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Preparation of metal–organic frameworks by microwave-assisted ball milling for the removal of CR from wastewater

  • Fuhua Wei EMAIL logo , Ting Zheng , Qinhui Ren , Hongliang Chen , Junhao Peng , Yufu Ma , Zhengjun Liu , Zhao Liang and Ding Chen EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 29, 2022
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (Sm-MOFs) were prepared using a microwave-assisted ball milling method with a water solution. The structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and SEM, and the thermal stability of the Sm-MOFs was tested by Thermogravimetry (TGA). The results showed that the Sm-MOF material exhibited a favorable effect on removing the organic dye Congo red (CR). When the concentration of CR was 80 ppm, adding 50 mg of Sm-MOF material achieved an adsorption capacity of 396.8 mg·g−1. The experimental data were analyzed theoretically through dynamics, and the experimental results were consistent with the second dynamics model, with correlation coefficients (R 2) all above 0.99. Comprehensive data analysis revealed that the Sm-MOF materials had great potential for future application in wastewater treatment.

Keywords: microwave-assisted ball milling; organic dye; organic pollutant

1 Introduction

The rapid pace of industrial development and continual increase in urbanization have led to escalating threat of pollution to the water environment. Industrial waste can contain herbicides/pesticides, dyes, hexavalent chromium, and aromatics/organics, and these inorganics and organics should be removed from wastewater. The processes of printing and dyeing produce substantial wastewater with high chromaticity that can cause serious pollution to the environment. Methylene blue, Congo red (CR), and orange II are typical organic dyes that have been widely used in the production of textiles, cosmetics, papers, carpets, and plastics. If these dyes are discharged without treatment, they can cause serious environmental pollution problems, and their toxicity can harm human health. The global textile industry uses more than 10,000 tons of dye each year, and about 5,000 tons of dye and 3,600 tons of different dye-containing waste are discharged into rivers [1,2]. Most dyes in industrial wastewater are toxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. Therefore, effective treatment of wastewater from dyeing processes is imperative for the green and sustainable development of the textile industry.

At present, the adsorption method is a simple, direct, cheap, and highly efficient method [3–5] used in the treatment of wastewater, in addition to coagulation [6], photodegradation [7,8], filtration [9,10], among others. As potential effective adsorbents, porous materials have drawn more and more interest in recent years, one of which is the metal–organic frameworks (MOFs).

MOFs are three-dimensional materials formed by linking multifunctional organic ligands and metal ions through coordination bonds. MOFs have structural diversity, high stability, tunable porous properties, a large specific surface area, and renewable metal active sites. MOFs have been widely used in carbon dioxide capture [11,12], catalysis [13,14], energy storage [15,16], chemical sensing [17], adsorption and separation [18–20], antibiotics [21,22,23], drug delivery [24,25], and others [26–30].

Rare earth elements have been widely used in electronics, petrochemical, metallurgy, machinery, energy, light industry, environmental protection, and agriculture fields. In particular, rare-earth metals have been widely applied in fluorescent materials. for example, MOF fluorescence sensing materials formed by lanthanide series as the core has been widely used in detection of inorganic ions [31,32], organic or inorganic small molecules [33,34], explosives [35,36], and temperature [37]. The preparation of MOFs usually includes solvothermal [38,39], ultrasonic [40], and microwave-assisted methods [41–44].

Microwave-assisted ball milling is based on a solid–liquid ball milling approach with a ball milling machine placed in a microwave oven [45]. Microwave heating can speed up the chemical reaction due to the specific microwave effects and high-energy ball milling can effectively suppress the grain growth and refine crystalline particles. Water is used as the solvent. And the use of clean deionized water clear will have the least impact on the environment. Therefore, the method can not only decrease the reaction time from several days to a couple of hours or even minutes, but also avoid the use of a large amount of organic solvent. Thus, the production cost of the adsorbent can obviously decrease.

In this study, Sm(CH3COO)4 was used as the metal ion and terephthalic acid was used as the organic ligand to prepare Sm-MOF materials under the condition of microwave-assisted ball milling. The prepared materials were then used to remove CR.

2 Experimental

The ligands p-phthalic acid and samarium(iii) acetate hydrate were purchased from Aladdin Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China. CR was supplied by Beike New Material Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China.

