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Larvicidal potential of Cipadessa baccifera leaf extract-synthesized zinc nanoparticles against three major mosquito vectors

  • Govindaraju Ramkumar EMAIL logo , Muthugoundar Subramanian Shivakumar , Mohammed Ali Alshehri , Chellasamy Panneerselvam and Samy Sayed
Published/Copyright: August 16, 2022
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

Mosquitoes are important vectors, which transmit many communicable diseases throughout the world. Synthetic insecticides, such as organophosphate and pyrethroids, are commonly used for their control in the vector control program. Insecticidal compounds from natural sources, notably from plants and synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) are promising tools for managing such vectors. Hence, the study aimed to analyze the insecticidal potentiality of leaf extract of Cipadessa baccifera and synthesized ZnNPs against three major mosquito vectors. The results recorded from UV-Vis spectroscopy show the peak absorption spectrum at 420 nm. In FTIR, the maximum peak value is 562.85 cm−1 assigned to the N–H group (amide group). The EDAX analysis shows a peak around 63.29, which confirms the binding intensity of selenium. In the scanning electron microscopy analysis, the synthesized ZnNPs sizes were ranging from 49.21 to 65.43 nm. The synthesized ZnNPs produced high mortality against Culex quinquefasciatus LC50 = 0.049653 mg·mL−1; LC90 = 0.9842 mg·mL−1), Anopheles stephensi (LC50 = 0.053421 mg·mL−1 and LC90 = 0.027761 mg·mL−1), and Aedes aegypti LC50 = 0.55214 mg·mL−1 and LC90 = 0.7456 mg·mL−1). These results suggest that the C. baccifera leaf extract-mediated biosynthesis of ZnNPs has the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach toward the control of mosquito vectors at early stages.

Keywords: botanical extracts; bionanopesticides; Cipadessa baccifera ; vector control

1 Introduction

Mosquitoes are threatening the populations of humans and animals in the ecosystem as an important vector of various diseases [1,2,3]. Globally, millions of deaths occur every year due to vector-borne diseases [4,5,6]. Chemical insecticides are the only choice in most of vector control programs. However, alteration in the frequency of insecticide exposure has led to resistance in mosquitoes and other insect pests [7]. The frequent and indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides may also threaten the natural enemies and the surrounding environments [8,9,10] and is responsible for insecticide resistance [11]. Avoidance of resistance in mosquito species is achieved by using alternatives to chemical insecticides, such as the use of biopesticides and secondary metabolites of numerous plants because of their bioavailability and degradability nature [12,13,14,15]. Studies have shown that many plant secondary compounds have possessed good mosquitocidal, larvicidal, repellent, and insect growth inhibitor activity [16,17,18]. Apart from plant-derived compounds, green-synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) from various plant parts have been considered a novel tool for the management of the mosquito population in an eco-friendly and environmentally safe manner [19]. Phytochemicals have a major role in mosquito control programs. The bioactive plant ingredient(s) can be obtained from the whole plant or from a specific part by extraction with different types of polar and nonpolar solvents, such as petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, ethanol, absolute alcohol, acetone, and so on. Nanotechnology is the new emerging field in the biology for various applications, and NPs from various nanomaterials, such as Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Al, Co, Ti, and Zn, have been frequently used in recent days. Zinc oxide (ZnO) NP is also known for its low toxicity and high UV absorption, making it a good candidate to be used in the biomedical field. ZnO NP also has a hard and rigid structure, making it useful in the ceramic industry. One of the advantages of using ZnO NP in the biomedical field is that they act as a good surface material. ZnO NP is naturally known for the strong resistance of microbes [20], and ZnO NPs have low toxicity and are biodegradable. ZnO NPs are highly toxic compared to other metal oxide NPs, they are used in different fields as antimicrobials due to their high stability under harsh processing conditions, these are excellent choices as nanocarriers in the delivery of different drugs, such as DOX, paclitaxel, and curcumin, ZnO NPs are highly toxic compared to other metal oxide NPs, and they are used in different fields as antimicrobials due to their high stability under harsh processing conditions [21]. Among the ZnNPs have gained the attention to the entomologist for the control of many insect pests including mosquitoes. Very few studies have shown the toxicology properties of plant-synthesized ZnNPs with good and moderate activity on insecticidal, antibacterial, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities [22,23]. Cipadessa baccifera Miq. (Meliaceae) is an important medicinal plant dispersed in North Circas, Deccan, and Western Ghats of India. The plant leaves and fruits are traditionally used as medicine for the treatment of diabetes, diarrhea, and headache. Apart from its medicinal uses, C. baccifera shows an antidote effect on insect, snake, and scorpion bite [24]. Apart from its medical uses, the crud extract of C. baccifera has possess the ovicidal, larvicidal, and egg membrane alteration in Helicoverpa armigera and Culex mosquito [25,26,27]. Our previous study has revealed the effective adulticidal activity of C. baccifera on Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles stephensi [28]. This present study investigated the larvicidal potential of C. baccifera leaf extracts and synthesized ZnO NPs on An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Ae. aegypti larvae.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Mosquito larvae collection

