Home Physical Sciences Kinetic study on the reaction between Incoloy 825 alloy and low-fluoride slag for electroslag remelting
Article Open Access

Kinetic study on the reaction between Incoloy 825 alloy and low-fluoride slag for electroslag remelting

  • Jiantao Ju EMAIL logo , Zhihong Zhu , Jialiang An , Kangshuai Yang and Yue Gu
Published/Copyright: January 4, 2022
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

A kinetic model for the reactions between the low-fluoride slag CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO–Li2O–TiO2 and Incoloy 825 alloy was proposed based on the two-film theory. The applicability of the model was verified to predict the variation of components in the slag–metal reaction process. The results show that the controlling step of the reaction 4[Al] + 3(TiO2) = 3[Ti] + 2(Al2O3) is the mass transfer of Al and Ti in the liquid alloy and the controlling step of the reactions 4[Al] + 3(SiO2) = 3[Si] + 2(Al2O3) and [Si] + (TiO2) = [Ti] + (SiO2) is the mass transfer of SiO2 in the molten slag. With increasing TiO2 content in the slag from 3.57% to 11.27%, the Al content in the alloy decreased whereas the Ti content increased gradually. The Si content continued to decrease during the slag–metal reaction. Soluble oxygen in the alloy reacts with Al, Ti, and Si, resulting in a decrease of the oxygen content in the alloy. The variations of TiO2 content were in good agreement with the calculated results by the kinetic model whereas the measured results of Al2O3 and SiO2 in the slag were lower than the calculated results, which is mainly due to the volatilization of fluoride.

Keywords: low-fluoride slag; kinetics; Incoloy 825 alloy; mass transfer; two film theory

1 Introduction

Incoloy 825 alloy is extensively used in the aerospace and petrochemical industries for its excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties [1,2]. Electroslag remelting (ESR) is used to refine Incoloy 825 alloy because it improves the solidification structure of the remelted ingot [3,4] and has the superior ability to remove nonmetallic inclusions in liquid steel during ESR [5,6,7]. However, in the process of producing Incoloy 825 alloy by electroslag remelting, the elements Al and Ti are always lost due to the reaction between the slag components and the alloying elements, which cause the concentrations of the elements to vary from the bottom to the top of the remelted ingot [8,9]. To improve the homogeneity of alloy composition, thermodynamic models [10,11] and kinetic models [12,13] were proposed by researchers to predict the change of alloying element content during ESR.

Many efforts have been carried out to develop the kinetic model to predict the components of ESR. Fraser and Mitchell [14,15] proposed a kinetic model to describe the reaction between FeO in slag and Mn in steel during ESR. Duan et al. [16,17] developed a mass transfer model to expound the desulfurization mechanism. Wei and Mitchell [18,19] elucidated the reaction principle of Al and Si in steel with Al2O3 and SiO2 in the slag to explain the effect of different atmosphere conditions on the loss of elements in steel by proposing a kinetic model of multiphase reaction of the electroslag process. Hou et al. [20,21] optimized the mass transfer kinetic model of multiphase reactions during the electroslag remelting process (the reactions are mainly [Ti] + (SiO2) = [Si] + (TiO2), 3[Ti] + 2(Al2O3) = 4[Al] + 3(TiO2), and 4[Al] + 3(SiO2)), which could predict the variation of the elements Al, Ti, and Si in the steel and slag components. However, the slag used in the aforementioned models is high-fluorine slag. Li et al. [13] established a kinetic model for the investigation of aluminum and oxidation variations and proposed that the oxygen potential of the slag pool has a better effect of improving cleanliness than improving the Al content in the electrode. Fluoride volatilization from the high-fluorine slag not only causes environmental pollution but also changes the composition of the slag and also breaks the equilibrium between the slag and metal. To reduce the volatilization of fluoride in the ESR process, many investigators pay more attention to low-fluorine slag based on its stable composition compared with high-fluorine slag [22,23,24,25]. However, the kinetic study of electroslag remelting between low-fluorine slag and Incoloy 825 alloy in the process of electroslag remelting has not been reported.

In the present study, the kinetic model of the reaction process between CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO–Li2O–TiO2 and Incoloy 825 alloy was proposed based on the two-film theory. The variation of the elements Al, Ti, Si, and O in the alloy and the content of each component in the slag were investigated. The mechanism of content change in both slag components and alloying elements and the rate-determining step of the reaction were determined. A slag–metal experiment was proceeded under Ar atmosphere at 1,773 K with different TiO2 content (3.57%, 7.27%, and 11.28%) of slag to verify the application of the model.

2 Kinetic model

The mass transfer process of each component in the slag–metal reaction is shown in Figure 1. There are three systems of mass transfer in the slag–metal reaction: Al + Al2O3, Ti + TiO2, and Si + SiO2. In this experiment, about 0.1% SiO2 is present in the slag, which may be attributed to the introduction of impurities. Considering the inevitable existence of a little SiO2 in the industrial slag, therefore, it is of practical significance to consider the Si + SiO2 system for industrial production. In order to establish the model, the following assumptions are considered in this model: (1) Only two phases of slag and metal are considered in the slag–metal reaction. (2) Before the reaction, the components in the slag and metal phase are evenly distributed. (3) The interface reacts rapidly and reaches a chemical equilibrium state at the setting temperature. The rate of reactions is controlled by the diffusion of reactants and products through boundary layer at the reacting interface. (4) The slag–metal reaction is not considered from slag addition to melting. (5) The influence of the crucible on the slag–metal reaction is not considered.

Figure 1 Mass transfer diagram of the slag–metal interface ( a O ⁎ {a}_{\text{O}}^{\text{⁎}} is the oxygen activity at the interface).
Figure 1

Mass transfer diagram of the slag–metal interface ( a O ⁎ is the oxygen activity at the interface).

The main reactions in the slag–metal reaction can be expressed by Eqs. 1–3:

(1) 4 [ Al ] + 3 ( TiO 2 ) = 3 [ Ti ] + 2 ( Al 2 O 3 )

(2) [ Si ] + ( TiO 2 ) = [ Ti ] + ( SiO 2 )

(3) 4 [ Al ] + 3 ( SiO 2 ) = 3 [ Si ] + 2 ( Al 2 O 3 )

Considering the thermodynamic equilibrium and the convenience of calculation, Eqs. 1–3 were simplified to Eqs. 4–6:

(4) [ Al ] + 1 .5 [ O ] = ( AlO 1 .5 )

(5) [ Ti ] + 2 [ O ] = ( TiO 2 )

(6) [ Si ] + 2 [ O ] = ( SiO 2 )

The expression of equilibrium constants of Eqs. 4–6 is given as Eqs. 7–9 [26,27,28]:

(7) lg K Al = lg a AlO 1 .5 ⁎ a Al ⁎ a O ⁎1 .5 = 32 , 000 T − 10.29

(8) lg K Ti = lg a TiO 2 ⁎ a Ti ⁎ a O ⁎2 = 34 , 458 T − 11.96

(9) lg K Si = lg a SiO 2 ⁎ a Si ⁎ a O ⁎2 = 30 , 410 T − 11.59

According to the film theory, the diffusion flux of element i at the slag–metal interface is

(10) J i = k i , m ρ m 100 M i { [ % i ] − [ % i ] ⁎ } = k i ,s ρ s 100 M i O x { ( % i O x ) ⁎ − ( % i O x ) } ,

where J i is the molar flow, mol·m−2·s−1; k i ,m and k i ,s are the mass transfer coefficients for components in molten alloy and slag; and k Al = k Ti = k Si = 2 × 10−4 m·s−1, k Al 2 O 3 = k TiO 2 = 1 × 10−5 m·s−1, and k SiO 2 = 2 × 10−6 m·s−1 [29]. M i and M i O x represent molecular weights of alloy and slag components, ρ m is the density of the alloy, 8,000 kg·m−3, ρ s is the density of the slag, 2,650 kg·m−3, and [ % i ] ⁎ and ( % i O x ) ⁎ are the interfacial concentrations of components in molten alloy and slag.

