – for example, in limb replantation.

When assessing a nerve during a procedure, EMG should be first performed distally to the anastomosis (the part of the nerve leading to muscle fibers) and then proximally to the anastomosis (the proximal part of the nerve). Similar EMG results can be interpreted as a correct nerve anastomosis.

The function of the distal part of the nerve and the muscle remains intact if the neuromuscular transmission is sustained.

1 Introduction

Peripheral nerve injury with a loss of axonal continuity can be caused by major trauma or oncological resection. In such cases, the primary repair of a nerve gives the highest chance of regaining lost functions. The most common reconstruction method is an end-to-end anastomosis or, if tension-free repair is not possible, nerve grafting (usually with the sural nerve) [1]. Many factors determine the success of such nerve reconstruction. The most important reconstruction method is the correct anastomosis technique.

The decision to finish a nerve reconstruction is made when the anastomosis is accepted as technically correct. If considered faulty, it is repeated. Therefore, the only way to evaluate an anastomosis during an operation is by the surgeon’s judgment. Regardless of the clinical experience or quality of surgical loupes used, such assessment is always subjective. The authors of this article looked for another method to verify the visual intraoperative evaluation of nerve anastomosis.

The goal of this study is to examine how useful is EMG as an objective intraoperative nerve anastomosis assessment tool.

2 Materials and methods

Study material included 12 male Wistar rats weighing 250–300 g. Before surgery, sciatic nerve functions were evaluated by analyzing imprints of the hind paws. The hind paws were covered with ink, and animals were placed in a tunnel lined with paper. After covering a distance of 1 m, the length of steps and the geometry of their footprint were measured (the walking-track analysis) [2,3]. The animals were then anesthetized with a subcutaneous injection of ketamine hydrochloride at a dose of 120 mg/kg. After anesthesia, sciatic nerves were exposed on both limbs, and an EMG was performed. The nerves were cut, and a subsequent EMG was performed to confirm the loss of nerve conduction. The left sciatic nerve was sutured side-to-side, essentially preventing nerve bundles from contacting. This was to simulate a faulty anastomosis. The right sciatic nerve was sutured end-to-end, paying attention to the correct adaptation of the ends, ensuring the proper contact of nerve bundles. The anastomosis was performed by applying four 10/0 stitches with the use of surgical loupes magnifying the field 4.5 times. Afterward, another EMG examination was performed to assess the conduction through the anastomoses. Surgical wounds were closed with 4/0 skin sutures. Following the surgery, animals received standard food and drinking water without restrictions. After 4 weeks, the footprints were again sampled over the distance of 1 m. Then (after anesthesia) sciatic nerves were exposed, revealing the site of anastomosis. A nerve conduction test was performed.

Nerve anastomoses were sampled for microscopic examination. Shortly thereafter, the animals were euthanized with an injection of pentobarbital sodium. EMG was performed using a NerveMonitor C2 (inomed Medizintechnik GmbH, Germany). The nerves were stimulated at 2 mA. Tissues for microscopic examination were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The presence of nerve bundles in the anastomosis was assessed. The T-test for dependent samples was used for statistical calculations. The Local Ethics Committee approval number 7/2015 was obtained for conducting experiments on animals. The animals showed no signs of suffering in the postoperative period; therefore, there was no need for additional pain management. Figures 1 and 2 schematically present surgical technique and the method of measuring gait parameters based on the paw prints, respectively.

Figure 1 The schematic representation of (a) exposure of sciatic nerves, (b) transecting the nerves, (c) anastomosis L (left side) side-to-side, R (right side) end-to-end, and (d) follow-up after 4 weeks.
Figure 1

The schematic representation of (a) exposure of sciatic nerves, (b) transecting the nerves, (c) anastomosis L (left side) side-to-side, R (right side) end-to-end, and (d) follow-up after 4 weeks.

Figure 2 The a schematic representation of gait assessment based on the measurements of the hind paw prints: (I) step length, (II) digit spread (between digits I–V), (III) foot deviation (angle between the foot axis and the walking axis), and (IV) step width (distance between the left heel and the right heel).
Figure 2

The a schematic representation of gait assessment based on the measurements of the hind paw prints: (I) step length, (II) digit spread (between digits I–V), (III) foot deviation (angle between the foot axis and the walking axis), and (IV) step width (distance between the left heel and the right heel).