The first instar larvae of An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Ae. aegypti were obtained from National Center for Disease Control, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, India. The larvae were reared in the insectariums at 25 ± 1°C with 75–80% humidity for 13:11 photoperiodic conditions. During the larval maintenance, they were not exposed to any pesticides and were fed with yeast granules and dog biscuits at a 3:1 ratio.

2.2 Plant collection

The disease-free fresh leaves of C. baccifera (Figure 1) were obtained from Chandra Pillai Valasu, Kalrayan Hills, which lies between 10°12′–11°7′N, 76°–77°56′E and altitude of 1,300 m situated at Eastern Ghats of Southeast Tamil Nadu in the Salem district.

Figure 1 C. baccifera (Roth).
Figure 1

C. baccifera (Roth).

2.3 Plant leaf extracts preparation

Collected samples of C. baccifera plant leaves were immediately brought to the laboratory and washed with running tap water and distilled water several times. After washing, the leaves were subjected to shade dry for 2 weeks. The dried leaves were placed in the mechanical mixer grinder and converted into the powder form. The 300 g of leaf powder was placed in the Soxhlet apparatus and extraction was carried out with 400 mL of polar (acetone, methanol, ethyl acetate) and nonpolar (chloroform and petroleum benzene) solvents boiling point range 55–75°C for 10 h. The extract was concentrated under low temperature at 45°C and pressure 20–25 mmHg. The final crude extract was kept in refrigeration for further use.

2.4 Biosynthesis of ZnO NPs

The extract prepared from the leaf was mixed with 2.5 mL of 1.0 mM zinc nitrate (HiMedia, India) solution and was stirred for 1.5 h at room temperature (RT = 37 ± 1°C). The sample was further boiled at 65°C for 5 h with gentle shaking until the brown-yellowish precipitate was appeared. Furthermore, the mixture was stirred continuously at RT for 24 h [29].

2.5 Characterization of ZnO NPs

The biosynthesized ZnO NPs and crude extract samples were analyzed by UV spectrum absorption at a wavelength ranging from 250 to 650 nm, using a UV-Vis double beam spectrophotometer (Systronics-2203, Uttar Pradesh, India). EDAX analysis was carried out for analyzing the percentage of elements using EDAX-30 operating at 15–25 keV. FTIR was carried out at the spectral range of 4,000–380 cm−1 with 4 cm−1 resolution. Furthermore, the size of ZnNPs was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Quanta FEG 250 (FEI). TEM analysis was performed to study the particle size and crystal structure of the synthesized ZnNPs.

2.6 Bioefficacy of crude methanol leaf extracts and synthesized ZnNPs on mosquito larvae

World Health Organization [30] larval bioassay method was followed with some slight modifications. Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. stephensi, and Ae. aegypti larvae were released in a paper cup in deionized water. After that, different concentrations of various solvent leaf extracts of C. baccifera and ZnNPs were tested in 250 mL paper cups containing 100 mL of distilled water. Bioassays were performed separately at six different concentrations of crude extracts (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg·mL−1) and synthesized ZnNPs (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg·mL−1). Controls were not received any test concentration (water only). Three replicates were kept for each test and 25 larvae were released in each concentration. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of incubation and the larvae were considered to be dead when do not show any response to the physical disturbance. The mortality in the control was adjusted by Abbott’s formula [31].

