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Tourism in rural areas as a broader concept: Some insights from the Portuguese reality

  • Raquel Nunes Tenreiro and Vítor João Pereira Domingues Martinho EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: August 28, 2024
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Open Agriculture
From the journal Open Agriculture Volume 9 Issue 1

Abstract

For sustainable rural development, the complementarity between the socioeconomic activities developed in rural areas is fundamental to create synergies and economic dynamics with positive externalities for the populations in less favoured spaces. The great challenge for the rural regions is the creation of attractive employment to avoid the desertification of these areas and the respective consequences. Some of the impacts of the rural exodus are related to the agroforestry activities abandonment and the increase of biomass in the respective land which, in certain circumstances, is fuel for forest fires. Tourism in rural areas/space (TRA/S) may contribute significantly to improving the complementarity among activities in less favoured spaces and promoting sustainability in mentioned areas. From this perspective, this research aims to explore dimensions associated with TRA/S, highlighting the main contributions from the scientific literature and showing that it can be considered, in some contexts, a broader concept than the concept of rural tourism. To achieve these objectives, first a systematic review based on metrics from the bibliometric analysis was carried out, considering 165 documents found in the Scopus database in a search performed on 19 March 2024 for the following topics and conditions: “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space.” Then, statistics on the Portuguese reality are presented and analysed, highlighting evidence of the context in Portugal. The findings obtained from the systematic review and bibliometric analysis show the importance of this economic activity for the rural regions and reveal some gaps in the literature that may be considered in future studies, namely the following: the links between tourism in rural areas and economic dynamics should be further developed, further address the interconnection between TRA/S dynamics and the Sustainable Development Goals, and more knowledge about the particularities of each Portuguese context. The statistical analysis of the Portuguese context shows that tourism in rural areas has benefited from the pandemic; it seems that tourists have discovered this form of tourism.

Keywords: scopus database; bibliographic coupling and co-occurrence links; PRISMA statement; correlation coefficients
JEL Classification: R11; Z32

1 Introduction

Tourism in rural areas/space (TRA/S) is an important economic sector [1] that has grown in importance over the last decade in some contexts [2] and can be considered as a link between different economic activities [3]. From this perspective, this tourism is fundamental for balanced development in less favoured regions and has its relevance as an economic sector within the global economy and within the dynamics of tourism.

The literature highlights the different relationships of TRA/S worldwide, such as in the following frameworks: Spanish [4], French [5], Dutch [6], Polish [7,8,9], and Romanian [10,11,12]. These are just a few examples of the interlinkages of tourism in rural geographies around the world, among many others.

Specifically in Portugal, the asymmetric development among rural and urban spaces is a concern, particularly for public institutions, because of the consequences of this unbalanced development. TRA/S may play a crucial role in promoting more economic dynamics in the less favoured regions. There are several examples highlighted by the scientific literature about the different dimensions of TRA/S in Portugal. Some of these examples are presented in the following. Some of the studies show the contributions of these activities to the creation of local employment and socioeconomic synergies. Tourism in rural spaces is, in fact, interrelated with the economic development in rural regions [13], because it can be a complement of agriculture and small industry and may contribute to a more integrated growth of the rural regions [14].

The research found in the literature related to rural tourism for Portuguese realities focuses, for example, on the following topics: nature-based tourism in the Aldeia da Pedralva [15], Ways of Saint James in the interior north of Portugal [16], artisans and rural tourism [17], entrepreneurship and rural tourism in Alto Alentejo [18], entrepreneurship and sustainable tourism [19], the different needs of rural tourists in the centre and north of Portugal [20], rural tourism and COVID-19 [21], Schist Villages Network in the centre of Portugal [22], rural tourism in coastal areas [23], cultural tourism with the dream houses built by Portuguese that emigrated in other times [24], rural tourism demand [25], renewable energy in rural tourism [26], and tourism in rural space and the cultural heritage preservation [27].

There are not so many studies about TRA/S considering bibliometric analysis, which justifies the research presented here for these topics and considering metrics from the scientific literature to carry out a systematic review. A study developed by a team of researchers from Dubai (UAE) and Bangladesh [28] considered bibliometric analysis and systematic review for topics related to rural tourism but with other approaches. Other scientific contributions focused on the definitions and challenges [29]. Our perspective is to consider this concept (TRA/S) as a broader approach than rural tourism, although sometimes these two expressions are used as similar. For example, Portuguese legislation in 1997 considered tourism in rural areas as encompassing the following modalities [30]: residential tourism, rural tourism, agro-tourism, village tourism, and country houses. The approaches taken into account in this research contribute to bringing added value to the scientific context. Other documents considered the rural tourism topic for bibliometric analyses related to the following issues: rural tourism research [31], community-based tourism [32], perceptions related to rural tourism [33], rural tourism complexity [34], sustainable tourism [35], rural tourism and rural development [36], nature-based tourism [37], tendencies in the literature about rural tourism [38], Romanian framework [39], and agritourism [40].

The reality described before reveals that there is still a field to be explored about tourism in rural areas in Portugal. Conversely, not many studies consider tourism in rural areas as a broader concept than rural tourism and explore it through bibliometric analysis. In addition, the literature shows the importance of bringing more insights into the reality in Portugal. In this framework, this study aims to highlight dimensions from the scientific literature and statistical information about TRA/S that may be considered as benchmarks of and for the Portuguese dynamics in these topics. These insights may be used as support for the different stakeholders, including the scientific community for future research. This study analyses the scenario of TRA/S worldwide, highlighting the specific case of Portugal in these realities.

The great novelty and added value of this research is to highlight that TRA/S is not the same as rural tourism and that it makes sense to highlight and analyse the concept of TRA/S as a broader approach. Conversely, the new dynamics brought about by climate change [41] and the COVID-19 pandemic [42] have created new challenges and opportunities that are also worth analysing and exploring in this research.

In addition to this introduction, this study is structured in five more sections. Section 2 presents the material and methods, Section 3 presents the bibliometric analysis, Section 4 presents the systematic review, Section 5 presents the presentation and analysis of the Portuguese context, and Section 6 presents the discussion and main conclusions.

2 Materials and methods

To achieve the aims proposed, a systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA statement [43] based on metrics from the bibliometric analysis [44]. For the bibliometric analysis, the procedures proposed by the software VOSviewer [45,46,47,48] were followed. For this bibliometric analysis and systematic review, 165 documents were considered from a search performed on 19 March 2024 (without any restriction for the period of time) in the Scopus [49] database for the following topics: “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space.” To highlight the Portuguese reality, a set of statistical information is presented and analysed.