The structure and morphology of the Sm-MOFs were tested by FTIR, XRD, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and TGA.

Briefly, terephthalic acid (0.026 mol), hydrated samarium acetate (0.017 mol), deionized water (700 mL), and stainless-steel balls (480 g) were placed in a Teflon jar. After sealing the gap with insulating tape, the microwave was turned on, and samples were observed at 10 min. The color of the solution gradually turned blue, accompanied by a significant sour taste, until the color no longer changed. The reactant was then filtered, cooled to room temperature, and extracted. Next, the solid part was placed into a beaker containing 100 mL of ethanol, stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 3 h, followed by extraction, filtering, and drying. The light red solids of Sm-MOFs were obtained in 81.57% yield based on hydrated samarium acetate.

To evaluate the removal capacity of the Sm-MOFs, CR was chosen as a model contaminant and dissolved in a 250 mL beaker at indoor temperature (∼15°C). The removal of CR was tested in a beaker containing 30, 40, 50, 80, and 100 ppm of CR solution with 40, 50, 80, and 100 mg Sm-MOFs placed under the action of natural light on a magnetic stirrer. Every 0.5 h, the absorbance at 496 nm [40] from the reaction suspension was monitored by UV-visible spectrophotometer. In this way, the removal rate of CR could be obtained at different time intervals. The quantity of CR removal was calculated according to the following equation:

(1) q e = ( C 0 − C e ) V m

where C 0 and C e are the initial concentration and equilibrium concentration of the solution (ppm), respectively; V is the volume of the CR solution (L); and m is the amount of the Sm-MOFs (g).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Structural characterization

As shown in Figure 1a, the antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of carboxylate were 1,559 and 1,372 cm−1, respectively. This was mainly due to the formation of large bonds after the delocalization of the carboxylic group, resulting in tendency of the two oxygen atoms to be equivalent, while the electron cloud tended to be average. Strong absorption peaks appeared at 1,610–1,550 and 1,420–1,300 cm−1. The stretching vibrations of aromatic ring skeletons are 1,662 and 1,436 cm−1, 1,112 cm−1 is the deformation vibration of C–H bond of aromatic hydrocarbon, and 762 cm−1 is the displacement characteristic peak of aromatic ring. XRD measurement of the Sm-MOFs is shown in Figure 1b, indicating that the material has no wide absorption peak, suggesting that the material has good crystallinity. As it can be seen from the SEM figure shown in Figure 1c and d the Sm-MOF particle morphology had different structures and good dispersion. This was mainly because the intermolecular interactions of organic ligands were weakened or even disappeared, and the deprotonation of organic ligands was enhanced, which promoted the growth of crystal in the aqueous solution.

Figure 1 Structural characterization of Sm-MOFs: (a) FTIR, (b) XRD, and (c and d) SEM.
Figure 1

Structural characterization of Sm-MOFs: (a) FTIR, (b) XRD, and (c and d) SEM.

The stability of the material is one of the key factors for its performance. The stability of the Sm-MOFs was tested by the thermogravimetric analyzer and the results are shown in Figure 2, which can be divided into three stages. The MOF material is porous, and the first stage showed that a small amount of solvent (6.3%) was still in the material. The second stage mainly involved the oxidation of unreacted metal ions which accounted for 18.7% of the loss [43,46] between 178°C and 349°C, while the third stage was due to the destruction of the whole frame structure. After reaching 610°C, the whole molecule was completely destroyed. The quality of this loss is stable at 452°C and then completed at 800°C. The residue was 33.9% of the initial mass. Most often the reaction of organic ligands and metal ions via a common synthesis procedure yields MOFs with more stable structures [47].

Figure 2 Thermogravimetric analysis of the Sm-MOF.
Figure 2

Thermogravimetric analysis of the Sm-MOF.

Figure 3 shows that the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area was 7.89 m²·g−1. The average particle size was 759.6 nm, the adsorption average pore width was 9.6 nm, Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) adsorption average pore width was 16.2 nm, and BJH desorption average pore width was 18.5 nm, indicating the mesoporous nature of the material. As can be seen from Figure 3, the Sm-MOFs have four types of isotherms with H3 hysteresis rings, which represent the mesoporous properties of the sample [48,49].