2.7 GC-MS analysis of crude methanol leaf extract

The methanol fraction was subjected to GC-MS analysis with respect to Cheng et al. [32] method, which used only one type of column (preferably Polaris Q Ion Trap GC/FID). The temperature of the oven was set at 55°C for 20 min and then improved to 300°C for 5 min at the rate of 10°C·min−1. For carrier gas helium was used at the flow rate of 1.0 mL·min−1. The injector temperature was set at 240°C, with a split ratio of 10:1 and the injection size was 1.0 µL. Perkin Elmer-mass gold turbo detector was used as a detector system. The mass spectrum was obtained at a 70 eV ionization voltage. The identification of individual compounds was done using the Wiley/NBS Registry of the mass spectral database, the NIST (version 3.0) database. Furthermore, the retention time and Kovats index (KI) values of several authentic reference compounds were compared with isolated compounds for identification.

2.8 Statistical analysis

The mortality in the larval bioassay was subjected to the probit analysis [33]. The lethal concentration for 50%, 90% (LC50, LC90), and 95% of confidence limits, chi square, and degree of freedom was calculated using the SPSS13.0 statistical package (Version 13.0).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 ZnNP UV-Vis analysis

Green synthesis of ZnNPs from ZnO was confirmed by UV-Vis spectra studies, and based on the color change (Figures 2 and 3), the absorption spectrum of methanol crude extract and ZnNPs dissolved in distilled water was read at 360 nm. Similar results were reported by Soni and Dhiman [34] in ZnNPs’ spectral absorption at 360 nm. Divya et al. [35] showed the ZnNPs’ absorption range between 358 and 370 nm.

Figure 2 Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from methanol leaf extract of C. baccifera.
Figure 2

Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from methanol leaf extract of C. baccifera.

Figure 3 UV-Vis absorption spectrum of ZnNPs and crude methanol extract of C. baccifera.
Figure 3

UV-Vis absorption spectrum of ZnNPs and crude methanol extract of C. baccifera.

3.2 EDAX spectra analysis

The EDAX spectrum 1 of synthesized ZnNPs is given in Figure 4. The result shows that the presence of different elements, among which Zn showed the highest value of 63.29 weights and 27.29% atom at 20 keV, revealed the conformation of synthesized NP. Agreeing with our result, Demissie et al. [36] also reported a 59.43% weight of ZnNPs synthesized from the leaf extract of Lippia adoensis. A similar study was reported by Dhavan and Jadhav [37] in Lumnitzera racemosa-fabricated ZnO nanorods.

Figure 4 EDAX analysis of ZnNPs biosynthesized from leaf extract of C. baccifera.
Figure 4

EDAX analysis of ZnNPs biosynthesized from leaf extract of C. baccifera.

3.3 TEM and SEM observations

The size and shape of synthesized ZnNPs were obtained by TEM and distribution was also confirmed by SEM. SEM image shows the spherical-shaped polydisperse NPs with an average size range of 41.48 nm (Figure 5). Gitahi et al. [38] also reported the similar results. As shown in Figure 6, the polydisperse nature of spherical-shaped (49.21–65.43 nm) synthesized ZnNPs was seen in the TEM image.

Figure 5 SEM analysis of C. baccifera synthesized ZnNPs.
Figure 5

SEM analysis of C. baccifera synthesized ZnNPs.

Figure 6 TEM analysis of C. baccifera synthesized ZnNPs.
Figure 6

TEM analysis of C. baccifera synthesized ZnNPs.

3.4 FTIR analysis

The result of ZnNPs is shown in Figure 7. Various bands were visualized at 562.85, 1,026.07, 1,628.05, and 1,935.25 cm−1. The broad spectra exhibited around 562.85 ratios because of the straightening of alcohols and phenols with hydroxyl groups and 1,647.24 cm−1 assigned to O–H stretching carboxylic acids. The weaker band at 555.41 cm−1 corresponds to C–C stretch in the alkenes group. Yuvakkumar et al. [39] reported the same peak range to Zn–O, which confirms synthesized ZnNPs from the C. baccifera extract.