In the following section for bibliometric analysis, the results for author keywords items (considering co-occurrence links) and for the following items, taking into account bibliographic coupling links, will be presented: authors, countries, organisations, and sources. Figures highlight the items with the highest number of occurrences (for the author keywords) and of documents (for the items of the bibliographic coupling links). The dimension of the circles and labels in the figures is related to the number of these attributes. Tables present the top 20 items with the highest average normalised citations (average normalised number of citations obtained by the documents in which a keyword appears or the average normalised number of citations obtained by the documents published by a source, an author, an organisation, or a country). The normalisation corrects the impact of time on the number of citations documents have. In addition to the average normalised citations, tables also show other attributes, such as occurrences (the number of documents in which a keyword appears), documents (the number of documents produced by a source, an author, an organisation, or a country), total link strength (total strength of the links of an item with others), average publication year (the average publication year of the documents in which a keyword appears or the average publication year of the documents produced by a source, an author, an organisation, or a country), and average citations (the average number of citations obtained by the documents in which a keyword or a term appears or the average number of citations received by the documents produced by a source, an author, an organisation, or a country). This and other information can be found in the VOSviewer manual [47].

The methodology followed can be summarised in the following points:

  • General review of the literature;

  • Bibliometric analysis of 165 documents obtained from the Scopus database, on 19 March 2024, for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space”;

  • Systematic review of the top 20 documents with the highest normalised citations (considering the results of the bibliometric analysis);

  • Analysis of the Portuguese context.

3 Bibliometric assessment based on bibliographic data

Considering co-occurrence links, Figure 1 reveals that the author keywords with the highest number of occurrences are the following: rural tourism, tourism, rural areas, tourism in rural areas, sustainability, rural development, and cultural tourism. Conversely, Table 1 shows that the author keywords with the highest average normalised citations are, for example, rural settlements, sustainable rural development index (SRDI), tourism recovery, creativity, smart mobility, smart tourism, rural innovation, and cultural learning. These findings highlight, for example, the relationships of tourism in rural areas with the sustainability, culture, creativity, and new technologies associated with the digital transition.

Figure 1 Author keywords items, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and co-occurrence links. (a) Full network and (b) network around the items with the highest number of occurrences. Source: Own elaboration.
Figure 1

Author keywords items, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and co-occurrence links. (a) Full network and (b) network around the items with the highest number of occurrences. Source: Own elaboration.

Table 1

Top 20 author keywords with the highest average normalised citations, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and co-occurrence links

Author keywords Total link strength Occurrences Average publication year Average citations Average normalised citations
Rural settlements 5 1 2019 65 7.395
Serbia 5 1 2019 65 7.395
SRDI 5 1 2019 65 7.395
Covid-19 4 1 2022 56 7.385
Tourism recovery 4 1 2022 56 7.385
Creativity 3 1 2019 57 6.485
Indicators 4 1 2023 9 6.429
Smart mobility 4 1 2023 9 6.429
Smart rural community 4 1 2023 9 6.429
Smart tourism 4 1 2023 9 6.429
Lifestyle entrepreneurs 4 1 2020 78 6.078
Management practices 4 1 2020 78 6.078
Domestic tourism 8 2 2018 54 4.976
Environment and sustainability 5 1 2016 60 4.404
Rural innovation 5 1 2016 60 4.404
Social capital 5 1 2016 60 4.404
Motivations 6 2 2017 56 4.399
Commodification 5 1 2018 43 3.671
Creative tourism 5 1 2018 43 3.671
Cultural learning 5 1 2018 43 3.671

Source: Own elaboration.

Taking into account bibliographic coupling links and authors as items, Figure 2 highlights Elisabeth Kastenholz and Manuela Blapp as the most productive researchers. When considering the average normalised citations (Table 2), the top 5 authors are the following: Miroljub Milinčić, Dušan Ristić, Danijela Vukoičić, Ricardo Bento, and Alexandre Guedes. These results reveal that the most productive authors are not those with the highest impact on the scientific communities. Portugal and Italy are among the countries of affiliation with the biggest values for the number of documents and average normalised citations (Figure 3 and Table 3). The College of Urban and Environmental Sciences (China) and Breda University of Applied Sciences (Netherlands) are the organisations with the biggest number of documents (Figure 4), and organisations from Portugal are those with the biggest average normalised citations (Table 4). Finally, Sustainability and Tourism Management are the sources with the greatest number of documents (Figure 5), and Land Use Policy, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Behaviour and Research, Technology in Society, Journal of Hospitability and Tourism Management, and Current Issues in Tourism are those with greatest average normalised citations (Table 5). These findings show the differences in the production of documents and the impact of scientific results between researchers. Conversely, the results obtained reveal that the Portuguese scientific community have made a significant contribution to knowledge related to the topics discussed here.

Figure 2 Authors items, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and bibliographic coupling links. (a) Full network and (b) network around the items with the highest number of documents. Source: Own elaboration.
Figure 2

Authors items, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and bibliographic coupling links. (a) Full network and (b) network around the items with the highest number of documents. Source: Own elaboration.

Table 2

Top 20 authors with the highest average normalised citations, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and bibliographic coupling links

Authors Total link strength Documents Average publication year Average citations Average normalised citations
Milinčić, Miroljub 160 1 2019 65 7.395
Ristić, Dušan 160 1 2019 65 7.395
Vukoičić, Danijela 160 1 2019 65 7.395
Bento, Ricardo 31 1 2022 56 7.385
Guedes, Alexandre 31 1 2022 56 7.385
Marques, Carlos Peixeira 31 1 2022 56 7.385
Bakas, Fiona Eva 174 1 2019 57 6.485
Duxbury, Nancy 174 1 2019 57 6.485
Vinagre de Castro, Tiago 174 1 2019 57 6.485
Ahonen, Valtteri 303 1 2023 9 6.429
Hussain, Shahid 303 1 2023 9 6.429
Karasu, Taha 303 1 2023 9 6.429
Leviäkangas, Pekka 303 1 2023 9 6.429
Carneiro, Maria João 347 1 2020 78 6.078
Cunha, Conceição 347 1 2020 78 6.078
Citro, Elisabetta 181 1 2016 60 4.404
Quaranta, Giovanni 181 1 2016 60 4.404
Salvia, Rosanna 181 1 2016 60 4.404
Coelho, Celeste 96 1 2012 86 4.300
Farsani, Neda T. 96 1 2012 86 4.300

Source: Own elaboration.

