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A facile and universal method to purify silica from natural sand

  • Jiahui Li , Yangfeng Wang , Xuehua He , Qing Sun , Meichai Xiong , Zichong Chen , Chengfu Zeng , Xiaohua Zheng and Chu Liang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 20, 2022
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

The major constituents of sand are silica and silicates. The facile and low-cost purification technology of silica from natural sand is of magnificent importance to the industrial applications of silicon-based materials. Herein, we report a green, low-cost, and universal method to purify silica from natural sand. Sand from deserts, rivers, and seas is selected as the representative of natural sand. The initial purity of silica is 52.1 wt% for desert sand, 39.3 wt% for river sand, and 35.8 wt% for sea sand. High-purity silica has been successfully separated and purified from natural sand via ball milling, reacting with 30 bar CO2 and hydrochloric acid. The purity of silica derived from natural sand reaches >96 wt%. In this work, the mechanism for the purification of silica from natural sand is discussed. This study provides a new method to separate high-purity silica from natural sand without the generation of toxic and harmful substances.

Keywords: silica; natural sand; purification; metal silicate; CO2

1 Introduction

Silica has been widely used in both industrial products and personal consumption because of its stability and excellent physical and chemical properties. Most of the silica is commercially used as the structural material in the architecture industry [1]. Silica is also used as a raw material to prepare glass, silicon, ceramics, optical fibers, and a common additive in food and cosmetics production [2,3,4,5,6]. In addition, silica has broad application prospects in environmental remediation [7], energy conversion and storage [8,9,10], high-performance catalysts [11,12,13,14], pharmaceutical [15,16,17], and biological technology [18,19,20] due to its morphology and microstructure diversity. Silica has played an increasingly important role in advanced materials fields due to its low cost, good environmental compatibility, and unique physical and chemical properties. With the progress of advanced preparation technology and the extension of application fields, the market demand for silica, especially for high-purity silica, will rapidly increase in the near future.

Typically, silica can be separated from natural resources or prepared from silicon precursors. Direct mining of high-purity quartz ore is the simplest method to obtain high-purity silica. But the high-purity quartz ore is a rare natural resource in the world. Therefore, recycling and reusing waste and natural materials is a feasible strategy [21,22,23]. Quartz minerals with impurities such as quartz ore and seabed sedimentary sand can also be used to produce high-purity silica. Acid–base leaching and high-temperature molten salt calcination are the required processes to remove impurities from quartz ore in industry. High-purity silica is finally prepared by the precipitation method through enriched silicate. However, this method is energy-consuming, of high cost, and has poor environmental compatibility. Alternatively, high-purity silica can be obtained synthetically. Many chemical routes have been explored to prepare high-purity silica from various organic and inorganic compounds containing the silicon element, including tetraethyl orthosilicate, hexamethyldisiloxane, Na2Si3O7, Si, SiH4, SiCl4, etc. [24–32]. Silica was successfully prepared from tetraethyl orthosilicate via three methods: heating at 680–730°C [28], chemical vapor deposition [33], and hydrolysis reactions [29,34]. Among them, the hydrolysis reaction is the most commonly used method for synthesizing silica with various morphologies. The hydrolysis reaction can be described by the following equation [29]:

(1) Si ( OC 2 H 5 ) 4 + 2 H 2 O → SiO 2 + 4 CH 3 CH 2 OH

in which the morphology of silica is strongly dependent on the synthesis conditions. The synthesis of silica derived from tetraethyl orthosilicate and hexamethyldisiloxane is of high cost and environmentally incompatible. Moreover, conversion of Si, SiH4, or SiCl4 into silica is a chemical route with little practical value owing to their high cost.

It is well known that silica is the major constituent of natural sand. Therefore, natural sand is considered the most abundant and low-cost natural resource for obtaining silica. In this work, we develop a green, low-cost, and universal method to purify silica from natural sand with silica content lower than 55 wt%. The purification procedures include ball milling, reacting with CO2 and hydrochloric acid, and washing with deionized water. High-purity silica with a purity of >96 wt% is successfully separated from desert sand, river sand, and sea sand from different regions. The purification mechanism of silica from natural sand is revealed in this work as well.

2 Materials and methods

CO2 (99.995%, Jingong) and hydrochloric acid (HCl, AR, Sinopharm) were used as-received. The sand used in this work was obtained from nature, namely desert sand (KuBuJi Desert, China), river sand (Tingpang River, China), and sea sand (Jiantiao Seaport, China). Before use, the sand was washed with deionized water and then dried at 80°C for 24 h under vacuum to remove soluble impurities.

