Startseite Phytochemical composition and insecticidal activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. extract on life span and biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.)
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Phytochemical composition and insecticidal activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. extract on life span and biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.)

  • Wael Khamis , Abdulaziz Al-Askar , Przemysław Kowalczewski , Ahmed Abdelkhalek EMAIL logo und Said Behiry EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 11. November 2024
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Open Agriculture
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Agriculture Band 9 Heft 1

Abstract

Plant extracts with insecticidal properties are promising alternatives to conventional insecticides, which may pose risks to human health and the environment in pest management. In the current study, the methanolic extract of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. was characterized using high-performance liquid and gas-mass spectrometry chromatography. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis identified 14 polyphenols, the highest of which is chlorogenic acid (65637.79 µg/g), followed by naringenin and pyrocatechol at 2022.98 and 1509.11 µg/g, respectively. However, quercetin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, and kaempferol showed moderate quantities. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis identified the major polysaccharide, inositol (15.52%), followed by squalene and triterpene (11.02%) out of 35 polysaccharides. The major fatty acids, 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, and methyl 9-cis, 11-trans-octadecadienoate, were 9.06 and 6.30%, respectively. The crude extract and chlorfluazuron 5% EC at LC15 were evaluated for the life table and biological aspects of S. littoralis (Boisd.) neonates after 48 h under laboratory conditions compared to the control. The toxicity of the LC15 at 48 h of chlorfluazuron 5% EC (0.31 mg/L) excelled the extract (178.95 mg/L) on the neonates. Life span tests showed that the larval longevity of the extract and chlorfluazuron colonies were 27.34 and 30 days, respectively. The control colony completed its life span at 38.66 days, whereas the extract colony ended at the pupae stage at 33.67 days. Biological aspects showed that the tested compounds decreased pupation percentages and weight. Pupae malformations caused by the extract (80.56%) outperformed chlorfluazuron (33.33%). The adult emergency decreased by the extract (0.33%), and no emergency was observed in chlorfluazuron colony. Ultimately, A. oblongifolia extract demonstrated significant life table elongations and developmental impairment, which may suggest potential and eco-friendly use for its prospective commercial preparations in controlling S. littoralis alternatively to chlorfluazuron 5% EC.

Keywords: African wintersweet; HPLC–MS; GC–MS; cotton leafworm; lepidopterans; chlorfluazuron

1 Introduction

The Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the most important polyphagous insect pests [1,2]. Its larval stage invades a broad assortment of economic and strategic crops belonging to more than 40 families (EPPO, 2022). Regarding the issues of pest resistance and contamination of agroecosystems, plant-derived phytochemicals have been used as outstanding alternatives to conventional synthetic insecticides in pest management [3]. In this issue, the development of phytochemistry research has afforded the outstanding benefit of plant-derived naturalistic or synthetic bioactive ingredients against agro-insect pests [4]. Due to the availability and abundance of bioactive ingredients latent in medicinal plants [5,6], the World Health Organization stated that over 80% of the developing countries rely on indigenous plant-origin medicines [7].

One of the most common evergreen shrubs is the African wintersweet, Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. (Family: Apocynaceae). This shrub occupies all eastern and central African countries. Its height extends up to 3.5 m and possesses smooth, leathery, and dark green leaves [8]. Several studies evaluated its leaf extract for its insecticidal potency [9,10]. Investigation of the toxic effects of A. oblongifolia methanolic extract on the larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) may be correlated with some bioactive compounds, such as neophytadiene, quercetin, and double bond-free carboxylic or methylated fatty acids, could realize larvicidal effect against S. littoralis (Boisd.) [11,12]. A previous study showed the safe uses of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) extracts in medicinal applications as a chemotherapeutic and antiangiogenic due to its major compound of cardenolides [13]. Eventually, very few, if almost any, studies [11,12,13] have addressed the effect of the African wintersweet methanolic extract on the life span and biological aspects against S. littoralis (Boisd.). Chlorfluazuron is an insect growth regulator that affiliates with benzoylphenyl urease and performs as a chitin biosynthesis inhibitor, causing an anti-molting effect on insect cuticle. Consequently, it can give rise to apparent changes in the cuticle, such as an absence of elasticity and endocuticular malformation [14]. Many investigations were accomplished on chlorfluazuron’s effects on different biological aspects of lepidopteran species [15,16,17,18]. Also, chlorfluazuron affected egg formation in lepidopterans as it could interfere with vitellogenesis and the reproductive process [19,20]. Furthermore, the prospect control strategies of S. littoralis (Boisd.) have been wisely amended by several studies conducted on life span and biological aspects. These studies have guided the appropriate timing of effective measures and chemical interventions [21,22].

In this regard, the primary objectives of this study are to assess the toxic effects, life table, and biological aspects of the sub-lethal concentrations of the methanolic extract of A. oblongifolia, compared to chlorfluazuron 5% EC against the neonates of S. littoralis under laboratory conditions for the first time. Thus, this study also aims to explore the main phytochemical composition of the A. oblongifolia methanolic extract using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis techniques.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Sampling and extraction procedure of the African wintersweet and tested compounds

The vegetative parts of A. oblongifolia were sampled from the garden of the Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria governorate, Egypt, at coordinates of 31°14′15.5″N and 29°57′16.1″E. The collected samples were left to dry completely at room temperature for 14 days and then milled into a fine powder. The obtained A. oblongifolia powder (100 g) was macerated with methanol (1,000 mL of 99% analytical grade) in a brown bottle and was shaken (orbital shaker, Esco Technologies Pty Ltd, Centurion, Gauteng, South Africa) at room temperature for 96 h. Methanol was discarded by the rotary evaporator at 40°C (DAIHAN-RVE-05, Singapore). The obtained crude extract was preserved in sealed glass vials below 0°C, preluding to chromatographic analysis. The extraction yield was determined using the following formula:

Yield of extract ( % ) = Mass of dry extract after solvent removal ( g ) / Mass of dry powder used ( g ) × 100 .

Chlorfluazuron (Tobron S 5% EC belongs to the benzoylphenylurea group and is manufactured by Agrochem for Fertilizers and Chemicals, Egypt) was sprayed at a field dosage rate of 300 L acre−1 that meets the requirements of the Agriculture Pesticides Committee in Egypt.