3 Results

Individual gait parameters as an indirect measurement of the sciatic nerve function are presented in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1

The length of the steps (distance between successive footprints on the right and left side [mm]), the spread of the digits (distance between digits I and V [mm]), and the deviation of the foot (angle between the axis of the foot and the axis of the body [°])

No.Step parametersLeftRight
Before cuttingFollow-up after 4 weeksBefore cuttingFollow-up after 4 weeks
1Step length [mm]6810168117
digit spread [mm]23122411
Deviation of the foot [°]32192732
2Step length [mm]10585120100
Digit spread [mm]23122311
Deviation of the foot [°]16231519
3Step length [mm]145112135105
Digit spread [mm]24122413
Deviation of the foot [°]15202020
4Step length [mm]132120145107
Digit spread [mm]20102114
Deviation of the foot [°]17202924
5Step length [mm]143145147120
Digit spread [mm]21132111
Deviation of the foot [°]22262725
6Step length [mm]160120144120
Digit spread [mm]24112416
Deviation of the foot [°]27242629
7Step length [mm]1609315090
Digit spread [mm]23132315
Deviation of the foot [°]917913
8Step length [mm]140123140120
Digit spread [mm]21102010
Deviation of the foot [°]24111923
9Step length [mm]120115120117
Digit spread [mm]20102010
Deviation of the foot [°]23222314
10Step length [mm]150113153115
Digit spread [mm]23132311
Deviation of the foot [°]23162418
11Step length [mm]120110120112
Digit spread [mm]22122412
Deviation of the foot [°]20102214
12Step length [mm]118109120107
Digit spread [mm]24122412
Deviation of the foot [°]12121313
AverageStep length [mm]130.08112.16130.16110.83
Digit spread [mm]22.3311.6622.5812.16
Deviation of the foot [°]20.0018.3321.1620.33
Standard deviationStep length [mm]26.1315.2923.369.35
Digit spread [mm]1.491.151.621.94
Deviation of the foot [°]6.505.246.206.38
Table 2

The width of the steps (the distance between the hind paws) before the transection of the nerves and 4 weeks after reconstruction

No.Step width [mm]
Before transectionFollow-up after 4 weeks
15440
25565
33536
45255
53535
63925
74248
83651
95034
104560
114755
125060
Average45.0047.00
Standard deviation7.4412.69

The length of the steps was statistically shorter (p = 0.03) 4 weeks after the side-to-side anastomosis was performed, compared to the length before the nerve was cut. Digit spread was statistically smaller (curled-up foot; p < 0.01). However, there were no statistical differences in the deviation of the foot from the walking axis.

The length of steps 4 weeks after the end-to-end anastomosis was statistically shorter (p = 0.03) compared to the length of the step before the nerve was cut. Digit spread was statistically smaller (curled up foot; p = 0.01). There was no difference in the deviation of the foot from the walking axis.

The width of the steps (the distance between the hind paws) did not change 4 weeks after the nerve reconstruction.

Statistical analysis showed that the function of the sciatic nerve, expressed in the ability to walk, was statistically worse, regardless of the manner of the anastomosis. The comparison of walking imbalances 4 weeks after the nerve anastomosis did not reveal any statistically significant differences between side-to-side and end-to-end anastomosis in regards to the length of steps, digit spread, and foot deviation.

The measurements obtained in the electrophysiological examination of sciatic nerves are presented in Tables 3 and 4.

Table 3

Electrophysiological parameters upon stimulating the sciatic nerves shortly after the surgical anastomosis.

Lp.Stimulation responseDirectly after the nerve anastomosis
Left sciatic nerve, side-to-side anastomosisRight sciatic nerve, end-to-end anastomosis
The proximal part of the nerveThe distal part of the nerveThe proximal part of the nerveThe distal part of the nerve
1Voltage [mV]06.396.516.5
Time [ms]01.351.051.05
2Voltage [mV]06.486.576.58
Time [ms]01.451.21.2
3Voltage [mV]06.56.486.5
Time [ms]01.351.21.2
4Voltage [mV]06.4601.63
Time [ms]01.1501.3
5Voltage [mV]05.915.835.81
Time [ms]01.11.41
6Voltage [mV]06.586.486.58
Time [ms]01.21.81.1
7Voltage [mV]06.426.586.58
Time [ms]01.71.91.15
8Voltage [mV]00.725.935.9
Time [ms]01.41.051.1
9Voltage [mV]0.116.56.456.37
Time [ms]6.951.11.152.6
10Voltage [mV]03.66.526.52
Time [ms]01.951.151.2
11Voltage [mV]04.515.334.62
Time [ms]01.251.11.45
12Voltage [mV]04.36.33.52
Time [ms]01.351.051.05
AverageVoltage [mV]0.00925.36425.74835.5925
Time [ms]0.57911.36251.17081.2833
Standard deviationVoltage [mV]0.03171.79681.85051.5702
Time [ms]2.00630.25060.46730.4323
Table 4

The electrophysiological study parameters conducted after stimulating the sciatic nerves 4 weeks after the nerve anastomosis was performed

