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Effect of stabilizers on Mn ZnSe quantum dots synthesized by using green method

  • Van Khiem Nguyen , Duy Khanh Pham , Ngoc Quyen Tran , Le Hang Dang , Ngoc Hoa Nguyen , Thanh Mien Nguyen , Nguyen Thanh Viet , Jin-Woo Oh , Thi-Diem Bui and Bich Thi Luong EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 6, 2022
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

Herein, the effect of three types of capping polymers, mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and starch on the photoluminescence of Mn(2+)-doped ZnSe (ZnSe:Mn) nanoparticles, has been investigated. ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles were successfully prepared with a green method of precipitation in aqueous solutions containing MPA, PEG, or starch as stabilizers. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy had proved the formation of ZnSe:Mn particles and the interaction between them and the capping agents. The resultant nanoparticles with different capping polymers were identical in optical property; however, photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) as well as the photoluminescence lifetime varied by capping agents. Starch-capped ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles had the biggest size compared to others, which was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis absorbance and Raman spectroscopy. Also, the PL intensity was significantly enhanced with starch-capped ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles. The PLQYs of starch archived 26%, which was 1.23 or 1.8 times lower than that of ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles capping with MPA or PEG, respectively. Furthermore, the highest decline of PL intensity was detected in PEG, which completely diminished in the 19th week, while both MPA and starch endowed ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles with outstanding PL lifetimes diminished over seven weeks.

Keywords: luminescent nanoparticles; green synthesis; capping agents

1 Introduction

Colloidal semiconductor nanomaterials have gained concerns recently because of their unusual electrical and optical characteristics. Interestingly, inorganic lumiphores with high quantum efficiencies, color-tunable, and narrow emission spectra, and exceptional chemical stability are direct bandgap semiconductor nanocrystals [1–3]. Nowadays, nanocrystals have several applications in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, biological and chemical sensors, and solar cells due to these features [1,4–6]. Due to their intense emission of dopants, doping with atomic impurities is an efficient technique to make luminous nanocrystals [7–9]. In order for the dopant to rapidly absorb the excitation energy for generating luminescent of the dopant, the excitation energy of the dopant needs to be smaller than the bandgap of host materials. Ag dopant atoms could be used as an optical filter for polychromatic light of nanosized Mn:ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) to improve the monochromaticity of the light. ZnSe bandgap and trap emissions can be filtered out after Ag doping in QDs, leaving only Mn dopant emission with increased monochromaticity. It is confirmed that Ag doping will provide a new quicker deactivation mechanism from the ZnSe conduction band to the Ag energy level, resulting in fewer electrons being deactivated via ZnSe bandgap emission and ZnSe trap emission. As a result, Mn dopant emission is the only one left [10]. Moreover, ZnSe is a potential semiconductor with a bandgap of 2.7 eV at an ambient temperature and a transmittance range of 0.5–22 m. Researchers synthesized high-quality ZnSe nanocrystals using organometallic methods, which is uneconomic and environmentally unfriendly [11–13]. Recently, Murase and Gao synthesized blue-emitting ZnSe nanocrystals in an aqueous solution; however, their properties are highly toxic and they have oxidative H2Se gas as the selenium precursor source [14]. This synthetic technique is to not only develop environmentally friendly but also sustainable methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles, which use nontoxic chemicals, environmental solvents, and renewable materials to evade adverse effects in medical applications [15].

To preserve the structural properties of synthesized nanoparticles, many capping agents such as thiophenol, thiourea, and mercaptoacetate have been studied for semiconductors synthesis [16–18]. However, these are toxic and harmful to the environment, thus the green method should be developed [19–22]. The imidazole Mn:ZnS-capped QD, with its water solubility and strong connectivity with the biological world as well as their rings containing nitrogen as hetero-atoms, will have the potential to be used in bio-mimicking materials where the enzymes like carbonic anhydrase can be mimicked using zinc as the metal ion and imidazole as a ligand [23]. Furthermore, by using different amines as coordinating ligands, the shape of these doped ZnSe:Mn2+ and CdS:Mn2+ semiconductor nanocrystals can be easily controlled via a single-step synthetic method. It is found that there exists the threshold for doping concentration of maximum photoluminescence (PL) intensity and this value for 1D nanorods is smaller than that of 0D QDs. The PL intensity of the doped nanocrystals can be further enhanced by passivating them with ZnS or ZnSe outer shells [13].