2.2 HPLC analysis

HPLC Agilent 1260 series was used to analyze the crude methanolic extract using an Eclipse C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm i.d., 5 μm) for the separation phase. The mobile phase (water (A) and 500 μL trifluoroacetic acid per liter of acetonitrile (B)) was regulated at a flow rate of 0.9 mL min −1. The linear gradient program was set at 0, 0–5, 5–8, 8–12, 12–15, 15–16, and 16–20 min for the mobile phase A at concentrations of 82, 80, 60, 60, 82, 82, and 82%, respectively. The multi-wavelength detector was adjusted at 280 nm. The HPLC system was calibrated prior to sample analysis using standard compounds with known concentrations and purity. Each sample solution was injected at 5 μL. The column temperature was set at 40°C. The identified compounds approached a list of 19 standard compounds [23].

2.3 GC–MS analysis

The crude extract was analyzed using an Agilent 7000D GC–MS (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) fitted with a column of diphenyl:dimethylpolysiloxane (5:95%) and HP-5MS capillary column. The carrier gas (helium at 99.99% purity) flowed at a rate of 1 mL min−1. The ionization energy was 70 eV, with a scan time of 0.2 s. The fragment detection ranged from 40 to 600 m/z. The concentration of the extract was adjusted to 10 mg/mL before injection. Each 1 μL of the injected sample had a split ratio of 10:1 at 250°C. The oven temperatures of the column started at 50°C 3 min−1 and surged at a rate of 10°C min−1 until 280°C, then ended at 300°C 10 min−1. Depending on the retention time (RT), peak area, and mass spectra, the identified compounds were compared to the authentic libraries of Wiley Registry 8E, replib, and mainlib [24].

2.4 Cotton leafworm rearing

Egg patches of S. littoralis were sampled from their various main host plants in different agro-field locations, for instance 31°08′13.1″N: 29°58′08.8″E, 31°05′16.9″N: 30°17′26.6″E, and 31°13′12.7″N: 29°58′29.4″E in Alexandria governorate, Egypt. The obtained egg patches of S. littoralis were reared in an insect rearing chamber, outfitted with a digital thermostat and hygrometer to maintain laboratory conditions (27 ± 2°C, RH 60 ± 5%, light/dark duration at 12 h) [25]. The larvae were fed on fresh leaves of the castor-oil plant, Ricinus communis (L), reaching the end of the life cycle. The rearing and feeding conditions were continued along seven generations (G) to obtain a laboratory strain (LS). The LS at the 7th G resumed their feeding on the leaves of the cotton plant, Gossypium barbadense (L), for two more generations before being submitted to tests of toxicity, life table, and biological aspects.

2.5 Sub-lethal concentration bioassay

The leaf dipping method of the methanolic extract of A. oblongifolia and chlorfluazuron 5% EC (positive control) and the control (negative control with distilled water) was used on the neonates of S. littoralis (Boisd.). Each treatment had six gradual sub-lethal concentrations. A fixed time for dipping (15 s) and sufficient time for dryness (15 min at room temperature) were set for treated cotton leaves at each concentration. Each concentration contained four replicates of glass cups (250 cm3) sealed with rubber and permeable fabric. Twenty neonates were used for each replicate. The mortality rates of each treatment at LC15 after 48 h of exposure were submitted to probit analysis [26] and corrected by the formula of Abbott [27]. The LC15 values of the crude extract and chlorfluazuron were selected to maintain a sufficient and appropriate number of the population of survival neonates (approximately 85%), through which it is easy to study their biological performance along the life span.

2.6 Evaluation of life span and some biological aspects of cotton leafworm

The life tables, including all the developmental stages of S. littoralis, were detected in the treated neonates with the tested compounds under standard rearing conditions in an insect-rearing chamber [25]. The cotton leaves were dipped in the LC15 values of the tested compounds and the control (distilled water). Time was adjusted ten times for the dryness of the treated leaves. Then, the assay was started by feeding an insect colony (a hundred pre-starved neonates) for 48 h on a sufficient amount of treated leaf (10 g) in each rearing container (diameter, 30 cm; height, 35 cm). The container was replicated three times (with 300 neonates) for each treatment. Finally, the total life span was calculated by summating the longevities of the developmental stages of instar larvae, pre-pupae, pupae, adult females, and the time of mating, pre-ovipositor, and hatching. On the other hand, the biological performance at the pupal stage was recorded based on pupal weight and the percentages of pupation and malformed pupae. Meanwhile, the total adult emergency percentages and female longevity indicated biological aspects of the adult stage. Additionally, reproductive performance was determined by the number of egg patches per insect colony and by using a stereoscopic microscope (Leica MicroStar IV Inc. Buffalo, NY Model 410V, 11262-4). Egg numbers and hatchability percentages were counted in the total patches produced by the adult females in each colony separately.

2.7 Statistical analysis

All data from the laboratory tests were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the differences among treatment means. The normality of the data was first assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. For data that were normally distributed, a one-way ANOVA was performed using the statistical analysis system (SAS) software, version 9.1.3, service pack 4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, 2002). The significance of differences among means was determined using the least significant difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level (p < 0.05) [28].

3 Results

3.1 Sub-lethal concentrations on cotton leafworm larvae

The toxicity at 48 h of exposure (Table 1) at the LC15 value of chlorfluazuron 5% EC (0.31 mg/L) surpassed that of A. oblongifolia extract (178.95 mg/L) on the neonates of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.).

Table 1

Mortality effects of the tested compounds on the neonates of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.) at 48 h of exposure

Tested compound Mortality concentration at LC15 (mg/L) Confidence limits (mg/L) Slope ± SE* χ 2 ** df N***
Acokanthera oblongifolia extract 178.95 (130.30–245.77) 0.76 ± 0.05 6.95 4 480
Chlorfluazuron 5% EC 0.31 (0.22–0.42) 0.88 ± 0.05 3.43 4 480

*Standard error, **Chi square, ***total number of instar larvae.

