Home Cereibacter sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 were used to solubilize insoluble P forms to improve P uptake, growth, and yield of rice in acidic and extreme saline soil
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Cereibacter sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 were used to solubilize insoluble P forms to improve P uptake, growth, and yield of rice in acidic and extreme saline soil

  • Le Tien Dat , Truong Thi Cam Huong , Ly Ngoc Thanh Xuan , Le Thanh Quang , Pham Thi Phuong Thao , Do Thi Xuan and Nguyen Quoc Khuong EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 27, 2024
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Open Agriculture
From the journal Open Agriculture Volume 9 Issue 1

Abstract

Soluble phosphorus (P) and P uptake are heavily affected by adverse conditions, such as salinity and acidity. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of P-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria (PSPNSB) Cereibacter sphaeroides on soil characteristics, P uptake, growth, and yield of rice planted in saline soil in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau under greenhouse conditions. The pot experiment was completely randomized in blocks with two factors. Factor A was the rate of phosphorus chemical fertilization at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% P according to the recommendation. Factor B was the PSPNSB including a single strain of C. sphaeroides ST16 or C. sphaeroides ST26 and a mixture of them. The soluble P in soil increased by 16.4–18.2% when C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 were supplied singly or in the mixture, leading to the increase in total P uptake in rice by 19.2–30.1% in two continuous crops. Moreover, the growth and yield components of rice were also improved, leading to an increase in rice grain yield by 7.20–17.7%. Moreover, supplying the C. sphaeroides strains reduced Na+ in soil and Na content in stem, leaves, and grains, leading to the reduction in proline content in rice. Supplying the C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 or their mixture replaced 100% P fertilizer but still ensured the rice grain yield. Further approaches should be made to investigate the possibility of the potent strains replacing chemical P fertilizers under field conditions.

Keywords: rice; phosphorus nutrient; phosphorus solubilizing bacteria; purple nonsulfur bacteria; saline soil

1 Introduction

Nowadays, 25% of the area of agricultural land in the world has been salinized, which is increasing due to the impacts of climate change [1,2]. Particularly, roughly 20–33% of soils are salinized and degraded in agriculture [3]. By 2050, the agricultural area will be salinized at 50% [4]. The frequency, intensity, and duration of climate change in Vietnam have remarkably increased from 1975 to 2020 [5]. Salinization occurs more severely during the dry season, which is difficult for coastal regions in the Mekong Delta [6,7]. Salinization and drought are the reasons why salinity intrudes into the land at 60–70 km, which covers 12/13 provinces of the Mekong Delta, affecting more than 100,000 ha of rice [8,9]. Rice is extremely vulnerable to concentrations of Na+ and Cl−, so farmers are advised to shift from rice farming to rice-shrimp farming [10] because this system brings about great income in salinized regions in the Mekong Delta. However, high salinity levels, particularly when the more anions and cations are present in the soil, could have more adverse effects on soil quality, structure, and mineral nutrient uptake as well as its biological activity [11,12,13]. In the rice shrimp system, the total P content is low [14]. The majority of farmers choose to fertilize chemical P in the soil at a greater amount than the recommendation to improve P availability and nutrient uptake of plants. However, this is the cause of pollution by Cd, water contamination, and an increase in production cost, which in turn can result in soil and water pollution of heavy metals such as Cd and product quality loss and higher production costs [11,15]. Thus, the application of microorganisms that facilitate P solubilization, especially P-solubilizing bacteria, is a sustainable approach to providing soluble P for plants. P-solubilizing bacteria can provide available P by solubilizing insoluble P in soil, reducing the adverse effects of salinity and acidity and increasing soil fertility [16,17,18,19,20]. Therein, purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) can act as a biofertilizer, stimulating plant growth and producing bioactive substances to enhance rice yield [21]. PNSB can live in a variety of environments, even in extreme ones [22], and saline soil is one of them [23]. The PNSB can produce 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) [24], which has been widely found to be capable of improving salt tolerance in different types of plants [25,26,27,28]. Moreover, PNSB can also produce exopolymeric substances (EPS) [29], an agent that can reduce saline stress in plants [30]. Hence, PNSB are an excellent approach to easing saline stress in plants without causing any great damage to the environment. The use of the Luteovulum sphaeroides W03 and W11 individually or together improved rice growth and grain yield by up to 10% in salt-affected acid sulfate soil and 18% in saline soil and reduced 50% of P fertilizer use under greenhouse conditions [23]. Likewise, the mixture of L. sphaeroides W01, W14, W22, and W32 increased rice grain yield by 86.8% as compared with the negative control, and reduced soil Na+ and Al3+, and proline content in leaves [31]. Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess the capability of P-solubilizing bacteria C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 in improving P availability in the soil, P uptake, growth, and yield of rice plants in saline soil.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

The soil was collected at a depth of 0–30 cm after harvesting from the rice-shrimp system in Thoi Binh commune, Ca Mau province (9°25′00.1″N 105°09′16.5″E). The soil was ground, cleaned from straw and plant residues, and dried. Eight kilograms of dry soil was put in each pot (large bottom × small bottom × height: 25 × 17 × 18 cm). Each pot was supplied with 5 L of tap water to have full wetness.