Figure 3 N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of the Sm-MOF.
Figure 3

N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of the Sm-MOF.

3.2 Removal of organic dye

To evaluate the quality of Sm-MOF, CR was used as the target molecule to test Sm-MOF’s ability to remove organic pollutants. Sm-MOFs of different masses were assessed for removal of CR. The results showed that the CR removal rate increased with increasing mass of Sm-MOFs, while decreased with increasing concentrations of CR. The CR removal rate could reach 100% within 30 min for low concentration of CR. When the CR concentration was 80 ppm and the mass of Sm-MOFs was 50 mg, the adsorption capacity was the largest, reaching 396.8 mg·g−1, but when the CR concentration was 100 ppm and the mass of Sm-MOFs was 50 mg, the removal rate was the worst, only 55.7%. The CR adsorption capacity was mainly influenced by the specific area and pore size of Sm-MOFs. First, because the pore size of Sm-MOFs is equivalent to the volume of CR molecules, the CR molecules flow into the pores of Sm-MOFs and adsorb onto the material. Second, Sm-MOFs and CR both have benzene rings and π electrons, which are adsorbed together by π–π bonds. Finally, Sm-MOFs have metal active sites that can adsorb CR; however, the large mass of Sm-MOFs can lead to coverage of active sites, thereby decreasing the adsorption capacity. In addition, there may also be electric charges in the solution. In the system, the presence of π–π interaction, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic attraction can result in a highly efficient removal of CR by MOFs [50,51]. Therefore, Sm-MOFs have a good CR removal capacity that is due to both physical and chemical adsorption. To test the reusability of Sm-MOFs, the used Sm-MOFs were filtered and washed three times with water and dried. The consequence indicated that the removal rate of Sm-MOFs remained above 80% after four cycles (as shown in Figure 4), indicating a reasonable reusability. The CR adsorptions with other adsorbents are shown in Table 1.

Figure 4 Reuse of Sm-MOF adsorbed CR.
Figure 4

Reuse of Sm-MOF adsorbed CR.

Table 1

Comparison of maximum adsorption capacities of various adsorbents for CR

Adsorbent q max (mg·g−1) BET (m²·g−1) Reference
Sm-MOFs 396.8 7.89 This study
In-MOFs-1 103.54 21 [45]
In-MOFs-2 92.29 7
GO/In-MOFs-1 108.54 14
GO/In-MOFs-2 96.72 10
TUM-7 79 393 [52]
TUM-39 53 521 [53]
Uio-66 251 1,358 [54]
NH2-MIL-68(Al) 473.93 1,393 [55]
HKUST-1 58.3 1,316 [56]
Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@HKUST-1 49.5 1,134

A kinetic model was used to verify the consistency between the experiment and theory, and the formula used is presented below.

The pseudo-second-order kinetic model:

(2) t q t = t q e + 1 k 2 q e 2

where k is the kinetics reaction rate constant (min−1), q t (mg·g−1) is the adsorbing capacity of the Sm-MOFs at time t, and q e is the adsorbing capacity of the MOFs at equilibrium.

It can be seen from Figure 5 and Table 2 that all R 2 of the second kinetic model were greater than 0.99, suggesting the theory that Sm-MOF’s ability to remove CR is consistent with the results obtained in practice.

Figure 5 Pseudo-second-order kinetic model for the adsorption over the Sm-MOF: (a) m = 100 mg, (b) m = 80 mg, (c) m = 50 mg, and (d) m = 40 mg.
Figure 5

Pseudo-second-order kinetic model for the adsorption over the Sm-MOF: (a) m = 100 mg, (b) m = 80 mg, (c) m = 50 mg, and (d) m = 40 mg.