To reduce particle size and remove the impurities of the raw sand, it was milled at 500 rpm for 36 h. After ball milling, the sand was then subjected to a purification process. Three methods were employed to purify the post-milled sand. In the first method, HCl hydrothermal treatment was used to remove impurities. The post-milled sand and 3 M HCl were added to the Teflon-lined autoclave for 24 h at 180°C. After the hydrothermal treatment, the obtained solid product was washed with deionized water several times to obtain pure silica. In the second method, CO2 hydrothermal treatment and HCl washing were used to remove impurities. The sand and deionized water were added to the Teflon-lined autoclave filled with 30 bar CO2 for 24 h at 180°C with a mass ratio of 1:2. After hydrothermal treatment, the obtained solid product was further soaked in 3 M HCl for 6 h at 25°C, and then washed with deionized water several times to obtain pure silica. In the third method, CO2 and HCl hydrothermal treatment were used to remove impurities. The sand and deionized water were added to the Teflon-lined autoclave filled with 30 bar CO2 for 24 h at 180°C with a mass ratio of 1:2. Subsequently, the solid product was further hydrothermally treated with 3 M HCl for 24 h at 180°C. After hydrothermal treatment, the obtained solid product was washed with deionized water several times to obtain pure silica. In order to demonstrate a facile and universal method to purify silica from three natural sand samples, the purification condition parameters, including CO2 pressure, reaction temperature, and reaction time applied in this work, are set higher or longer than the best conditions. Meanwhile, the best purification conditions are also different for desert sand, river sand, and sea sand because of their different compositions and phases.

The XRD patterns of sand were measured using a PANalytical X’Pert PRO X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15418 nm). The microstructure and elemental content of sand and other samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, HITACHI Regulus 8100) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, Oxford X-Max 80 SSD).

3 Results and discussion

Figure 1 shows the pictures of raw materials of desert sand, river sand, and sea sand. It can be clearly observed that the particle sizes of all three kinds of natural sand are very large, and their distribution is uneven, which is not conducive to the following purification. Before purification experiments, therefore, all raw sand is pretreated by high-energy ball milling. After ball milling, the average particle sizes of all the three kinds of sand are found to decrease from several millimeters for the raw sand samples (Figure 1) to submicron for the post-milled sand samples, and their distribution is relatively more even (Figure 2). As shown in Figure 3, the major XRD peaks centered at 20.8° and 26.6° are seen in the XRD patterns of the post-milled sand samples, which can be attributed to the characteristic peaks of SiO2 (PDF#85-0798), implying that all the sand samples consist mainly of silica. Moreover, many weak diffraction peaks can be seen in the 2θ range of 20‒35°, most of which can be attributed to metal silicates (such as Mg2(Si2O6), Ca2Mg(Si2O7), and Ca(Al2Si2O8)). It should be noted that the XRD peaks of metal carbonates are not observed in the XRD patterns of three sand samples, which may have resulted from their low degree of crystallization in the sand samples. In this work, the first step is to convert silicate anions of metal silicates into silica via designing chemical reactions; the second step is to obtain high-purity silica by removing the impurities in sand samples.

Figure 1 Pictures of the raw sand and post-milled sand samples: (a) desert sand, (b) river sand, and (c) sea sand. The left side is the raw sand and the right side is the post-milled sand.
Figure 1

Pictures of the raw sand and post-milled sand samples: (a) desert sand, (b) river sand, and (c) sea sand. The left side is the raw sand and the right side is the post-milled sand.

Figure 2 SEM images of post-milled sand samples: (a) desert sand, (b) river sand, and (c) sea sand.
Figure 2

SEM images of post-milled sand samples: (a) desert sand, (b) river sand, and (c) sea sand.

Figure 3 X-ray diffraction analysis of the three kinds of sand after 8 h of high-energy mechanical ball milling.
Figure 3

X-ray diffraction analysis of the three kinds of sand after 8 h of high-energy mechanical ball milling.

Three post-milled sand samples were collected for composition analysis. The EDS results of desert sand, river sand, and sea sand are listed in Table 1. Obviously, C, O, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, and Fe elements are detected in the aforementioned three sand samples. However, the proportion of each element is different for desert sand, river sand, and sea sand, which is also one of the reasons for the different peak intensities of impurity in XRD patterns. From the combined EDS results with XRD results (Figure 3), it can be seen that Si and C elements are bonded with the other elements in the form of silica, metal silicates, and metal carbonates. Silica is still the main component of the desert sand, the river sand, and the sea sand, which is in good agreement with the XRD results. The atom ratio of oxygen to silicon is 3.2 for desert sand, 3.9 for river sand, and 4.7 for sea sand, respectively, indicating the presence of metal silicates and metal carbonates in the sand samples. According to the content of silicon element in the sand and the chemical formula of silica (SiO2), the mass fraction of silica is calculated to be 52.1 wt% for desert sand, 39.3 wt% for river sand, and 35.8 wt% for sea sand. The post-milled sand samples are regarded as pristine samples to further design and perform purification experiments.