Figure 3 Countries items, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and bibliographic coupling links. (a) Full network and (b) network around the items with the highest number of documents. Source: Own elaboration.
Figure 3

Countries items, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and bibliographic coupling links. (a) Full network and (b) network around the items with the highest number of documents. Source: Own elaboration.

Table 3

Top 20 countries with the highest average normalised citations, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and bibliographic coupling links

Countries Total link strength Documents Average publication year Average citations Average normalised citations
Serbia 102 3 2020 22 2.503
Portugal 326 17 2018 30 2.202
Iceland 5 1 2018 23 1.963
Finland 498 5 2019 8 1.896
Namibia 48 1 1998 25 1.852
Italy 268 9 2021 11 1.456
Netherlands 57 3 2019 16 1.375
United States 360 5 2011 54 1.316
Latvia 99 1 2020 16 1.247
United Kingdom 158 10 2003 62 1.177
Chile 18 1 2021 5 1.129
Cyprus 6 1 2021 5 1.129
Canada 12 1 2014 22 1.086
India 13 1 2024 0 1.000
Taiwan 16 1 2006 130 1.000
Sweden 469 3 2017 15 0.922
South Africa 170 4 2019 11 0.902
Argentina 2 1 2018 10 0.854
Indonesia 24 3 2022 2 0.853
Japan 90 5 2018 9 0.803

Source: Own elaboration.

Figure 4 Organisations items, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and bibliographic coupling links. (a) Full network and (b) network around the items with the highest number of documents. Source: Own elaboration.
Figure 4

Organisations items, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and bibliographic coupling links. (a) Full network and (b) network around the items with the highest number of documents. Source: Own elaboration.

Table 4

Top 20 organisations with the highest average normalised citations, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and bibliographic coupling links

Organisations Total link strength Documents Average publication year Average citations Average normalised citations
University in Priština – Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Geography, Lole Ribara 29, Kosovska, Mitrovica, 38220, Serbia 86 1 2019 65 7.395
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Geography, Studentski Trg 3/3, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia 86 1 2019 65 7.395
CETRAD – Centre for Transdisciplinary Development Studies, DE – Department of Engineering, UTAD – University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal 16 1 2022 56 7.385
CETRAD – Centre for Transdisciplinary Development Studies, DESG – Department of Economics, Sociology and Management, UTAD – University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal 16 1 2022 56 7.385
Centre for Social Studies, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal 16 1 2019 57 6.485
Civil Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland 15 1 2023 9 6.429
Universidade de Aveiro, DEGEIT Campus Universitário De Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal 103 1 2020 78 6.078
Local Action Group “I Sentieri del Buon Vivere,” Largo Padre Pio Snc, Laviano, 84020, Italy 97 1 2016 60 4.404
Mathematics, Computer Science and Economics Department, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, Potenza, 85100, Italy 97 1 2016 60 4.404
Economic, Management and Industrial Engineering, Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal 52 1 2012 86 4.300
Environment and Planning, Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal 52 1 2012 86 4.300
Academy for Tourism, Nhtv Breda University of Applied Sciences, Breda, Netherlands 97 1 2018 43 3.671
NECE-UBI (Research Centre for Business Sciences), University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal 46 1 2023 5 3.571
Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal 46 1 2023 5 3.571
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Forestry and Natural Environment, P.O. Box 247, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece 140 1 2021 15 3.387
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54424, Greece 140 1 2021 15 3.387
Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Forestry and Management of Environment and Natural Resources, 193 Pantazidou Street, Orestiada, 68 200, Greece 140 1 2021 15 3.387
EURAC Research, Institute for Regional Development, Viale Druso 1, Bolzano, 39100, Italy 41 1 2023 4 2.857
ISCTE, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa and BRU-ISCTE – Business Research Unit (IBS), Av. das Forças Armadas, Lisbon, 1649-026, Portugal 103 1 2023 4 2.857
Management School, Instituto Superior de Gestão, Av. Marechal Craveiro Lopes, N.°2A, Lisbon, 1700-284, Portugal 103 1 2023 4 2.857

Source: Own elaboration.

Figure 5 Sources items, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and bibliographic coupling links. (a) Full network and (b) network around the items with the highest number of documents. Source: Own elaboration.
Figure 5

Sources items, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and bibliographic coupling links. (a) Full network and (b) network around the items with the highest number of documents. Source: Own elaboration.

Table 5

Top 20 sources with the highest average normalised citations, considering full counting (as counting method), for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space” and bibliographic coupling links

Sources Total link strength Documents Average publication year Average citations Average normalised citations
Land Use Policy 18 1 2019 65 7.395
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 11 1 2019 57 6.485
Technology in Society 7 1 2023 9 6.429
Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 49 1 2020 78 6.078
Current Issues in Tourism 72 2 2020 50 5.528
Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 11 2 2011 57 3.535
Journal of Rural Studies 17 1 2021 15 3.387
Annals of Regional Science 25 1 2023 4 2.857
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9 1 2023 4 2.857
European Journal of Tourism Research 65 1 2015 32 2.612
Tasting Tourism: Travelling for Food and Drink 2 1 2017 31 2.362
Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 18 2 2022 5 2.350
Journal of Vacation Marketing 77 3 2011 39 2.284
Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 5 1 2018 23 1.963
Tourism Geographies 27 2 2012 41 1.728
Fennia 22 1 2016 22 1.615
Societies 2 1 2021 7 1.581
Tourism Management 65 4 1998 49 1.392
Journal of Ethnic Foods 6 1 2020 16 1.247
Journal of Travel Research 5 1 1999 179 1.226

Source: Own elaboration.

4 Systematic review based on bibliometric analysis

Table 6 presents the documents with the highest normalised citations. These documents highlight the importance of interlinkages between handicrafts and tourism in rural areas from a perspective of creative tourism [17] and the interrelationships of endogenous resources with sustainable development [50]. Creative tourism, under specific conditions, may bring relevant contributions to rural development [51]. Gastronomic, natural, and cultural heritage, for example, play a crucial role in the sustainability of rural areas [52]. Travelling for food and drink is, in fact, something that attracts tourists [53]. In any case, there is still some work to do to promote better and analyse tourism in rural spaces [54], and these activities have positive and negative impacts [55].

The entrepreneurship associated with small businesses can promote rural tourism [18], namely the entrepreneurial dynamics motivate healthy lifestyles. Lifestyle entrepreneurship may be a way to promote more balanced tourism [19], as well as permaculture [56], rural events [57], smart rural mobility [58], and well-being and wellness amenities [59].