According to Eq. 11, the interface concentration of element i in the alloy can be expressed as

(11) [ % i ] ⁎ = k i , m ρ m M i O x k i , s ρ s M i [ % i ] + ( % i O x ) k i ,m ρ m M i O x k i ,s ρ s M i + B i a O ⁎ x

where B i is the apparent equilibrium constant, which is expressed as Eq. 12:

(12) B i = ( % i O x ) ⁎ [ % i ] ⁎ a O ⁎ x = M i O x f M K M ( % CaF 2 ) M CaF 2 + ∑ ( % i O x ) M i O x γ i O x

where K M is the equilibrium constant, f M is the activity coefficient of component i in alloy, and γ i O x is the activity coefficient of component i O x in the slag. f M and γ i O x are calculated by Eqs. 13 and 14:

(13) lg f i = ∑ ( e i j [ % j ] + r i j [ % j ] 2 )

(14) γ i O x = a i O x ( % i O x )

where e i j and r i j are the first-order interaction parameter and second-order interaction parameter. The first-order interaction parameters used in the present study are listed in Table 1. The available second-order interaction parameters are summarized as r Al C = − 0.004 , r Al Al = ( − 0.0011 + 0.17 / T ) , r Al Si = − 0.0006 , r Al Ni = 0.000164 , r Si Si = ( − 0.0055 + 6.5 / T ) , r Si Cr = 0.00043 , r Ti Ti = − 0.001 , and r Ti Ni = 0.0005 [30]. a i O x is the activity of components in the slag, calculated by the FactSage7.3 software, and the standard state of activity of components in the slag is the pure substance standard.

Table 1

A first-order interaction parameter e i j used in the current study [31,32,33,34]

e i j Mn Cr Ni Al Ti Cu Mo Si O
Al 0.034 0.045 −0.0376 0.040 — — — — −34,740/T + 11.95
Ti −0.12 0.025 −0.0166 — 0.048 0.014 0.016 — −1.6
Si — −0.021 −0.009 0.058 — — — 0.132 −0.23
O −0.021 −0.032 0.006 7.15–20,600/T −0.6 — — −0.131 0.734–1,750/T

The reaction rate of Al, Ti, Si, and O are given as Eqs. 15–18:

(15) − d [ % Al ] d t = A W m k Al [ % Al ] − ( % AlO 1 .5 ) B Al a O ⁎1 .5

(16) − d [ % Ti ] d t = A W m k Ti [ % Ti ] − ( % TiO 2 ) B Ti a O ⁎2

(17) − d [ % Si ] d t = A W m k Si [ % Si ] − ( % SiO 2 ) B Si a O ⁎2

(18) − d [ % O ] d t = A W m k O [ % O ] − a O ⁎ f O

(19) 1 k i = 1 k i ,m ρ m + M i O x B i k i,s ρ s M i a O ⁎ x

where W m is the mass of molten steel and k i is the comprehensive mass transfer coefficient of i. The oxygen activity at the slag–metal interface can be obtained from the above equations and the mass balance equation for oxygen at the interface. Therefore, the following equation can be obtained:

(20) 1.5 M Al ⋅ d [ % Al ] d t + 2 M Ti ⋅ d [ % Ti ] d t + 2 M Si ⋅ d [ % Si ] d t − 1 M O d [ % O ] d t = 0

The variation of Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2 in the slag without considering volatilization can be determined on the basis of Eqs. 15–18 and mass conservation.

3 Experimental

Incoloy 825 alloy was smelted in a vacuum induction furnace, and its composition is shown in Table 2. The experimental slag samples were prepared by analytical-grade pure chemical reagents (CaF2 ≥ 99%, CaO ≥ 98%, Al2O3 ≥ 99%, MgO ≥ 99%, Li2O ≥ 99%, TiO2 ≥ 99%). The CaF2 and Li2O reagent powders were heated at 973 K for 4 h, and CaO, Al2O3, MgO, and TiO2 reagent powders were heated at 1,273 K for 4 h to remove the moisture. The thoroughly mixed powders were melted at 1,773 K for 15 min in a graphite crucible to ensure complete melting and homogenization. When the experiments were finished, the liquid sample was taken out and quenched quickly on a water-cooled copper plate. Then, the quenched slag samples were pulverized to 200 mesh for chemical analysis. The chemical composition of the slag before and after melting is shown in Table 3.

Table 2

Chemical composition of the Incoloy 825 alloy (%)

C Mn Si P S Cr Mo Ni Cu Al Ti T[O] Fe
0.101 0.107 0.131 0.009 0.009 20.62 3.18 38.88 1.66 0.12 1.00 0.0026 Bal.
Table 3

Chemical composition of the slag before and after premelting (%)

Slag Before premelting After premelting
CaF2 CaO Al2O3 MgO Li2O TiO2 CaF2 CaO Al2O3 MgO Li2O TiO2 SiO2
N1 23.00 31.70 35.30 2.00 4.00 4.00 20.48 36.13 34.68 1.63 3.21 3.57 0.08
N2 23.00 29.80 33.20 2.00 4.00 8.00 20.62 34.21 32.54 1.49 3.24 7.27 0.11
N3 23.00 27.90 31.10 2.00 4.00 12.00 20.39 32.94 30.25 1.50 3.41 11.28 0.09

The equipment for the experiment is shown in Figure 2, where the sample was heated to the target temperature by six MoSi2 heating elements. The temperature of liquid metal is measured by a B-type reference thermocouple. An Ar flow of 2 L·min−1 is used to prevent the alloy elements from being oxidized by air during the experiment. About 350 g of alloy and 50 g of slag were used in each experiment. The certain reaction time intervals were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min respectively. Firstly, the alloy was placed in the MgO crucible (Ф 50 mm × 60 mm). Then, the crucible was placed in a graphite crucible (Ф 70 mm × 80 mm) to prevent the liquid metal from leaking. The resistance furnace was heated to 1,773 K at a rate of 8 K·min−1 under an Ar atmosphere, holding it at 1,773 K for 10 min to ensure the complete melting of the alloy. Then, 50 g of the slag sample was quickly added into the MgO crucible by a quartz tube having an inner diameter of 10 mm. After reaching the set time, the whole crucible was rapidly removed from the furnace and quenched. The Al, Ti, and Si content in the alloy were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. The oxygen content in the alloy was determined by the G8GALILEO oxygen nitrogen hydrogen analyzer, and the chemical composition of the slag was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence.