Table 1

EDS results of the three post-milled sand samples

Element Desert sand River sand Sea sand
wt% at% wt% at% wt% at%
C 26.4 36.7 34.6 46.2 12.8 20.2
O 44.8 46.7 40.2 40.3 44.7 53.1
Mg 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.5
Al 1.5 0.9 2.3 1.4 14.6 10.3
Si 24.3 14.4 18.3 10.4 16.7 11.3
K 0.6 0.3 1.5 0.6 6.3 3.1
Ca 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5
Fe 1.2 0.4 1.9 0.5 3.3 1.0

For the post-milled sand samples, the desert sand and the sea sand have the highest and lowest content of silica, respectively. Table 1 shows that C, Mg, Al, K, Ca, and Fe are the main impurity elements for the three sand samples. The river sand has the highest carbon content of 34.6 wt% and the sea sand has the lowest carbon content of 12.8 wt%, supporting the presence of metal carbonates in the sand samples. Hydrochloric acid was firstly designed to remove the impurity in the sand samples. After reacting sand samples with hydrochloric acid at 180°C (Experiment 1), the content of silica in all sand samples remarkably increases because of the reduction of impurity elements (Table 2). The silica content of the river sand reaches 97.1 wt%, which is the highest purity among the three sand samples. In contrast, the mass fraction of silica only increases from 52.1 wt for the post-milled desert sand to 78.2% for the desert sand reacted with hydrochloric acid, which is the lowest increase among the three sand samples. The largest increase in silica content is 57.8 wt% for the river sand sample in which this increase in silica content is very close to 54.2 wt% for the post-milled sea sand sample. Moreover, the atom ratio of oxygen to silicon is found to be significantly decreased for the three sand samples after hydrochloric acid treatment (Table 3). The value is 2.8 for the desert sand, 2.0 for the river sand, and 2.2 for the sea sand, implying that most of the metal silicates and metal carbonates are removed from the river sand and sea sand. As a result, it can be concluded that most impurities in the river sand and sea sand samples are removed by reacting with hydrochloric acid. It should be noted that a small amount of impurity is needed further to separate from the sand sample by developing a new purification technology for sand. Even though the river sand has the highest silica content of 97.1 wt% among the three sand samples, it still contains 3.3 wt% metal impurities. Compared with the carbon content and atom ratio of oxygen to silicon (Table 1), it can be known that the metal silicates and metal carbonates in desert sand are more than those in river sand and sea sand. For the desert sand sample, the metal silicates on the particle surface are easy to react with hydrochloric acid to convert into metal chloride and silica. In contrast, the metal silicates in the inner particles are difficult to react with hydrochloric acid because of the sluggish kinetics. Therefore, the silica content of the desert sand in Experiment 1 is much lower than that of the other two sands.

Table 2

Mass fraction of silica in three kinds of post-milled sand treated by different methods

Desert sand (wt%) River sand (wt%) Sea sand (wt%)
Post-milled 52.1 39.3 35.8
Experiment 1 (HCl@180°C) 78.2 97.1 90.0
Experiment 2 (CO2@180°C) 44.7 37.7 29.3
(CO2@180°C–HCl@25°C) 87.6 76.6 79.8
Experiment 3 (CO2@180°C–HCl@180°C) 98.4 98.3 96.8
Table 3

Energy-dispersive spectrometer analysis of the three kinds of sand in Experiment 1

Element Desert sand River sand Sea sand
wt% at% wt% at% wt% at%
O 58.3 71.1 51.4 65.0 52.2 65.9
Mg 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Al 3.8 2.8 2.8 2.1 3.7 2.7
Si 36.5 25.4 45.3 32.7 42.0 30.3
K 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.2 2.2 1.1

In order to increase the reaction rate of the impurity in sand with the acid, the hydrochloric acid was replaced by 30 bar CO2 and water in Experiment 2 (CO2@180°C) because the conversion of metal silicates into silica can be accelerated by introducing high-pressure CO2. The EDS results are listed in Table 2. After reacting pristine sand samples with 30 bar CO2 and water at 180°C in Experiment 2 (CO2@180°C), the mass fraction of silica in the sand samples is 44.7 wt% for the desert sand, 37.7 wt% for the river sand, and 29.3 wt% for the sea sand. For the desert sand sample, the purity of silica of 44.7 wt% from the reaction with 30 bar CO2 and water is much lower than that (78.2 wt%) from the reaction with hydrochloric acid, and that (52.1 wt%) for the post-milled sample. The purity of silica in river sand and sea sand samples is much lower than that of the sand samples reacted with hydrochloric acid but is close to that of the pristine sand samples. These phenomena resulted from the chemical reaction of metal silicates with CO2. In order to confirm the conversion reaction of metal silicates into silica by reacting with CO2, a CaSiO3−CaCO3−SiO2 composite was selected to react with 30 bar CO2 and water at 180°C. Figure 4 shows the XRD patterns of the CaSiO3−CaCO3−SiO2 composite, and the products of the composite reacted with CO2. The intensity of XRD peaks of CaCO3 and SiO2 is obviously increased after the CaSiO3−CaCO3−SiO2 composite reacted with CO2. Meanwhile, the XRD peaks of CaSiO3 are weakened. These results demonstrate the conversion of CaSiO3 into CaCO3 and SiO2 by reacting with CO2. The chemical reaction can be described by the following equation:

(2) CaSiO 3 + CO 2 → CaCO 3 + SiO 2

Figure 4 XRD patterns of the CaSiO3–CaCO3–SiO2 composite and the products of the composite reacted with CO2.
Figure 4

XRD patterns of the CaSiO3–CaCO3–SiO2 composite and the products of the composite reacted with CO2.