Table 2

Kinetic parameters for the adsorption of CR by the Sm-MOFs

Mass (mg) Concentration k R 2 q exp (mg·g−1)
100 100 0.00778 0.999 128.8
80 0.00946 0.999 105.8
50 0.0121 0.999 166.9
40 0.0206 0.999 48.8
30 0.0279 0.999 36.1
80 100 0.00479 0.999 335.1
80 0.00831 0.999 120.6
50 0.0129 0.999 78.1
40 0.0226 0.999 72.8
30 0.0236 0.999 42.7
50 100 0.00310 0.999 326.3
80 0.00259 0.992 396.8
50 0.00630 0.998 163.9
40 0.0147 0.999 68.8
30 0.00915 0.999 108.9
40 100 0.00261 0.993 308.4
80 0.00383 0.999 261.5
50 0.00647 0.999 154.8
40 0.00773 0.998 131.2
30 0.0108 0.999 92.5

At a certain temperature, the Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, and Temkin isotherm models were applied to describe the relationship between the adsorption capacity of the Sm-MOFs and the equilibrium concentration of CR. To determine the efficiency of the adsorbent to remove CR from the environment, the following equations were used:

(3) C e q e = C e q max + 1 k L q max

(4) ln q e = 1 n ln C e + ln k f

(5) q e = B ( ln A T + ln C e )

Figure 6 shows the Temkin isotherm of CR adsorption by MOFs, and Table 2 shows the parameters. The correlation coefficient was 0.982, suggesting that the Temkin isotherm was in good agreement with the experimental data. The q max of MOFs to CR was 304.9 mg·g−1. We also tested the Freundlich isotherm model. As shown in Figure 6 and Table 3, it can be seen that the adsorption of CR by MOFs is a monolayer adsorption. There was no interaction between the adsorbed molecules, and the adsorption equilibrium process was dynamic equilibrium [49].

Figure 6 Adsorption isotherms of CR onto Sm-MOFs at room temperature: (a) Temkin isotherm, (b) Langmuir isotherm, and (c) Freundlich isotherm.
Figure 6

Adsorption isotherms of CR onto Sm-MOFs at room temperature: (a) Temkin isotherm, (b) Langmuir isotherm, and (c) Freundlich isotherm.

Table 3

Adsorption isotherm parameters of CR onto Sm-MOFs at room temperature

Adsorbent Langmuir isotherm Freundlich isotherm Temkin isotherm
K R 2 K R 2 K R 2
Sm-MOFs 0.00311 0.97099 0.66398 0.96268 1.125 × 102 0.98208

To further understand the CR adsorption mechanism, the thermodynamic of CR removal was studied. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant and Gibbs free energy change were evaluated by the following formulas:

(6) Δ G 0 = − R T ln K 0

(7) K 0 = q e / C e

(8) Δ G = Δ H − T Δ S

(9) ln k 0 = Δ S R − Δ H R T

where K 0 is the Langmuir adsorption constant (L·mol−1) and R is the gas constant. As it can be seen from Figure 7 that ΔG 0, ΔH 0, and ΔS 0 are negative, suggesting that the adsorption of CR by Sm-MOFs is spontaneous, and the adsorption process is exothermic. Therefore, the driving force for CR adsorption by Sm-MOFs is due to both enthalpy effect and entropy effect.

Figure 7 The thermodynamic equilibrium of CR adsorption by Sm-MOFs.
Figure 7

The thermodynamic equilibrium of CR adsorption by Sm-MOFs.

4 Conclusion

In summary, the Sm-MOFs were prepared by microwave-assisted ball milling, and the structure was tested using XRD, SEM, TG, and nitrogen adsorption and desorption. The Sm-MOFs material was tested for removal of CR. The experimental results were in accordance with the second dynamic model, and the correlation coefficients were all above 0.99. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm analyses were performed to further investigate the adsorption of CR by Sm-MOFs, and the results showed that the correlation coefficients had good coincidence. These results indicate that the theory is consistent with practice. Therefore, Sm-MOFs can be well applied for CR removal in the future.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by Doctoral Fund of Anshun University (asxybsjj202103) and Guizhou Education Department Youth Science and Technology Talents Growth Project (KY[2019]149 and KY[2020]132).