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the equipment of the experiment.
Figure 2

Schematic diagram of the equipment of the experiment.

4 Results and discussion

4.1 Changes of Al, Ti, and Si content in the alloy

Figure 3 shows the variation of the calculated and measured contents of Al, Ti, Si in the alloy. The content of Al, Ti, and Si in the alloy changing within 15 min indicates that the slag–metal reaction reached the equilibrium at 15 min. As shown in Figure 3a and b, when TiO2 content in slag increases from 3.57% to 7.27%, the content of Ti in the alloy decreased from 1% to 0.61% and 0.87%, respectively. The Al content in the alloy respectively increased from 0.12% to 0.21% and 0.14%, and the change of Si content in the alloy showed a decreasing trend and was independent of the change in TiO2 content in the slag.

Figure 3 Experimental and calculated results of the content of Al, Ti, and Si in the alloy: (a) 3.57% TiO2, (b) 7.27% TiO2, (c) 11.27% TiO2.
Figure 3

Experimental and calculated results of the content of Al, Ti, and Si in the alloy: (a) 3.57% TiO2, (b) 7.27% TiO2, (c) 11.27% TiO2.

The equilibrium Al and Ti content and their linear fitting after the slag–metal reaction are shown in Figure 4. It can be seen that the equilibrium Al and Ti content in the alloy show a completely opposite linear relationship. It indicates that elements Ti and Al in the alloy were oxidized by Al2O3 and TiO2 in the slag when the content of TiO2 was less than 7.27% during the process of slag–metal loss of Ti to increase Al. Moreover, with the increase of TiO2 content in the slag, the TiO2 activity increased and enhanced the reactivity with Al in the alloy. The reaction 4[Al] + 3(TiO2) = 3[Ti] + 2(Al2O3) is going in the positive direction with increasing TiO2 content. When TiO2 content in slag was 11.27%, the Ti content in the alloy increased from 1% to 1.18% and Al content decreased from 0.12% to 0.10% during the experiment. It indicates that the element Al in the alloy was oxidized by TiO2 in the slag, the Gibbs free energy for the reaction 4[Al] + 3(TiO2) = 3[Ti] + 2(Al2O3) was more negative (the authors have performed the calculation process listed in the literature [35]), leading to the loss of Al and increase of Ti in alloy.

Figure 4 (a) and (b) Fitting lines of experimental results.
Figure 4

(a) and (b) Fitting lines of experimental results.

The equilibrium constant expression of Eq. 1 is shown in Eq. 21:

(21) lg X Ti 3 X Al 4 = 35 , 300 T − 9.94 − lg a Al 2 O 3 2 a TiO 2 3 − lg f Ti 3 f Al 4

According to Eq. 21, the appropriate value of lg ( a Al 2 O 3 2 / a TiO 2 3 ) in the slag was 4.24. The activities of Al2O3, TiO2, and lg ( a Al 2 O 3 2 / a TiO 2 3 ) values of three slags were calculated by FactSage as shown in Table 4. It can be seen from Table 4 that the values of lg ( a Al 2 O 3 2 / a TiO 2 3 ) decreased gradually with the increase of TiO2 content, and it indicates that the equilibrium Ti content increased and equilibrium Al content decreased. But the values of lg ( a Al 2 O 3 2 / a TiO 2 3 ) in N1 and N2 slags greater than 4.24. It can be concluded that the Ti content decreased and Al content increased whereas the values of lg ( a Al 2 O 3 2 / a TiO 2 3 ) in N3 slag was smaller than 4.24. Therefore, the content of Ti and Al in the alloy increased and decreased, respectively. The calculated result was in good agreement with experimental result.

(22) Δ G θ = − R T ln K θ

(23) Δ G = Δ G θ + R T ln a i O x x a i ⋅ a O x

Table 4

Activities of TiO2 and Al2O3 in the slag and values of lg ( a Al 2 O 3 2 / a TiO 2 3 ) at 1,773 K

Slag a TiO 2 a Al 2 O 3 lg ( a Al 2 O 3 2 / a TiO 2 3 )
N1 1.55 × 10−3 1.32 × 10−2 4.67
N2 4.51 × 10−3 4.78 × 10−2 4.39
N3 8.17 × 10−3 8.11 × 10−2 4.08

The Gibbs free energy of the reactions according to Eqs. 7–9, 22, and 23 between Si in the alloy, Al2O3, and TiO2 in the slag were 49.6 and 487.2 kJ·mol−1 respectively, which were both positive. The reaction between oxygen and Si in the liquid alloy was −188 kJ·mol−1, which was negative. It can be concluded that Si in the alloy reacts with oxygen, which is also reason for the changes of the element Si in Figure 3a–c, and it decreased from 0.13% to about 0.04%. The results showed that changes of Al and Ti in the alloy were determined by the reaction 4[Al] + 3(TiO2) = 3[Ti] + 2(Al2O3).

The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results, indicating that the kinetic model proposed by the two-film theory can predict the changes of Al, Ti, and Si content of the alloy with the progress of the slag–metal reaction.

4.2 Changes of oxygen content in the alloy and mass transfer resistance of the slag–metal reaction

Figure 5 shows the changes of oxygen content in the alloy. Figure 5a–c shows the variation of oxygen in the alloy with N1, N2, and N3 slags during the slag–metal reaction. As shown in Figure 5, the content of oxygen in the alloy continues to decrease, which is caused by the reaction of Al, Ti, and Si in the alloy with oxygen in the alloy under the protection of argon. The changes of Gibbs free energy for Eqs. 4–6 at 1,773 K were −263.4, −253.7, and −188.8 kJ·mol−1, respectively. All of the changes of Gibbs free energy were negative and indicate that Al, Ti, and Si in the alloy reacted with oxygen in the alloy. Moreover, the contents of measured oxygen were higher than the calculated results; this is because that the oxygen content is taken as soluble oxygen in the above theoretical calculation. However, the total oxygen consists of soluble oxygen and oxygen in the form of oxide inclusions. This is consistent with the calculation results of Duan et al. [36].

Figure 5 Changes of oxygen content in alloys: (a) N1, (b) N2, and (c) N3.
Figure 5

Changes of oxygen content in alloys: (a) N1, (b) N2, and (c) N3.

Table 5 shows the mass transfer resistance of components in the alloy and slag during the progress of the slag–metal reaction. As shown in Table 4, with the increase of TiO2 content, the mass transfer resistance of TiO2 in the slag decreased from 0.031 to 0.012 m2·s·kg−1, resulting in an increasing trend of Al oxidation. The mass transfer resistance of Al2O3 and SiO2 changed little. The controlling step of the reaction 4[Al] + 3(TiO2) = 3[Ti] + 2(Al2O3) was the mass transfer of Al and Ti in the liquid alloy. The controlling step of reactions [Si] + (TiO2) = [Ti] + (SiO2) and [Al] + (SiO2) = [Si] + (Al2O3) was the mass transfer of SiO2 in the molten slag, which caused the low content of SiO2 in slag.