Based on Eq. 2, it can be seen that the gaseous CO2 is converted into solid metal carbonates during the reaction with metal silicates. The very low solubility of CaCO3 and SiO2 in water is responsible for the increase in the mass of the solid product, resulting in the reduction of silica content of the sand samples that reacted with CO2. To further remove CaCO3 from the hydrothermal product, the solid product was soaked and washed with HCl. After purification, the content of SiO2 in the desert sand is increased to 87.6 wt% (Experiment 2: CO2@180°C-HCl@25°C), which is higher than that of purification by HCl hydrothermal treatment (Experiment 1), suggesting the efficient conversion from CaSiO3 and CO2 to CaCO3 and SiO2 (Table 2).

For the river sand, the purity of SiO2 is 76.6 wt% in Experiment 2 (CO2@180°C–HCl@25°C), which is lower than that (97.1 wt%) after the HCl treatment in Experiment 1. Similar to the river sand, the SiO2 content of the sea sand is 79.8 wt% in Experiment 2 (CO2@180°C−HCl@25°C), which is lower than that (90%) after the HCl treatment in Experiment 1. This result can be attributed to the incomplete conversion of CaSiO3 to CaCO3 by CO2 hydrothermal treatment, but it is difficult for HCl to convert residue metal silicates at room temperature. Combined with Table 1, it can be seen that the impurities in the three sands are quite different. For the river sand, the carbon content is the highest among the three sands, representing a high content of carbonate impurities, which can be attributed to the reaction of H2O and CO2 in the natural river to promote carbonate deposition in the sand. Unlike freshwater river sand, sea sand is usually soaked and washed by seawater with a high concentration of metal ions, which promotes the deposition of impurity metal ions on its surface and inside, resulting in high metal salt impurities. Therefore, the introduction of high-pressure CO2 can effectively realize the conversion of metal salts to metal carbonates, especially the conversion of CaSiO3 to CaCO3. After the impurities are converted into carbonate, it will be more conducive to the reaction and removal of HCl in the later stage.

To further improve the purity of SiO2, the Experiment 3 treatment system was used to remove impurities from the sand samples. As shown in Figure 5, only the SiO2 crystalline phase was identified in the treated product, signifying its high purity. EDS was employed to detect the content of specific elements in the product. As listed in Tables 3 and 4, the atomic number ratios of O to Si are close to 2.0, and the corresponding contents of SiO2 are 98.4, 98.3, and 96.8%, respectively, for desert sand, river sand, and sea sand. It should be noted that the sand treated by Experiment 3 has higher SiO2 content compared with those treated by Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 (CO2@180°C–HCl@25°C), and the content of other metal impurities decreased below 3.2 wt%. Based on the above results, we can confirm that the introduction of CO2 can effectively convert difficult-to-remove metal salt impurities into easily removable metal carbonates. Benefiting from the transformation of metal salt species, impurities in the sand samples are more easily removed to obtain high-purity SiO2. The roles of hydrochloric acid and CO2 are different in the purification of silica from natural sand. High-pressure CO2 is used to convert difficult-to-remove metal salt impurities into easily removable metal carbonates and silica. Hydrochloric acid is mainly used to react with metal carbonates to convert them into water-soluble chlorides. The metal silicates on the particle surfaces can also react with hydrochloric acid to convert into silica and water-soluble chlorides. Compared with the conventional method, this work provides a green, low-carbon, and energy-saving method.

Figure 5 X-ray diffraction analysis of the three kinds of sand in the third experiment.
Figure 5

X-ray diffraction analysis of the three kinds of sand in the third experiment.

Table 4

Energy-dispersive spectrometer analysis of the three kinds of sand in Experiment 3

Element Desert sand River sand Sea sand
wt% at% wt% at% wt% at%
O 52.6 65.9 53.6 67.0 50.7 64.3
Al 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.1 2.7 2.0
Si 45.8 32.9 44.6 31.8 46.1 33.4
K 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.3

4 Conclusions

In summary, a facile and universal method to obtain high-purity SiO2 is developed in this work by introducing high-pressure CO2 to realize the conversion of difficult-to-remove metal salt impurities into easily removable metal carbonates. Furthermore, HCl hydrothermal and cleaning treatments resulted in a final SiO2 purity of over 96.8%. This method not only solves the dilemma that the sand purification method is limited by the region, but also improves the purification efficiency of SiO2, which makes the obtained SiO2 powder more conducive to the subsequent industrial production and utilization. This study provides a new strategy for the acquisition and utilization of high-purity SiO2, which will facilitate the transformation of sand in nature to industrialized high-purity SiO2.

  1. Funding information: This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (52072342), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LY19E010007), and Scientific Research Foundation of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department (Y202147532).

  2. Author contributions: Jiahui Li: investigation, writing – original draft; Yangfeng Wang: investigation, methodology; Xuehua He: investigation, visualization; Qing Sun: formal analysis; Meichai Xiong: investigation; Zichong Chen: data curation, resources; Chengfu Zeng: validation; Xiaohua Zheng: formal analysis; Chu Liang: conceptualization, writing – review and editing, supervision.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The data generated and analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on request.