Figure 7 FTIR spectra of C. baccifera synthesized ZnNPs.
Figure 7

FTIR spectra of C. baccifera synthesized ZnNPs.

3.5 GC-MS analysis of a crude sample from C. baccifera

The occurrence of insecticidal molecules in the crude methanol leaf extract of C. baccifera was analyzed using GC-MS. Results revealed 14 compounds in the sample and 5 belong to major peaks (Figure 8). The composition and KI values of the compound eluted from the DB-5ms capillary column are given in Table 1. In addition to these findings, our bioassay result strongly suggests the potential of C. baccifera. Plants’ secondary metabolites, such as sesquiterpenoid and benzenoid compounds, from many origins possess significant insecticidal activities [40]. A previous report by Jang et al. [41] revealed that the methanol extract from Cassia obtusifolia, Cassia tora, and Vicia tetrasperma produced 90% of Ae. aegypti larval mortality at 200 ppm [42,17]. Based on the above findings, our result indicates a very less LC50 value upon tested insects. Hence, the methanol leaf extract of C. baccifera could become a better source for the management of filariasis and malaria vectors.

Figure 8 GC-MS analysis of identified chemical compounds in methanol leaf extracts of C. baccifera.
Figure 8

GC-MS analysis of identified chemical compounds in methanol leaf extracts of C. baccifera.

Table 1

Chemical composition of methanol leaf extract from C. baccifera

S. no Retention time (min) Area (%) Compound name Activity
1 12.883 1.203 Benzene,1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl- Insecticidal activity
2 19.440 0.926 Phytol Insecticidal and antibacterial property
3 22.646 1.132 5-(2,5-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-2h-pyazol-3-ol- Antioxidant and anti microbial activity
4 23.312 1.733 2h-1-Benzopyran-2-one,6-(1-hytroxy-3-methylbutyl)-7-methoxy- Insecticidal activity
5 24.307 5.441 Cyclopropanecarboxylic aci, 2-methyl,-,2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenyl ester Insecticidal and acaricidal activity
6 27.683 4.719 3-Methyl-2-(2-oxopopyl) furan Anticancer activity
7 28.114 4.148 Octadecanoic acid, ethenyl ester Insecticidal activity
8 29.174 5.664 Palmitic acid vinyl ester Antifungal activity
9 29.399 15.287 Unknown Unknown
10 29.589 41.556 4h-1-benzopyran-4-one,2-(3.4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3.5,7-tetrmethoxy- Larvicidal and antibacterial activity
11 29.979 1.758 Palmitic acid vinyl ester Antifungal activity
12 30.079 2.441 5.Alpha.-cholest-8-en-3-oone,14-methyl- Unknown activity
13 30.845 8.398 Octadecanoic acid, 1-[[1-oxohexadecyl)oxy]methyl]-1,2-ethanediyl ester Unknown activity
14 31.120 5.593 Octadecanoic acid, 1-[[1-oxohexadecyl)oxy]methyl]-1,2-ethanediyl ester Unknown activity