Table 5

Mass transfer resistance of components in the alloy and slag

Slag Mass transfer resistance of Al, Ti, and Si Mass transfer resistance of Al2O3 Mass transfer resistance of TiO2 Mass transfer resistance of SiO2
1 ρ m ⋅ k i , m M AlO 1.5 B Al M Al ρ s k s a 0 ⁎ 1.5 M TiO 2 B Ti M Ti ρ s k s a 0 ⁎ 2 M SiO 2 B si M si ρ s k s a 0 ⁎ 2
N1 0.625 9.6 × 10−4 0.031 11.07
N2 0.625 8.9 × 10−4 0.019 12.7
N3 0.625 8.9 × 10−4 0.012 13.1

4.3 Variation of components in the slag

Figure 6 shows the variation of Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2 in the slag. As shown in Figure 6a, the calculated results of Al2O3 are different from the measured results. This is because the initial Al2O3 content in the slag is relatively high whereas the Al content in the alloy is low, so the change in Al content has a small effect on the Al2O3 content in the slag. Meanwhile, it also can be seen that when the TiO2 content increases, the activity of Al2O3 also increases. This is due to the combination of TiO2 and CaO in the slag to form CaTiO3. The content of CaO combined with Al2O3 decreases, which increases the activity of Al2O3 and strengthens the reactivity of CaF2. Some researchers have confirmed that AlF3 volatilization is large in the electroslag system [37,38]. Li et al. [39] also found that the content of Al2O3 in the slag decreased after the completion of the industrial electroslag experiment. Therefore, the change in the content of Al2O3 in the slag is dominated by the reaction 3CaF2 + Al2O3 = 3CaO + 2AlF3(g).

Figure 6 Changes of Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2 content in the slag: (a) Al2O3, (b) TiO2, and (c) SiO2.
Figure 6

Changes of Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2 content in the slag: (a) Al2O3, (b) TiO2, and (c) SiO2.

Figure 6b shows that the measured results of TiO2 content in the slag were in good agreement with the calculated results. The TiO2 content increased in the N1 and N2 slags and decreased slightly in the N3 slag. The reaction between Ti in the alloy and Al2O3 in the slag caused the increase of TiO2 content in the N1 and N2 slags, and the decrease of TiO2 content in the N3 slag was due to the reaction between TiO2 in the slags and Al in the alloy.

The variation of SiO2 is shown in Figure 6c. There is a deviation between the measured and calculated results, which is also caused by volatilization. The Si element in the alloy reacts with soluble oxygen to form SiO2 entering into the slag, and the SiO2 content in the slag increases at the initial stage of the slag–metal reaction. When the SiO2 content accumulates to a certain extent, the reaction CaF2 + 2SiO2 = CaO + 2SiF4(g) [40] occurred. Although the SiO2 content is small, the vapor pressure of SiF4 is larger than that of AlF3 under standard conditions [41], so a small amount of SiF4 is volatilized and reduces the SiO2 content in the slag. Compared with the measured result, the Al2O3 and SiO2 content in the slag decreased about 3% and 0.5% respectively, which had no influence on the slag–metal equilibrium. This is supported by the measured and calculated results of Al and Ti content in the alloy as shown in Section 4.1.

The content variation of CaF2 in the slag is shown in Figure 7. During the process reaction of the slag–metal, the CaF2 content decreased significantly within 15 min, and then tended to stabilize. The content of Al2O3 and SiO2 in the slag also changed within 15 min. This proves that the content of CaF2, Al2O3, and SiO2 decreased in the slag because they reacted with each other within 15 min, and the change in the CaF2 content was not affected by the content of TiO2 in the slag. The content of all was reduced by about 5% each.

Figure 7 Changes of CaF2 content in the slag.
Figure 7

Changes of CaF2 content in the slag.

5 Conclusion

  1. The experimental results of Al and Ti content in the alloy are in good agreement with the calculated results. The Al content in the alloy decreases with the increase of TiO2 content in the slag whereas the change of Ti content is the opposite.

  2. The content of Si and O in the alloy decreased continuously during the experiment, and the change of Si content was not affected by the change of TiO2 content in the slag.

  3. The controlling step of the reaction 4[Al] + 3(TiO2) = 3[Ti] + 2(Al2O3) was the mass transfer of Al and Ti in the liquid alloy. The controlling step of reactions [Si] + (TiO2) = [Ti] + (SiO2) and [Al] + (SiO2) = [Si] + (Al2O3) was the mass transfer of SiO2 in the molten slag.

  4. The measured results of Al2O3 and SiO2 in the slag were lower than the calculated results, which were reduced by about 3% and 0.5%, respectively. The measured results of TiO2 content were in accordance with the calculated results and change of Ti content in the alloy.

  1. Funding information: National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51774225).

  2. Author contributions: Jiantao Ju: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing, methodology, formal analysis; Zhihong Zhu: formal analysis, visualization, project administration; Jialiang An: project administration; Kangshuai Yang: project administration; Yue Gu: project administration.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Sun N, Wen C, Liu ZL, Liu XQ. Effect of Al, Ti contents on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of as-forged Incoloy 825 alloy. Rare Metal Mat Eng. 2018;47:860–6.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Navid S, Morteza S, Behzad N. Arc weldability of Incoloy 825 to AISI 321 stainless steel welds. J Mater Process Technol. 2018;262:562–70.10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.07.020Search in Google Scholar

[3] Li X, Geng X, Jiang ZH, Li HB, Xu FH, Wang LX. Influences of slag system on metallurgical quality for high temperature alloy by electroslag remelting. Iron Steel. 2015;50:41–6.10.1179/1743281214Y.0000000197Search in Google Scholar

[4] Zhu QT, Li J, Zhang J, Shi CB, Li JH, Huang J. Precipitation mechanism and reduction of amount of primary carbides during electroslag remelting of 8Cr13MoV stainless steel. Metall Mater Trans B. 2019;50:1365–77.10.1007/s11663-019-01573-5Search in Google Scholar

[5] Shi CB, Park JH. Evolution of oxide inclusions in Si-Mn-killed steel during protective atmosphere electroslag remelting. Metall Mater Trans B. 2019;50:1139–47.10.1007/s11663-019-01564-6Search in Google Scholar

[6] Shi X, Duan SC, Yang WS, Mao MT, Guo HJ, Guo J. Effects of remelting current on structure, composition, microsegregation, and inclusions in inconel 718 electroslag remelting ingots. Metall Mater Trans B. 2019;50:3072–87.10.1007/s11663-019-01685-ySearch in Google Scholar

[7] Hou D, Wang DY, Jiang ZH, Qu TP, Wang HH, Dong JW. Investigation on slag-metal-inclusion multiphase reactions during electroslag remelting of die steel. Metall Mater Trans B. 2021;51:478–93.10.1007/s11663-020-02032-2Search in Google Scholar

[8] Hou D, Jiang ZH, Dong YW, Cao YL, Cao HB, Gong W. Thermodynamic design of electroslag remelting slag for high titanium and low aluminium stainless steel based on IMCT. Ironmak Steelmak. 2016;43:1–9.10.1080/03019233.2015.1110920Search in Google Scholar

[9] Pateisky G, Biele H, Fleischer HJ. The reactions of titanium and silicon with Al2O3–CaO–CaF2 slags in the ESR process. J Vac Sci Technol. 1972;9:1318–21.10.1116/1.1317029Search in Google Scholar