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Received: 2022-05-16
Revised: 2022-08-06
Accepted: 2022-08-22
Published Online: 2022-09-20

© 2022 Jiahui Li et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Kinetic study on the reaction between Incoloy 825 alloy and low-fluoride slag for electroslag remelting
  3. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) fruit-based gold nanoparticles (BP-AuNPs): Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications – A green approach
  4. Protective role of foliar application of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles against wheat stripe rust disease caused by Puccinia striiformis
  5. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and microcystin production
  6. Efficient degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue in aqueous solution using a novel Fenton-like catalyst of CuCo-ZIFs
  7. Synthesis of biological base oils by a green process
  8. Efficient pilot-scale synthesis of the key cefonicid intermediate at room temperature
  9. Synthesis and characterization of noble metal/metal oxide nanoparticles and their potential antidiabetic effect on biochemical parameters and wound healing
  10. Regioselectivity in the reaction of 5-amino-3-anilino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile with cinnamonitriles and enaminones: Synthesis of functionally substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives
  11. A numerical study on the in-nozzle cavitating flow and near-field atomization of cylindrical, V-type, and Y-type intersecting hole nozzles using the LES-VOF method
  12. Synthesis and characterization of Ce-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their enhanced anticancer activity in Y79 retinoblastoma cancer cells
  13. Aspects of the physiochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent S-protein receptor binding using Arabic gum
  14. Sonochemical synthesis of protein microcapsules loaded with traditional Chinese herb extracts
  15. MW-assisted hydrolysis of phosphinates in the presence of PTSA as the catalyst, and as a MW absorber
  16. Fabrication of silicotungstic acid immobilized on Ce-based MOF and embedded in Zr-based MOF matrix for green fatty acid esterification
  17. Superior photocatalytic degradation performance for gaseous toluene by 3D g-C3N4-reduced graphene oxide gels
  18. Catalytic performance of Na/Ca-based fluxes for coal char gasification
  19. Slow pyrolysis of waste navel orange peels with metal oxide catalysts to produce high-grade bio-oil
  20. Development and butyrylcholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibition potential of PVA-Berberis lycium nanofibers
  21. Influence of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using red alga Corallina elongata on broiler chicks’ performance
  22. Green synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles using Nigella sativa seed extract
  23. Vitamin supplements enhance Spirulina platensis biomass and phytochemical contents
  24. Malachite green dye removal using ceramsite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in a fixed-bed reactor
  25. Green synthesis of manganese-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the effective removal of Pb(ii) from aqueous solutions
  26. Desalination technology for energy-efficient and low-cost water production: A bibliometric analysis
  27. Biological fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Nepeta cataria potentially produces apoptosis through inhibition of proliferative markers in ovarian cancer
  28. Effect of stabilizers on Mn ZnSe quantum dots synthesized by using green method
  29. Calcium oxide addition and ultrasonic pretreatment-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of granatum for adsorption of lead
  30. Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoflakes synthesized using biogenic silica from Salacca zalacca leaf ash and the mechanistic insight into adsorption and photocatalytic wet peroxidation of dye
  31. Facile route of synthesis of silver nanoparticles templated bacterial cellulose, characterization, and its antibacterial application
  32. Synergistic in vitro anticancer actions of decorated selenium nanoparticles with fucoidan/Reishi extract against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells
  33. Preparation of the micro-size flake silver powders by using a micro-jet reactor
  34. Effect of direct coal liquefaction residue on the properties of fine blue-coke-based activated coke
  35. Integration of microwave co-torrefaction with helical lift for pellet fuel production
  36. Cytotoxicity of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles by Adansonia digitata fruit extract against HTC116 and SW480 human colon cancer cell lines
  37. Optimization of biochar preparation process and carbon sequestration effect of pruned wolfberry branches
  38. Anticancer potential of biogenic silver nanoparticles using the stem extract of Commiphora gileadensis against human colon cancer cells
  39. Fabrication and characterization of lysine hydrochloride Cu(ii) complexes and their potential for bombing bacterial resistance
  40. First report of biocellulose production by an indigenous yeast, Pichia kudriavzevii USM-YBP2
  41. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles prepared using seeds of Sisymbrium irio and evaluation of their antifungal and cytotoxic activities
  42. Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalysis of a rare-earth cerium/silver/zinc oxide inorganic nanocomposite
  43. Developing a plastic cycle toward circular economy practice
  44. Fabrication of CsPb1−xMnxBr3−2xCl2x (x = 0–0.5) quantum dots for near UV photodetector application
  45. Anti-colon cancer activities of green-synthesized Moringa oleifera–AgNPs against human colon cancer cells
  46. Phosphorus removal from aqueous solution by adsorption using wetland-based biochar: Batch experiment
  47. A low-cost and eco-friendly fabrication of an MCDI-utilized PVA/SSA/GA cation exchange membrane
  48. Synthesis, microstructure, and phase transition characteristics of Gd/Nd-doped nano VO2 powders
  49. Biomediated synthesis of ZnO quantum dots decorated attapulgite nanocomposites for improved antibacterial properties
  50. Preparation of metal–organic frameworks by microwave-assisted ball milling for the removal of CR from wastewater