The rice variety OM5451 was chosen from the breeding between Jasmine 85 and OM 2490 in the Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute. The features of the OM5451 were as follows: growth cycle (93–102 days), plant height (100–110 cm), panicle length (23–25 cm), panicle number/m2 (320–350 panicles), 1,000-grain weight (25.0–26.0), highly branched, and saline tolerance 6–8 dS m−1 [32].

Bacterial source: Cereibacter sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 P-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria (PSPNSB) were selected from the study by Dat et al. [33]. Bacteria were inoculated into rice grains after germination, i.e., soaked in bacteria suspension (108 CFU mL−1). The mixture was shaken at 60 rpm for 1 h. After that, grains were dried under a laminar airflow before sowing. The negative control was prepared the same, but the bacteria suspension was replaced by distilled water.

The fertilizer rate was, according to Khuong et al. [23], 90 N–60P2O5–30K2O (195.7 kg urea, 375 kg superphosphate, and 50 kg potassium) for 2,000,000 kg soil of a hectare. The equivalent fertilizer rate for an 8 kg soil pot was 0.785 g urea, 1.0 g superphosphate, and 0.2 g potassium.

Ten milliliters of saline water 4‰ were added into pots on days 20, 40, and 75 after sowing. Running water was maintained 3 cm above ground during the growth of rice plants. The water loss was caused by evaporation by nature, and tap water was added every 3 days. However, on day 10 after sowing and day 10 before harvesting, irrigation was not supplied.

2.2 Experimental design

The experiment had two factors following a completely randomized block design in the greenhouse of the Agricultural Experiment and Practice Camp, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University. The first factor was the P fertilizing rates: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% P according to the recommendation. The second factor was the P-solubilizing bacteria C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26: (i) the negative control, (ii) the ST16 strain, (iii) the ST26 strain, and (iv) the mixture of ST16 and ST26. Overall, the combination of the two factors had 20 treatments each of which had 4 replications. For the chemical fertilization, the P fertilizer was used at 100% right before sowing, and the N fertilizer was applied at the rate of 30, 30, and 40% on days 10, 20, and 45 after sowing. The K fertilizer was divided into two halves and applied on days 10 and 45 after sowing. For the bacteria supplementation, bacteria inoculants were applied at the rate of 4 mL−1 pot−1 (8 grains pot−1), which was roughly 5.4 × 104 CFU g−1 dry soil on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 after sowing.

2.3 Parameters of evaluation

2.3.1 Biochemical and agronomic traits

The chlorophyll content in leaves on days 21, 28, 35, and 42 after sowing was measured by a Chlorophyll Meter SPAD. The chlorophyll a and b in leaves were measured by spectrophotometry at 664 and 647 nm wavelengths on day 45 after sowing and were calculated according to the method of Moran [34]. The proline content was measured on day 45 after sowing, in which 0.5 g stem leaf samples were ground, added with 10 mL sulfosalicylic acid 3%, and shaken for 30 min before centrifugation. Two milliliters of samples were added with 2.0 mL ninhydrin and 2.0 mL glacial acetic acid and heated for 1 h. After cooling, 4.0 mL toluene was added, and the sample was shaken and measured by spectrophotometry at 520 nm wavelength [35].

Growth traits and yield components were determined according to IRRI [36]. In particular, plant height, panicle length, panicle number per pot, grain number per panicle, grain/panicle ratio, 1,000-grain weight, and grain yield at 14% humidity. Stem leaf biomass and grain biomass were calculated after harvesting. The plant parts were dried at 70°C for 72 h. They were then ground through a 0.5 mm sieve and analyzed for P and Na according to the method of Houba et al. [37]. P was determined according to the ascorbic acid method by spectrophotometry at 880 nm wavelength. Na was determined by spectrophotometry at 589 nm wavelength. The P and Na uptake was determined based on the content of each element multiplied by stem leaf biomass and grain biomass.

2.3.2 Soil traits

The soil was analyzed according to Sparks et al. [38]. In particular, pHH2O, pHKCl, and EC were extracted by distilled water or KCl 1.0 M with a 1:5 ratio. The pHH2O and pHKCl were measured by a pH meter, and EC was measured by an EC meter. Ntotal in the soil was determined by digesting the sample in the mixture of sulfuric acid-salicylic acid facilitated by CuSO4:Na2SO4:Se. The N content was determined by the Kjeldahl method and titrated by H2SO4 0.01 N. The NH 4 + content was extracted by KCl 2.0 M and measured by spectrophotometry at 650 nm wavelength. Ptotal in the soil was digested by the mixture of H2SO4 saturated-HClO4. The soluble P content was determined by the Bray II method, in which soil was extracted by NH4F 0.03 N in HCl 0.1 N with the soil: solvent ratio of 1:7. Al-P content was extracted by NH4F 0.5 M (pH = 8.2), Fe-P content was extracted by NaOH 0.1 M, and Ca-P content was extracted by H2SO4 2.5 M. All of the three insoluble P contents were rinsed by saturated NaCl twice. All five types of P were measured by spectrophotometry at 880 nm wavelength. The exchangeable cation contents (K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) were extracted by BaCl2 0.1 M and were measured by spectrophotometry at 766, 589, 422.7, and 285.5 nm wavelengths, respectively. CEC was extracted by MgSO4 0.02 M and titrated by EDTA 0.01 M.