3.2 Extract yield and HPLC screening of Acokanthera oblongifolia methanolic extract

The yield of the A. oblongifolia extract was determined to be 4.61% from the initial powdered material. The extract of A. oblongifolia was subjected to phytochemical screening, revealing 14 phenolic and flavonoid compounds. These compounds are visually displayed in Figure S1 and Table 2. The component with the highest recorded concentration was chlorogenic acid, measuring 65637.79 µg/g. It was followed by naringenin and pyrocatechol, with concentrations of 2022.98 and 1509.11 µg/g, respectively. However, quercetin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, and kaempferol were found at moderate concentrations of 660.20, 395.61, 350.42, 282.43, and 268.18 µg/g, respectively. The concentrations of daidzein and vanillin were 59.59 and 21.22 µg/g, respectively, indicating that they had the lowest levels.

Table 2

HPLC screening of the phenolic and flavonoid compounds detected in the methanolic extract of Acokanthera oblongifolia

Compound Area Concentration (µg/g)
Gallic acid 91.63 395.61
Chlorogenic acid 9586.25 65637.79
Catechin 0.00 0.00
Methyl gallate 55.45 151.33
Caffeic acid 19.53 75.09
Syringic acid 0.00 0.00
Pyro catechol 209.75 1509.11
Rutin 48.64 282.43
Ellagic acid 0.00 0.00
Coumaric acid 83.19 131.23
Vanillin 9.70 21.22
Ferulic acid 102.58 350.42
Naringenin 335.53 2022.98
Daidzein 19.29 59.59
Quercetin 95.86 660.20
Cinnamic acid 206.24 189.96
Apigenin 0.00 0.00
Kaempferol 69.17 268.18
Hesperetin 0.00 0.00

3.3 GC–MS screening of Acokanthera oblongifolia methanolic extract

Thirty-five A. oblongifolia methanolic extract compounds were identified based on Wiley registry 8E, replib, and mainlib libraries. Figure S2 shows the GC–MS chromatogram displaying the identified compounds in the extract. The highest estimated compounds were listed by RT, relative abundance, molecular formula, and classification (Table 3). Inositol, categorized as a polysaccharide, was the most identified chemical at an RT of 21.14, with an area of 15.52%. Squalene, classified as a triterpene, was the second-most abundant compound detected, with an RT of 40.17 and an area of 11.02%. The two compounds, 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester and methyl 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoate, which were classified as fatty acids, were detected at RT of 28.83 and 28.65 with areas of 9.06 and 6.30%, respectively. Other compounds such as hexadecanoic acid, phenylmethyl ester, geranyl linalool, quinic acid, and ethyl iso-allocholate that belong to diterpenoid, cyclotol, fatty acid derivatives, and sesquiterpene were detected at different RTs with different concentrations (Table 3).

Table 3

GC–MS screening of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. methanolic extract

RT* Area % Compound MF* Class
21.14 15.52 Mome inositol C7H14O6 Polysaccharide
40.17 11.02 Squalene C30H50 Triterpene
28.83 9.06 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester C19H36O2 Fatty acid
28.65 6.30 Methyl 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoate C19H34O2 Fatty acid
24.56 4.74 Mome inositol C7H14O6 Polysaccharide
29.41 4.46 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- C18H32O2 Fatty acid
24.43 3.84 Mome inositol C7H14O6 Polysaccharide
45.31 3.83 á-Sitosterol C29H50O Phytosterol
26.42 3.67 Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 Fatty acid
24.24 3.60 Mome inositol C7H14O6 Polysaccharide
24.02 3.55 Mome inositol C7H14O6 Polysaccharide
43.85 2.76 Hexadecanoic acid, phenylmethyl ester C23H38O2 Fatty acid ester
27.49 2.61 Geranyl linalool C20H34O Diterpenoid
19.40 2.29 Quinic acid C7H12O6 Cyclitol
42.97 1.77 Ethyl iso-allocholate C26H44O5 Steroid derivative
19.29 1.67 1,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid C7H12O6 Carboxylic acids
29.56 1.67 9,12-Octadecadienoyl chloride (Z,Z)- C18H31ClO Fatty acyl chlorides
41.53 1.64 Palmitic acid benzyl ester C23H38O2 Fatty acid ester
41.28 1.58 (3b,24S)-Stigmast-5-en-3-Ol C29H50O Phytosterols
24.50 1.51 Mome inositol C7H14O6 Polysaccharide

3.4 Life table of cotton leafworm

The life tables of survival stages of S. littoralis were monitored for the treated neonate colonies with LC15 values of the tested compounds and the control for 48 h of exposure under the standard rearing conditions (Table 4). The obtained results of neonate, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars showed equal periods in all treatments. Significant prolongations were observed in the longevity of the 1st instar larvae treated with chlorfluazuron 5% EC (3.67 days). As per the larval longevity in the control, significant prolongations were exhibited at the 5th (4.67 and 4.33 days) and 6th instars (5.33 and 5.33 days) as well as the total larval longevity (27.34 and 30 days) treated by A. oblongifolia extract and chlorfluazuron 5% EC, respectively. The lengths of the pre-pupal stage of both tested compounds were equal to those of the control. In other words, the estimated doubling of larval longevity period in the colonies treated with chlorfluazuron 5% EC and A. oblongifolia extract was 1.55 and 1.41 times the control, respectively. No significant differences were found between the pupal longevity of the A. oblongifolia extract (6.33 days) and the insect control colony (8.33 days). Meanwhile, the insect colony treated with chlorfluazuron 5% EC failed to complete the pupae stage. After that, only the control colony succeeded in accomplishing the stages of adult mating and ovipositon (4.33 days) and egg hatching (6.67 days). Finally, the end time of the pupal stage of A. oblongifolia extract (33.67 days) was on par with the control colony (27.67 days). Only the insect of the control colony succeeded in completing their total life span of 37 days.