Nevertheless, II–VI semiconductor nanoparticles are themselves highly unstable agglomerate or they can coalesce extremely quickly due to the absence of a trapping medium or some other forms of encapsulation or uncontrolled growth of particles [24,25]. Moreover, the optoelectronic properties of nanoparticles are significantly influenced by the surface passivation and the surface state, which are provided and improved via the bonding of capping agents to the nanoparticles [26,27]. In general, the agglomeration of nanoparticles can be prevented by electrostatic stabilization and steric hindrances. In the solution, when a polymer is adsorbed onto a surface of nanoparticles, it generally does not lie flat. Thus, a polymer can provide a strong repulsion between two approaching surfaces due to two such polymer layers overlapping at a collision distance between the particles. A small portion of the molecule must be tightly adsorbed to the underlying nanoparticle surface while most of the polymer chain should extend from the surface since the particles are isolated [28]. Therefore, the ZnS–Mn2+ samples were prepared by a chemical precipitation method using nonionic surfactants as capping agents such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly (amino amide) [29]. The simple synthesis of the ZnS nanoparticles capped with green capping molecules such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone and PEG by homogeneous precipitation technique, and the preparation of the polymer nanocomposite have been reported. The PEG-capped ZnS nanoparticles were allowed to react with polyDADMAC to form the polymer nanocomposites [30]. Besides, Stabilizers were substances used in nanotechnology to create and maintain the nano shape and size of the particles, and they help nanoparticles enhance their volume as well as surface area [31–33]. The types of nanoparticles and the process of synthesis affect the choice of the stabilizers. Surface change with stabilizers is important for preventing the adhesion of particles and obtaining a firm particle suspension [33]. First, starch is a substance formed from anhydro-glucose systems forming a couple of main polymers, particularly amylopectin and amylose [34]. Furthermore, some studies have explained that this kind of polysaccharide contains the function for biomedical purposes, such as substrates for cell spreading [35], structures for tissue design [36–39], drug delivery methods [40–45], and implants [46]. Second, PEG is a polymer containing unique properties such as hydrophilic, low toxicity, and biocompatible that can be applied for medical applications [47]. Hence, this type of polymer was widely acceptable for biomedical applications. Finally, mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) is usually chosen to serve as a capping ligand in the preparation of ZnSe or other II–IV semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) by the aqueous route, due to its preferable binding capacity. One molecule of MPA can coordinate to one metal atom site to form the most favorable hexagonal configuration; thus, enhancing the colloidal stability of the formed NCs which is favorable for PL performance. Moreover, the hydrophilic carboxylic groups at the outer surface render excellent water solubility for NCs after the thiol group has bonded to the zinc and manganese ions on their surfaces [2].

Therefore, in this study, there were three stabilizers, including starch, PEG, and MPA chosen to synthesize ZnSe:Mn NPs and enhance luminescence intensity as well as biocompatibility of these nanoparticles for wide biomedicine application.

In this study, we reported the synthesis of low-toxicity ZnSe:Mn nanocrystals with manganese resulting in visible phosphorescence from the Mn2+ with 4T1 → 6A1 transition centered at 580 nm. Moreover, the ZnSe:Mn were synthesized in the aqueous phase using various capping agents such as starch, PEG, and MPA as a stabilizer at low temperatures (80–100°C). This synthetic process is green due to the use of water as a solvent. It is seen that the effect of stabilizing agents on the crystal structure and the nanoparticle size led to affecting the morphology and optical properties of ZnSe:Mn QDs.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Manganese(ii) acetate (Mn (CH3COO)2‧4H2O 99.99%), zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO)2‧2H2O, 99.99%), 2-propanol (HPLC grade), 3-MPA (99 +%), sodium borohydride (NaBH4, 96%), selenium powder (99.5%), polyethylene glycol (PEG 1500), and starch. All the chemicals are of analytical grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

2.2 Characterization

The photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of nanocrystals was measured according to the method described in Crosby and Demas [2,3]. X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on a D/Maxrint 2000 powder X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). The samples used for X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM) were acquired using a JEM 2100F transmission microscope with an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum was recorded using AXIS SUPRA model with the thermos scientific Al Kα (1486.6 eV) as the X-ray source.