3.6 Insecticidal efficacy of C. baccifera extracts and synthesized ZnNPs

The insecticidal activity of crude leaf extract of C. baccifera and synthesized ZnNPs was assessed toward An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Ae. aegypti. Various polar and nonpolar solvents were used for the extraction of phytochemicals from C. baccifera and larvicidal activity was observed after 24 h incubation. The results produced a high LC value for Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 2.2907 mg·mL−1; LC90 = 5.7136 mg·mL−1), An. stephensi (LC50 = 1.74348 mg·mL−1; LC90 = 6.7399 mg·mL−1), and Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 0.65145 mg·mL−1; LC90 = 4.8593 mg·mL−1), which were induced by the methanolic extract of C. baccifera leaves (Tables 2–4). Supporting our data, Famuyiwa et al. [43] reported high activity of fruit extract of Thevetia neriifolia LC50 1.60 ± 0.05 mg·mL−1 and the leaf extracts of Calotropis procera LC50 2.05 ± 0.16 mg·mL−1. Similarly, the methanolic leaf extract of M. atropurpureum and E. astringens showed good larvicidal activity after 24 and 48 h LC50 = 11.10 and 9.68 ppm [44,45]. Similar studies investigated that the biosynthesized NPs from leaf extract of Leucas aspera showed potential larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti larvae [46]. NP-conjugated plant extracts are highly toxic to mosquito larvae and at the same time do not show any toxicity to nontarget aquatic species [42]. Spergularia rubra- and Pergularia daemia-synthesized AgNPs did not exhibit any evident toxicity effect against fishes, after 48 h of exposure [47]. AgNP-synthesized Barleria cristata extracts were not toxic against the nontarget organisms [43]. Larvicidal activity of synthesized ZnNPs showed good susceptibility and highest LC values against the mosquito species (LC50 = 0.049653 mg·mL−1; LC90 = 0.9842 mg·mL−1; LC50 = 0.053421 and LC90 = 0.027761 mg·mL−1; LC50 = 0.55214 and LC90 = 0.7456 mg·mL−1) (Table 5). Gitahi et al. [38] assessed the M. citrifolia aqueous root extract-synthesized TiO2 NPs on three major mosquito vectors. Bhan et al. [48] determined the effect of A. flavus (entomopathogenic fungus), with the combination of C. reflexa petroleum ether extract on malaria and filariasis vectors.

Table 2

Larvicidal activity of C. baccifera leaf extracts against fourth instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasitasis

Species Sample n a LC50 LCL-UCL (95% confidence limit) (mg·mL−1) LC90 LCL-UCL (95% confidence limit) (mg·mL−1) χ 2 Df
Cx. quinquefasciatus Acetone 375 3.55333 (1.15990–5.886752) 7.3228 (5.0028–9.1099) 1.771 3
Ethyl acetate 375 5.291811 (3.08903–8.95671) 12.0963 (9.3373–14.3408) 2.668 3
Methanol 375 2.23907 (1.06427–3.88945) 5.7136 (3.89143–11.1821) 12.743 3

n a – number of animals, LC50 – lethal concentration 50% mortality, LC90 – lethal concentration 90% mortality, LCL – lower confidence limits, UCL – upper confidence limits, χ2 – chi square, df – degrees of freedom, significant at p < 0.05.

Table 3

Larvicidal activity of C. baccifera leaf extracts against fourth instar larvae of An. stephensi

Species Sample n a LC50 LCL-UCL (95% confidence limit) (mg·mL−1) LC90 LCL-UCL (95% confidence limit) (mg·mL−1) χ 2 df
An. stephensi Acetone 375 3.41783 (2.1281–4.9317) 12.5884 (9.98558–14.3890) 3.647 3
Ethyl acetate 375 2.26036 (1.0202–3.45257) 7.61976 (5.5024–10.2100) 12.413 3
Methanol 375 1.74348 (1.16165–4.1915) 6.7399 (5.101697–9.6364) 5.919 3
Chloroform 375 2.73707 (1.8502–4.0816) 8.29254 (6.91736–11.9419) 5.495 3

n a – number of animals, LC50 – lethal concentration 50% mortality, LC90 – lethal concentration 90% mortality, LCL – lower confidence limits, UCL – upper confidence limits, χ2 – chi square, df – degrees of freedom, significant at p < 0.05.

Table 4

Larvicidal activity of C. baccifera leaf extracts against fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti

Species Sample n a LC50 LCL-UCL (95% confidence limit) (mg·mL−1) LC90 LCL-UCL (95% confidence limit) (mg·mL−1) χ 2 df
Ae. aegypti Acetone 375 8.5487 (6.8546–12.8101) 13.8426 (7.0158–16.9612) 2.165 3
Ethyl acetate 375 7.9224 (6.1664–8.3415) 9.3321 (9.1101–12.0454) 1.721 3
Methanol 375 0.65145 (0.6327–0.91945) 4.8593 (3.3943–5.1121) 2.82 3
Chloroform 375 4.3580 (3.1192–4.9001) 7.9125 (5.9881–9.2516) 3.80 3

n a – number of animals, LC50 – lethal concentration 50% mortality, LC90 – lethal concentration 90% mortality, LCL – lower confidence limits, UCL – upper confidence limits, χ2 – chi square, df – degrees of freedom, significant at p < 0.05.