  2. Author contributions: Fuhua Wei: writing – original draft, writing – review and editing; Ting Zheng, JunhaoPeng, and Yufu Ma: methodology and investigation; Qinhui Ren and Hongliang Chen: formal analysis; Zhengjun Liu and Zhao Liang: validation and software; Ding Chen: conceptualization.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-02-26
Revised: 2022-05-03
Accepted: 2022-05-22
Published Online: 2022-06-29

© 2022 Fuhua Wei et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  3. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) fruit-based gold nanoparticles (BP-AuNPs): Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications – A green approach
  4. Protective role of foliar application of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles against wheat stripe rust disease caused by Puccinia striiformis
  5. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and microcystin production
  6. Efficient degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue in aqueous solution using a novel Fenton-like catalyst of CuCo-ZIFs
  7. Synthesis of biological base oils by a green process
  8. Efficient pilot-scale synthesis of the key cefonicid intermediate at room temperature
  9. Synthesis and characterization of noble metal/metal oxide nanoparticles and their potential antidiabetic effect on biochemical parameters and wound healing
  10. Regioselectivity in the reaction of 5-amino-3-anilino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile with cinnamonitriles and enaminones: Synthesis of functionally substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives
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  26. Desalination technology for energy-efficient and low-cost water production: A bibliometric analysis
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  51. A green approach in the biological base oil process
  52. A cost-effective and eco-friendly biosorption technology for complete removal of nickel ions from an aqueous solution: Optimization of process variables
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  55. Effectiveness of different accelerated green synthesis methods in zinc oxide nanoparticles using red pepper extract: Synthesis and characterization
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  57. A numerical study on the effects of bowl and nozzle geometry on performances of an engine fueled with diesel or bio-diesel fuels
  58. Liquid-phase hydrogenation of carbon tetrachloride catalyzed by three-dimensional graphene-supported palladium catalyst
  59. The catalytic performance of acid-modified Hβ molecular sieves for environmentally friendly acylation of 2-methylnaphthalene
  60. A study of the precipitation of cerium oxide synthesized from rare earth sources used as the catalyst for biodiesel production
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  80. Structural properties and reactivity variations of wheat straw char catalysts in volatile reforming
  81. Microfluidic plasma: Novel process intensification strategy
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  83. Antimicrobial edible materials via nano-modifications for food safety applications
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  89. Review Articles
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  91. Applications of polyaniline-impregnated silica gel-based nanocomposites in wastewater treatment as an efficient adsorbent of some important organic dyes
  92. Green synthesis of nano-propolis and nanoparticles (Se and Ag) from ethanolic extract of propolis, their biochemical characterization: A review
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https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-0060
Keywords for this article
microwave-assisted ball milling; organic dye; organic pollutant
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Kinetic study on the reaction between Incoloy 825 alloy and low-fluoride slag for electroslag remelting
  3. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) fruit-based gold nanoparticles (BP-AuNPs): Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications – A green approach
  4. Protective role of foliar application of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles against wheat stripe rust disease caused by Puccinia striiformis
  5. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and microcystin production
  6. Efficient degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue in aqueous solution using a novel Fenton-like catalyst of CuCo-ZIFs
  7. Synthesis of biological base oils by a green process
  8. Efficient pilot-scale synthesis of the key cefonicid intermediate at room temperature
  9. Synthesis and characterization of noble metal/metal oxide nanoparticles and their potential antidiabetic effect on biochemical parameters and wound healing
  10. Regioselectivity in the reaction of 5-amino-3-anilino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile with cinnamonitriles and enaminones: Synthesis of functionally substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives
  11. A numerical study on the in-nozzle cavitating flow and near-field atomization of cylindrical, V-type, and Y-type intersecting hole nozzles using the LES-VOF method
  12. Synthesis and characterization of Ce-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their enhanced anticancer activity in Y79 retinoblastoma cancer cells