  51. A green approach in the biological base oil process
  52. A cost-effective and eco-friendly biosorption technology for complete removal of nickel ions from an aqueous solution: Optimization of process variables
  53. Protective role of Spirulina platensis liquid extract against salinity stress effects on Triticum aestivum L.
  54. Comprehensive physical and chemical characterization highlights the uniqueness of enzymatic gelatin in terms of surface properties
  55. Effectiveness of different accelerated green synthesis methods in zinc oxide nanoparticles using red pepper extract: Synthesis and characterization
  56. Blueprinting morpho-anatomical episodes via green silver nanoparticles foliation
  57. A numerical study on the effects of bowl and nozzle geometry on performances of an engine fueled with diesel or bio-diesel fuels
  58. Liquid-phase hydrogenation of carbon tetrachloride catalyzed by three-dimensional graphene-supported palladium catalyst
  59. The catalytic performance of acid-modified Hβ molecular sieves for environmentally friendly acylation of 2-methylnaphthalene
  60. A study of the precipitation of cerium oxide synthesized from rare earth sources used as the catalyst for biodiesel production
  61. Larvicidal potential of Cipadessa baccifera leaf extract-synthesized zinc nanoparticles against three major mosquito vectors
  62. Fabrication of green nanoinsecticides from agri-waste of corn silk and its larvicidal and antibiofilm properties
  63. Palladium-mediated base-free and solvent-free synthesis of aromatic azo compounds from anilines catalyzed by copper acetate
  64. Study on the functionalization of activated carbon and the effect of binder toward capacitive deionization application
  65. Co-chlorination of low-density polyethylene in paraffin: An intensified green process alternative to conventional solvent-based chlorination
  66. Antioxidant and photocatalytic properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles phyto-fabricated using the aqueous leaf extract of Sida acuta
  67. Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials by using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent
  68. Synthesis of insoluble sulfur and development of green technology based on Aspen Plus simulation
  69. Photodegradation of methyl orange under solar irradiation on Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using wild olive leaf extract
  70. A facile and universal method to purify silica from natural sand
  71. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Atalantia monophylla: A potential eco-friendly agent for controlling blood-sucking vectors
  72. Endophytic bacterial strain, Brevibacillus brevis-mediated green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles, characterization, antifungal, in vitro cytotoxicity, and larvicidal activity
  73. Off-gas detection and treatment for green air-plasma process
  74. Ultrasonic-assisted food grade nanoemulsion preparation from clove bud essential oil and evaluation of its antioxidant and antibacterial activity
  75. Construction of mercury ion fluorescence system in water samples and art materials and fluorescence detection method for rhodamine B derivatives
  76. Hydroxyapatite/TPU/PLA nanocomposites: Morphological, dynamic-mechanical, and thermal study
  77. Potential of anaerobic co-digestion of acidic fruit processing waste and waste-activated sludge for biogas production
  78. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO–TiO2–chitosan–escin metallic nanocomposites: Evaluation of their antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  79. Nitrogen removal characteristics of wet–dry alternative constructed wetlands
  80. Structural properties and reactivity variations of wheat straw char catalysts in volatile reforming
  81. Microfluidic plasma: Novel process intensification strategy
  82. Antibacterial and photocatalytic activity of visible-light-induced synthesized gold nanoparticles by using Lantana camara flower extract
  83. Antimicrobial edible materials via nano-modifications for food safety applications
  84. Biosynthesis of nano-curcumin/nano-selenium composite and their potentialities as bactericides against fish-borne pathogens
  85. Exploring the effect of silver nanoparticles on gene expression in colon cancer cell line HCT116
  86. Chemical synthesis, characterization, and dose optimization of chitosan-based nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl for management of Phalaris minor (little seed canary grass): First report
  87. Double [3 + 2] cycloadditions for diastereoselective synthesis of spirooxindole pyrrolizidines
  88. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activities
  89. Review Articles
  90. A comprehensive review on green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their diverse biomedical applications
  91. Applications of polyaniline-impregnated silica gel-based nanocomposites in wastewater treatment as an efficient adsorbent of some important organic dyes
  92. Green synthesis of nano-propolis and nanoparticles (Se and Ag) from ethanolic extract of propolis, their biochemical characterization: A review
  93. Advances in novel activation methods to perform green organic synthesis using recyclable heteropolyacid catalysis
  94. Limitations of nanomaterials insights in green chemistry sustainable route: Review on novel applications
  95. Special Issue: Use of magnetic resonance in profiling bioactive metabolites and its applications (Guest Editors: Plalanoivel Velmurugan et al.)
  96. Stomach-affecting intestinal parasites as a precursor model of Pheretima posthuma treated with anthelmintic drug from Dodonaea viscosa Linn.
  97. Anti-asthmatic activity of Saudi herbal composites from plants Bacopa monnieri and Euphorbia hirta on Guinea pigs
  98. Embedding green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles in cotton fabrics and assessment of their antibacterial wound healing and cytotoxic properties: An eco-friendly approach
  99. Synthetic pathway of 2-fluoro-N,N-diphenylbenzamide with opto-electrical properties: NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopic, and DFT computational studies of the first-order nonlinear optical organic single crystal