Table 5

Larvicidal activity of C. baccifera ZnNPS against fourth instar larvae of three mosquitoes

Species Sample n a LC50 LCL-UCL (95% confidence limit) (mg·mL−1) LC90 LCL-UCL (95% confidence limit) (mg·mL−1) χ 2 df
Cx. quinquefasciatus An. stephensi ZnNPs 375 0.05321 0.02761 1.82 3
ZnNPs 375 0.04963 0.9842 2.89 3
Ae. aegypti ZnNPs 375 0.55214 0.7456 2.30 3

n a – number of animals, LC50 – lethal concentration 50% mortality, LC90 – lethal concentration 90% mortality, χ2 – chi square, df – degrees of freedom, significant at p < 0.05.

4 Conclusion

The current data conclude that the methanol leaf extract of C. baccifera exhibits strong larvicidal activity on Cx. quinquefasciatus followed by An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti. Furthermore, the C. baccifera-synthesized ZnNPs produced high mortality against three species than crude extract. The importance of the present study lies in the possibility that the next-generation NP-conjugated plant bioactive molecules may be more effective control of mosquito agents. Further investigations of the mode of action of the NP-conjugated plant extract effect on nontarget organisms and field evaluation are necessary prior to commercialization.

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India, for providing the infrastructural facility for carrying out this research work.

  1. Funding information: The authors appreciate Taif University Researchers supporting project number (TUTSP-2020/92), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: Govindaraju Ramkumar: planned the research and carried out the experiments, data analysis, writing – original draft; Muthugoundar Subramanian Shivakumar, Mohammed Ali Alshehri, Chellasamy Panneerselvam, and Samy Sayed: writing – review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

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Received: 2021-12-29
Revised: 2022-05-30
Accepted: 2022-06-14
Published Online: 2022-08-16