Tourism in rural areas has increased its importance and has been implemented in different ways, including agritourism [60] and geotourism [61]. This tourism appears as an alternative to generating income for the populations that remain in less favoured regions [62]. This tourism also appears as an alternative to tourism outside the rural spaces, namely in contexts such as those created by the COVID-19 pandemic [21].

In these contexts, it is important to understand the attitudes and perceptions of the residents about the impacts of rural tourism. Particularly to provide the stakeholders with adjusted information that will allow the design of adequate policies and the adoption of more sustainable decisions in the respective regions [63]. A better understanding of the rural contexts will benefit the respective small businesses [64]. The specific characteristics of the rural spaces create conditions to attract tourists to these areas, but, in certain circumstances, also bring additional difficulties to achieving the requirements of the tourism industry [65].

5 Trends in residential and rural areas tourism in Portugal

Taking data from the Portuguese database Pordata [66], Table 7 shows the results (as a percentage of the total) for various indicators associated with residential and rural areas tourism in tourist accommodation. In general, the COVID-19 pandemic seems to have had an impact on the relative importance of residential and rural areas tourism. In fact, these modalities of tourist accommodation increased their relative importance, particularly in terms of the number of beds, number of overnight stays, average number of stays, number of guests, thousands of euros in total income, number of rooms, and average income per room.

Table 7

Ratio in percentage (%) between the values of residential and rural areas tourism and the total in tourist accommodation, for various indicators, in Portugal

Years and average Number of establishments Number of beds Number of overnight stays Average number of stays Number of guests Number of staff employed Thousands of euros in total income Number of rooms Average income (euros) per room
2013 24.873 3.947 1.710 79.310 2.131 3.937 1.831 4.175 50.173
2014 24.679 4.010 1.757 82.143 2.148 3.962 1.757 4.286 49.206
2015 29.915 6.016 2.397 78.571 2.973 4.352 2.287 6.325 41.143
2016 27.159 5.916 2.458 78.571 3.148 5.488 2.388 6.043 49.005
2017 24.298 5.762 2.600 77.778 3.318 5.328 2.573 5.877 50.866
2018 21.389 5.669 2.647 77.778 3.361 5.309 2.606 5.826 51.883
2019 24.689 5.999 2.800 80.769 3.494 2.763 6.208 52.227
2020 26.510 6.796 5.015 88.000 5.716 5.756 7.013 107.965
2021 26.009 6.755 4.925 84.615 5.851 5.476 6.943 92.025
2022 25.271 6.590 3.733 84.615 4.491 3.869 6.834 63.701
2023 3.752 80.769 4.488 3.835
Average 25.479 5.746 3.072 81.175 3.738 4.729 3.195 5.953 60.819

In each column, the cells with a bold values correspond to the highest values. Source: Own elaboration.

On average, over the period considered, residential and rural areas tourism, in relation to total tourist accommodation, represents around 26% of the number of establishments, 6% of the number of beds, 3% of the number of overnight stays, 4% of the number of guests, 5% of the number of staff employed (although for statistical information up to 2018), 3% of total income, and 6% of the number of rooms. On average, the average income per room obtained by residential tourism and rural areas tourism is 61% of the average income received by all tourist accommodations. Conversely, the average number of stays in residential and rural areas tourism is 81% of the average for all tourist accommodations.

Although the statistics available on Pordata refer to tourism in rural areas and residential tourism, the number of guests, for example, in tourism in rural areas represented 82 per cent in 2012 and around 90 per cent in 2022 for the total of tourism in rural areas and residential tourism. Similar proportions were found for the number of overnight stays [67].

The number of average stays in 2022 in tourism in rural space/residential in Portugal was highest in the Algarve and the Autonomous Regions of the Azores and Madeira (Figure 6). Conversely, residents of European and African countries had the highest average stays (Figure 7). Figure 8 shows that the tourists with the highest average stays come from the following countries: Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Austria, Poland, Czechia, Other Africa, Ireland, and Finland. Tourists from China and Brazil have the lowest average stays [68].

Figure 6 Average stay (number of nights) in tourism in rural space/residential in Portugal, Portugal Mainland, and NUT II, in 2022. Source: Own elaboration.
Figure 6

Average stay (number of nights) in tourism in rural space/residential in Portugal, Portugal Mainland, and NUT II, in 2022. Source: Own elaboration.

Figure 7 Average stay (number of nights) in tourism in rural space/residential according to country/continent of residence in 2022. Source: Own elaboration.
Figure 7

Average stay (number of nights) in tourism in rural space/residential according to country/continent of residence in 2022. Source: Own elaboration.

Figure 8 Average stay (number of nights) in tourism in rural space/residential according to country of residence in 2022. Source: Own elaboration.
Figure 8

Average stay (number of nights) in tourism in rural space/residential according to country of residence in 2022. Source: Own elaboration.

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients [69] obtained following the Stata [70,71,72] software procedures reveal that the strongest correlations for the number of average stays in tourism in rural space/residential in the Portuguese NUTS II (in 2022) are between the Centro and the Algarve, the Centro, and the Alentejo and between the Alentejo and the Algarve (Table 8). Eventually, these regions could define joint strategic plans for these types of tourism.

Table 8

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between Portuguese NUTS II, for the number of average stays for tourism in rural space/residential (data disaggregated by tourists’ country of residence in 2022)

Norte Centro AMLisboa Alentejo Algarve RAAçores RAMadeira
Norte 1.000
Centro 0.4756* 1.000
(0.005)
AMLisboa 0.4743* 0.227 1.000
(0.005) (0.203)
Alentejo 0.5916* 0.7540* 0.131 1.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.467)
Algarve 0.5287* 0.6842* 0.3539* 0.6173* 1.000
(0.002) (0.000) (0.043) (0.000)
RAAçores 0.202 0.108 0.234 0.177 0.235 1.000
(0.260) (0.550) (0.190) (0.325) (0.189)
RAMadeira 0.5696* 0.294 0.3500* 0.339 0.4491* 0.124 1.000
(0.001) (0.097) (0.046) (0.054) (0.009) (0.494)

*, statistically significant at 5%. Source: Own elaboration.

6 Discussion and conclusions

TRA/S plays a fundamental role in improving the income of the local population and, in this way, promoting a more sustainable rural development. In this way, this study proposes to contribute to bringing more knowledge about the different dimensions of these subjects. For that, a search on the Scopus database was carried out for the topics “tourism in rural areas” or “tourism in rural space.” From this search, performed on 19 March 2024, 165 documents were obtained. These documents were assessed through bibliometric analysis (following VOSviewer software procedures) and systematic review (considering the PRISMA statement).