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-0079
Keywords for this article
silica; natural sand; purification; metal silicate; CO2
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Kinetic study on the reaction between Incoloy 825 alloy and low-fluoride slag for electroslag remelting
  3. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) fruit-based gold nanoparticles (BP-AuNPs): Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications – A green approach
  4. Protective role of foliar application of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles against wheat stripe rust disease caused by Puccinia striiformis
  5. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and microcystin production
  6. Efficient degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue in aqueous solution using a novel Fenton-like catalyst of CuCo-ZIFs
  7. Synthesis of biological base oils by a green process
  8. Efficient pilot-scale synthesis of the key cefonicid intermediate at room temperature
  9. Synthesis and characterization of noble metal/metal oxide nanoparticles and their potential antidiabetic effect on biochemical parameters and wound healing
  10. Regioselectivity in the reaction of 5-amino-3-anilino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile with cinnamonitriles and enaminones: Synthesis of functionally substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives
  11. A numerical study on the in-nozzle cavitating flow and near-field atomization of cylindrical, V-type, and Y-type intersecting hole nozzles using the LES-VOF method
  12. Synthesis and characterization of Ce-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their enhanced anticancer activity in Y79 retinoblastoma cancer cells
  13. Aspects of the physiochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent S-protein receptor binding using Arabic gum
  14. Sonochemical synthesis of protein microcapsules loaded with traditional Chinese herb extracts
  15. MW-assisted hydrolysis of phosphinates in the presence of PTSA as the catalyst, and as a MW absorber
  16. Fabrication of silicotungstic acid immobilized on Ce-based MOF and embedded in Zr-based MOF matrix for green fatty acid esterification
  17. Superior photocatalytic degradation performance for gaseous toluene by 3D g-C3N4-reduced graphene oxide gels
  18. Catalytic performance of Na/Ca-based fluxes for coal char gasification
  19. Slow pyrolysis of waste navel orange peels with metal oxide catalysts to produce high-grade bio-oil
  20. Development and butyrylcholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibition potential of PVA-Berberis lycium nanofibers
  21. Influence of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using red alga Corallina elongata on broiler chicks’ performance
  22. Green synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles using Nigella sativa seed extract
  23. Vitamin supplements enhance Spirulina platensis biomass and phytochemical contents
  24. Malachite green dye removal using ceramsite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in a fixed-bed reactor
  25. Green synthesis of manganese-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the effective removal of Pb(ii) from aqueous solutions
  26. Desalination technology for energy-efficient and low-cost water production: A bibliometric analysis
  27. Biological fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Nepeta cataria potentially produces apoptosis through inhibition of proliferative markers in ovarian cancer
  28. Effect of stabilizers on Mn ZnSe quantum dots synthesized by using green method
  29. Calcium oxide addition and ultrasonic pretreatment-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of granatum for adsorption of lead
  30. Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoflakes synthesized using biogenic silica from Salacca zalacca leaf ash and the mechanistic insight into adsorption and photocatalytic wet peroxidation of dye
  31. Facile route of synthesis of silver nanoparticles templated bacterial cellulose, characterization, and its antibacterial application
  32. Synergistic in vitro anticancer actions of decorated selenium nanoparticles with fucoidan/Reishi extract against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells
  33. Preparation of the micro-size flake silver powders by using a micro-jet reactor
  34. Effect of direct coal liquefaction residue on the properties of fine blue-coke-based activated coke
  35. Integration of microwave co-torrefaction with helical lift for pellet fuel production
  36. Cytotoxicity of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles by Adansonia digitata fruit extract against HTC116 and SW480 human colon cancer cell lines
  37. Optimization of biochar preparation process and carbon sequestration effect of pruned wolfberry branches
  38. Anticancer potential of biogenic silver nanoparticles using the stem extract of Commiphora gileadensis against human colon cancer cells
  39. Fabrication and characterization of lysine hydrochloride Cu(ii) complexes and their potential for bombing bacterial resistance
  40. First report of biocellulose production by an indigenous yeast, Pichia kudriavzevii USM-YBP2
  41. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles prepared using seeds of Sisymbrium irio and evaluation of their antifungal and cytotoxic activities
  42. Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalysis of a rare-earth cerium/silver/zinc oxide inorganic nanocomposite
  43. Developing a plastic cycle toward circular economy practice
  44. Fabrication of CsPb1−xMnxBr3−2xCl2x (x = 0–0.5) quantum dots for near UV photodetector application
  45. Anti-colon cancer activities of green-synthesized Moringa oleifera–AgNPs against human colon cancer cells
  46. Phosphorus removal from aqueous solution by adsorption using wetland-based biochar: Batch experiment
  47. A low-cost and eco-friendly fabrication of an MCDI-utilized PVA/SSA/GA cation exchange membrane
  48. Synthesis, microstructure, and phase transition characteristics of Gd/Nd-doped nano VO2 powders
  49. Biomediated synthesis of ZnO quantum dots decorated attapulgite nanocomposites for improved antibacterial properties
  50. Preparation of metal–organic frameworks by microwave-assisted ball milling for the removal of CR from wastewater