No.Stimulation responseFollow-up after 4 weeks
Left sciatic nerve, side-to-side anastomosisRight sciatic nerve, end-to-end anastomosis
The proximal part of the nerveThe distal part of the nerveThe proximal part of the nerveThe distal part of the nerve
1Voltage [mV]000.410.31
Time [ms]005.253.86
2Voltage [mV]000.170.19
Time [ms]005.654.75
3Voltage [mV]000.090.09
Time [ms]006.25.7
4Voltage [mV]000.110
Time [ms]0014.30
5Voltage [mV]0.110.0600
Time [ms]9.068.3500
6Voltage [mV]001.131.19
Time [ms]003.25.8
7Voltage [mV]000.320.26
Time [ms]007.67.75
8Voltage [mV]0000
Time [ms]0000
9Voltage [mV]00.030.50.4
Time [ms]06.1512.4512.15
10Voltage [mV]000.330.34
Time [ms]009.612.65
11Voltage [mV]0.200.080.13
Time [ms]1.8501.152.65
12Voltage [mV]000.050.04
Time [ms]003.23.2
AverageVoltage [mV]0.02580.00750.90911.2083
Time [ms]0.26580.24585.71664.6414
Standard deviationVoltage [mV]0.06330.01862.62132.8607
Time [ms]0.31850.32934.87584.2988

The values of potentials registered in newly made side-to-side anastomoses were statistically lower (p < 0.001) in comparison to a healthy nerve. Zero conduction time is understood as a complete absence of conduction in a side-to-side anastomosis.

Neither the values of the potentials registered passing through the newly created end-to-end anastomoses nor the conduction time showed differences in comparison to a healthy nerve. The result indicates that a correctly performed anastomosis of a freshly damaged nerve ensures proper conduction of the impulse to the muscle.

The potentials registered passing through newly created anastomoses were higher in the end-to-end anastomoses than that in the side-to-side anastomoses (p < 0.001). However, there were no statistical differences in conduction time. These results indicate that an end-to-end anastomosis (i.e., a technically correct nerve anastomosis) provides better conductivity.

An analysis of potentials registered on stimulating the distal part of the nerve 4 weeks after performing the anastomosis revealed that in end-to-end anastomoses, potentials were higher (p = 0.02). In contrast, the conduction time through end-to-end anastomoses was longer (p = 0.02). This means that the distal part of the nerve and the muscles beyond a side-to-side anastomosis did not regain function.

Moreover, there was a significant difference (p = 0.02) when comparing the potentials registered on stimulating the proximal part of the nerve in side-to-side and end-to-end anastomoses. The potentials registered in side-to-side anastomoses were higher. The conduction time in the end-to-end anastomosis was longer (p = 0.049), which means that side-to-side anastomoses did not conduct any impulses.

An analysis of a correlation between gait parameters and the results of electrophysiological studies did not reveal statistical differences, meaning that the function of both limbs was impaired, regardless of the anastomosis technique used.

The morphological analysis of nerve anastomoses at 400× magnification showed nerve fibers both of the proximal (arrow B) and distal sciatic nerve stumps (arrow A) with a thick layer of connective scar tissue in the middle (arrow C) in Figure 3a, which was confirmed to be blocking nerve conduction in electrophysiological examinations. Evaluation of an end-to-end anastomosis (Figure 3b) showed loose connective tissue (arrow C) and single nerve endings passing through the scar (arrow A1) between the proximal and distal ends of the sciatic nerve (arrows A and B), which corresponds with a positive response on stimulation in EMG.

Figure 3 Pathomorphological examples of a side-to-side (a) and an end-to-end (b) nerve anastomoses.
Figure 3

Pathomorphological examples of a side-to-side (a) and an end-to-end (b) nerve anastomoses.

4 Discussion

In side-to-side anastomoses, nerve stimulation on the proximal end of the anastomosis after 4 weeks did not show conduction in ten cases. These results seem to confirm that a faulty anastomosis, in which the bundles of the nerve endings are not in contact with each other, dramatically lowers the chance of nerve function return. In two cases, a follow-up EMG after 4 weeks showed nerve conduction. This phenomenon was described previously by other authors who described the ingrowth of nerve fibers in the end-to-side [2,4,5,6,7,8,9] or the side-to-side anastomosis [3,10]. In the aforementioned studies, a nerve sheath was cut at the site before the anastomosis was made to ensure direct contact of nerve fibers between the end and the side of the fused nerves. This maneuver was supposed to increase the likelihood of reinnervation after nerve reconstruction. In our study, the sides of the fused nerves still had their sheath on. It is possible that suturing created micro-openings in the sheath, enabling nerve fibers to grow in and eventually allowing nerve function return.

In nerves stimulated 4 weeks after an end-to-end anastomosis, nerve conduction was achieved in ten cases. Such results are consistent with the literature, confirming that good reinnervation depends on the correct anastomosis technique.