2.3 Method

The Zn2+ precursor solution was prepared following literature method [2] by dissolution of 10 mL of zinc acetate 0.1 M in 90 mL of DI water, and 40 mL of capping agents (starch, PEG, MPA) 0.1 M in three-neck flask, then the pH of this system was adjusted to pH = 6.5 using NaOH 2 M with vigorous stirring. This three-neck flask was degassed by N2 bubble in 30 min, and the NaHSe solution was injected into the Zn2+ precursor solution at room temperature. The mixture was further stirred to 80–100°C relating to the capping agent and refluxed for 3 h for complete ZnSe:Mn crystals growth and age for 24 h followed by filtration. The precipitate was washed several times and dried at room temperature to give a material which readily disperses in water.

3 Results and discussion

Figure 1a shows the absorptions of the nanocrystals capping with different agents. All the resultant nanoparticles display the absorptions at 230 nm corresponding to the functional organic chains of polymer or organic group, and at 350–360 nm corresponding to the band gap of ZnSe crystal. The size of the nanocrystals is totally affected by capping agents. The MPA-capped and the PEG-capped ZnSe:Mn have the absorptions at 352 nm which give the smaller size of particles [2,3].

Figure 1 UV-Vis absorbance (a) and (b) Raman spectra of ZnSe:Mn using various capping agents.
Figure 1

UV-Vis absorbance (a) and (b) Raman spectra of ZnSe:Mn using various capping agents.

Figure 1b shows the difference of Raman spectra relating to the difference of capping agents. The ZnSe:Mn caped MPA has one peak at 550 cm−1 and the ZnSe:Mn-capped starch also has one peak at 245 cm−1, which means the low particles size dispersion and the size of MPA-capped nanoparticles is larger than those of ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles capped with starch and PEG. The Raman spectra shows that the size dispersion of the ZnSe:Mn PEG-capped nanoparticles is higher than those of MPA-capped or starch-capped due to two peaks at 245 and 495 cm−1 [48–51].

Figure 2a shows that the obtained ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles capped with different agents give light blue-emission at 420–440 nm of ZnSe band gap [52,53]. Moreover, the PL enhancement may be due to the complete removal of surface defects by passivation of the capping agent. The orange emission at 580 nm was more intense than the blue (violet) emission at 420–450 nm. This suggested that the non-radiative relaxation to the 4T1 level of Mn2+ is faster than the hole capture and recombination with electrons by defect states of ZnSe. Comparing the MPA, Starch- and PEG-capped ZnSe–Mn2+ nanoparticles, the intensity of PEG-capped PL emission was higher, indicating the increasing growth rate. The luminescent intensities were significantly increased from ZnSe:Mn capped with PEG, MPA, and starch, respectively [28]. Among these agents, starch makes the best scaffold where the Mn2+ ions were absorbed inside the ZnSe crystal [54–56]. Therefore, the luminescent intensity of starch-capped ZnSe:Mn give the highest strength in the PL spectra. The color of all ZnSe:Mn solutions under UV (Figure 2b) also supports this assumption.

Figure 2 The characteristics of ZnSe:Mn (5%) with various capping agents, (a) PL spectra, (b) photographs of ZnSe:Mn solution were irradiated by UV (365 nm), (c) FTIR spectra, and (d) XRD patterns.
Figure 2

The characteristics of ZnSe:Mn (5%) with various capping agents, (a) PL spectra, (b) photographs of ZnSe:Mn solution were irradiated by UV (365 nm), (c) FTIR spectra, and (d) XRD patterns.

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were measured at ZnSe:Mn 5% doped structure to confirm the capping of the particles by capping agents shown in Figure 2c. We can observe that all samples were capped with organic compounds. The broad absorption peaks in the range 3,410–3,465 cm–1 corresponding to the –OH group indicates the existence of water absorbed onto the surfaces of the nanocrystals, which can be attributed to the adsorption of atmospheric water during the FTIR measurements. The band at 2,921 cm−1 was ascribed to the asymmetric stretching of C–H while the band at 2,370 cm–1 was due to the C═O, and at the one 1,500–1,650 cm−1 was attributed the C═O stretching mode arising from the absorption of atmospheric CO2 onto the surfaces of the nanoparticles [20,57]. The peaks at 1,512, 1,332, and 1,340 cm–1 denote the formation of PEG on the surface of the ZnSe–Mn2+ nanoparticles [58]. This indicated that the hydrogen band was formed in the ZnSe–Mn2+–PEG interface [59]. Figure 2d shows the diffraction patterns of ZnSe:Mn 5% synthesized in MPA capping agent possess zinc-blende crystal structure displayed the cubic crystals at the (111), (220), and (311) planes. PEG-capped and starch-capped ZnSe:Mn 5% have Wurtzite crystals, the XRD patterns at the (100), (101), (103), (110), and (200) planes. This supports the longer polymer chains that ZnSe:Mn can be more easily incorporated in Wurtzite (hexagonal) ZnSe Nanocrystals in cubic crystals [3,6].