2.4 Statistical analysis

The SPSS 16.0 software was used to compare differences between means of treatments via the Duncan test at 5% significance. Two-way ANOVA analysis was selected to determine the integration between factors of applied P and PNSB. All data were checked for the normal distribution in advance to analyze differences.

3 Results

3.1 Soil characteristics of saline soil in the rice-shrimp system in Thoi Binh, Ca Mau

The soil at the beginning of the crop in Thoi Binh, Ca Mau, had pHH2O = 5.02, pHKCl = 4.76, EC = 5.30 mS cm−1, NH 4 + = 126.6 mg kg−1, and PO 4 3 − = 15.1 mg kg−1. The Ntotal was 0.11% and Ptotal was 0.040%. The insoluble P contents were 5.60 mg Al-P kg−1, 87.1 mg Fe-P kg−1, and 42.7 mg Ca-P kg−1. In addition, other soil traits are also presented in Table 1.

Table 1

The soil traits of the rice shrimp system in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau for experiments under greenhouse conditions

Soil trait Unit Value
pHH2O — 5.02
pHKCl — 4.76
EC mS cm−1 5.30
NH 4 + mg NH 4 + kg−1 126.6
Ntotal %N 0.11
Ptotal %P2O5 0.040
PO 4 3 − mg kg−1 15.1
Al-P mg kg−1 5.60
Fe-P mg kg−1 87.1
Ca-P mg kg−1 42.7
CEC meq 100 g−1 17.8
Na+ meq Na+ 100 g−1 14.1
K+ meq K+ 100 g−1 0.984
Mg2+ meq Mg2+ 100 g−1 9.00

EC: Electrical Conductivity, CEC: Cation Exchange Capacity.

3.2 Effects of PSPNSB on physiological traits of rice in saline soil in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau

The result in Table 2 shows that the chlorophyll content in leaves changed significantly PSPNSB in treatments on days 21, 28, 35, and 42 after sowing, with SPAD values ranging from 34.2 to 40.1 via 2 seasons. Supplying the C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 strains increased SPAD values in both seasons, as compared with the negative control. Different rates of P fertilizers did not change the SPAD values on days 21 and 28 after sowing. However, on day 35 after sowing, fertilizing 75 and 100% P according to the recommendation decreased SPAD values compared to the negative control. On day 42 after sowing, there were significant differences in SPAD values between P fertilizer rates, but they were equivalent to the negative control in the first season. In the second season, the SPAD increased in the 100% P treatment on day 21 after sowing, but on day 35 after sowing, it decreased in the 25, 50, 75, and 100% P treatments, in comparison with the negative control.

Table 2

Potency of PSPNSB C. sphaeroides in proline and chlorophyll content in rice in saline soil Thoi Binh – Ca Mau under greenhouse conditions

SPAD Chlorophyll Proline
21 28 35 42 a b a + b
Factor DAS DAS DAS DAS (µg g−1 fresh leaf) (µmol g−1 DW)
Season 1
Phosphorus fertilizer rate (A) (%) 0 38.1 37.0 37.1ab 39.2ab 4.66ab 1.04ab 5.70a 25.8
25 38.0 37.0 37.3a 39.4a 4.72a 1.07a 5.81a 25.5
50 38.4 36.8 36.7b 39.2ab 4.45c 1.04ab 5.50b 26.4
75 38.1 36.7 36.0c 38.8ab 4.52bc 0.96b 5.48b 26.3
100 38.6 36.7 35.9c 38.5b 4.45c 0.98b 5.44b 26.3
Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (B) NB 37.6c 36.0b 36.4b 38.5c 4.48b 1.06a 5.54bc 29.7a
ST16 38.8a 37.2a 37.5a 39.5a 4.42b 0.96b 5.38c 23.7c
ST26 38.2b 37.1a 36.4b 39.2ab 4.67a 1.01ab 5.69ab 26.1b
MIX 38.5ab 37.0a 36.2b 38.8bc 4.68a 1.05a 5.73a 24.7bc
Significance (A) ns ns * * * * * ns
Significance (B) * * * * * * * *
Significance (A*B) * Ns * ns ns ns ns ns
CV (%) 1.62 1.90 2.20 2.13 4.76 11.1 5.07 10.2
Season 2
Phosphorus fertilizer rate (A) (%) 0 35.2b 39.5 39.6a 38.9 3.66b 2.77bc 6.43c 3.50
25 34.8b 39.4 38.9b 39.5 4.07a 2.69c 6.76b 3.24
50 35.0b 39.2 38.4c 38.9 4.14a 2.85ab 6.98a 3.36
75 35.2b 39.5 38.5c 38.9 4.26a 2.96a 7.21a 3.53
100 35.8a 39.6 38.6bc 39.2 4.17a 2.87ab 7.04a 3.34
Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (B) NB 34.2c 38.8c 38.9b 38.2c 3.37b 2.65b 6.02c 4.48a
ST16 35.6a 39.0c 38.4c 39.7a 4.21a 2.84a 7.05b 3.55b
ST26 35.1b 39.7b 39.3a 39.5a 4.33a 2.88a 7.21ab 2.65d
MIX 35.8a 40.1a 38.7bc 38.9b 4.32a 2.93a 7.26a 2.89c
Significance (A) * ns * ns * * * ns
Significance (B) * * * * * * * *
Significance (A*B) ns ns * ns * ns ns *
CV (%) 2.16 1.56 2.50 2.18 7.51 5.58 4.65 10.16

In the same column, numbers followed by different letters are different significantly; *: different at 5% significance; ns: not significant; NB: no bacteria, ST16: C. sphaeroides ST16, ST26: C. sphaeroides ST26, MIX: C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26. DAS: Days after sowing.