  13. Aspects of the physiochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent S-protein receptor binding using Arabic gum
  14. Sonochemical synthesis of protein microcapsules loaded with traditional Chinese herb extracts
  15. MW-assisted hydrolysis of phosphinates in the presence of PTSA as the catalyst, and as a MW absorber
  16. Fabrication of silicotungstic acid immobilized on Ce-based MOF and embedded in Zr-based MOF matrix for green fatty acid esterification
  17. Superior photocatalytic degradation performance for gaseous toluene by 3D g-C3N4-reduced graphene oxide gels
  18. Catalytic performance of Na/Ca-based fluxes for coal char gasification
  19. Slow pyrolysis of waste navel orange peels with metal oxide catalysts to produce high-grade bio-oil
  20. Development and butyrylcholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibition potential of PVA-Berberis lycium nanofibers
  21. Influence of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using red alga Corallina elongata on broiler chicks’ performance
  22. Green synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles using Nigella sativa seed extract
  23. Vitamin supplements enhance Spirulina platensis biomass and phytochemical contents
  24. Malachite green dye removal using ceramsite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in a fixed-bed reactor
  25. Green synthesis of manganese-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the effective removal of Pb(ii) from aqueous solutions
  26. Desalination technology for energy-efficient and low-cost water production: A bibliometric analysis
  27. Biological fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Nepeta cataria potentially produces apoptosis through inhibition of proliferative markers in ovarian cancer
  28. Effect of stabilizers on Mn ZnSe quantum dots synthesized by using green method
  29. Calcium oxide addition and ultrasonic pretreatment-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of granatum for adsorption of lead
  30. Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoflakes synthesized using biogenic silica from Salacca zalacca leaf ash and the mechanistic insight into adsorption and photocatalytic wet peroxidation of dye
  31. Facile route of synthesis of silver nanoparticles templated bacterial cellulose, characterization, and its antibacterial application
  32. Synergistic in vitro anticancer actions of decorated selenium nanoparticles with fucoidan/Reishi extract against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells
  33. Preparation of the micro-size flake silver powders by using a micro-jet reactor
  34. Effect of direct coal liquefaction residue on the properties of fine blue-coke-based activated coke
  35. Integration of microwave co-torrefaction with helical lift for pellet fuel production
  36. Cytotoxicity of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles by Adansonia digitata fruit extract against HTC116 and SW480 human colon cancer cell lines
  37. Optimization of biochar preparation process and carbon sequestration effect of pruned wolfberry branches
  38. Anticancer potential of biogenic silver nanoparticles using the stem extract of Commiphora gileadensis against human colon cancer cells
  39. Fabrication and characterization of lysine hydrochloride Cu(ii) complexes and their potential for bombing bacterial resistance
  40. First report of biocellulose production by an indigenous yeast, Pichia kudriavzevii USM-YBP2
  41. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles prepared using seeds of Sisymbrium irio and evaluation of their antifungal and cytotoxic activities
  42. Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalysis of a rare-earth cerium/silver/zinc oxide inorganic nanocomposite
  43. Developing a plastic cycle toward circular economy practice
  44. Fabrication of CsPb1−xMnxBr3−2xCl2x (x = 0–0.5) quantum dots for near UV photodetector application
  45. Anti-colon cancer activities of green-synthesized Moringa oleifera–AgNPs against human colon cancer cells
  46. Phosphorus removal from aqueous solution by adsorption using wetland-based biochar: Batch experiment
  47. A low-cost and eco-friendly fabrication of an MCDI-utilized PVA/SSA/GA cation exchange membrane
  48. Synthesis, microstructure, and phase transition characteristics of Gd/Nd-doped nano VO2 powders
  49. Biomediated synthesis of ZnO quantum dots decorated attapulgite nanocomposites for improved antibacterial properties
  50. Preparation of metal–organic frameworks by microwave-assisted ball milling for the removal of CR from wastewater
  51. A green approach in the biological base oil process
  52. A cost-effective and eco-friendly biosorption technology for complete removal of nickel ions from an aqueous solution: Optimization of process variables
  53. Protective role of Spirulina platensis liquid extract against salinity stress effects on Triticum aestivum L.
  54. Comprehensive physical and chemical characterization highlights the uniqueness of enzymatic gelatin in terms of surface properties
  55. Effectiveness of different accelerated green synthesis methods in zinc oxide nanoparticles using red pepper extract: Synthesis and characterization
  56. Blueprinting morpho-anatomical episodes via green silver nanoparticles foliation
  57. A numerical study on the effects of bowl and nozzle geometry on performances of an engine fueled with diesel or bio-diesel fuels