The XPS in Figure 3a shows the characteristic peaks of Zn, Mn, and Se at all samples. The XPS peak at 1,017 and 1,040.4 eV in Zn 2p region correspond to the Zn 2p3/2 and Zn 2p1/2, respectively. Moreover, the binding energy values of Mn2+ at 652 and 659 eV imply the Mn 2p3/2 and Mn 2p1/2. The results prove that the doping Mn2+ into the ZnSe nanocrystal to enhance the luminescent performance is completely reasonable. On the other hand, the binding energy of Zn-2p, Mn-2p, and Se-3d between other capping agents are almost the same which provide further evidence about the uniformity in the nanocrystal [60–64].

Figure 3 The XPS spectra of ZnSe:Mn (5%) at various capping agents.
Figure 3

The XPS spectra of ZnSe:Mn (5%) at various capping agents.

Figure 4 shows the TEM image and particle size distribution of the various capped ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles. The TEM images indicate the monodispersed spherical crystallite. Because of swelling in the water of capping agents such as starch, PEG, the space of crystalline development was limited. Therefore, the sizes of nanoparticles are small in the range from 10 to 20 nm in Figure 4a and b. The molecular structure of PEG included polyether chains and starch also has many chains including O–H binding, they can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds to make the scaffolds so that the nanocrystals could be produced mildly [65]. In contrast, the MPA-capped ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles have bigger spheres with 25–30 nm in diameter shown Figure 4c. It could be assessed that the side chains of the polymer as a stabilizer causes the number of doped emission ions (Mn2+) and the size of nanocrystals [3,7–9]. The importance of doping Mn in ZnSe using different capping agents is that the spacing effect of agents could not influence the optical property of produced nanoparticles, but the size of capping agents and the amount of Mn2+ ions in ZnSe crystals are influenced.

Figure 4 The TEM images of ZnSe:Mn (5%) capped with Starch (a), PEG (b), and MPA (c). Scale bar: 100 nm.
Figure 4

The TEM images of ZnSe:Mn (5%) capped with Starch (a), PEG (b), and MPA (c). Scale bar: 100 nm.

The EDX spectrum of the ZnSe:5% Mn capped with MPA, PEG, and starch samples shown in Figure 5 indicates that the main components of the synthesized ZnSe:Mn sample are Zn and Se elements. The existence of Mn element in the product has also been found to be approximately 5%, indicating that Mn successfully integrated into ZnSe structure. In addition, the EDX peaks of C and O elements also appeared, confirming that the various stabilizers such as MPA, PEG, and starch were attached to the surface of luminescent QDs.

Figure 5 The EDX spectrum of the ZnSe:5% Mn capped with MPA, PEG, and starch samples.
Figure 5

The EDX spectrum of the ZnSe:5% Mn capped with MPA, PEG, and starch samples.

Figure 6 shows the PLQYs are different using rhodamine B as a photoluminescence reference. PLQY of ZnSe:5% Mn-starch capped is 26.0% (Figure 6a). The PLQY of ZnSe:Mn-starch nanoparticles is lower than those of ZnSe:Mn-MPA (32.0%, Figure 6b) and ZnSe:Mn-PEG (45.5%, Figure 6c) nanoparticles. It is caused by the structure of various capping agents. The starch structure is branched and straight chains which have a strong spacing effect and hindrance compared to MPA small molecule and PEG straight long chains [26–28].

Figure 6 The PLQY compared to reference photoluminescence of ZnSe:5% Mn capped with MPA, PEG, and starch samples.
Figure 6

The PLQY compared to reference photoluminescence of ZnSe:5% Mn capped with MPA, PEG, and starch samples.