The chlorophyll a, b, and a + b contents varied according to P fertilizers in both seasons. The chlorophyll a increased in the single treatments or the mixture treatment of ST16 and ST26 in both seasons, except for the ST16 treatment in the first season. Supplying PSPNSB did not cause changes in the chlorophyll b content in both seasons. The chlorophyll a + b content in the mixture treatment was greater than the negative control in both seasons (Table 2). Supplying PSPNSB reduced the proline content in stem leaf by 16.4 and 32.4% as compared with the negative control in the first and second seasons, respectively. However, the treatments of P fertilizer rates resulted in equivalent proline content (Table 2).

3.3 Effects of PSPNSB on growth traits and yield of rice in saline soil in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau

Supplying PSPNSB increased plant height, panicle length, panicle per pot, filled grain ratio, and yield as compared with the negative control. Particularly, the mixture treatment resulted in the greatest plant height in the first season. The panicle length was ranked as ST16 > ST26 > ST16 + ST26 in the first season and ST26 ∼ ST16 + ST26 > ST16 in the second season. The number of panicles per pot in the first season peeked in the ST26 treatment (25.3 panicles pot−1), then the ST16 treatment (24.7 panicle pot−1), and the mixture treatment (22.8 panicle pot−1). However, in the second season, the mixture treatment had the greatest result (17.7 panicles pot−1) followed by the ST26 treatment (16.4 panicles pot−1), and the ST16 treatment (15.9 panicles pot−1). The number of grains per panicle differed insignificantly among treatments with PSPNSB in the first season. On the contrary, supplying PSPNSB increased the number of grains per panicle by 16.4–23.2% compared with the negative control in the second season. Combining the two bacterial strains resulted in the greatest filled grain ratio in both rice seasons. Likewise, rice yield when supplying the PSPNSB was increased by 11.3–17.7% in the first season and by 7.2–12.8% in the second season compared with the negative control, in which the greatest results belonged to the mixture treatment (Table 3).

Table 3

Potency of PSPNSB C. sphaeroides in growth and yield components of rice in saline soil in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau under greenhouse conditions

Plant height Panicle length Number of panicles pot−1 Number of grains panicle−1 1,000-grain weight Filled gain ratio Rice grain yield
Factor (cm) (panicles) (grains) (g) (%) (g pot−1)
Season 1
Phosphorus fertilizer rate (A) (%) 0 93.9e 19.9c 20.8e 90.8 22.5 75.0d 19.3d
25 95.1d 20.1bc 21.5d 86.8 23.0 79.9c 20.1c
50 96.0c 20.1b 22.4c 84.5 23.0 83.1b 20.3c
75 96.7b 20.2ab 24.3b 84.2 22.8 84.4a 21.2b
100 97.9a 20.4a 27.9a 81.5 23.5 85.4a 22.2a
Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (B) NB 94.7d 19.7c 20.8d 81.9 22.2 76.2d 18.6d
ST16 95.6c 20.4a 24.7b 84.1 23.4 79.6c 21.3b
ST26 96.4b 20.3a 25.3a 89.5 23.3 84.4b 20.7c
MIX 97.1a 20.0b 22.8c 86.6 22.9 86.0a 21.9a
Significance (A) * * * ns ns * *
Significance (B) * * * ns ns * *
Significance (A*B) * * * * ns * *
CV (%) 0.67 1.37 3.59 11.39 6.59 1.70 3.33
Season 2
Phosphorus fertilizer rate (A) (%) 0 78.0d 18.5 14.4c 55.5b 22.8 76.8 13.3
25 78.7cd 18.4 14.6c 56.2b 21.9 77.7 13.2
50 79.4bc 18.6 15.7b 56.4b 21.6 77.3 13.6
75 80.6ab 18.7 16.4b 57.2ab 21.7 77.7 13.3
100 81.0a 18.6 17.6a 59.1a 21.5 80.0 13.6
Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (B) NB 77.2c 17.8c 13.1c 49.5c 22.2 72.9b 12.5c
ST16 78.9b 18.4b 15.9b 57.6b 21.0 79.7a 13.7ab
ST26 80.7a 19.1a 16.4b 61.0a 22.0 79.2a 13.4b
MIX 81.3a 18.9a 17.7a 59.4ab 22.4 79.9a 14.1a
Significance (A) * ns * * ns ns ns
Significance (B) * * * * ns * *
Significance (A*B) ns * ns ns ns ns ns
CV (%) 2.25 2.96 8.01 5.88 9.35 4.58 6.85

In the same column, numbers followed by different letters are different significantly; *: different at 5% significance; ns: not significant; NB: no bacteria, ST16: C. sphaeroides ST16, ST26: C. sphaeroides ST26, MIX: C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26.