Table 4

Effects of the LC15 of the tested compounds on the life span of the neonates of S. littoralis (LS) colonies (colony = 100 neonates) at 48 h exposure under standard rearing conditions

Life table parameters A. oblongifolia extract ± SD1 Chlorfluazuron 5% EC ± SD Control ± SD
Instar larvae period (days ± SD) Neonate 2.67 ± 0.58a 3.00 ± 0.00a 2.33 ± 0.58a
1st 2.33 ± 0.58b 3.67 ± 0.58a 2.00 ± 0.00b
2nd 3.00 ± 0.00a 3.33 ± 0.58a 2.67 ± 0.58a
3rd 3.00 ± 1.00ba 4.00 ± 0.00a 2.33 ± 0.58b
4th 3.67 ± 0.58a 3.67 ± 0.58a 2.67 ± 0.58a
5th 4.67 ± 0.58a 4.33 ± 0.58a 2.67 ± 0.58b
6th 5.33 ± 0.58a 5.33 ± 0.58a 3.33 ± 0.58b
Pre-pupae 2.67 ± 0.58a 2.67 ± 0.58a 1.33 ± 0.58b
Larval longevity (days ± SD) 27.34 ± 4.48a 30.00 ± 3.48a 19.33 ± 4.06b
Doubling of larval period (times) 1.41 1.55 —
Pupal longevity (days ± SD) 6.33 ± 5.51a NA2 8.33 ± 0.58a
Adult’s mating and ovipositor period (days ± SD) NA NA 4.33 ± 0.58
Egg hatching time (days ± SD) NA NA 6.67 ± 0.58
Survive upto (days ± SD) End of pupae 33.67 ± 9.99a NA 27.67 ± 1.15a
Total life cycle NA NA 38.66 ± 0.58

1Standard deviation.

2Not available, as the cotton leaf worm colony (= 100 neonates) failed to complete its life. Mean values for each row with the same letter are not significantly different according to the LSD0.05.

3.5 Biological aspects of the cotton leafworm

The biological aspects of the survival stages of S. littoralis were monitored for the treated neonate colonies with LC15 values of the tested compounds and the control for 48 h of exposure under the standard rearing conditions (Table 5). All tested compounds had significant decreases in the pupation percentages and weight of S. littoralis colonies compared to the control. The extract of A. oblongifolia caused the highest percentages of malformed pupae (80.56%) more than chlorfluazuron 5% EC (33.33%), which was equal to the control (10.15%). Equal significant decreases in the adult emergency of S. littoralis (Boisd.) colony treated with the A. oblongifolia extract (0.33%) and complete failure to emerge in the colony treated with chlorfluazuron 5% EC compared to the control (56%). The A. oblongifolia extract did not affect adult longevity, and it was on par with the control colony. The adult females had no ability to lay egg patches in the treated colony with A. oblongifolia extract. Finally, only the control colony achieved its life table with massive numbers of viable eggs (hatchability percentage), reaching 13669.67 (63.00%) in the control colony.

Table 5

Effects of the LC15 of the tested compounds on the biological aspects of S. littoralis (Boisd.) (LS) colonies (colony = 100 neonates) for 48 h of exposure under standard rearing conditions

Biological parameters Acokanthera oblongifolia extract Chlorfluazuron 5% EC Control
Pupation% ± SD1 3.67 ± 0.58b 2.33 ± 2.52b 72.33 ± 2.52a
Pupae weight (mg) ± SD 214.33 ± 4.16b 211.67 ± 2.08b 234.33 ± 4.73a
Malformed pupae% ± SD 80.56 ± 17.35a 33.33 ± 14.43b 10.15 ± 0.90b
Adult emergency% ± SD 0.33 ± 0.58b 0.00 ± 0.00b 56.00 ± 2.65a
Adult female longevity (days) ± SD 3.00 ± 5.20a NA2 8.67 ± 0.58a
No. of egg-patches/each colony ± SD 0.00 ± 0.00b NA 22.33 ± 2.08a
Eggs no./total patches in each colony ± SD NA NA 13669.67 ± 2029.16
Hatchability% ± SD NA NA 63.00 ± 0.00

1Standard deviation.

2Not available as the cotton leafworm colony (= 100 neonates) failed to complete its life. Mean values for each row with the same letter are not significantly different according to the LSD0.05.

4 Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, the goal of the renaissance of phytochemistry science is to learn more about plant-derived phytochemicals’ function [4]. In line with these insights, it is important to study the plant-derived bioactive ingredients in the crude extract of A. oblongifolia, which might reveal more about their synergy and latent insecticidal functions [11,12]. So far, the impact of African wintersweet extract on S. littoralis’ life span and biological aspects have not been well documented in the literature to date [11,12,13].

Based on chromatographic analysis, some HPLC phytochemicals in A. oblongifolia methanolic extract may be expected to affect the life span and biological aspects of S. littoralis (Boisd.), for instance, ellagic, caffeic acid [29,30,31], gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, quercetin [29,30,31,32], ferulic acid [31,33], and rutin compounds [34]. In addition, GC–MS analysis in A. oblongifolia extract showed that unsaturated long-chain fatty acids and their derivative content in A. oblongifolia methanolic extract may prolong life spans, for instance, 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, methyl 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoate, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, hexadecanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid, phenylmethyl ester [35,36,37,38]. Upon precedent studies, the methanolic extract of A. oblongifolia may have toxic effects on S. littoralis larvae, possibly due to bioactive compounds like neophytadiene and quercetin. [11,12]. Using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, the main isolated compounds from A. oblongifolia (Hochst.) leaves were identified based on their chemical structures as pentacyclic triterpenes and cardenolides [13]. Another species, spectabilis (Hochst.), was found to contain major HPLC components like ferulic acid and ellagic acid, as well as GC–MS components like palmitic acid and cis-vaccenic acid. Thus, A. spectabilis (Hochst.) extract could affect nutritional indices and field efficacy against S. littoralis (Boisd.) [12]. Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) extracts had safe medicinal uses as a chemotherapeutic and antiangiogenic due to its major compound of cardenolides [13].