Figure 7 displays the PL lifetime of ZnSe:Mn with various capping agents. The highest PL decay rate is detected with PEG capping. PL intensity reduced 50% after three weeks and quenched at the seventh week. Using starch as capping agents, PL intensity was diminished 50% at 6th week; however, its intensity was similar as ZnSe:Mn using PEG capping agent. Although the PL intensity of capped PEG solution is the lowest, the decay rate is very small as compared to others. After eight weeks, the quenching efficiency is around 40%, suggesting the highest stability of MPA-capped ZnSe:Mn. It was noticed that the lifetime of quantum nanoparticles is depended on the size of the nanoparticles. In this study, the hydrodynamic size of the obtained nanoparticles was around 75 nm for ZnSe:Mn-Starch, 43 nm for ZnSe:Mn-MPA, and 70 nm for ZnSe:Mn-PEG. This is explained that the PL stability depends on the spacing effect of capping agents such as their length and hindrance.

Figure 7 The PL life time of ZnSe:5%Mn capped with MPA, PEG, and starch.
Figure 7

The PL life time of ZnSe:5%Mn capped with MPA, PEG, and starch.

4 Conclusions

A facile and environmentally friendly aqueous ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles synthesized using different capping agents, starch, PEG, and MPA were prepared in this study. All resultant ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles were well dispersed in water and had a nano-sized structure. Regarding FTIR and Raman spectra, the formation of the ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles with each capping agent, ZnSe:Mn-Starch, ZnSe:Mn-MPA, and ZnSe:Mn-PEG, have been proven. In addition, all capping structures of ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles expose orange photoluminescence bands centered at around 580 nm. However, photoluminescent features of ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles were varied due to the selection of capping agents. The PL intensity revealed the improvement of emission by changing capping agents, from PEG to MPA to starch. However, PLQY was in the following order: ZnSe:Mn-Starch (26%), ZnSe:Mn-MPA (32%), and ZnSe:Mn-PEG (45%). More importantly, the ZnSe:Mn solution capping with starch or MPA sample shows a prolonged PL lifetime, over seven weeks, while the PL intensity of PEG-capped ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles was completely diminished after seven weeks. With low cost and high sensitivity, the prepared ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles with starch as a capping agent activated in the solution during the synthesized process show promising application for LEDs, sensors, and bacteria detectors.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED). We also thank the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) for providing the necessary help during this work.

  1. Funding information: This work was funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 104.01-2017.64.

  2. Author contributions: Bich Thi Luong: conceptualization, writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, methodology, project administration; Van Khiem Nguyen: data curation, writing – original draft, formal analysis, visualization; Duy Khanh Pham: data curation, writing – original draft, formal analysis, visualization; Thi Diem Bui: writing – original draft, data curation, formal analysis; Ngoc Quyen Tran: conceptualization, writing – review and editing, formal analysis; Le Hang Dang: writing – review and editing, formal analysis; Ngoc Hoa Nguyen: writing – review and editing, formal analysis; Thanh Mien Nguyen: writing – review and editing, formal analysis; Nguyen Thanh Viet: writing – review and editing, formal analysis; Jin-Woo Oh: writing – review and editing, formal analysis. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2021-11-16
Revised: 2022-01-19
Accepted: 2022-02-03
Published Online: 2022-04-06