Fertilizing P improved plant height, panicle length, panicle number per pot, filled grain ratio, and rice grain yield as compared with the negative control in the first season. In particular, the agronomic traits were improved according to the increase in P fertilizer rates from 25, 50, 75, and 100%. In the second season, the 100% P treatment increased plant height, panicle number per pot, grain number per panicle, and filled grain ratio. Subsequently, in the 75 and 50% P treatments, only plant height and panicle number per pot were improved as compared with the negative control (Table 3).

The treatments combining both P fertilizer and PSPNSB showed significant rice grain yield in both rice seasons (Figure 1). In the first season, supplying the PSPNSB without P fertilizer resulted in an equivalent rice grain yield to the 100% P treatment without bacteria (Figure 1). In the second season, the treatments with different P fertilizer rates but no bacteria resulted in lower rice grain yield than the PSPNSB treatments (Figure 1b).

Figure 1 Potency of PSPNSB C. sphaeroides rice grain yield in saline soil in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau in (A) Season 1 and (B) Season 2 under greenhouse conditions. Note: Columns followed by different letters are different significantly; NB: no bacteria, ST16: C. sphaeroides ST16, ST26: C. sphaeroides ST26, MIX: C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26; 0, 25, 50, 75, 100: Phosphorus fertilizer rates.
Figure 1

Potency of PSPNSB C. sphaeroides rice grain yield in saline soil in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau in (A) Season 1 and (B) Season 2 under greenhouse conditions. Note: Columns followed by different letters are different significantly; NB: no bacteria, ST16: C. sphaeroides ST16, ST26: C. sphaeroides ST26, MIX: C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26; 0, 25, 50, 75, 100: Phosphorus fertilizer rates.

3.4 Effects of PSPNSB on the fertility of saline soil in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau

In Table 4, pHH2O, pHKCl, and EC significantly changed when supplying the PSPNSB in both seasons, except for pHKCl at the end of the first season. Particularly, pHH2O at the end of the first season and the second season was 6.38–6.45 and 6.79–6.85 greater than the negative control (6.22 and 6.72). The pHKCl was 5.92–6.12, greater than the negative control (5.82) in the second season. Rates of P fertilizer affected significantly pHH2O, pHKCl, and EC as compared with the negative control in both rice seasons, except for pHH2O in the second season. The pHH2O and pHKCl increased according to the increasing rates of P fertilizer. On the contrary, in the second season, P fertilizer reduced EC (2.69–2.72 mS cm−1) as compared with the negative control (3.04 mS cm−1).

Table 4

Potency of PSPNSB C. sphaeroides in the fertility of saline soil for rice cultivation in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau under greenhouse conditions

Treatment pHH2O pHKCl EC Ntotal Ptotal NH 4 + Psoluble Fe-P Ca-P Al-P CEC K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Na+
– – mS cm−1 % mg kg−1 meq 100 g−1
Season 1
Phosphorus fertilizer rate (A) (%) 0 6.19c 5.25c 3.21e 0.126 0.026 45.9e 5.62d 165.3d 13.3 d 101.5d 86.4c 0.854d 12.6d 0.120d 54.9d
25 6.32b 5.35bc 3.41d 0.116 0.027 48.8d 6.70c 167.8d 14.2 c 108.0c 89.0b 0.992c 13.0c 0.122d 56.8c
50 6.39ab 5.41ab 3.51c 0.117 0.027 51.6c 6.98b 178.1c 14.8 bc 113.5b 90.3b 1.04b 13.4b 0.129c 58.4c
75 6.43ab 5.43ab 3.60b 0.118 0.027 54.7b 7.17b 182.6b 15.6 ab 115.8b 91.3b 1.07b 13.8a 0.134b 61.3b
100 6.45a 5.49a 3.72a 0.120 0.027 59.1a 7.67a 187.2a 16.4 a 118.8a 95.9a 1.18a 13.9a 0.140a 66.2a
Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (B) NB 6.22b 5.32 3.92a 0.123 0.027 47.4d 6.08d 197.1a 15.6 a 118.5a 74.8d 0.921d 13.1b 0.124b 65.4a
ST16 6.38a 5.38 3.51b 0.119 0.026 51.2c 6.78c 177.7b 14.4 ab 112.6b 86.1c 1.07b 13.1b 0.126b 59.5b
ST26 6.36a 5.45 3.31c 0.115 0.027 53.7b 7.09b 169.7c 14.3 b 105.3d 96.4b 0.987c 13.5a 0.134a 57.5c
MIX 6.45a 5.39 3.22d 0.120 0.028 55.9a 7.37a 160.3d 15.1 b 109.7c 105.1a 1.14a 13.6a 0.132a 55.6d
Significance (A) * * * ns ns * * * * * * * * * *
Significance (B) * ns * ns ns * * * * * * * * * *
Significance (A*B) ns ns * ns ns * * ns ns * ns * * * *
CV (%) 2.49 3.16 1.81 11.08 15.72 5.21 5.22 2.90 8.01 3.14 4.03 5.33 3.20 3.66 4.38
Season 2
Phosphorus fertilizer rate (A) (%) 0 6.81 5.82b 3.04a 0.146 0.026 51.6 10.7d 74.6c 53.3b 6.31d 14.7bc 0.190 9.31c 0.212 13.3
25 6.77 6.01a 2.72b 0.160 0.027 53.8 12.2c 82.4b 57.5a 7.09cd 14.4c 0.192 10.4b 0.214 13.5
50 6.83 6.03a 2.70b 0.159 0.026 52.0 12.7bc 81.9b 57.4a 7.86bc 14.6bc 0.191 10.9a 0.215 13.3
75 6.78 6.05a 2.70b 0.162 0.027 53.7 13.1ab 86.7a 60.3a 9.26a 15.6a 0.189 10.6ab 0.211 12.9
100 6.79 6.07a 2.69b 0.153 0.028 55.2 13.9a 86.2a 59.3a 8.23ab 15.3ab 0.192 10.8a 0.212 12.4
Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (B) NB 6.72b 5.82c 2.84a 0.155 0.026 49.8b 11.0b 87.1a 59.3a 12.27a 11.9d 0.179c 11.1a 0.207b 15.0a
ST16 6.85a 6.12a 2.74b 0.161 0.026 54.6ab 13.2a 81.4b 58.2a 7.21b 15.0c 0.206a 10.4b 0.210b 13.8b
ST26 6.79a 5.92b 2.73b 0.151 0.028 52.4ab 13.0a 80.6b 58.4a 5.06c 15.7b 0.189b 9.39c 0.209b 12.3c
MIX 6.82a 6.12a 2.76b 0.157 0.028 56.3a 12.8a 80.3b 54.3b 6.46b 17.1a 0.190b 10.7b 0.225a 11.2d
Significance (A) ns * * ns ns ns * * * * * ns * * ns
Significance (B) * * * ns ns * * * * * * * * * *
Significance (A*B) ns * * ns ns ns ns * ns * * * * * ns
CV (%) 1.62 2.17 3.02 3.14 12.07 14.03 9.70 4.83 4.72 6.89 5.46 11.55 4.24 19.64 9.37