  58. Liquid-phase hydrogenation of carbon tetrachloride catalyzed by three-dimensional graphene-supported palladium catalyst
  59. The catalytic performance of acid-modified Hβ molecular sieves for environmentally friendly acylation of 2-methylnaphthalene
  60. A study of the precipitation of cerium oxide synthesized from rare earth sources used as the catalyst for biodiesel production
  61. Larvicidal potential of Cipadessa baccifera leaf extract-synthesized zinc nanoparticles against three major mosquito vectors
  62. Fabrication of green nanoinsecticides from agri-waste of corn silk and its larvicidal and antibiofilm properties
  63. Palladium-mediated base-free and solvent-free synthesis of aromatic azo compounds from anilines catalyzed by copper acetate
  64. Study on the functionalization of activated carbon and the effect of binder toward capacitive deionization application
  65. Co-chlorination of low-density polyethylene in paraffin: An intensified green process alternative to conventional solvent-based chlorination
  66. Antioxidant and photocatalytic properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles phyto-fabricated using the aqueous leaf extract of Sida acuta
  67. Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials by using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent
  68. Synthesis of insoluble sulfur and development of green technology based on Aspen Plus simulation
  69. Photodegradation of methyl orange under solar irradiation on Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using wild olive leaf extract
  70. A facile and universal method to purify silica from natural sand
  71. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Atalantia monophylla: A potential eco-friendly agent for controlling blood-sucking vectors
  72. Endophytic bacterial strain, Brevibacillus brevis-mediated green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles, characterization, antifungal, in vitro cytotoxicity, and larvicidal activity
  73. Off-gas detection and treatment for green air-plasma process
  74. Ultrasonic-assisted food grade nanoemulsion preparation from clove bud essential oil and evaluation of its antioxidant and antibacterial activity
  75. Construction of mercury ion fluorescence system in water samples and art materials and fluorescence detection method for rhodamine B derivatives
  76. Hydroxyapatite/TPU/PLA nanocomposites: Morphological, dynamic-mechanical, and thermal study
  77. Potential of anaerobic co-digestion of acidic fruit processing waste and waste-activated sludge for biogas production
  78. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO–TiO2–chitosan–escin metallic nanocomposites: Evaluation of their antimicrobial and anticancer activities
  79. Nitrogen removal characteristics of wet–dry alternative constructed wetlands
  80. Structural properties and reactivity variations of wheat straw char catalysts in volatile reforming
  81. Microfluidic plasma: Novel process intensification strategy
  82. Antibacterial and photocatalytic activity of visible-light-induced synthesized gold nanoparticles by using Lantana camara flower extract
  83. Antimicrobial edible materials via nano-modifications for food safety applications
  84. Biosynthesis of nano-curcumin/nano-selenium composite and their potentialities as bactericides against fish-borne pathogens
  85. Exploring the effect of silver nanoparticles on gene expression in colon cancer cell line HCT116
  86. Chemical synthesis, characterization, and dose optimization of chitosan-based nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl for management of Phalaris minor (little seed canary grass): First report
  87. Double [3 + 2] cycloadditions for diastereoselective synthesis of spirooxindole pyrrolizidines
  88. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activities
  89. Review Articles
  90. A comprehensive review on green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their diverse biomedical applications
  91. Applications of polyaniline-impregnated silica gel-based nanocomposites in wastewater treatment as an efficient adsorbent of some important organic dyes
  92. Green synthesis of nano-propolis and nanoparticles (Se and Ag) from ethanolic extract of propolis, their biochemical characterization: A review
  93. Advances in novel activation methods to perform green organic synthesis using recyclable heteropolyacid catalysis
  94. Limitations of nanomaterials insights in green chemistry sustainable route: Review on novel applications
  95. Special Issue: Use of magnetic resonance in profiling bioactive metabolites and its applications (Guest Editors: Plalanoivel Velmurugan et al.)
  96. Stomach-affecting intestinal parasites as a precursor model of Pheretima posthuma treated with anthelmintic drug from Dodonaea viscosa Linn.
  97. Anti-asthmatic activity of Saudi herbal composites from plants Bacopa monnieri and Euphorbia hirta on Guinea pigs
  98. Embedding green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles in cotton fabrics and assessment of their antibacterial wound healing and cytotoxic properties: An eco-friendly approach
  99. Synthetic pathway of 2-fluoro-N,N-diphenylbenzamide with opto-electrical properties: NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopic, and DFT computational studies of the first-order nonlinear optical organic single crystal
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