© 2022 Van Khiem Nguyen et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-0032
Keywords for this article
luminescent nanoparticles; green synthesis; capping agents
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Kinetic study on the reaction between Incoloy 825 alloy and low-fluoride slag for electroslag remelting
  3. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) fruit-based gold nanoparticles (BP-AuNPs): Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications – A green approach
  4. Protective role of foliar application of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles against wheat stripe rust disease caused by Puccinia striiformis
  5. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and microcystin production
  6. Efficient degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue in aqueous solution using a novel Fenton-like catalyst of CuCo-ZIFs
  7. Synthesis of biological base oils by a green process
  8. Efficient pilot-scale synthesis of the key cefonicid intermediate at room temperature
  9. Synthesis and characterization of noble metal/metal oxide nanoparticles and their potential antidiabetic effect on biochemical parameters and wound healing
  10. Regioselectivity in the reaction of 5-amino-3-anilino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile with cinnamonitriles and enaminones: Synthesis of functionally substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives
  11. A numerical study on the in-nozzle cavitating flow and near-field atomization of cylindrical, V-type, and Y-type intersecting hole nozzles using the LES-VOF method
  12. Synthesis and characterization of Ce-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their enhanced anticancer activity in Y79 retinoblastoma cancer cells
  13. Aspects of the physiochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent S-protein receptor binding using Arabic gum
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  15. MW-assisted hydrolysis of phosphinates in the presence of PTSA as the catalyst, and as a MW absorber
  16. Fabrication of silicotungstic acid immobilized on Ce-based MOF and embedded in Zr-based MOF matrix for green fatty acid esterification
  17. Superior photocatalytic degradation performance for gaseous toluene by 3D g-C3N4-reduced graphene oxide gels
  18. Catalytic performance of Na/Ca-based fluxes for coal char gasification
  19. Slow pyrolysis of waste navel orange peels with metal oxide catalysts to produce high-grade bio-oil
  20. Development and butyrylcholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibition potential of PVA-Berberis lycium nanofibers
  21. Influence of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using red alga Corallina elongata on broiler chicks’ performance
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  31. Facile route of synthesis of silver nanoparticles templated bacterial cellulose, characterization, and its antibacterial application
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  47. A low-cost and eco-friendly fabrication of an MCDI-utilized PVA/SSA/GA cation exchange membrane
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  49. Biomediated synthesis of ZnO quantum dots decorated attapulgite nanocomposites for improved antibacterial properties
  50. Preparation of metal–organic frameworks by microwave-assisted ball milling for the removal of CR from wastewater
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  52. A cost-effective and eco-friendly biosorption technology for complete removal of nickel ions from an aqueous solution: Optimization of process variables
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  55. Effectiveness of different accelerated green synthesis methods in zinc oxide nanoparticles using red pepper extract: Synthesis and characterization
  56. Blueprinting morpho-anatomical episodes via green silver nanoparticles foliation
  57. A numerical study on the effects of bowl and nozzle geometry on performances of an engine fueled with diesel or bio-diesel fuels
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  59. The catalytic performance of acid-modified Hβ molecular sieves for environmentally friendly acylation of 2-methylnaphthalene
  60. A study of the precipitation of cerium oxide synthesized from rare earth sources used as the catalyst for biodiesel production
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  68. Synthesis of insoluble sulfur and development of green technology based on Aspen Plus simulation
  69. Photodegradation of methyl orange under solar irradiation on Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using wild olive leaf extract
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  73. Off-gas detection and treatment for green air-plasma process
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  77. Potential of anaerobic co-digestion of acidic fruit processing waste and waste-activated sludge for biogas production
  78. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO–TiO2–chitosan–escin metallic nanocomposites: Evaluation of their antimicrobial and anticancer activities
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  80. Structural properties and reactivity variations of wheat straw char catalysts in volatile reforming
  81. Microfluidic plasma: Novel process intensification strategy
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  83. Antimicrobial edible materials via nano-modifications for food safety applications
  84. Biosynthesis of nano-curcumin/nano-selenium composite and their potentialities as bactericides against fish-borne pathogens
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  86. Chemical synthesis, characterization, and dose optimization of chitosan-based nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl for management of Phalaris minor (little seed canary grass): First report
  87. Double [3 + 2] cycloadditions for diastereoselective synthesis of spirooxindole pyrrolizidines
  88. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activities
  89. Review Articles
  90. A comprehensive review on green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their diverse biomedical applications
  91. Applications of polyaniline-impregnated silica gel-based nanocomposites in wastewater treatment as an efficient adsorbent of some important organic dyes
  92. Green synthesis of nano-propolis and nanoparticles (Se and Ag) from ethanolic extract of propolis, their biochemical characterization: A review
  93. Advances in novel activation methods to perform green organic synthesis using recyclable heteropolyacid catalysis
  94. Limitations of nanomaterials insights in green chemistry sustainable route: Review on novel applications
  95. Special Issue: Use of magnetic resonance in profiling bioactive metabolites and its applications (Guest Editors: Plalanoivel Velmurugan et al.)
  96. Stomach-affecting intestinal parasites as a precursor model of Pheretima posthuma treated with anthelmintic drug from Dodonaea viscosa Linn.
  97. Anti-asthmatic activity of Saudi herbal composites from plants Bacopa monnieri and Euphorbia hirta on Guinea pigs
  98. Embedding green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles in cotton fabrics and assessment of their antibacterial wound healing and cytotoxic properties: An eco-friendly approach
  99. Synthetic pathway of 2-fluoro-N,N-diphenylbenzamide with opto-electrical properties: NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopic, and DFT computational studies of the first-order nonlinear optical organic single crystal
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