In the same column, numbers followed by different letters are different significantly; *: different at 5% significance; ns: not significant; NB: no bacteria, ST16: C. sphaeroides ST16, ST26: C. sphaeroides ST26, MIX: C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26.

The treatments fertilized with chemical P or PSPNSB did not affect Ntotal and Ptotal, ranging from 0.115 to 0.162% and 0.026 to 0.028%, respectively. The NH 4 + and Psoluble when supplied with PSPNSB increased in the first season and the second season as compared with the negative control. Similarly, the soil NH 4 + in the first season and Psoluble in both seasons were proportional to the rates of P fertilizer. Soluble P was improved in the PSPNSB treatments in both seasons. At the same time, the insoluble P compounds, Fe-P, Ca-P, and Al-P reduced in both seasons. On the contrary, fertilizing P increased insoluble P compounds (Table 4).

PSPNSB altered CEC, K+, Mg2 +, Ca2+, and Na+ in both rice seasons. Particularly, the PSPNSB treatments increased CEC, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ as compared with the negative control in both seasons. Conversely, the Na+ was reduced in the PSPNSB treatments, and the lowest results belonged to the mixture treatment. The P fertilizer treatments increased CEC, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Na+ in the first season and CEC and Mg2+ in the second season. Rates of P fertilizer did not change K+, Ca2+, and Na+ in the second season (Table 4).

3.5 Effects of PSPNSB on P and Na uptake and content of rice in saline soil in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau

Biomass in stem leaf and grain increased when P fertilizer or PSPNSB was applied in both seasons. In particular, the P fertilizer treatments increased stem leaf biomass by 14.1 and 8.3% in the first season and 5.4 and 13.2% in the second season, respectively, compared with the no P fertilizer treatment. For the PSPNSB factor, dry stem leaf biomass increased by 7.6 and 10.8% in the first season and 7.3 and 14.2% in the second season, respectively (Table S1). Table S1 shows that the P and Na contents in stem leaf and grain were different significantly according to the two factors. The Na contents in stem leaf and grain, when PSPNSB was applied, were reduced as compared with the negative control in both seasons. On the contrary, P fertilizer rates reduced Na content in stem leaf but increased the Na content in grain in the first season. However, in the second season, the Na contents in the stem leaf and grain of the P fertilizer factor were equivalent and ranged from 4.08 to 4.24% and from 3.93 to 4.19%, respectively.

The Na uptakes in stem leaf and grain varied at 5% significance, leading to an increase in the total Na uptake in P fertilizer treatments by 36.1% in the first season and 9.2% in the second season. The total Na uptake in the mixture treatment in both seasons and the single application treatments was reduced by 9.86 and 33.5%, respectively, as compared with the negative control.

Table S1 and Figure 2a illustrate that the Na uptake among P fertilizer rates increased according to the P fertilizer rates from 0 to 100% P in the first season. In addition, the PSPNSB treatments combined with 100% P resulted in lower Na uptake than the 100% P treatment. Supplying the mixture of C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 combined with 75% P had an equivalent total Na uptake to the 25% P treatment. In the second season, P fertilizer rates and PSPNSB resulted in significantly different total Na uptake between treatments (Figure 2b). Supplying C. sphaeroides also reduced the total Na uptake in rice. In detail, the ST16 treatments resulted in decreasing total Na uptake when increasing P fertilizer rates. Using the PSPNSB with P fertilizers reduced the total Na uptake as compared with the negative control.