After 4 weeks, stimulation of the proximal and distal end of a side-to-side anastomosis showed muscle response in two cases. Based on this result, one could assume that a lack of muscle response could be either due to the lack of conduction in the anastomosis or degenerative changes in the denervated muscle. However, when analyzing the end-to-end nerve conduction results (in which muscular response was obtained after the proximal end stimulation), it seems that the primary reason for the lack of muscle response after side-to-side anastomoses is the lack of conductivity in these anastomoses. Muscle degeneration is secondary.

Interestingly, performing EMG on freshly anastomosed nerves demonstrated that the nerve sutured end-to-end conducted electric impulses in 12 cases, while the nerve sutured side-to-side only in one case. Conduction of impulses in a reconstructed nerve was ensured by the direct contact of nerve bundles. In end-to-end anastomoses, this result seems obvious. However, in side-to-side anastomoses, nerve bundles were not in contact. One case of conduction can probably be explained by direct contact of nerve fibers resulting from the micro-damage of the sheath caused by the suturing. Conduction through an end-to-end anastomosis also correlated with later nerve function. It seems, therefore, that intraoperative EMG examination can be used to confirm the correct approximation and alignment of nerve bundles in anastomoses. Literature describes the use of EMG for late evaluation of nerve regeneration [4,9,11,12,13,14].

In two subjects with an end-to-end anastomosis, a follow-up EMG proximal to the anastomosis after 4 weeks did not show nerve conduction. In one of these cases, nerve anastomosis separation was observed during the surgical reevaluation of the nerve. It could have been caused by the motor activity of the animal causing repetitive stress on the anastomosis. Similar complications are observed in clinical practice in patients who do not adhere to postoperative guidelines of rest and limb immobilization after surgery.

When interpreting the results of this experiment and similar functional disorders of both limbs regardless of the technique used for nerve anastomosis, it can be assumed that the amount of time required to restore the function of a damaged nerve leads to degenerative changes in muscles it innervates. Thus, regardless of a correctly performed nerve anastomosis, the excessive time needed for nerve regeneration causes changes in the muscles and leads to poor results. Electrophysiological examination showed better nerve function after an end-to-end anastomosis. However, the final functional outcome also depends on another component, that is, degenerative changes in the muscles. This is confirmed by clinical observations with significantly worse results of motor or mixed nerve reconstructions if done more than 1 year after the injury [15,16].

5 Conclusions

The results indicate that in acute nerve injuries intraoperative electromyography may be useful to obtain unbiased information on whether the nerve anastomosis has been performed correctly – for example, in limb replantation.

When assessing a nerve during a procedure, EMG should be first performed distally to the anastomosis (the part of the nerve leading to muscle fibers) and then proximally to the anastomosis (the proximal part of the nerve). Similar EMG results can be interpreted as a correct nerve anastomosis.

The function of the distal part of the nerve and of the muscle remains intact if the neuromuscular transmission is sustained.

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland. Funding source did not play a role in the investigation.

  1. Note: The research was carried out at The Animal House of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin. Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-12-17
Revised: 2020-04-02
Accepted: 2020-04-17
Published Online: 2020-06-13