[10] Geng X, Li X, Jiang ZH, Li WM. Thermodynamics model of deoxidation in ESR Process for large slab ingots. J Northeast Univ. 2013;43:1132–5.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Jiang ZH, Hou D, Dong YW, Cao YL, Cao HB, Gong W. Effect of slag on titanium, silicon, and aluminum contents in superalloy during electroslag remelting. Metall Mater Trans B. 2016;47:1465–74.10.1007/s11663-015-0530-8Search in Google Scholar

[12] Shi CB. Deoxidation of electroslag remelting (ESR) – a review. ISIJ Int 2020; ISIJINT 2019-661. 2020;60:1083–96. 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2019-661.Search in Google Scholar

[13] Li SJ, Cheng GG, Miao ZQ, Chen L, Li CW, Jiang XY. Kinetic analysis of aluminum and oxygen variation of G20CrNi2Mo bearing steel during industrial electroslag remelting process. ISIJ Int. 2017;57:2148–56.10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2017-227Search in Google Scholar

[14] Fraser ME, Mitchell A. Mass transfer in electroslag process: part 1 mass-transfer model. Ironmak Steelmak. 1976;5:279–87.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Fraser ME, Mitchell A. Mass transfer in electroslag process: part 2 mass-transfer coefficients. Ironmak Steelmak. 1976;5:288-01.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Duan SC, Shi X, Wang F, Zhang MC, Li B, Yang WS, et al. Investigation of desulfurization of Inconel 718 superalloys by ESR type slags with different TiO2 content. J Mater Res Technol. 2019;8:2508–16.10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.027Search in Google Scholar

[17] Duan SC, Shi X, Wang F, Zhang MC, Li B, Yang WS, et al. Effect of slag composition on the deoxidation and desulfurization of inconel 718 superalloy by ESR type slag without deoxidizer addition. Metall Mater Trans B. 2020;51:353–64.10.1007/s11663-019-01729-3Search in Google Scholar

[18] Wei JH, Mitchell A. Changes in composition during A.C. ESR – I theoretical development theoretical mass transfer model. Acta Metall Sin. 1984;5:387-05.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Wei JH, Mitchell A. Changes in composition during A.C. ESR – II laboratory results and analysis. Acta Metall Sin. 1984;5:406–13.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Hou D, Jiang ZH, Dong YW, Gong W, Cao YL, Cao HB. Effect of slag composition on the oxidation kinetics of alloying elements during electroslag remelting of stainless steel: part-1 mass-transfer mode. ISIJ Int. 2017;57:1400–9.10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2017-147Search in Google Scholar

[21] Hou D, Jiang ZH, Dong YW, Gong W, Cao YL, Cao HB. Effect of slag composition on the oxidation kinetics of alloying elements during electroslag remelting of stainless steel: part-2 control of titanium and aluminum content. ISIJ Int. 2017;57:1410–9.10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2017-148Search in Google Scholar

[22] Shi CB, Zheng DL, Shin SH, Li J, Cho JW. Effect of TiO2 on the viscosity and structure of low-fluoride slag used for electroslag reelting of Ti-containing steels. Int J Miner Metall Mater. 2017;24:18-4.10.1007/s12613-017-1374-9Search in Google Scholar

[23] Zheng DL, Li J, Shi CB, Ju JT. Effect of TiO2 on the crystallisation behaviour of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO slag for electroslag remelting of Ti-containing tool steel. Ironmak Steelmak. 2018;45:135–44.10.1080/03019233.2016.1248699Search in Google Scholar

[24] Shi CB, Shin SH, Zheng DL, Cho JW, Li J. Development of low-fluoride slag for electroslag remelting: role of Li2O on the viscosity and structure of the slag. Metall Mater Trans B. 2016;47:3343–9.10.1007/s11663-016-0826-3Search in Google Scholar

[25] Zheng DL, Li J, Shi CB. Development of low-fluoride slag for electroslag remelting: role of Li2O on the crystallization and evaporation of the slag. ISIJ Int. 2020;60:ISIJINT-2019-575–847. 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2019-575.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Hou D, Jiang ZH, Dong YW, Li Y, Gong W, Liu FB. Mass transfer model of desulfurization in the electroslag remelting process. Metall Mater Trans B. 2017;48:1885–97.10.1007/s11663-017-0921-0Search in Google Scholar

[27] Duan SC, Shi X, Mao MT, Yang WS, Han SW, Guo HJ, et al. Investigation of the oxidation behaviour of Ti and Al in Inconel 718 superalloy during electroslag remelting. Sci Rep. 2018;8:5232.10.1038/s41598-018-23556-3Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[28] Kang JG, Shin JH, Chung Y, Park JH. Effect of slag chemistry on the desulfurization kinetics in secondary refining processes. Mater Trans B. 2017;48:2123–5.10.1007/s11663-017-0948-2Search in Google Scholar

[29] Okuyama G, Yamaguchi K, Takeuchi S, Sorimachi K. Effect of slag composition on the kinetics of formation of Al2O3–MgO inclusions in aluminum killed ferritic stainless steel. ISIJ Int. 2000;40:121–8.10.2355/isijinternational.40.121Search in Google Scholar

[30] Karasev A, Suito H. Quantitative evaluation of inclusion in deoxidation of Fe-10 mass pct Ni alloy with Si, Ti, Al, Zr, and Ce. Mater Trans B. 1999;30:249–57.10.1007/s11663-999-0054-1Search in Google Scholar

[31] Suzuki K, Ban-Ya S, Hino M. Deoxidation equilibrium of Cr–Ni stainless steel with Si at the temperatures from 1823 to 1923K. ISIJ Int. 2002;42:146–9.10.2355/isijinternational.42.146Search in Google Scholar

[32] Yoshikawa T, Morita K. Influence of alloying elements on the thermodynamic properties of titanium in molten steel. Mater Trans B. 2007;38:671–80.10.1007/s11663-007-9075-9Search in Google Scholar

[33] Pak JJ, Jeong YS, Tae SJ, Kim DS, Lee YY. Thermodynamics of titanium and nitrogen in an Fe-Ni melt. Mater Trans B. 2005;36:489–93.10.1007/s11663-005-0040-1Search in Google Scholar

[34] Jerzak W, Kalicka Z. Evolution of equilibrium composition of MnO–SiO2 and Al2O3–MnO–SiO2 inclusions in liquid Fe and Fe-36% Ni alloy during cooling. Arch Metall Mater. 2012;57:449–55.10.2478/v10172-012-0046-zSearch in Google Scholar

[35] Ju JT, An JL, Shi CB, Zheng DL, Ji GH. Reactiveness of low fluorine slag for electroslag remelting to Al and Ti of Incoloy 825 alloy. Rare Metal Mat Eng. 2020;49:233–40.Search in Google Scholar

[36] Duan SC, Shi X, Wang F, Zhang MC, Li B, Yang WS, et al. Investigation of desulfurization of Inconel 718 superalloys by ESR type slags with different TiO2 content. J Mater Res Technol. 2019;8:2508–16.10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.027Search in Google Scholar

[37] Liu Y, Zhao Z, Li GQ, Wu Y, Xu DM, Li BK. Investigation of fluoride vaporization from CaF2–CaO–Al2O3 slag for vacuum electroslag remelting. Vacuum. 2018;158:6–13.10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.09.027Search in Google Scholar