Figure 2 Potency of PSPNSB Cereibacter sphaeroides in total Na uptake of rice in saline soil in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau in (A) Season 1 and (B) Season 2 under greenhouse conditions. Note: Columns followed by different letters are different significantly; NB: no bacteria, ST16: C. sphaeroides ST16, ST26: C. sphaeroides ST26, MIX: C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26; 0, 25, 50, 75, 100: phosphorus fertilizer rates.
Figure 2

Potency of PSPNSB Cereibacter sphaeroides in total Na uptake of rice in saline soil in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau in (A) Season 1 and (B) Season 2 under greenhouse conditions. Note: Columns followed by different letters are different significantly; NB: no bacteria, ST16: C. sphaeroides ST16, ST26: C. sphaeroides ST26, MIX: C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26; 0, 25, 50, 75, 100: phosphorus fertilizer rates.

In Table S1 and Figure 3, the total P uptake increased following the increasing P fertilizer rate in both seasons. Furthermore, applying the PSPNSB also increased the total P uptake. The total P uptake in the P fertilizer factor and the PSPNSB factor increased by 47.7 and 22.8% in the first season and 19.2 and 30.1% in the second season, respectively, as compared with the negative control. The total P uptake in the PSPNSB treatments without chemical fertilizer was also equivalent to that in the 100% P treatment without bacteria.

Figure 3 Potency of PSPNSB C. sphaeroides in total P uptake of rice in saline soil in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau in (A) Season 1 and (B) Season 2 under greenhouse conditions. Note: Columns followed by different letters are different significantly; NB: no bacteria, ST16: C. sphaeroides ST16, ST26: C. sphaeroides ST26, MIX: C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26; 0, 25, 50, 75, 100: phosphorus fertilizer rates.
Figure 3

Potency of PSPNSB C. sphaeroides in total P uptake of rice in saline soil in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau in (A) Season 1 and (B) Season 2 under greenhouse conditions. Note: Columns followed by different letters are different significantly; NB: no bacteria, ST16: C. sphaeroides ST16, ST26: C. sphaeroides ST26, MIX: C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26; 0, 25, 50, 75, 100: phosphorus fertilizer rates.

4 Discussion

4.1 Initial soil characteristics of rice shrimp model under greenhouse conditions

In Table 1, the soil traits in Thoi Binh – Ca Mau had pHH2O (1:5) and pHKCl (1:5) of 5.02 and 4.76, respectively, which is considered moderately acidic, while the EC was 5.3 mS cm−1, at which barely any plants grow [39]. According to Metson [40], the total N in the soil of 0.11% is considered low, while the total P of 0.04% is considered poor. The PO 4 3 − (15.1 mg kg−1) was also low [32]. However, the insoluble P contents were found as Al-P 5.60 mg kg−1, Fe-P 87.1 mg kg−1, and Ca-P 42.7 mg kg−1. The Na+ was 14.1 meq Na+ 100 g−1, while according to Metson [40], the K+ content of 0.984 meq K+ 100 g−1 was high. At the same time, the Mg2+ (9.00 meq Mg2+ 100 g−1) was also high [39]. Overall, the soil fertility of the location of the investigation was moderate.

4.2 The PSPNSB C. sphaeroides improved rice biochemical traits

Supplying the PSPNSB improved the SPAD values on day 42 after sowing. The chlorophyll a and a + b contents in both seasons in the mixture treatment increased as compared with the negative control (Table 2). According to Yen et al. [41], the chlorophyll content increased when PNSB was applied. This indicated that PNSB plays important roles in biofertilizers that improve soil P and provide N for plants via P solubilization and N fixation [21,23]. N is the main component of chlorophyll, so N in leaves increases leading to increasing chlorophyll content and photosynthesis [42]. For instance, in the study by Eliyani et al. [43], the application of PNSB increased the chlorophyll a, b, and a + b contents in komak beans. Moreover, the rice chlorophyll content rose by 13% under the PNSB application [44], while in the current study, the number was 3.4–4.5%.

Conversely, proline plays a role in plant resistance against non-biotic stresses, e.g. salinity [45]. According to Mansour and Ali [46], the proline content in plants is greater than under saline conditions. Soil salinity significantly increases proline content in rice plants and remarkably decreases chlorophyll content [47]. According to Khuong et al. [17,19,23,31], PNSB can produce plant growth-promoting substances such as ALA, EPS, siderophore, and IAA that facilitate plant resistance under adverse conditions such as salinity and toxicity [48]. The proline content dropped in the PSPNSB treatment because PSPNSB reduced Na content by producing EPS (Table 2). This is in accordance with the study by Khuong et al. [31] where PNSB decreased rice proline by 31.3%, while that in the current study was 16.8–20.2%.