6.1 Main findings of the present study

The literature survey highlighted that these topics may be further investigated through bibliometric assessment and systematic review. Conversely, the scientific literature shows the importance of bringing more socioeconomic dynamics for the rural contexts, and tourism in rural spaces may contribute significantly to these frameworks, especially in countries, such as Portugal, with tendencies of desertification of the interior and overpopulation in some areas of the littoral. The studies that considered examples of tourism in rural areas in the Portuguese realities focused particularly on nature-based tourism, Ways of Saint James, handicraft, entrepreneurship, sustainability, tourism demand, Schist Villages, cultural tourism, and cultural heritage. This literature analysis reveals that some issues may be explored deeper in future research for the Portuguese specificities, namely the following: bring more insights about the interrelationships between TRA/S and the economic dynamics in these frameworks, particularly bringing more suggestions on how this tourism may contribute for the economic growth and the creation of employment; contribute further for understanding about the interlinkage among the TRA/S activities and the Sustainable Development Goals; highlight the specific conditions of each Portuguese context. Some of these suggestions may be considered for the TRA/S dynamics implemented in other countries. In fact, the systematic review, carried out for the top 20 documents with the greatest normalised citations, highlights the following domains: handicraft activities, creativity, sustainability, natural and cultural heritage, travelling for food and drink, entrepreneurship, well-being and wellness services, agritourism, and geotourism.

The bibliometric analysis carried out for TRA/S activities developed worldwide shows that the author keywords with the biggest number of occurrences and average normalised citations are associated with sustainability, integrated rural development, cultural tourism, creativity, smart approaches, and innovation. Conversely, the most productive countries (and with the highest impact on the scientific community) are, for example, Portugal and Italy. Additionally, organisations from China and the Netherlands are the most productive, and those from Portugal have more impact on the scientific community. Lastly, Land Use Policy, for example, is a source among those with the biggest scientific impact, and Sustainability and Tourism Management are between the most productive (with more documents).

Analysis of the Portuguese context reveals that the COVID-19 pandemic favoured the dynamics of tourism in rural areas. In fact, the various indicators associated with this tourism have improved since 2019. In any case, there is still room to improve the indicators in some Portuguese NUTS II and to improve the average stays of tourists coming, for example, from China and Brazil. Finally, NUTS II from the centre and south of Portugal show a strong correlation in the number of average stays, showing that they will eventually be able to define joint strategic plans for these types of tourism.

6.2 Implication of findings and comparison with other studies

In terms of practical implications, this research highlights that TRA/S plays a significant role in promoting more sustainable development in the rural regions [62], namely interlinking economic activities with heritage [27], sustainability, creativity [51], innovation, and digital transition approaches. There is an enormous potential to be explored worldwide for tourism in rural spaces, with benefits for local populations, sustainability, and economic dynamics. Particularly, Portugal has a great diversity of rural heritage that may be promoted through economic activities, where tourism has its relevance. The findings presented here may be relevant benchmarks for and of the Portuguese scenario.

6.3 Conclusions, strengths and limitations, recommendation, and future direction

This research highlights the importance of distinguishing the concepts of rural tourism and tourism in rural areas. Conversely, it brings a set of insights into the concept of tourism in rural areas that can be considered by the academic community as a basis for future research in these subjects. The analysis of the Portuguese case reveals that there are regions where some indicators related to these types of tourism can be improved and some of these regions could benefit from close cooperation to define strategic plans for tourism in rural areas. One of the limitations of the study has to do with the difficulty in finding more disaggregated data and for longer time series.

In terms of recommendation, it is suggested to promote the publication of more information about tourism in rural areas in the free access international databases. It could be important also to give more attention to these activities in the framework of the European Union Common Agricultural Policy. The European Union has created several policy instruments, particularly since the 1990s, to promote TRA/S, but there is still some way to go to improve the measures designed for rural development. For future research, in addition to the suggestions presented throughout the study, it would be interesting to analyse the impacts of the national and international policies and legislation on the performance of several TRA/S activities and dynamics.

Acknowledgments

Furthermore, we would like to thank the CERNAS Research Centre and the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu for their support.

  1. Funding information: This work is funded by National Funds through the FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., within the scope of the project Refª UIDB/00681/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/00681/2020).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. Conceptualisation, VJPDM and RNT; data curation, VJPDM and RNT; formal analysis, VJPDM and RNT; funding acquisition, VJPDM; investigation, VJPDM and RNT; methodology, VJPDM and RNT; resources, VJPDM; software, VJPDM; supervision, VJPDM; validation, VJPDM and RNT; visualisation, VJPDM and RNT; writing – original draft, VJPDM and RNT; writing – review & editing, VJPDM and RNT.

  3. Conflict of interest: Vítor João Pereira Domingues Martinho, who is the co-author of this article, is a current Editorial Board member of Open Agriculture. This fact did not affect the peer-review process.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-05-31
Revised: 2024-06-11
Accepted: 2024-07-19
Published Online: 2024-08-28