[38] Shi CB, Cho JW, Zheng DL, Li J. Fluoride evaporation and crystallization behavior of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–(TiO2) slag for electroslag remelting of Ti-containing steels. Int J Miner Metall Mater. 2016;236:627–36.10.1007/s12613-016-1275-3Search in Google Scholar

[39] Li S, Cheng G, Yang L, Chen L, Yan QZ, Li CW. A thermodynamic model to design the equilibrium slag compositions during electroslag remelting process: description and verification. ISIJ Int. 2017;57:713–22.10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2016-655Search in Google Scholar

[40] Liu Y, Wang Y, Li GQ, Yuan C, Lu R, Li BK. Investigation on the structure, fluoride vaporization and crystallization behavior of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–(SiO2) slag for electroslag remelting. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2020;139:923–31.10.1007/s10973-019-08518-9Search in Google Scholar

[41] Liang HM, Zhao JX, Zhang ZQ, Li XM, Cui YR. A study on evaporation of fluorides in slag during electroslag remelting process. Special Steel. 2012;33:1–3.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2021-06-27
Revised: 2021-11-16
Accepted: 2021-11-29
Published Online: 2022-01-04

© 2022 Jiantao Ju et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Kinetic study on the reaction between Incoloy 825 alloy and low-fluoride slag for electroslag remelting
  3. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) fruit-based gold nanoparticles (BP-AuNPs): Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications – A green approach
  4. Protective role of foliar application of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles against wheat stripe rust disease caused by Puccinia striiformis
  5. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and microcystin production
  6. Efficient degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue in aqueous solution using a novel Fenton-like catalyst of CuCo-ZIFs
  7. Synthesis of biological base oils by a green process
  8. Efficient pilot-scale synthesis of the key cefonicid intermediate at room temperature
  9. Synthesis and characterization of noble metal/metal oxide nanoparticles and their potential antidiabetic effect on biochemical parameters and wound healing
  10. Regioselectivity in the reaction of 5-amino-3-anilino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile with cinnamonitriles and enaminones: Synthesis of functionally substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives
  11. A numerical study on the in-nozzle cavitating flow and near-field atomization of cylindrical, V-type, and Y-type intersecting hole nozzles using the LES-VOF method
  12. Synthesis and characterization of Ce-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their enhanced anticancer activity in Y79 retinoblastoma cancer cells
  13. Aspects of the physiochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent S-protein receptor binding using Arabic gum
  14. Sonochemical synthesis of protein microcapsules loaded with traditional Chinese herb extracts
  15. MW-assisted hydrolysis of phosphinates in the presence of PTSA as the catalyst, and as a MW absorber
  16. Fabrication of silicotungstic acid immobilized on Ce-based MOF and embedded in Zr-based MOF matrix for green fatty acid esterification
  17. Superior photocatalytic degradation performance for gaseous toluene by 3D g-C3N4-reduced graphene oxide gels
  18. Catalytic performance of Na/Ca-based fluxes for coal char gasification
  19. Slow pyrolysis of waste navel orange peels with metal oxide catalysts to produce high-grade bio-oil
  20. Development and butyrylcholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibition potential of PVA-Berberis lycium nanofibers
  21. Influence of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using red alga Corallina elongata on broiler chicks’ performance
  22. Green synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles using Nigella sativa seed extract
  23. Vitamin supplements enhance Spirulina platensis biomass and phytochemical contents
  24. Malachite green dye removal using ceramsite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in a fixed-bed reactor
  25. Green synthesis of manganese-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the effective removal of Pb(ii) from aqueous solutions
  26. Desalination technology for energy-efficient and low-cost water production: A bibliometric analysis
  27. Biological fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Nepeta cataria potentially produces apoptosis through inhibition of proliferative markers in ovarian cancer
  28. Effect of stabilizers on Mn ZnSe quantum dots synthesized by using green method
  29. Calcium oxide addition and ultrasonic pretreatment-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of granatum for adsorption of lead
  30. Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoflakes synthesized using biogenic silica from Salacca zalacca leaf ash and the mechanistic insight into adsorption and photocatalytic wet peroxidation of dye
  31. Facile route of synthesis of silver nanoparticles templated bacterial cellulose, characterization, and its antibacterial application
  32. Synergistic in vitro anticancer actions of decorated selenium nanoparticles with fucoidan/Reishi extract against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells
  33. Preparation of the micro-size flake silver powders by using a micro-jet reactor
  34. Effect of direct coal liquefaction residue on the properties of fine blue-coke-based activated coke
  35. Integration of microwave co-torrefaction with helical lift for pellet fuel production
  36. Cytotoxicity of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles by Adansonia digitata fruit extract against HTC116 and SW480 human colon cancer cell lines
  37. Optimization of biochar preparation process and carbon sequestration effect of pruned wolfberry branches
  38. Anticancer potential of biogenic silver nanoparticles using the stem extract of Commiphora gileadensis against human colon cancer cells
  39. Fabrication and characterization of lysine hydrochloride Cu(ii) complexes and their potential for bombing bacterial resistance
  40. First report of biocellulose production by an indigenous yeast, Pichia kudriavzevii USM-YBP2
  41. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles prepared using seeds of Sisymbrium irio and evaluation of their antifungal and cytotoxic activities
  42. Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalysis of a rare-earth cerium/silver/zinc oxide inorganic nanocomposite
  43. Developing a plastic cycle toward circular economy practice
  44. Fabrication of CsPb1−xMnxBr3−2xCl2x (x = 0–0.5) quantum dots for near UV photodetector application
  45. Anti-colon cancer activities of green-synthesized Moringa oleifera–AgNPs against human colon cancer cells
  46. Phosphorus removal from aqueous solution by adsorption using wetland-based biochar: Batch experiment
  47. A low-cost and eco-friendly fabrication of an MCDI-utilized PVA/SSA/GA cation exchange membrane
  48. Synthesis, microstructure, and phase transition characteristics of Gd/Nd-doped nano VO2 powders
  49. Biomediated synthesis of ZnO quantum dots decorated attapulgite nanocomposites for improved antibacterial properties
  50. Preparation of metal–organic frameworks by microwave-assisted ball milling for the removal of CR from wastewater
  51. A green approach in the biological base oil process
  52. A cost-effective and eco-friendly biosorption technology for complete removal of nickel ions from an aqueous solution: Optimization of process variables
  53. Protective role of Spirulina platensis liquid extract against salinity stress effects on Triticum aestivum L.
  54. Comprehensive physical and chemical characterization highlights the uniqueness of enzymatic gelatin in terms of surface properties
  55. Effectiveness of different accelerated green synthesis methods in zinc oxide nanoparticles using red pepper extract: Synthesis and characterization
  56. Blueprinting morpho-anatomical episodes via green silver nanoparticles foliation
  57. A numerical study on the effects of bowl and nozzle geometry on performances of an engine fueled with diesel or bio-diesel fuels
  58. Liquid-phase hydrogenation of carbon tetrachloride catalyzed by three-dimensional graphene-supported palladium catalyst
  59. The catalytic performance of acid-modified Hβ molecular sieves for environmentally friendly acylation of 2-methylnaphthalene
  60. A study of the precipitation of cerium oxide synthesized from rare earth sources used as the catalyst for biodiesel production
  61. Larvicidal potential of Cipadessa baccifera leaf extract-synthesized zinc nanoparticles against three major mosquito vectors