  51. A green approach in the biological base oil process
  52. A cost-effective and eco-friendly biosorption technology for complete removal of nickel ions from an aqueous solution: Optimization of process variables
  53. Protective role of Spirulina platensis liquid extract against salinity stress effects on Triticum aestivum L.
  54. Comprehensive physical and chemical characterization highlights the uniqueness of enzymatic gelatin in terms of surface properties
  55. Effectiveness of different accelerated green synthesis methods in zinc oxide nanoparticles using red pepper extract: Synthesis and characterization
  56. Blueprinting morpho-anatomical episodes via green silver nanoparticles foliation
  57. A numerical study on the effects of bowl and nozzle geometry on performances of an engine fueled with diesel or bio-diesel fuels
  58. Liquid-phase hydrogenation of carbon tetrachloride catalyzed by three-dimensional graphene-supported palladium catalyst
  59. The catalytic performance of acid-modified Hβ molecular sieves for environmentally friendly acylation of 2-methylnaphthalene
  60. A study of the precipitation of cerium oxide synthesized from rare earth sources used as the catalyst for biodiesel production
  61. Larvicidal potential of Cipadessa baccifera leaf extract-synthesized zinc nanoparticles against three major mosquito vectors
  62. Fabrication of green nanoinsecticides from agri-waste of corn silk and its larvicidal and antibiofilm properties
  63. Palladium-mediated base-free and solvent-free synthesis of aromatic azo compounds from anilines catalyzed by copper acetate
  64. Study on the functionalization of activated carbon and the effect of binder toward capacitive deionization application
  65. Co-chlorination of low-density polyethylene in paraffin: An intensified green process alternative to conventional solvent-based chlorination
  66. Antioxidant and photocatalytic properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles phyto-fabricated using the aqueous leaf extract of Sida acuta
  67. Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials by using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent
  68. Synthesis of insoluble sulfur and development of green technology based on Aspen Plus simulation
  69. Photodegradation of methyl orange under solar irradiation on Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using wild olive leaf extract
  70. A facile and universal method to purify silica from natural sand
  71. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Atalantia monophylla: A potential eco-friendly agent for controlling blood-sucking vectors
  72. Endophytic bacterial strain, Brevibacillus brevis-mediated green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles, characterization, antifungal, in vitro cytotoxicity, and larvicidal activity
  73. Off-gas detection and treatment for green air-plasma process
  74. Ultrasonic-assisted food grade nanoemulsion preparation from clove bud essential oil and evaluation of its antioxidant and antibacterial activity
  75. Construction of mercury ion fluorescence system in water samples and art materials and fluorescence detection method for rhodamine B derivatives
  76. Hydroxyapatite/TPU/PLA nanocomposites: Morphological, dynamic-mechanical, and thermal study
  77. Potential of anaerobic co-digestion of acidic fruit processing waste and waste-activated sludge for biogas production
  78. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO–TiO2–chitosan–escin metallic nanocomposites: Evaluation of their antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  79. Nitrogen removal characteristics of wet–dry alternative constructed wetlands
  80. Structural properties and reactivity variations of wheat straw char catalysts in volatile reforming
  81. Microfluidic plasma: Novel process intensification strategy
  82. Antibacterial and photocatalytic activity of visible-light-induced synthesized gold nanoparticles by using Lantana camara flower extract
  83. Antimicrobial edible materials via nano-modifications for food safety applications
  84. Biosynthesis of nano-curcumin/nano-selenium composite and their potentialities as bactericides against fish-borne pathogens
  85. Exploring the effect of silver nanoparticles on gene expression in colon cancer cell line HCT116
  86. Chemical synthesis, characterization, and dose optimization of chitosan-based nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl for management of Phalaris minor (little seed canary grass): First report
  87. Double [3 + 2] cycloadditions for diastereoselective synthesis of spirooxindole pyrrolizidines
  88. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activities
  89. Review Articles
  90. A comprehensive review on green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their diverse biomedical applications
  91. Applications of polyaniline-impregnated silica gel-based nanocomposites in wastewater treatment as an efficient adsorbent of some important organic dyes
  92. Green synthesis of nano-propolis and nanoparticles (Se and Ag) from ethanolic extract of propolis, their biochemical characterization: A review
  93. Advances in novel activation methods to perform green organic synthesis using recyclable heteropolyacid catalysis
  94. Limitations of nanomaterials insights in green chemistry sustainable route: Review on novel applications
  95. Special Issue: Use of magnetic resonance in profiling bioactive metabolites and its applications (Guest Editors: Plalanoivel Velmurugan et al.)
  96. Stomach-affecting intestinal parasites as a precursor model of Pheretima posthuma treated with anthelmintic drug from Dodonaea viscosa Linn.
  97. Anti-asthmatic activity of Saudi herbal composites from plants Bacopa monnieri and Euphorbia hirta on Guinea pigs
  98. Embedding green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles in cotton fabrics and assessment of their antibacterial wound healing and cytotoxic properties: An eco-friendly approach
  99. Synthetic pathway of 2-fluoro-N,N-diphenylbenzamide with opto-electrical properties: NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopic, and DFT computational studies of the first-order nonlinear optical organic single crystal
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