© 2020 Norbert Czapla et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  79. Efficacy of pembrolizumab for advanced/metastatic melanoma: a meta-analysis
  80. Review Article
  81. The role of osteoprotegerin in the development, progression and management of abdominal aortic aneurysms
  82. Research Article
  83. Identification of key microRNAs of plasma extracellular vesicles and their diagnostic and prognostic significance in melanoma
  84. miR-30a-3p participates in the development of asthma by targeting CCR3
  85. microRNA-491-5p protects against atherosclerosis by targeting matrix metallopeptidase-9
  86. Bladder-embedded ectopic intrauterine device with calculus
  87. Case Report
  88. Mycobacterial identification on homogenised biopsy facilitates the early diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal tuberculosis
  89. Research Article
  90. The will of young minors in the terminal stage of sickness: A case report
  91. Extended perfusion protocol for MS lesion quantification
  92. Identification of four genes associated with cutaneous metastatic melanoma
  93. Case Report
  94. Thalidomide-induced serious RR interval prolongation (longest interval >5.0 s) in multiple myeloma patient with rectal cancer: A case report
  95. Research Article
  96. Voluntary exercise and cardiac remodeling in a myocardial infarction model
  97. Electromyography as an intraoperative test to assess the quality of nerve anastomosis – experimental study on rats
  98. Case Report
  99. CT findings of severe novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A case report of Heilongjiang Province, China
  100. Commentary
  101. Directed differentiation into insulin-producing cells using microRNA manipulation
  102. Research Article
  103. Culture-negative infective endocarditis (CNIE): impact on postoperative mortality
  104. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndrome
  105. Plasma microRNAs in human left ventricular reverse remodelling
  106. Bevacizumab for non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastasis: A meta-analysis
  107. Risk factors for cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
  108. Problems and solutions of personal protective equipment doffing in COVID-19
  109. Evaluation of COVID-19 based on ACE2 expression in normal and cancer patients
  110. Review Article
  111. Gastroenterological complications in kidney transplant patients
  112. Research Article
  113. CXCL13 concentration in latent syphilis patients with treatment failure
  114. A novel age-biomarker-clinical history prognostic index for heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
  115. Case Report
  116. Clinicopathological analysis of composite lymphoma: A two-case report and literature review
  117. Trastuzumab-induced thrombocytopenia after eight cycles of trastuzumab treatment
  118. Research Article
  119. Inhibition of vitamin D analog eldecalcitol on hepatoma in vitro and in vivo
  120. CCTs as new biomarkers for the prognosis of head and neck squamous cancer
  121. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on adipokine level of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats fed high-fat diet
  122. 72 hour Holter monitoring, 7 day Holter monitoring, and 30 day intermittent patient-activated heart rhythm recording in detecting arrhythmias in cryptogenic stroke patients free from arrhythmia in a screening 24 h Holter
  123. FOXK2 downregulation suppresses EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma
  124. Case Report
  125. Total parenteral nutrition-induced Wernicke’s encephalopathy after oncologic gastrointestinal surgery
  126. Research Article
  127. Clinical prediction for outcomes of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure associated with HBV infection: A new model establishment
  128. Case Report
  129. Combination of chest CT and clinical features for diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia
  130. Research Article
  131. Clinical significance and potential mechanisms of miR-223-3p and miR-204-5p in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck: a study based on TCGA and GEO
  132. Review Article
  133. Hemoperitoneum caused by spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver. A case report and systematic review
  134. Research Article
  135. Voltage-dependent anion channels mediated apoptosis in refractory epilepsy
  136. Prognostic factors in stage I gastric cancer: A retrospective analysis
  137. Circulating irisin is linked to bone mineral density in geriatric Chinese men
  138. Case Report
  139. A family study of congenital dysfibrinogenemia caused by a novel mutation in the FGA gene: A case report
  140. Research Article
  141. CBCT for estimation of the cemento-enamel junction and crestal bone of anterior teeth
  142. Case Report
  143. Successful de-escalation antibiotic therapy using cephamycins for sepsis caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia: A sequential 25-case series
  144. Research Article
  145. Influence factors of extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis
  146. Assessment of knowledge of use of electronic cigarette and its harmful effects among young adults
  147. Predictive factors of progression to severe COVID-19
  148. Procedural sedation and analgesia for percutaneous trans-hepatic biliary drainage: Randomized clinical trial for comparison of two different concepts
  149. Acute chemoradiotherapy toxicity in cervical cancer patients
  150. IGF-1 regulates the growth of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix deposition in pelvic organ prolapse
  151. NANOG regulates the proliferation of PCSCs via the TGF-β1/SMAD pathway
  152. An immune-relevant signature of nine genes as a prognostic biomarker in patients with gastric carcinoma
  153. Computer-aided diagnosis of skin cancer based on soft computing techniques
  154. MiR-1225-5p acts as tumor suppressor in glioblastoma via targeting FNDC3B
  155. miR-300/FA2H affects gastric cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis
  156. Hybrid treatment of fibroadipose vascular anomaly: A case report
  157. Surgical treatment for common hepatic aneurysm. Original one-step technique
  158. Neuropsychiatric symptoms, quality of life and caregivers’ burden in dementia