© 2022 Govindaraju Ramkumar et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  3. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) fruit-based gold nanoparticles (BP-AuNPs): Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications – A green approach
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  5. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and microcystin production
  6. Efficient degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue in aqueous solution using a novel Fenton-like catalyst of CuCo-ZIFs
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  8. Efficient pilot-scale synthesis of the key cefonicid intermediate at room temperature
  9. Synthesis and characterization of noble metal/metal oxide nanoparticles and their potential antidiabetic effect on biochemical parameters and wound healing
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https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-0071
Keywords for this article
botanical extracts; bionanopesticides; Cipadessa baccifera; vector control
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Kinetic study on the reaction between Incoloy 825 alloy and low-fluoride slag for electroslag remelting
  3. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) fruit-based gold nanoparticles (BP-AuNPs): Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications – A green approach
  4. Protective role of foliar application of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles against wheat stripe rust disease caused by Puccinia striiformis
  5. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and microcystin production
  6. Efficient degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue in aqueous solution using a novel Fenton-like catalyst of CuCo-ZIFs
  7. Synthesis of biological base oils by a green process
  8. Efficient pilot-scale synthesis of the key cefonicid intermediate at room temperature
  9. Synthesis and characterization of noble metal/metal oxide nanoparticles and their potential antidiabetic effect on biochemical parameters and wound healing
  10. Regioselectivity in the reaction of 5-amino-3-anilino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile with cinnamonitriles and enaminones: Synthesis of functionally substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives
  11. A numerical study on the in-nozzle cavitating flow and near-field atomization of cylindrical, V-type, and Y-type intersecting hole nozzles using the LES-VOF method
  12. Synthesis and characterization of Ce-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their enhanced anticancer activity in Y79 retinoblastoma cancer cells
  13. Aspects of the physiochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent S-protein receptor binding using Arabic gum
  14. Sonochemical synthesis of protein microcapsules loaded with traditional Chinese herb extracts
  15. MW-assisted hydrolysis of phosphinates in the presence of PTSA as the catalyst, and as a MW absorber
  16. Fabrication of silicotungstic acid immobilized on Ce-based MOF and embedded in Zr-based MOF matrix for green fatty acid esterification
  17. Superior photocatalytic degradation performance for gaseous toluene by 3D g-C3N4-reduced graphene oxide gels
  18. Catalytic performance of Na/Ca-based fluxes for coal char gasification
  19. Slow pyrolysis of waste navel orange peels with metal oxide catalysts to produce high-grade bio-oil
  20. Development and butyrylcholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibition potential of PVA-Berberis lycium nanofibers
  21. Influence of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using red alga Corallina elongata on broiler chicks’ performance
  22. Green synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles using Nigella sativa seed extract
  23. Vitamin supplements enhance Spirulina platensis biomass and phytochemical contents
  24. Malachite green dye removal using ceramsite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in a fixed-bed reactor
  25. Green synthesis of manganese-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the effective removal of Pb(ii) from aqueous solutions
  26. Desalination technology for energy-efficient and low-cost water production: A bibliometric analysis
  27. Biological fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Nepeta cataria potentially produces apoptosis through inhibition of proliferative markers in ovarian cancer
  28. Effect of stabilizers on Mn ZnSe quantum dots synthesized by using green method
  29. Calcium oxide addition and ultrasonic pretreatment-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of granatum for adsorption of lead
  30. Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoflakes synthesized using biogenic silica from Salacca zalacca leaf ash and the mechanistic insight into adsorption and photocatalytic wet peroxidation of dye
  31. Facile route of synthesis of silver nanoparticles templated bacterial cellulose, characterization, and its antibacterial application
  32. Synergistic in vitro anticancer actions of decorated selenium nanoparticles with fucoidan/Reishi extract against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells
  33. Preparation of the micro-size flake silver powders by using a micro-jet reactor
  34. Effect of direct coal liquefaction residue on the properties of fine blue-coke-based activated coke
  35. Integration of microwave co-torrefaction with helical lift for pellet fuel production
  36. Cytotoxicity of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles by Adansonia digitata fruit extract against HTC116 and SW480 human colon cancer cell lines
  37. Optimization of biochar preparation process and carbon sequestration effect of pruned wolfberry branches
  38. Anticancer potential of biogenic silver nanoparticles using the stem extract of Commiphora gileadensis against human colon cancer cells
  39. Fabrication and characterization of lysine hydrochloride Cu(ii) complexes and their potential for bombing bacterial resistance
  40. First report of biocellulose production by an indigenous yeast, Pichia kudriavzevii USM-YBP2
  41. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles prepared using seeds of Sisymbrium irio and evaluation of their antifungal and cytotoxic activities
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  44. Fabrication of CsPb1−xMnxBr3−2xCl2x (x = 0–0.5) quantum dots for near UV photodetector application
  45. Anti-colon cancer activities of green-synthesized Moringa oleifera–AgNPs against human colon cancer cells
  46. Phosphorus removal from aqueous solution by adsorption using wetland-based biochar: Batch experiment