First, the obtained data on the life table of S. littoralis showed significant prolongations at the 1st, 5th, and 6th instars and total larval longevity in A. oblongifolia extract and chlorfluazuron 5% EC colonies. Some HPLC phytochemicals in A. oblongifolia extract may give rise to larval longevity. This postulation agreed with the interpretation of the prolongations of larval durations in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) that may be correlated to the increases in ellagic and caffeic acid concentrations [29,39]. Gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, and quercetin in Acerola bagasse extract extended the prepupal stage of S. frugiperda (J. S. Smith) [29,30]. A significant increase in mortality in 2nd instar larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and its development period of larval and pupal stages was recognized with an increase in caffeic acid dose compared to the control [29]. Furthermore, GC–MS analysis showed that unsaturated long-chain fatty acids and their derivative contents in A. oblongifolia methanolic extract may prolong the total larval life duration in S. littoralis (Boisd.). This supposition may follow the application of the fatty acid extracts on S. littoralis (Boisd.), which led to the elongation of the larval and pupal durations with notable reductions in the growth rate [35,36]. On the other hand, the current data on life span at the pupal stage of S. littoralis showed prolongations at the pre-pupal duration of both tested compounds. No significant differences were found between the pupal longevity of A. oblongifolia extract and the control colony. The end time of the pupal stage in the insect colony of the crude extract and the control was on par, while chlorfluazuron 5% EC insect colony failed to accomplish this stage. Only the control colony succeeded in completing its total life table with a massive number of viable eggs. These current data, aligned with several investigations, revealed that gallic acid provided to the host, even at a lower concentration (LC30), can significantly increase the pupal period of S. litura larvae compared to the control [31]. p-coumaric acid reduces the survival pupae of P. xylostella (Linnaeus) females [32].

Second, the output data of biological aspects could be used as wise guidance to state convenient amendments for the prospect control strategies of S. littoralis, concerned by the appropriate timing for efficacious measures and chemical interventions [21,22]. In this respect, our data showed that colonies of S. littoralis treated with the tested compounds had significant decreases in pupation percentages and weights. The extract of A. oblongifolia caused the highest number of malformed pupae, more than chlorfluazuron 5% EC, which was equal to the control. Significant decreases in the adult emergency of S. littoralis in the insect colony treated by A. oblongifolia extract and complete failure to emerge in the insect colony of chlorfluazuron 5% EC. The adult longevity in the insect colony of A. oblongifolia extract was on par with the control. Complete abstention for the adult females’ ability to lay egg patches in the treated insect colony by A. oblongifolia extract. Finally, only the control colony succeeded in achieving its life table in the control colony. These data were reinforced by similar identified components, which were found in our HPLC analysis, such as ellagic and gallic acid that showed a negative impact on the 6-day-old-survival larvae of S. litura (Fabricius) whenever fed on their sub-lethal doses. Adult emergence also declined, and the developmental period was significantly delayed by the increase in their concentrations [31,39]. The adult emergency rate of the 6-day-old larvae of S. litura (Fabricius), previously fed on a mixed gallic acid-artificial diet, declined with the increase in gallic acid concentration [31]. Furthermore, ferulic acid derived from wheat decreased the larval and pupal weight of Helicoperva armigera (Hubner, 1805) [31,33]. Meanwhile, rutin compounds were released from the treated leaf surface of Capsicum annuum (L) to promote a deterrent effect on oviposition activity [34]. The pupal weight of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) experienced significant decreases as well as a decline in adult emergence up to 40% with the increase in caffeic acid dose at 3,125 ppm compared to the control [29]. Additionally, GC–MS profile of the unsaturated long-chain fatty acids and their derivative forms in A. oblongifolia methanolic extract may have negative effects on the biological aspects of S. littoralis (Boisd.). This presumption may be harmonized with the observations of Eldesouky et al. [37] that the long-chain unsaturated fatty acids could significantly reduce pupal weight and adult longevity, as well as the percentages of pupation, adult emergence, fecundity, and fertility in the treated 4th instar larvae of S. littoralis. Moreover, the unsaturated fatty acids promoted the melanization and hardening of the larvae; as a consequence, adults failed to free themselves from the pupal exuviae, unsatisfactory pressure in the frontal suture, and the strengthening of the opercular suture [36,38].

5 Conclusions

The methanolic extract derived from Acokanthera oblongifolia exhibited significant effects against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) on biological aspects. The data obtained from these assessments offer valuable insights for devising effective control strategies against S. littoralis (Boisd.), particularly regarding the optimal timing for intervention measures and chemical treatments. Given the complexity of the extract’s chemical composition, pinpointing specific active ingredients responsible for its insecticidal effects poses a challenge. It is plausible that minor constituents within the extract may contribute to synergistic interactions with the primary active compound. Also, the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of unsaturated long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives, which correlated with significant reductions in pupal weight and adult longevity. Regarding the obtained data, the crude extract of A. oblongifolia succeeded in displaying significant elongations in the life table and biological impairment in most developmental stages of S. littoralis (Boisd.), which is not far from what occurs in the conventional insect growth regulator, chlorfluazuron. This gives good indications about the possibility of employing this extract in the control program against cotton leafworms in the field. Therefore, further prospective studies towards the isolations of the bioactive molecules in A. oblongifolia extract and their toxicity against non-target organisms and its safety for humans are crucial steps to invent more active botanical insecticides that may offer environmentally sustainable and health-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical insecticides.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2024R505), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: The research is financially supported by Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2024R505), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal. All co-authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. Study conception and data collection: WK, SB, AA; Methods, software analysis, writing results and drafting the manuscript, WK, SB, AA, PK, AAl.

  3. Conflict of interest: Przemysław Kowalczewski is an Editor of Open Agriculture (Food science). Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets used and/or analyzed in this study are accessible from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-07-09
Revised: 2024-09-23
Accepted: 2024-10-18
Published Online: 2024-11-11