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  81. Harvest date and salicylic acid impact on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) properties under different humidity conditions
  82. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. petal biomass: A green source of nanoparticles of multifarious potential
  83. Use of different vegetation indices for the evaluation of the kinetics of the cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) growth based on multispectral images by UAV
  84. First evidence of microplastic pollution in mangrove sediments and its ingestion by coral reef fish: Case study in Biawak Island, Indonesia
  85. Physical and textural properties and sensory acceptability of wheat bread partially incorporated with unripe non-commercial banana cultivars
  86. Cereibacter sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 were used to solubilize insoluble P forms to improve P uptake, growth, and yield of rice in acidic and extreme saline soil
  87. Avocado peel by-product in cattle diets and supplementation with oregano oil and effects on production, carcass, and meat quality
  88. Optimizing inorganic blended fertilizer application for the maximum grain yield and profitability of bread wheat and food barley in Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
  89. The acceptance of social media as a channel of communication and livestock information for sheep farmers
  90. Adaptation of rice farmers to aging in Thailand
  91. Combined use of improved maize hybrids and nitrogen application increases grain yield of maize, under natural Striga hermonthica infestation
  92. From aquatic to terrestrial: An examination of plant diversity and ecological shifts
  93. Statistical modelling of a tractor tractive performance during ploughing operation on a tropical Alfisol
  94. Participation in artisanal diamond mining and food security: A case study of Kasai Oriental in DR Congo
  95. Assessment and multi-scenario simulation of ecosystem service values in Southwest China’s mountainous and hilly region
  96. Analysis of agricultural emissions and economic growth in Europe in search of ecological balance
  97. Bacillus thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity against insect larvae of the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
  98. Technical efficiency of sugarcane farming in East Java, Indonesia: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis
  99. Comparison between mycobiota diversity and fungi and mycotoxin contamination of maize and wheat
  100. Evaluation of cultivation technology package and corn variety based on agronomy characters and leaf green indices
  101. Exploring the association between the consumption of beverages, fast foods, sweets, fats, and oils and the risk of gastric and pancreatic cancers: Findings from case–control study
  102. Phytochemical composition and insecticidal activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. extract on life span and biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.)
  103. Land use management solutions in response to climate change: Case study in the central coastal areas of Vietnam
  104. Evaluation of coffee pulp as a feed ingredient for ruminants: A meta-analysis
  105. Interannual variations of normalized difference vegetation index and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship in the Baghdad area
  106. Harnessing synthetic microbial communities with nitrogen-fixing activity to promote rice growth
  107. Agronomic and economic benefits of rice–sweetpotato rotation in lowland rice cropping systems in Uganda
  108. Response of potato tuber as an effect of the N-fertilizer and paclobutrazol application in medium altitude
  109. Bridging the gap: The role of geographic proximity in enhancing seed sustainability in Bandung District
  110. Evaluation of Abrams curve in agricultural sector using the NARDL approach
  111. Challenges and opportunities for young farmers in the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2014–2020 of the Republic of Croatia
  112. Yield stability of ten common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes at different sowing dates in Lubumbashi, South-East of DR Congo
  113. Effects of encapsulation and combining probiotics with different nitrate forms on methane emission and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics
  114. Phytochemical analysis of Bienertia sinuspersici extract and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  115. Evaluation of relative drought tolerance of grapevines by leaf fluorescence parameters
  116. Yield assessment of new streak-resistant topcross maize hybrids in Benin
  117. Improvement of cocoa powder properties through ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted alkalization
  118. Potential of ecoenzymes made from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) leaf and pulp waste as bioinsecticides for Periplaneta americana
  119. Analysis of farm performance to realize the sustainability of organic cabbage vegetable farming in Getasan Semarang, Indonesia
  120. Revealing the influences of organic amendment-derived dissolved organic matter on growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
  121. Identification of viruses infecting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) in Benin
  122. Assessing the soil physical and chemical properties of long-term pomelo orchard based on tree growth
  123. Investigating access and use of digital tools for agriculture among rural farmers: A case study of Nkomazi Municipality, South Africa
  124. Does sex influence the impact of dietary vitD3 and UVB light on performance parameters and welfare indicators of broilers?
  125. Design of intelligent sprayer control for an autonomous farming drone using a multiclass support vector machine
  126. Deciphering salt-responsive NB-ARC genes in rice transcriptomic data: A bioinformatics approach with gene expression validation
  127. Review Articles
  128. Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives – A review
  129. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review
  130. Climate change and adaptive strategies on viticulture (Vitis spp.)
  131. The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods
  132. A systematic review on potential analogy of phytobiomass and soil carbon evaluation methods: Ethiopia insights
  133. A review of storage temperature and relative humidity effects on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and implications for nutrition insecurity in Ethiopia
  134. Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks
  135. Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review
  136. Corn silk: A promising source of antimicrobial compounds for health and wellness
  137. State and contours of research on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Africa
  138. The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives
  139. Minor millets: Processing techniques and their nutritional and health benefits
  140. Meta-analysis of reproductive performance of improved dairy cattle under Ethiopian environmental conditions
  141. Review on enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer utilization: Strategies for optimal nutrient management
  142. The nutritional, phytochemical composition, and utilisation of different parts of maize: A comparative analysis
  143. Motivations for farmers’ participation in agri-environmental scheme in the EU, literature review
  144. Evolution of climate-smart agriculture research: A science mapping exploration and network analysis
  145. Short Communications
  146. Music enrichment improves the behavior and leukocyte profile of dairy cattle
  147. Effect of pruning height and organic fertilization on the morphological and productive characteristics of Moringa oleifera Lam. in the Peruvian dry tropics
  148. Corrigendum
  149. Corrigendum to “Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance”
  150. Corrigendum to “Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types”
  151. Special issue: Smart Agriculture System for Sustainable Development: Methods and Practices
  152. Construction of a sustainable model to predict the moisture content of porang powder (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) based on pointed-scan visible near-infrared spectroscopy
  153. FruitVision: A deep learning based automatic fruit grading system
  154. Energy harvesting and ANFIS modeling of a PVDF/GO-ZNO piezoelectric nanogenerator on a UAV
  155. Effects of stress hormones on digestibility and performance in cattle: A review
  156. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part II
  157. Assessment of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profiles and ratio of omega-6/omega-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens fed diets enriched with omega-3 rich vegetable oil
  158. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part II
  159. Special Issue on FCEM – International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation: Message from the editor
  160. Fruit and vegetable consumption: Study involving Portuguese and French consumers
  161. Knowledge about consumption of milk: Study involving consumers from two European Countries – France and Portugal
https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0345
Keywords for this article
scopus database; bibliographic coupling and co-occurrence links; PRISMA statement; correlation coefficients