  47. A low-cost and eco-friendly fabrication of an MCDI-utilized PVA/SSA/GA cation exchange membrane
  48. Synthesis, microstructure, and phase transition characteristics of Gd/Nd-doped nano VO2 powders
  49. Biomediated synthesis of ZnO quantum dots decorated attapulgite nanocomposites for improved antibacterial properties
  50. Preparation of metal–organic frameworks by microwave-assisted ball milling for the removal of CR from wastewater
  51. A green approach in the biological base oil process
  52. A cost-effective and eco-friendly biosorption technology for complete removal of nickel ions from an aqueous solution: Optimization of process variables
  53. Protective role of Spirulina platensis liquid extract against salinity stress effects on Triticum aestivum L.
  54. Comprehensive physical and chemical characterization highlights the uniqueness of enzymatic gelatin in terms of surface properties
  55. Effectiveness of different accelerated green synthesis methods in zinc oxide nanoparticles using red pepper extract: Synthesis and characterization
  56. Blueprinting morpho-anatomical episodes via green silver nanoparticles foliation
  57. A numerical study on the effects of bowl and nozzle geometry on performances of an engine fueled with diesel or bio-diesel fuels
  58. Liquid-phase hydrogenation of carbon tetrachloride catalyzed by three-dimensional graphene-supported palladium catalyst
  59. The catalytic performance of acid-modified Hβ molecular sieves for environmentally friendly acylation of 2-methylnaphthalene
  60. A study of the precipitation of cerium oxide synthesized from rare earth sources used as the catalyst for biodiesel production
  61. Larvicidal potential of Cipadessa baccifera leaf extract-synthesized zinc nanoparticles against three major mosquito vectors
  62. Fabrication of green nanoinsecticides from agri-waste of corn silk and its larvicidal and antibiofilm properties
  63. Palladium-mediated base-free and solvent-free synthesis of aromatic azo compounds from anilines catalyzed by copper acetate
  64. Study on the functionalization of activated carbon and the effect of binder toward capacitive deionization application
  65. Co-chlorination of low-density polyethylene in paraffin: An intensified green process alternative to conventional solvent-based chlorination
  66. Antioxidant and photocatalytic properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles phyto-fabricated using the aqueous leaf extract of Sida acuta
  67. Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials by using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent
  68. Synthesis of insoluble sulfur and development of green technology based on Aspen Plus simulation
  69. Photodegradation of methyl orange under solar irradiation on Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using wild olive leaf extract
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  71. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Atalantia monophylla: A potential eco-friendly agent for controlling blood-sucking vectors
  72. Endophytic bacterial strain, Brevibacillus brevis-mediated green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles, characterization, antifungal, in vitro cytotoxicity, and larvicidal activity
  73. Off-gas detection and treatment for green air-plasma process
  74. Ultrasonic-assisted food grade nanoemulsion preparation from clove bud essential oil and evaluation of its antioxidant and antibacterial activity
  75. Construction of mercury ion fluorescence system in water samples and art materials and fluorescence detection method for rhodamine B derivatives
  76. Hydroxyapatite/TPU/PLA nanocomposites: Morphological, dynamic-mechanical, and thermal study
  77. Potential of anaerobic co-digestion of acidic fruit processing waste and waste-activated sludge for biogas production
  78. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO–TiO2–chitosan–escin metallic nanocomposites: Evaluation of their antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  79. Nitrogen removal characteristics of wet–dry alternative constructed wetlands
  80. Structural properties and reactivity variations of wheat straw char catalysts in volatile reforming
  81. Microfluidic plasma: Novel process intensification strategy
  82. Antibacterial and photocatalytic activity of visible-light-induced synthesized gold nanoparticles by using Lantana camara flower extract
  83. Antimicrobial edible materials via nano-modifications for food safety applications
  84. Biosynthesis of nano-curcumin/nano-selenium composite and their potentialities as bactericides against fish-borne pathogens
  85. Exploring the effect of silver nanoparticles on gene expression in colon cancer cell line HCT116
  86. Chemical synthesis, characterization, and dose optimization of chitosan-based nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl for management of Phalaris minor (little seed canary grass): First report
  87. Double [3 + 2] cycloadditions for diastereoselective synthesis of spirooxindole pyrrolizidines
  88. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activities
  89. Review Articles
  90. A comprehensive review on green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their diverse biomedical applications
  91. Applications of polyaniline-impregnated silica gel-based nanocomposites in wastewater treatment as an efficient adsorbent of some important organic dyes
  92. Green synthesis of nano-propolis and nanoparticles (Se and Ag) from ethanolic extract of propolis, their biochemical characterization: A review
  93. Advances in novel activation methods to perform green organic synthesis using recyclable heteropolyacid catalysis
  94. Limitations of nanomaterials insights in green chemistry sustainable route: Review on novel applications
  95. Special Issue: Use of magnetic resonance in profiling bioactive metabolites and its applications (Guest Editors: Plalanoivel Velmurugan et al.)
  96. Stomach-affecting intestinal parasites as a precursor model of Pheretima posthuma treated with anthelmintic drug from Dodonaea viscosa Linn.
  97. Anti-asthmatic activity of Saudi herbal composites from plants Bacopa monnieri and Euphorbia hirta on Guinea pigs
  98. Embedding green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles in cotton fabrics and assessment of their antibacterial wound healing and cytotoxic properties: An eco-friendly approach
  99. Synthetic pathway of 2-fluoro-N,N-diphenylbenzamide with opto-electrical properties: NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopic, and DFT computational studies of the first-order nonlinear optical organic single crystal
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