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  92. From aquatic to terrestrial: An examination of plant diversity and ecological shifts
  93. Statistical modelling of a tractor tractive performance during ploughing operation on a tropical Alfisol
  94. Participation in artisanal diamond mining and food security: A case study of Kasai Oriental in DR Congo
  95. Assessment and multi-scenario simulation of ecosystem service values in Southwest China’s mountainous and hilly region
  96. Analysis of agricultural emissions and economic growth in Europe in search of ecological balance
  97. Bacillus thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity against insect larvae of the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
  98. Technical efficiency of sugarcane farming in East Java, Indonesia: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis
  99. Comparison between mycobiota diversity and fungi and mycotoxin contamination of maize and wheat
  100. Evaluation of cultivation technology package and corn variety based on agronomy characters and leaf green indices
  101. Exploring the association between the consumption of beverages, fast foods, sweets, fats, and oils and the risk of gastric and pancreatic cancers: Findings from case–control study
  102. Phytochemical composition and insecticidal activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. extract on life span and biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.)
  103. Land use management solutions in response to climate change: Case study in the central coastal areas of Vietnam
  104. Evaluation of coffee pulp as a feed ingredient for ruminants: A meta-analysis
  105. Interannual variations of normalized difference vegetation index and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship in the Baghdad area
  106. Harnessing synthetic microbial communities with nitrogen-fixing activity to promote rice growth
  107. Agronomic and economic benefits of rice–sweetpotato rotation in lowland rice cropping systems in Uganda
  108. Response of potato tuber as an effect of the N-fertilizer and paclobutrazol application in medium altitude
  109. Bridging the gap: The role of geographic proximity in enhancing seed sustainability in Bandung District
  110. Evaluation of Abrams curve in agricultural sector using the NARDL approach
  111. Challenges and opportunities for young farmers in the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2014–2020 of the Republic of Croatia
  112. Yield stability of ten common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes at different sowing dates in Lubumbashi, South-East of DR Congo
  113. Effects of encapsulation and combining probiotics with different nitrate forms on methane emission and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics
  114. Phytochemical analysis of Bienertia sinuspersici extract and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  115. Evaluation of relative drought tolerance of grapevines by leaf fluorescence parameters
  116. Yield assessment of new streak-resistant topcross maize hybrids in Benin
  117. Improvement of cocoa powder properties through ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted alkalization
  118. Potential of ecoenzymes made from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) leaf and pulp waste as bioinsecticides for Periplaneta americana
  119. Analysis of farm performance to realize the sustainability of organic cabbage vegetable farming in Getasan Semarang, Indonesia
  120. Revealing the influences of organic amendment-derived dissolved organic matter on growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
  121. Identification of viruses infecting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) in Benin
  122. Assessing the soil physical and chemical properties of long-term pomelo orchard based on tree growth
  123. Investigating access and use of digital tools for agriculture among rural farmers: A case study of Nkomazi Municipality, South Africa
  124. Does sex influence the impact of dietary vitD3 and UVB light on performance parameters and welfare indicators of broilers?
  125. Design of intelligent sprayer control for an autonomous farming drone using a multiclass support vector machine
  126. Deciphering salt-responsive NB-ARC genes in rice transcriptomic data: A bioinformatics approach with gene expression validation
  127. Review Articles
  128. Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives – A review
  129. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review
  130. Climate change and adaptive strategies on viticulture (Vitis spp.)
  131. The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods
  132. A systematic review on potential analogy of phytobiomass and soil carbon evaluation methods: Ethiopia insights
  133. A review of storage temperature and relative humidity effects on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and implications for nutrition insecurity in Ethiopia
  134. Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks
  135. Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review
  136. Corn silk: A promising source of antimicrobial compounds for health and wellness
  137. State and contours of research on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Africa
  138. The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives
  139. Minor millets: Processing techniques and their nutritional and health benefits
  140. Meta-analysis of reproductive performance of improved dairy cattle under Ethiopian environmental conditions
  141. Review on enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer utilization: Strategies for optimal nutrient management
  142. The nutritional, phytochemical composition, and utilisation of different parts of maize: A comparative analysis
  143. Motivations for farmers’ participation in agri-environmental scheme in the EU, literature review
  144. Evolution of climate-smart agriculture research: A science mapping exploration and network analysis
  145. Short Communications
  146. Music enrichment improves the behavior and leukocyte profile of dairy cattle
  147. Effect of pruning height and organic fertilization on the morphological and productive characteristics of Moringa oleifera Lam. in the Peruvian dry tropics
  148. Corrigendum
  149. Corrigendum to “Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance”
  150. Corrigendum to “Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types”
  151. Special issue: Smart Agriculture System for Sustainable Development: Methods and Practices
  152. Construction of a sustainable model to predict the moisture content of porang powder (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) based on pointed-scan visible near-infrared spectroscopy
  153. FruitVision: A deep learning based automatic fruit grading system
  154. Energy harvesting and ANFIS modeling of a PVDF/GO-ZNO piezoelectric nanogenerator on a UAV
  155. Effects of stress hormones on digestibility and performance in cattle: A review
  156. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part II
  157. Assessment of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profiles and ratio of omega-6/omega-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens fed diets enriched with omega-3 rich vegetable oil
  158. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part II
  159. Special Issue on FCEM – International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation: Message from the editor
  160. Fruit and vegetable consumption: Study involving Portuguese and French consumers
  161. Knowledge about consumption of milk: Study involving consumers from two European Countries – France and Portugal
https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0394
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African wintersweet; HPLC–MS; GC–MS; cotton leafworm; lepidopterans; chlorfluazuron
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Supplementation of P-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris improved soil fertility, P nutrient, growth, and yield of Cucumis melo L.
  3. Yield gap variation in rice cultivation in Indonesia
  4. Effects of co-inoculation of indole-3-acetic acid- and ammonia-producing bacteria on plant growth and nutrition, soil elements, and the relationships of soil microbiomes with soil physicochemical parameters
  5. Impact of mulching and planting time on spring-wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth: A combined field experiment and empirical modeling approach
  6. Morphological diversity, correlation studies, and multiple-traits selection for yield and yield components of local cowpea varieties
  7. Participatory on-farm evaluation of new orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties in Southern Ethiopia
  8. Yield performance and stability analysis of three cultivars of Gayo Arabica coffee across six different environments
  9. Biology of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different types of plants feeds: Potency as a pest on various agricultural plants