  62. Fabrication of green nanoinsecticides from agri-waste of corn silk and its larvicidal and antibiofilm properties
  63. Palladium-mediated base-free and solvent-free synthesis of aromatic azo compounds from anilines catalyzed by copper acetate
  64. Study on the functionalization of activated carbon and the effect of binder toward capacitive deionization application
  65. Co-chlorination of low-density polyethylene in paraffin: An intensified green process alternative to conventional solvent-based chlorination
  66. Antioxidant and photocatalytic properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles phyto-fabricated using the aqueous leaf extract of Sida acuta
  67. Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials by using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent
  68. Synthesis of insoluble sulfur and development of green technology based on Aspen Plus simulation
  69. Photodegradation of methyl orange under solar irradiation on Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using wild olive leaf extract
  70. A facile and universal method to purify silica from natural sand
  71. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Atalantia monophylla: A potential eco-friendly agent for controlling blood-sucking vectors
  72. Endophytic bacterial strain, Brevibacillus brevis-mediated green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles, characterization, antifungal, in vitro cytotoxicity, and larvicidal activity
  73. Off-gas detection and treatment for green air-plasma process
  74. Ultrasonic-assisted food grade nanoemulsion preparation from clove bud essential oil and evaluation of its antioxidant and antibacterial activity
  75. Construction of mercury ion fluorescence system in water samples and art materials and fluorescence detection method for rhodamine B derivatives
  76. Hydroxyapatite/TPU/PLA nanocomposites: Morphological, dynamic-mechanical, and thermal study
  77. Potential of anaerobic co-digestion of acidic fruit processing waste and waste-activated sludge for biogas production
  78. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO–TiO2–chitosan–escin metallic nanocomposites: Evaluation of their antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  79. Nitrogen removal characteristics of wet–dry alternative constructed wetlands
  80. Structural properties and reactivity variations of wheat straw char catalysts in volatile reforming
  81. Microfluidic plasma: Novel process intensification strategy
  82. Antibacterial and photocatalytic activity of visible-light-induced synthesized gold nanoparticles by using Lantana camara flower extract
  83. Antimicrobial edible materials via nano-modifications for food safety applications
  84. Biosynthesis of nano-curcumin/nano-selenium composite and their potentialities as bactericides against fish-borne pathogens
  85. Exploring the effect of silver nanoparticles on gene expression in colon cancer cell line HCT116
  86. Chemical synthesis, characterization, and dose optimization of chitosan-based nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl for management of Phalaris minor (little seed canary grass): First report
  87. Double [3 + 2] cycloadditions for diastereoselective synthesis of spirooxindole pyrrolizidines
  88. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activities
  89. Review Articles
  90. A comprehensive review on green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their diverse biomedical applications
  91. Applications of polyaniline-impregnated silica gel-based nanocomposites in wastewater treatment as an efficient adsorbent of some important organic dyes
  92. Green synthesis of nano-propolis and nanoparticles (Se and Ag) from ethanolic extract of propolis, their biochemical characterization: A review
  93. Advances in novel activation methods to perform green organic synthesis using recyclable heteropolyacid catalysis
  94. Limitations of nanomaterials insights in green chemistry sustainable route: Review on novel applications
  95. Special Issue: Use of magnetic resonance in profiling bioactive metabolites and its applications (Guest Editors: Plalanoivel Velmurugan et al.)
  96. Stomach-affecting intestinal parasites as a precursor model of Pheretima posthuma treated with anthelmintic drug from Dodonaea viscosa Linn.
  97. Anti-asthmatic activity of Saudi herbal composites from plants Bacopa monnieri and Euphorbia hirta on Guinea pigs
  98. Embedding green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles in cotton fabrics and assessment of their antibacterial wound healing and cytotoxic properties: An eco-friendly approach
  99. Synthetic pathway of 2-fluoro-N,N-diphenylbenzamide with opto-electrical properties: NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopic, and DFT computational studies of the first-order nonlinear optical organic single crystal
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-0001
Keywords for this article
low-fluoride slag; kinetics; Incoloy 825 alloy; mass transfer; two film theory
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Kinetic study on the reaction between Incoloy 825 alloy and low-fluoride slag for electroslag remelting
  3. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) fruit-based gold nanoparticles (BP-AuNPs): Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications – A green approach
  4. Protective role of foliar application of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles against wheat stripe rust disease caused by Puccinia striiformis
  5. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and microcystin production
  6. Efficient degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue in aqueous solution using a novel Fenton-like catalyst of CuCo-ZIFs
  7. Synthesis of biological base oils by a green process
  8. Efficient pilot-scale synthesis of the key cefonicid intermediate at room temperature
  9. Synthesis and characterization of noble metal/metal oxide nanoparticles and their potential antidiabetic effect on biochemical parameters and wound healing
  10. Regioselectivity in the reaction of 5-amino-3-anilino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile with cinnamonitriles and enaminones: Synthesis of functionally substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives
  11. A numerical study on the in-nozzle cavitating flow and near-field atomization of cylindrical, V-type, and Y-type intersecting hole nozzles using the LES-VOF method
  12. Synthesis and characterization of Ce-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their enhanced anticancer activity in Y79 retinoblastoma cancer cells
  13. Aspects of the physiochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent S-protein receptor binding using Arabic gum
  14. Sonochemical synthesis of protein microcapsules loaded with traditional Chinese herb extracts
  15. MW-assisted hydrolysis of phosphinates in the presence of PTSA as the catalyst, and as a MW absorber
  16. Fabrication of silicotungstic acid immobilized on Ce-based MOF and embedded in Zr-based MOF matrix for green fatty acid esterification
  17. Superior photocatalytic degradation performance for gaseous toluene by 3D g-C3N4-reduced graphene oxide gels
  18. Catalytic performance of Na/Ca-based fluxes for coal char gasification
  19. Slow pyrolysis of waste navel orange peels with metal oxide catalysts to produce high-grade bio-oil
  20. Development and butyrylcholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibition potential of PVA-Berberis lycium nanofibers
  21. Influence of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using red alga Corallina elongata on broiler chicks’ performance
  22. Green synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles using Nigella sativa seed extract
  23. Vitamin supplements enhance Spirulina platensis biomass and phytochemical contents
  24. Malachite green dye removal using ceramsite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in a fixed-bed reactor
  25. Green synthesis of manganese-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the effective removal of Pb(ii) from aqueous solutions
  26. Desalination technology for energy-efficient and low-cost water production: A bibliometric analysis
  27. Biological fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Nepeta cataria potentially produces apoptosis through inhibition of proliferative markers in ovarian cancer
  28. Effect of stabilizers on Mn ZnSe quantum dots synthesized by using green method
  29. Calcium oxide addition and ultrasonic pretreatment-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of granatum for adsorption of lead
  30. Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoflakes synthesized using biogenic silica from Salacca zalacca leaf ash and the mechanistic insight into adsorption and photocatalytic wet peroxidation of dye