  159. Predictor of postoperative dyspnea for Pierre Robin Sequence infants
  160. Long non-coding RNA FOXD2-AS1 promotes cell proliferation, metastasis and EMT in glioma by sponging miR-506-5p
  161. Analysis of expression and prognosis of KLK7 in ovarian cancer
  162. Circular RNA circ_SETD2 represses breast cancer progression via modulating the miR-155-5p/SCUBE2 axis
  163. Glial cell induced neural differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells
  164. Case Report
  165. Moraxella lacunata infection accompanied by acute glomerulonephritis
  166. Research Article
  167. Diagnosis of complication in lung transplantation by TBLB + ROSE + mNGS
  168. Case Report
  169. Endometrial cancer in a renal transplant recipient: A case report
  170. Research Article
  171. Downregulation of lncRNA FGF12-AS2 suppresses the tumorigenesis of NSCLC via sponging miR-188-3p
  172. Case Report
  173. Splenic abscess caused by Streptococcus anginosus bacteremia secondary to urinary tract infection: a case report and literature review
  174. Research Article
  175. Advances in the role of miRNAs in the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma
  176. Rheumatoid arthritis increases the risk of pleural empyema
  177. Effect of miRNA-200b on the proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells by targeting RhoA
  178. LncRNA NEAT1 promotes gastric cancer progression via miR-1294/AKT1 axis
  179. Key pathways in prostate cancer with SPOP mutation identified by bioinformatic analysis
  180. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparins in thromboprophylaxis of major orthopaedic surgery – randomized, prospective pilot study
  181. Case Report
  182. A case of SLE with COVID-19 and multiple infections
  183. Research Article
  184. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0007121 regulates proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of trophoblast cells by miR-182-5p/PGF axis in preeclampsia
  185. SRPX2 boosts pancreatic cancer chemoresistance by activating PI3K/AKT axis
  186. Case Report
  187. A case report of cervical pregnancy after in vitro fertilization complicated by tuberculosis and a literature review
  188. Review Article
  189. Serrated lesions of the colon and rectum: Emergent epidemiological data and molecular pathways
  190. Research Article
  191. Biological properties and therapeutic effects of plant-derived nanovesicles
  192. Case Report
  193. Clinical characterization of chromosome 5q21.1–21.3 microduplication: A case report
  194. Research Article
  195. Serum calcium levels correlates with coronary artery disease outcomes
  196. Rapunzel syndrome with cholangitis and pancreatitis – A rare case report
  197. Review Article
  198. A review of current progress in triple-negative breast cancer therapy
  199. Case Report
  200. Peritoneal-cutaneous fistula successfully treated at home: A case report and literature review
  201. Research Article
  202. Trim24 prompts tumor progression via inducing EMT in renal cell carcinoma
  203. Degradation of connexin 50 protein causes waterclefts in human lens
  204. GABRD promotes progression and predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer
  205. The lncRNA UBE2R2-AS1 suppresses cervical cancer cell growth in vitro
  206. LncRNA FOXD3-AS1/miR-135a-5p function in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells
  207. MicroRNA-182-5p relieves murine allergic rhinitis via TLR4/NF-κB pathway
https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2020-0143
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Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Article
  2. MicroRNA-451b participates in coronary heart disease by targeting VEGFA
  3. Case Report
  4. A combination therapy for Kawasaki disease with severe complications: a case report
  5. Vitamin E for prevention of biofilm-caused Healthcare-associated infections
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  9. NEAT1 promotes LPS-induced inflammatory injury in macrophages by regulating miR-17-5p/TLR4
  10. Plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 as prognostic biomarkers in critically ill patients
  11. Effects of extracorporeal magnetic stimulation in fecal incontinence
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  13. Mixed germ cell tumor of the endometrium: a case report and literature review
  14. Bowel perforation after ventriculoperitoneal-shunt placement: case report and review of the literature
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  16. Prognostic value of lncRNA HOTAIR in colorectal cancer : a meta-analysis
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  18. Treatment of insulinomas by laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation: case reports and literature review
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  23. Diagnostic value of recombinant heparin-binding hemagglutinin adhesin protein in spinal tuberculosis
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  25. LINC00152 knock-down suppresses esophageal cancer by EGFR signaling pathway
  26. Case Report
  27. Life-threatening anaemia in patient with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome)
  28. Research Article
  29. QTc interval predicts disturbed circadian blood pressure variation
  30. Shoulder ultrasound in the diagnosis of the suprascapular neuropathy in athletes
  31. The number of negative lymph nodes is positively associated with survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients in China
  32. Differentiation of pontine infarction by size
  33. RAF1 expression is correlated with HAF, a parameter of liver computed tomographic perfusion, and may predict the early therapeutic response to sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients
  34. LncRNA ZEB1-AS1 regulates colorectal cancer cells by miR-205/YAP1 axis
  35. Tissue coagulation in laser hemorrhoidoplasty – an experimental study
  36. Classification of pathological types of lung cancer from CT images by deep residual neural networks with transfer learning strategy
  37. Enhanced Recovery after Surgery for Lung Cancer Patients
  38. Case Report
  39. Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated thrombotic microangiopathy in an immunosuppressed adult