  10. Antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. fruit in alloxan-induced Swiss albino diabetic mice
  11. Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance
  12. Nicotinamide as a biostimulant improves soybean growth and yield
  13. Farmer’s willingness to accept the sustainable zoning-based organic farming development plan: A lesson from Sleman District, Indonesia
  14. Uncovering hidden determinants of millennial farmers’ intentions in running conservation agriculture: An application of the Norm Activation Model
  15. Mediating role of leadership and group capital between human capital component and sustainability of horticultural agribusiness institutions in Indonesia
  16. Biochar technology to increase cassava crop productivity: A study of sustainable agriculture on degraded land
  17. Effect of struvite on the growth of green beans on Mars and Moon regolith simulants
  18. UrbanAgriKG: A knowledge graph on urban agriculture and its embeddings
  19. Provision of loans and credit by cocoa buyers under non-price competition: Cocoa beans market in Ghana
  20. Effectiveness of micro-dosing of lime on selected chemical properties of soil in Banja District, North West, Ethiopia
  21. Effect of weather, nitrogen fertilizer, and biostimulators on the root size and yield components of Hordeum vulgare
  22. Effects of selected biostimulants on qualitative and quantitative parameters of nine cultivars of the genus Capsicum spp.
  23. Growth, yield, and secondary metabolite responses of three shallot cultivars at different watering intervals
  24. Design of drainage channel for effective use of land on fully mechanized sugarcane plantations: A case study at Bone Sugarcane Plantation
  25. Technical feasibility and economic benefit of combined shallot seedlings techniques in Indonesia
  26. Control of Meloidogyne javanica in banana by endophytic bacteria
  27. Comparison of important quality components of red-flesh kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in different locations
  28. Efficiency of rice farming in flood-prone areas of East Java, Indonesia
  29. Comparative analysis of alpine agritourism in Trentino, Tyrol, and South Tyrol: Regional variations and prospects
  30. Detection of Fusarium spp. infection in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) during postharvest storage through visible–near-infrared and shortwave–near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy
  31. Forage yield, seed, and forage qualitative traits evaluation by determining the optimal forage harvesting stage in dual-purpose cultivation in safflower varieties (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
  32. The influence of tourism on the development of urban space: Comparison in Hanoi, Danang, and Ho Chi Minh City
  33. Optimum intra-row spacing and clove size for the economical production of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia
  34. The role of organic rice farm income on farmer household welfare: Evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  35. Exploring innovative food in a developing country: Edible insects as a sustainable option
  36. Genotype by environment interaction and performance stability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown in Dawuro zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
  37. Factors influencing green, environmentally-friendly consumer behaviour
  38. Factors affecting coffee farmers’ access to financial institutions: The case of Bandung Regency, Indonesia
  39. Morphological and yield trait-based evaluation and selection of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes suitable for both summer and winter seasons
  40. Sustainability analysis and decision-making strategy for swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) conservation in Jambi Province, Indonesia
  41. Understanding factors affecting rice purchasing decisions in Indonesia: Does rice brand matter?
  42. An implementation of an extended theory of planned behavior to investigate consumer behavior on hygiene sanitation-certified livestock food products
  43. Information technology adoption in Indonesia’s small-scale dairy farms
  44. Draft genome of a biological control agent against Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal phytopathogen of spot blotch in wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum): Bacillus inaquosorum TSO22
  45. Assessment of the recurrent mutagenesis efficacy of sesame crosses followed by isolation and evaluation of promising genetic resources for use in future breeding programs
  46. Fostering cocoa industry resilience: A collaborative approach to managing farm gate price fluctuations in West Sulawesi, Indonesia
  47. Field investigation of component failures for selected farm machinery used in small rice farming operations
  48. Near-infrared technology in agriculture: Rapid, simultaneous, and non-destructive determination of inner quality parameters on intact coffee beans
  49. The synergistic application of sucrose and various LED light exposures to enhance the in vitro growth of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)
  50. Weather index-based agricultural insurance for flower farmers: Willingness to pay, sales, and profitability perspectives
  51. Meta-analysis of dietary Bacillus spp. on serum biochemical and antioxidant status and egg quality of laying hens
  52. Biochemical characterization of trypsin from Indonesian skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera
  53. Determination of C-factor for conventional cultivation and soil conservation technique used in hop gardens
  54. Empowering farmers: Unveiling the economic impacts of contract farming on red chilli farmers’ income in Magelang District, Indonesia
  55. Evaluating salt tolerance in fodder crops: A field experiment in the dry land
  56. Labor productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) farmers in Central Java Province, Indonesia
  57. Cropping systems and production assessment in southern Myanmar: Informing strategic interventions
  58. The effect of biostimulants and red mud on the growth and yield of shallots in post-unlicensed gold mining soil
  59. Effects of dietary Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) seed meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  60. Analysis and structural characterization of the vid-pisco market
  61. Pseudomonas fluorescens SP007s enhances defense responses against the soybean bacterial pustule caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines
  62. A brief investigation on the prospective of co-composted biochar as a fertilizer for Zucchini plants cultivated in arid sandy soil
  63. Supply chain efficiency of red chilies in the production center of Sleman Indonesia based on performance measurement system
  64. Investment development path for developed economies: Is agriculture different?
  65. Power relations among actors in laying hen business in Indonesia: A MACTOR analysis
  66. High-throughput digital imaging and detection of morpho-physiological traits in tomato plants under drought
  67. Converting compression ignition engine to dual-fuel (diesel + CNG) engine and experimentally investigating its performance and emissions
  68. Structuration, risk management, and institutional dynamics in resolving palm oil conflicts
  69. Spacing strategies for enhancing drought resilience and yield in maize agriculture
  70. Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types
  71. Investigating Spodoptera spp. diversity, percentage of attack, and control strategies in the West Java, Indonesia, corn cultivation
  72. Yield stability of biofertilizer treatments to soybean in the rainy season based on the GGE biplot
  73. Evaluating agricultural yield and economic implications of varied irrigation depths on maize yield in semi-arid environments, at Birfarm, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia
  74. Chemometrics for mapping the spatial nitrate distribution on the leaf lamina of fenugreek grown under varying nitrogenous fertilizer doses
  75. Pomegranate peel ethanolic extract: A promising natural antioxidant, antimicrobial agent, and novel approach to mitigate rancidity in used edible oils
  76. Transformative learning and engagement with organic farming: Lessons learned from Indonesia
  77. Tourism in rural areas as a broader concept: Some insights from the Portuguese reality
  78. Assessment enhancing drought tolerance in henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) ecotypes through sodium nitroprusside foliar application
  79. Edible insects: A survey about perceptions regarding possible beneficial health effects and safety concerns among adult citizens from Portugal and Romania
  80. Phenological stages analysis in peach trees using electronic nose
  81. Harvest date and salicylic acid impact on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) properties under different humidity conditions
  82. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. petal biomass: A green source of nanoparticles of multifarious potential