  31. Facile route of synthesis of silver nanoparticles templated bacterial cellulose, characterization, and its antibacterial application
  32. Synergistic in vitro anticancer actions of decorated selenium nanoparticles with fucoidan/Reishi extract against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells
  33. Preparation of the micro-size flake silver powders by using a micro-jet reactor
  34. Effect of direct coal liquefaction residue on the properties of fine blue-coke-based activated coke
  35. Integration of microwave co-torrefaction with helical lift for pellet fuel production
  36. Cytotoxicity of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles by Adansonia digitata fruit extract against HTC116 and SW480 human colon cancer cell lines
  37. Optimization of biochar preparation process and carbon sequestration effect of pruned wolfberry branches
  38. Anticancer potential of biogenic silver nanoparticles using the stem extract of Commiphora gileadensis against human colon cancer cells
  39. Fabrication and characterization of lysine hydrochloride Cu(ii) complexes and their potential for bombing bacterial resistance
  40. First report of biocellulose production by an indigenous yeast, Pichia kudriavzevii USM-YBP2
  41. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles prepared using seeds of Sisymbrium irio and evaluation of their antifungal and cytotoxic activities
  42. Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalysis of a rare-earth cerium/silver/zinc oxide inorganic nanocomposite
  43. Developing a plastic cycle toward circular economy practice
  44. Fabrication of CsPb1−xMnxBr3−2xCl2x (x = 0–0.5) quantum dots for near UV photodetector application
  45. Anti-colon cancer activities of green-synthesized Moringa oleifera–AgNPs against human colon cancer cells
  46. Phosphorus removal from aqueous solution by adsorption using wetland-based biochar: Batch experiment
  47. A low-cost and eco-friendly fabrication of an MCDI-utilized PVA/SSA/GA cation exchange membrane
  48. Synthesis, microstructure, and phase transition characteristics of Gd/Nd-doped nano VO2 powders
  49. Biomediated synthesis of ZnO quantum dots decorated attapulgite nanocomposites for improved antibacterial properties
  50. Preparation of metal–organic frameworks by microwave-assisted ball milling for the removal of CR from wastewater
  51. A green approach in the biological base oil process
  52. A cost-effective and eco-friendly biosorption technology for complete removal of nickel ions from an aqueous solution: Optimization of process variables
  53. Protective role of Spirulina platensis liquid extract against salinity stress effects on Triticum aestivum L.
  54. Comprehensive physical and chemical characterization highlights the uniqueness of enzymatic gelatin in terms of surface properties
  55. Effectiveness of different accelerated green synthesis methods in zinc oxide nanoparticles using red pepper extract: Synthesis and characterization
  56. Blueprinting morpho-anatomical episodes via green silver nanoparticles foliation
  57. A numerical study on the effects of bowl and nozzle geometry on performances of an engine fueled with diesel or bio-diesel fuels
  58. Liquid-phase hydrogenation of carbon tetrachloride catalyzed by three-dimensional graphene-supported palladium catalyst
  59. The catalytic performance of acid-modified Hβ molecular sieves for environmentally friendly acylation of 2-methylnaphthalene
  60. A study of the precipitation of cerium oxide synthesized from rare earth sources used as the catalyst for biodiesel production
  61. Larvicidal potential of Cipadessa baccifera leaf extract-synthesized zinc nanoparticles against three major mosquito vectors
  62. Fabrication of green nanoinsecticides from agri-waste of corn silk and its larvicidal and antibiofilm properties
  63. Palladium-mediated base-free and solvent-free synthesis of aromatic azo compounds from anilines catalyzed by copper acetate
  64. Study on the functionalization of activated carbon and the effect of binder toward capacitive deionization application
  65. Co-chlorination of low-density polyethylene in paraffin: An intensified green process alternative to conventional solvent-based chlorination
  66. Antioxidant and photocatalytic properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles phyto-fabricated using the aqueous leaf extract of Sida acuta
  67. Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials by using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent
  68. Synthesis of insoluble sulfur and development of green technology based on Aspen Plus simulation
  69. Photodegradation of methyl orange under solar irradiation on Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using wild olive leaf extract
  70. A facile and universal method to purify silica from natural sand
  71. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Atalantia monophylla: A potential eco-friendly agent for controlling blood-sucking vectors
  72. Endophytic bacterial strain, Brevibacillus brevis-mediated green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles, characterization, antifungal, in vitro cytotoxicity, and larvicidal activity
  73. Off-gas detection and treatment for green air-plasma process
  74. Ultrasonic-assisted food grade nanoemulsion preparation from clove bud essential oil and evaluation of its antioxidant and antibacterial activity
  75. Construction of mercury ion fluorescence system in water samples and art materials and fluorescence detection method for rhodamine B derivatives
  76. Hydroxyapatite/TPU/PLA nanocomposites: Morphological, dynamic-mechanical, and thermal study
  77. Potential of anaerobic co-digestion of acidic fruit processing waste and waste-activated sludge for biogas production
  78. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO–TiO2–chitosan–escin metallic nanocomposites: Evaluation of their antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  79. Nitrogen removal characteristics of wet–dry alternative constructed wetlands
  80. Structural properties and reactivity variations of wheat straw char catalysts in volatile reforming
  81. Microfluidic plasma: Novel process intensification strategy
  82. Antibacterial and photocatalytic activity of visible-light-induced synthesized gold nanoparticles by using Lantana camara flower extract
  83. Antimicrobial edible materials via nano-modifications for food safety applications
  84. Biosynthesis of nano-curcumin/nano-selenium composite and their potentialities as bactericides against fish-borne pathogens
  85. Exploring the effect of silver nanoparticles on gene expression in colon cancer cell line HCT116
  86. Chemical synthesis, characterization, and dose optimization of chitosan-based nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl for management of Phalaris minor (little seed canary grass): First report
  87. Double [3 + 2] cycloadditions for diastereoselective synthesis of spirooxindole pyrrolizidines
  88. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activities
  89. Review Articles
  90. A comprehensive review on green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their diverse biomedical applications
  91. Applications of polyaniline-impregnated silica gel-based nanocomposites in wastewater treatment as an efficient adsorbent of some important organic dyes
  92. Green synthesis of nano-propolis and nanoparticles (Se and Ag) from ethanolic extract of propolis, their biochemical characterization: A review
  93. Advances in novel activation methods to perform green organic synthesis using recyclable heteropolyacid catalysis
  94. Limitations of nanomaterials insights in green chemistry sustainable route: Review on novel applications
  95. Special Issue: Use of magnetic resonance in profiling bioactive metabolites and its applications (Guest Editors: Plalanoivel Velmurugan et al.)
  96. Stomach-affecting intestinal parasites as a precursor model of Pheretima posthuma treated with anthelmintic drug from Dodonaea viscosa Linn.
  97. Anti-asthmatic activity of Saudi herbal composites from plants Bacopa monnieri and Euphorbia hirta on Guinea pigs
  98. Embedding green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles in cotton fabrics and assessment of their antibacterial wound healing and cytotoxic properties: An eco-friendly approach
  99. Synthetic pathway of 2-fluoro-N,N-diphenylbenzamide with opto-electrical properties: NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopic, and DFT computational studies of the first-order nonlinear optical organic single crystal
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 6.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/gps-2022-0001/html
Scroll to top button