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Supplementation of P-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris improved soil fertility, P nutrient, growth, and yield of Cucumis melo L.
  3. Yield gap variation in rice cultivation in Indonesia
  4. Effects of co-inoculation of indole-3-acetic acid- and ammonia-producing bacteria on plant growth and nutrition, soil elements, and the relationships of soil microbiomes with soil physicochemical parameters
  5. Impact of mulching and planting time on spring-wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth: A combined field experiment and empirical modeling approach
  6. Morphological diversity, correlation studies, and multiple-traits selection for yield and yield components of local cowpea varieties
  7. Participatory on-farm evaluation of new orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties in Southern Ethiopia
  8. Yield performance and stability analysis of three cultivars of Gayo Arabica coffee across six different environments
  9. Biology of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different types of plants feeds: Potency as a pest on various agricultural plants
  10. Antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. fruit in alloxan-induced Swiss albino diabetic mice
  11. Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance
  12. Nicotinamide as a biostimulant improves soybean growth and yield
  13. Farmer’s willingness to accept the sustainable zoning-based organic farming development plan: A lesson from Sleman District, Indonesia
  14. Uncovering hidden determinants of millennial farmers’ intentions in running conservation agriculture: An application of the Norm Activation Model
  15. Mediating role of leadership and group capital between human capital component and sustainability of horticultural agribusiness institutions in Indonesia
  16. Biochar technology to increase cassava crop productivity: A study of sustainable agriculture on degraded land
  17. Effect of struvite on the growth of green beans on Mars and Moon regolith simulants
  18. UrbanAgriKG: A knowledge graph on urban agriculture and its embeddings
  19. Provision of loans and credit by cocoa buyers under non-price competition: Cocoa beans market in Ghana
  20. Effectiveness of micro-dosing of lime on selected chemical properties of soil in Banja District, North West, Ethiopia
  21. Effect of weather, nitrogen fertilizer, and biostimulators on the root size and yield components of Hordeum vulgare
  22. Effects of selected biostimulants on qualitative and quantitative parameters of nine cultivars of the genus Capsicum spp.
  23. Growth, yield, and secondary metabolite responses of three shallot cultivars at different watering intervals
  24. Design of drainage channel for effective use of land on fully mechanized sugarcane plantations: A case study at Bone Sugarcane Plantation
  25. Technical feasibility and economic benefit of combined shallot seedlings techniques in Indonesia
  26. Control of Meloidogyne javanica in banana by endophytic bacteria
  27. Comparison of important quality components of red-flesh kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in different locations
  28. Efficiency of rice farming in flood-prone areas of East Java, Indonesia
  29. Comparative analysis of alpine agritourism in Trentino, Tyrol, and South Tyrol: Regional variations and prospects
  30. Detection of Fusarium spp. infection in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) during postharvest storage through visible–near-infrared and shortwave–near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy
  31. Forage yield, seed, and forage qualitative traits evaluation by determining the optimal forage harvesting stage in dual-purpose cultivation in safflower varieties (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
  32. The influence of tourism on the development of urban space: Comparison in Hanoi, Danang, and Ho Chi Minh City
  33. Optimum intra-row spacing and clove size for the economical production of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia
  34. The role of organic rice farm income on farmer household welfare: Evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  35. Exploring innovative food in a developing country: Edible insects as a sustainable option
  36. Genotype by environment interaction and performance stability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown in Dawuro zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
  37. Factors influencing green, environmentally-friendly consumer behaviour
  38. Factors affecting coffee farmers’ access to financial institutions: The case of Bandung Regency, Indonesia
  39. Morphological and yield trait-based evaluation and selection of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes suitable for both summer and winter seasons
  40. Sustainability analysis and decision-making strategy for swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) conservation in Jambi Province, Indonesia
  41. Understanding factors affecting rice purchasing decisions in Indonesia: Does rice brand matter?
  42. An implementation of an extended theory of planned behavior to investigate consumer behavior on hygiene sanitation-certified livestock food products
  43. Information technology adoption in Indonesia’s small-scale dairy farms
  44. Draft genome of a biological control agent against Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal phytopathogen of spot blotch in wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum): Bacillus inaquosorum TSO22
  45. Assessment of the recurrent mutagenesis efficacy of sesame crosses followed by isolation and evaluation of promising genetic resources for use in future breeding programs
  46. Fostering cocoa industry resilience: A collaborative approach to managing farm gate price fluctuations in West Sulawesi, Indonesia
  47. Field investigation of component failures for selected farm machinery used in small rice farming operations
  48. Near-infrared technology in agriculture: Rapid, simultaneous, and non-destructive determination of inner quality parameters on intact coffee beans
  49. The synergistic application of sucrose and various LED light exposures to enhance the in vitro growth of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)
  50. Weather index-based agricultural insurance for flower farmers: Willingness to pay, sales, and profitability perspectives
  51. Meta-analysis of dietary Bacillus spp. on serum biochemical and antioxidant status and egg quality of laying hens
  52. Biochemical characterization of trypsin from Indonesian skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera
  53. Determination of C-factor for conventional cultivation and soil conservation technique used in hop gardens
  54. Empowering farmers: Unveiling the economic impacts of contract farming on red chilli farmers’ income in Magelang District, Indonesia
  55. Evaluating salt tolerance in fodder crops: A field experiment in the dry land
  56. Labor productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) farmers in Central Java Province, Indonesia
  57. Cropping systems and production assessment in southern Myanmar: Informing strategic interventions
  58. The effect of biostimulants and red mud on the growth and yield of shallots in post-unlicensed gold mining soil
  59. Effects of dietary Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) seed meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  60. Analysis and structural characterization of the vid-pisco market
  61. Pseudomonas fluorescens SP007s enhances defense responses against the soybean bacterial pustule caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines
  62. A brief investigation on the prospective of co-composted biochar as a fertilizer for Zucchini plants cultivated in arid sandy soil
  63. Supply chain efficiency of red chilies in the production center of Sleman Indonesia based on performance measurement system
  64. Investment development path for developed economies: Is agriculture different?
  65. Power relations among actors in laying hen business in Indonesia: A MACTOR analysis
  66. High-throughput digital imaging and detection of morpho-physiological traits in tomato plants under drought
  67. Converting compression ignition engine to dual-fuel (diesel + CNG) engine and experimentally investigating its performance and emissions
  68. Structuration, risk management, and institutional dynamics in resolving palm oil conflicts
  69. Spacing strategies for enhancing drought resilience and yield in maize agriculture
  70. Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types
  71. Investigating Spodoptera spp. diversity, percentage of attack, and control strategies in the West Java, Indonesia, corn cultivation
  72. Yield stability of biofertilizer treatments to soybean in the rainy season based on the GGE biplot
  73. Evaluating agricultural yield and economic implications of varied irrigation depths on maize yield in semi-arid environments, at Birfarm, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia
  74. Chemometrics for mapping the spatial nitrate distribution on the leaf lamina of fenugreek grown under varying nitrogenous fertilizer doses
  75. Pomegranate peel ethanolic extract: A promising natural antioxidant, antimicrobial agent, and novel approach to mitigate rancidity in used edible oils
  76. Transformative learning and engagement with organic farming: Lessons learned from Indonesia
  77. Tourism in rural areas as a broader concept: Some insights from the Portuguese reality
  78. Assessment enhancing drought tolerance in henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) ecotypes through sodium nitroprusside foliar application