  40. Research Article
  41. The characterization of Enterococcus genus: resistance mechanisms and inflammatory bowel disease
  42. Case Report
  43. Inflammatory fibroid polyp: an unusual cause of abdominal pain in the upper gastrointestinal tract A case report
  44. Research Article
  45. microRNA-204-5p participates in atherosclerosis via targeting MMP-9
  46. LncRNA LINC00152 promotes laryngeal cancer progression by sponging miR-613
  47. Can keratin scaffolds be used for creating three-dimensional cell cultures?
  48. miRNA-186 improves sepsis induced renal injury via PTEN/PI3K/AKT/P53 pathway
  49. Case Report
  50. Delayed bowel perforation after routine distal loopogram prior to ileostomy closure
  51. Research Article
  52. Diagnostic accuracy of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the direct identification of clinical pathogens from urine
  53. The R219K polymorphism of the ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1 gene and susceptibility to ischemic stroke in Chinese population
  54. miR-92 regulates the proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of glioma cells by targeting neogenin
  55. Clinicopathological features of programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
  56. NF2 inhibits proliferation and cancer stemness in breast cancer
  57. Body composition indices and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes. CV biomarkers are not related to body composition
  58. S100A6 promotes proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells via increased ubiquitin-dependent degradation of p53
  59. Review Article
  60. Focus on localized laryngeal amyloidosis: management of five cases
  61. Research Article
  62. NEAT1 aggravates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by sponging miR-22-3p
  63. Pericentric inversion in chromosome 1 and male infertility
  64. Increased atherogenic index in the general hearing loss population
  65. Prognostic role of SIRT6 in gastrointestinal cancers: a meta-analysis
  66. The complexity of molecular processes in osteoarthritis of the knee joint
  67. Interleukin-6 gene −572 G > C polymorphism and myocardial infarction risk
  68. Case Report
  69. Severe anaphylactic reaction to cisatracurium during anesthesia with cross-reactivity to atracurium
  70. Research Article
  71. Rehabilitation training improves nerve injuries by affecting Notch1 and SYN
  72. Case Report
  73. Myocardial amyloidosis following multiple myeloma in a 38-year-old female patient: A case report
  74. Research Article
  75. Identification of the hub genes RUNX2 and FN1 in gastric cancer
  76. miR-101-3p sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to irradiation
  77. Distinct functions and prognostic values of RORs in gastric cancer
  78. Clinical impact of post-mortem genetic testing in cardiac death and cardiomyopathy
  79. Efficacy of pembrolizumab for advanced/metastatic melanoma: a meta-analysis
  80. Review Article
  81. The role of osteoprotegerin in the development, progression and management of abdominal aortic aneurysms
  82. Research Article
  83. Identification of key microRNAs of plasma extracellular vesicles and their diagnostic and prognostic significance in melanoma
  84. miR-30a-3p participates in the development of asthma by targeting CCR3
  85. microRNA-491-5p protects against atherosclerosis by targeting matrix metallopeptidase-9
  86. Bladder-embedded ectopic intrauterine device with calculus
  87. Case Report
  88. Mycobacterial identification on homogenised biopsy facilitates the early diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal tuberculosis
  89. Research Article
  90. The will of young minors in the terminal stage of sickness: A case report
  91. Extended perfusion protocol for MS lesion quantification
  92. Identification of four genes associated with cutaneous metastatic melanoma
  93. Case Report
  94. Thalidomide-induced serious RR interval prolongation (longest interval >5.0 s) in multiple myeloma patient with rectal cancer: A case report
  95. Research Article
  96. Voluntary exercise and cardiac remodeling in a myocardial infarction model
  97. Electromyography as an intraoperative test to assess the quality of nerve anastomosis – experimental study on rats
  98. Case Report
  99. CT findings of severe novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A case report of Heilongjiang Province, China
  100. Commentary
  101. Directed differentiation into insulin-producing cells using microRNA manipulation
  102. Research Article
  103. Culture-negative infective endocarditis (CNIE): impact on postoperative mortality
  104. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndrome
  105. Plasma microRNAs in human left ventricular reverse remodelling
  106. Bevacizumab for non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastasis: A meta-analysis
  107. Risk factors for cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
  108. Problems and solutions of personal protective equipment doffing in COVID-19
  109. Evaluation of COVID-19 based on ACE2 expression in normal and cancer patients
  110. Review Article
  111. Gastroenterological complications in kidney transplant patients
  112. Research Article
  113. CXCL13 concentration in latent syphilis patients with treatment failure
  114. A novel age-biomarker-clinical history prognostic index for heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
  115. Case Report
  116. Clinicopathological analysis of composite lymphoma: A two-case report and literature review
  117. Trastuzumab-induced thrombocytopenia after eight cycles of trastuzumab treatment
  118. Research Article
  119. Inhibition of vitamin D analog eldecalcitol on hepatoma in vitro and in vivo
  120. CCTs as new biomarkers for the prognosis of head and neck squamous cancer
  121. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on adipokine level of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats fed high-fat diet
  122. 72 hour Holter monitoring, 7 day Holter monitoring, and 30 day intermittent patient-activated heart rhythm recording in detecting arrhythmias in cryptogenic stroke patients free from arrhythmia in a screening 24 h Holter
  123. FOXK2 downregulation suppresses EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma
  124. Case Report
  125. Total parenteral nutrition-induced Wernicke’s encephalopathy after oncologic gastrointestinal surgery
  126. Research Article
  127. Clinical prediction for outcomes of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure associated with HBV infection: A new model establishment
  128. Case Report
  129. Combination of chest CT and clinical features for diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia
  130. Research Article
  131. Clinical significance and potential mechanisms of miR-223-3p and miR-204-5p in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck: a study based on TCGA and GEO
  132. Review Article
  133. Hemoperitoneum caused by spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver. A case report and systematic review
  134. Research Article
  135. Voltage-dependent anion channels mediated apoptosis in refractory epilepsy
  136. Prognostic factors in stage I gastric cancer: A retrospective analysis
  137. Circulating irisin is linked to bone mineral density in geriatric Chinese men
  138. Case Report
  139. A family study of congenital dysfibrinogenemia caused by a novel mutation in the FGA gene: A case report
  140. Research Article
  141. CBCT for estimation of the cemento-enamel junction and crestal bone of anterior teeth
  142. Case Report
  143. Successful de-escalation antibiotic therapy using cephamycins for sepsis caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia: A sequential 25-case series
  144. Research Article
  145. Influence factors of extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis
  146. Assessment of knowledge of use of electronic cigarette and its harmful effects among young adults
  147. Predictive factors of progression to severe COVID-19
  148. Procedural sedation and analgesia for percutaneous trans-hepatic biliary drainage: Randomized clinical trial for comparison of two different concepts
  149. Acute chemoradiotherapy toxicity in cervical cancer patients
  150. IGF-1 regulates the growth of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix deposition in pelvic organ prolapse
  151. NANOG regulates the proliferation of PCSCs via the TGF-β1/SMAD pathway
  152. An immune-relevant signature of nine genes as a prognostic biomarker in patients with gastric carcinoma
  153. Computer-aided diagnosis of skin cancer based on soft computing techniques
  154. MiR-1225-5p acts as tumor suppressor in glioblastoma via targeting FNDC3B
  155. miR-300/FA2H affects gastric cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis
  156. Hybrid treatment of fibroadipose vascular anomaly: A case report
  157. Surgical treatment for common hepatic aneurysm. Original one-step technique
  158. Neuropsychiatric symptoms, quality of life and caregivers’ burden in dementia
  159. Predictor of postoperative dyspnea for Pierre Robin Sequence infants
  160. Long non-coding RNA FOXD2-AS1 promotes cell proliferation, metastasis and EMT in glioma by sponging miR-506-5p
  161. Analysis of expression and prognosis of KLK7 in ovarian cancer
  162. Circular RNA circ_SETD2 represses breast cancer progression via modulating the miR-155-5p/SCUBE2 axis
  163. Glial cell induced neural differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells
  164. Case Report
  165. Moraxella lacunata infection accompanied by acute glomerulonephritis
  166. Research Article
  167. Diagnosis of complication in lung transplantation by TBLB + ROSE + mNGS
  168. Case Report
  169. Endometrial cancer in a renal transplant recipient: A case report
  170. Research Article
  171. Downregulation of lncRNA FGF12-AS2 suppresses the tumorigenesis of NSCLC via sponging miR-188-3p
  172. Case Report
  173. Splenic abscess caused by Streptococcus anginosus bacteremia secondary to urinary tract infection: a case report and literature review
  174. Research Article
  175. Advances in the role of miRNAs in the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma
  176. Rheumatoid arthritis increases the risk of pleural empyema
  177. Effect of miRNA-200b on the proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells by targeting RhoA
  178. LncRNA NEAT1 promotes gastric cancer progression via miR-1294/AKT1 axis
  179. Key pathways in prostate cancer with SPOP mutation identified by bioinformatic analysis
  180. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparins in thromboprophylaxis of major orthopaedic surgery – randomized, prospective pilot study
  181. Case Report
  182. A case of SLE with COVID-19 and multiple infections
  183. Research Article
  184. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0007121 regulates proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of trophoblast cells by miR-182-5p/PGF axis in preeclampsia
  185. SRPX2 boosts pancreatic cancer chemoresistance by activating PI3K/AKT axis
  186. Case Report
  187. A case report of cervical pregnancy after in vitro fertilization complicated by tuberculosis and a literature review
  188. Review Article
  189. Serrated lesions of the colon and rectum: Emergent epidemiological data and molecular pathways
  190. Research Article
  191. Biological properties and therapeutic effects of plant-derived nanovesicles
  192. Case Report
  193. Clinical characterization of chromosome 5q21.1–21.3 microduplication: A case report
  194. Research Article
  195. Serum calcium levels correlates with coronary artery disease outcomes
  196. Rapunzel syndrome with cholangitis and pancreatitis – A rare case report
  197. Review Article
  198. A review of current progress in triple-negative breast cancer therapy
  199. Case Report
  200. Peritoneal-cutaneous fistula successfully treated at home: A case report and literature review
  201. Research Article
  202. Trim24 prompts tumor progression via inducing EMT in renal cell carcinoma
  203. Degradation of connexin 50 protein causes waterclefts in human lens
  204. GABRD promotes progression and predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer
  205. The lncRNA UBE2R2-AS1 suppresses cervical cancer cell growth in vitro
  206. LncRNA FOXD3-AS1/miR-135a-5p function in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells
  207. MicroRNA-182-5p relieves murine allergic rhinitis via TLR4/NF-κB pathway
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