  83. Use of different vegetation indices for the evaluation of the kinetics of the cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) growth based on multispectral images by UAV
  84. First evidence of microplastic pollution in mangrove sediments and its ingestion by coral reef fish: Case study in Biawak Island, Indonesia
  85. Physical and textural properties and sensory acceptability of wheat bread partially incorporated with unripe non-commercial banana cultivars
  86. Cereibacter sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 were used to solubilize insoluble P forms to improve P uptake, growth, and yield of rice in acidic and extreme saline soil
  87. Avocado peel by-product in cattle diets and supplementation with oregano oil and effects on production, carcass, and meat quality
  88. Optimizing inorganic blended fertilizer application for the maximum grain yield and profitability of bread wheat and food barley in Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
  89. The acceptance of social media as a channel of communication and livestock information for sheep farmers
  90. Adaptation of rice farmers to aging in Thailand
  91. Combined use of improved maize hybrids and nitrogen application increases grain yield of maize, under natural Striga hermonthica infestation
  92. From aquatic to terrestrial: An examination of plant diversity and ecological shifts
  93. Statistical modelling of a tractor tractive performance during ploughing operation on a tropical Alfisol
  94. Participation in artisanal diamond mining and food security: A case study of Kasai Oriental in DR Congo
  95. Assessment and multi-scenario simulation of ecosystem service values in Southwest China’s mountainous and hilly region
  96. Analysis of agricultural emissions and economic growth in Europe in search of ecological balance
  97. Bacillus thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity against insect larvae of the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
  98. Technical efficiency of sugarcane farming in East Java, Indonesia: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis
  99. Comparison between mycobiota diversity and fungi and mycotoxin contamination of maize and wheat
  100. Evaluation of cultivation technology package and corn variety based on agronomy characters and leaf green indices
  101. Exploring the association between the consumption of beverages, fast foods, sweets, fats, and oils and the risk of gastric and pancreatic cancers: Findings from case–control study
  102. Phytochemical composition and insecticidal activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. extract on life span and biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.)
  103. Land use management solutions in response to climate change: Case study in the central coastal areas of Vietnam
  104. Evaluation of coffee pulp as a feed ingredient for ruminants: A meta-analysis
  105. Interannual variations of normalized difference vegetation index and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship in the Baghdad area
  106. Harnessing synthetic microbial communities with nitrogen-fixing activity to promote rice growth
  107. Agronomic and economic benefits of rice–sweetpotato rotation in lowland rice cropping systems in Uganda
  108. Response of potato tuber as an effect of the N-fertilizer and paclobutrazol application in medium altitude
  109. Bridging the gap: The role of geographic proximity in enhancing seed sustainability in Bandung District
  110. Evaluation of Abrams curve in agricultural sector using the NARDL approach
  111. Challenges and opportunities for young farmers in the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2014–2020 of the Republic of Croatia
  112. Yield stability of ten common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes at different sowing dates in Lubumbashi, South-East of DR Congo
  113. Effects of encapsulation and combining probiotics with different nitrate forms on methane emission and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics
  114. Phytochemical analysis of Bienertia sinuspersici extract and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  115. Evaluation of relative drought tolerance of grapevines by leaf fluorescence parameters
  116. Yield assessment of new streak-resistant topcross maize hybrids in Benin
  117. Improvement of cocoa powder properties through ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted alkalization
  118. Potential of ecoenzymes made from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) leaf and pulp waste as bioinsecticides for Periplaneta americana
  119. Analysis of farm performance to realize the sustainability of organic cabbage vegetable farming in Getasan Semarang, Indonesia
  120. Revealing the influences of organic amendment-derived dissolved organic matter on growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
  121. Identification of viruses infecting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) in Benin
  122. Assessing the soil physical and chemical properties of long-term pomelo orchard based on tree growth
  123. Investigating access and use of digital tools for agriculture among rural farmers: A case study of Nkomazi Municipality, South Africa
  124. Does sex influence the impact of dietary vitD3 and UVB light on performance parameters and welfare indicators of broilers?
  125. Design of intelligent sprayer control for an autonomous farming drone using a multiclass support vector machine
  126. Deciphering salt-responsive NB-ARC genes in rice transcriptomic data: A bioinformatics approach with gene expression validation
  127. Review Articles
  128. Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives – A review
  129. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review
  130. Climate change and adaptive strategies on viticulture (Vitis spp.)
  131. The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods
  132. A systematic review on potential analogy of phytobiomass and soil carbon evaluation methods: Ethiopia insights
  133. A review of storage temperature and relative humidity effects on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and implications for nutrition insecurity in Ethiopia
  134. Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks
  135. Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review
  136. Corn silk: A promising source of antimicrobial compounds for health and wellness
  137. State and contours of research on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Africa
  138. The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives
  139. Minor millets: Processing techniques and their nutritional and health benefits
  140. Meta-analysis of reproductive performance of improved dairy cattle under Ethiopian environmental conditions
  141. Review on enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer utilization: Strategies for optimal nutrient management
  142. The nutritional, phytochemical composition, and utilisation of different parts of maize: A comparative analysis
  143. Motivations for farmers’ participation in agri-environmental scheme in the EU, literature review
  144. Evolution of climate-smart agriculture research: A science mapping exploration and network analysis
  145. Short Communications
  146. Music enrichment improves the behavior and leukocyte profile of dairy cattle
  147. Effect of pruning height and organic fertilization on the morphological and productive characteristics of Moringa oleifera Lam. in the Peruvian dry tropics
  148. Corrigendum
  149. Corrigendum to “Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance”
  150. Corrigendum to “Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types”
  151. Special issue: Smart Agriculture System for Sustainable Development: Methods and Practices
  152. Construction of a sustainable model to predict the moisture content of porang powder (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) based on pointed-scan visible near-infrared spectroscopy
  153. FruitVision: A deep learning based automatic fruit grading system
  154. Energy harvesting and ANFIS modeling of a PVDF/GO-ZNO piezoelectric nanogenerator on a UAV
  155. Effects of stress hormones on digestibility and performance in cattle: A review
  156. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part II
  157. Assessment of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profiles and ratio of omega-6/omega-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens fed diets enriched with omega-3 rich vegetable oil
  158. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part II
  159. Special Issue on FCEM – International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation: Message from the editor
  160. Fruit and vegetable consumption: Study involving Portuguese and French consumers
  161. Knowledge about consumption of milk: Study involving consumers from two European Countries – France and Portugal
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