  79. Edible insects: A survey about perceptions regarding possible beneficial health effects and safety concerns among adult citizens from Portugal and Romania
  80. Phenological stages analysis in peach trees using electronic nose
  81. Harvest date and salicylic acid impact on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) properties under different humidity conditions
  82. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. petal biomass: A green source of nanoparticles of multifarious potential
  83. Use of different vegetation indices for the evaluation of the kinetics of the cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) growth based on multispectral images by UAV
  84. First evidence of microplastic pollution in mangrove sediments and its ingestion by coral reef fish: Case study in Biawak Island, Indonesia
  85. Physical and textural properties and sensory acceptability of wheat bread partially incorporated with unripe non-commercial banana cultivars
  86. Cereibacter sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 were used to solubilize insoluble P forms to improve P uptake, growth, and yield of rice in acidic and extreme saline soil
  87. Avocado peel by-product in cattle diets and supplementation with oregano oil and effects on production, carcass, and meat quality
  88. Optimizing inorganic blended fertilizer application for the maximum grain yield and profitability of bread wheat and food barley in Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
  89. The acceptance of social media as a channel of communication and livestock information for sheep farmers
  90. Adaptation of rice farmers to aging in Thailand
  91. Combined use of improved maize hybrids and nitrogen application increases grain yield of maize, under natural Striga hermonthica infestation
  92. From aquatic to terrestrial: An examination of plant diversity and ecological shifts
  93. Statistical modelling of a tractor tractive performance during ploughing operation on a tropical Alfisol
  94. Participation in artisanal diamond mining and food security: A case study of Kasai Oriental in DR Congo
  95. Assessment and multi-scenario simulation of ecosystem service values in Southwest China’s mountainous and hilly region
  96. Analysis of agricultural emissions and economic growth in Europe in search of ecological balance
  97. Bacillus thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity against insect larvae of the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
  98. Technical efficiency of sugarcane farming in East Java, Indonesia: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis
  99. Comparison between mycobiota diversity and fungi and mycotoxin contamination of maize and wheat
  100. Evaluation of cultivation technology package and corn variety based on agronomy characters and leaf green indices
  101. Exploring the association between the consumption of beverages, fast foods, sweets, fats, and oils and the risk of gastric and pancreatic cancers: Findings from case–control study
  102. Phytochemical composition and insecticidal activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. extract on life span and biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.)
  103. Land use management solutions in response to climate change: Case study in the central coastal areas of Vietnam
  104. Evaluation of coffee pulp as a feed ingredient for ruminants: A meta-analysis
  105. Interannual variations of normalized difference vegetation index and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship in the Baghdad area
  106. Harnessing synthetic microbial communities with nitrogen-fixing activity to promote rice growth
  107. Agronomic and economic benefits of rice–sweetpotato rotation in lowland rice cropping systems in Uganda
  108. Response of potato tuber as an effect of the N-fertilizer and paclobutrazol application in medium altitude
  109. Bridging the gap: The role of geographic proximity in enhancing seed sustainability in Bandung District
  110. Evaluation of Abrams curve in agricultural sector using the NARDL approach
  111. Challenges and opportunities for young farmers in the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2014–2020 of the Republic of Croatia
  112. Yield stability of ten common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes at different sowing dates in Lubumbashi, South-East of DR Congo
  113. Effects of encapsulation and combining probiotics with different nitrate forms on methane emission and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics
  114. Phytochemical analysis of Bienertia sinuspersici extract and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  115. Evaluation of relative drought tolerance of grapevines by leaf fluorescence parameters
  116. Yield assessment of new streak-resistant topcross maize hybrids in Benin
  117. Improvement of cocoa powder properties through ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted alkalization
  118. Potential of ecoenzymes made from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) leaf and pulp waste as bioinsecticides for Periplaneta americana
  119. Analysis of farm performance to realize the sustainability of organic cabbage vegetable farming in Getasan Semarang, Indonesia
  120. Revealing the influences of organic amendment-derived dissolved organic matter on growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
  121. Identification of viruses infecting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) in Benin
  122. Assessing the soil physical and chemical properties of long-term pomelo orchard based on tree growth
  123. Investigating access and use of digital tools for agriculture among rural farmers: A case study of Nkomazi Municipality, South Africa
  124. Does sex influence the impact of dietary vitD3 and UVB light on performance parameters and welfare indicators of broilers?
  125. Design of intelligent sprayer control for an autonomous farming drone using a multiclass support vector machine
  126. Deciphering salt-responsive NB-ARC genes in rice transcriptomic data: A bioinformatics approach with gene expression validation
  127. Review Articles
  128. Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives – A review
  129. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review
  130. Climate change and adaptive strategies on viticulture (Vitis spp.)
  131. The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods
  132. A systematic review on potential analogy of phytobiomass and soil carbon evaluation methods: Ethiopia insights
  133. A review of storage temperature and relative humidity effects on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and implications for nutrition insecurity in Ethiopia
  134. Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks
  135. Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review
  136. Corn silk: A promising source of antimicrobial compounds for health and wellness
  137. State and contours of research on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Africa
  138. The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives
  139. Minor millets: Processing techniques and their nutritional and health benefits
  140. Meta-analysis of reproductive performance of improved dairy cattle under Ethiopian environmental conditions
  141. Review on enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer utilization: Strategies for optimal nutrient management
  142. The nutritional, phytochemical composition, and utilisation of different parts of maize: A comparative analysis
  143. Motivations for farmers’ participation in agri-environmental scheme in the EU, literature review
  144. Evolution of climate-smart agriculture research: A science mapping exploration and network analysis
  145. Short Communications
  146. Music enrichment improves the behavior and leukocyte profile of dairy cattle
  147. Effect of pruning height and organic fertilization on the morphological and productive characteristics of Moringa oleifera Lam. in the Peruvian dry tropics
  148. Corrigendum
  149. Corrigendum to “Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance”
  150. Corrigendum to “Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types”
  151. Special issue: Smart Agriculture System for Sustainable Development: Methods and Practices
  152. Construction of a sustainable model to predict the moisture content of porang powder (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) based on pointed-scan visible near-infrared spectroscopy
  153. FruitVision: A deep learning based automatic fruit grading system
  154. Energy harvesting and ANFIS modeling of a PVDF/GO-ZNO piezoelectric nanogenerator on a UAV
  155. Effects of stress hormones on digestibility and performance in cattle: A review
  156. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part II
  157. Assessment of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profiles and ratio of omega-6/omega-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens fed diets enriched with omega-3 rich vegetable oil
  158. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part II
  159. Special Issue on FCEM – International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation: Message from the editor
  160. Fruit and vegetable consumption: Study involving Portuguese and French consumers
  161. Knowledge about consumption of milk: Study involving consumers from two European Countries – France and Portugal
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