4.3 The PSPNSB Cereibacter sphaeroides improved rice growth, yield components, and grain yield

Growth, yield components, and grain yield in the PSPNSB treatments were greater than those in the treatments without the bacteria (Table 3, Figure 1). This is consistent with the studies by Yen et al. [41], Sakarika et al. [49], and Lee et al. [50], and PSPNSB also improved plant height, grain number per panicle, panicle number per pot, filled grain ratio, and rice grain yield in saline soils [23,49,51], and growth and yield in acid sulfate soils [18] and in salt-affected acid sulfate soil [52]. In particular, in saline soil, in the study by Khuong et al. [53], plant height, panicle length, grain number per panicle, panicle number per pot, filled grain ratio, and rice grain yield were increased by 10.2, 9.9, 23.2, 31.4, 4.0, and 27.4%, while those in the current study were 2.5–5.3, 1.5–6.2, 20.0, 9.6–35.1, 9.6–12.9, and 12.8–17.8%, respectively. This indicates that different PNSB strains support plant growth at different rates but in the same pattern. PNSB is capable of fixing N [19,54], solubilizing P [53,55], solubilizing K [52], accumulating polyphosphate and vitamin, and producing plant growth-promoting substances such as ALA and EPS to lessen the stresses due to salinity and promote rice growth [51]. Thus, rice growth and yield were elevated as compared with the negative control under saline stress [19,53].

4.4 The PSPNSB C. sphaeroides improved soil fertility

Supplying C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 increased pHH2O, NH 4 + , soluble P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2, and decreased Na+ and EC in the soil (Table 4). This result is in accordance with the study by Khuong et al. [17] in which pH increased from 4.50 to 5.50–6.50 by the two Rhodopseudomonas palustris strains TLS06 and VNW64 in basic isolation medium. The pH plays an important role in rice cultivation in salt-affected acid soils, because of its relevance to nutrient availability in soil [56]. In some previous studies, during the P solubilization, the pH decreases due to the production of organic acids [57,58,59]. However, in the current study, the PSPNSB increased the soil pH instead. The increase in pH is due to PNSB producing EPS, siderophores, and NH 4 + by N-fixation to tolerate the acidity combined with Al3+ and Fe2+ [18,19,23,60,61,62]. In particular, the functional groups –OH and –COOH of EPS bind to H+ and reduce H+ content in the soil. The NH 4 + and PO 4 3 − contents increased by 9.30–13.1% and 16.4–18.2%, respectively, in the PSPNSB treatment, as compared with the negative control, because of the solubilized Ca-P, Al-P, and Fe-P by PNSB [20,23]. This result followed the same trend as previous studies, where PNSB released NH 4 + and PO 4 3 − by fixing N and solubilizing P [20]. Moreover, the enzyme production such as phosphatase and phytase by R. palustris can solubilize complexes of organic P and increase soil pH [18].

According to El Moukhtari et al. [63], proline prevents the accumulation of Na+ but promotes K+ assimilation. Noticeably, the PSPNSB application also altered soil cations (Table 4). This is consistent with the studies by Moran [34], Khuong et al. [53], and Adhikari et al. [64] who stated that PNSB can solubilize K, leading to an increase in soil K+ and maintaining K under adverse conditions such as saline-acidic soils and saline soils. On the contrary, Na+ can be immobilized by galactunic acid produced by PNSB, leading to a reduction in soil Na+ [23,53,64,65].

4.5 The PSPNSB C. sphaeroides improved the Na and P contents and uptake in rice plants

According to Table S1 and Figure 2, the Na content in rice in the bacterial treatments reduced as compared with that in the negative control. The total Na uptake in the mixture treatment in the first season and the single bacterial treatments in the second season declined as compared with the negative control. The sensitivity of rice to NaCl is high, so it is difficult to control the uptake of Na+ from saline soils via root hairs, leading to the accumulation of toxic Na in stems and leaves [66,67]. Moreover, H+ from acidic soils is a significant obstacle to rice grain yield [68]. At pH 3, roots are damaged and poorly absorb nutrients, especially Ca and P. At pH 4–8, the growth of plants is less affected by H+ content [69]. PNSB assist rice growth in salt-affected acid sulfate soils by reducing Na+ content, leading to lower proline content in leaves [31]. PNSB decrease the salinity and acidity of soils because they can produce more EPS under stresses to immobilize Na+ and H+ [60,65,70]. The studies by Nunkaew et al. [65] and Panwichian et al. [71] showed that L. sphaeroides and R. palustris provided EPS to bind Na+. According to Duy et al. [72], Rhodobacter spp. can absorb Na+, leading to a reduction in NaCl content from 28.57% to 36.42% under 25 ppm NaCl after 14 days of incubation. In the study by Khuong et al. [23], Na uptake in leaves and grains of rice decreased when PNSB were applied.

In Table S1 and Figure 3, P uptake increased in the PSPNSB treatments as compared with the negative control. The result is consistent with the study by Nguyen et al. [60] where PNSB can solubilize insoluble P in soil to soluble P forms for plants, which increased the P uptake in rice plants. The two strains L. sphaeroides W03 and W11 solubilized Al-P, Fe-P, and Ca-P, which reduced 50% of chemical fertilizer as a recommendation and increased rice grain yield [23]. Noticeably, rice grain yield increased by 86.8% in saline soil when a mixture of four L. sphaeroides strains W011 W14, W22, and W32 [31]. Moreover, PNSB can secrete plant growth-promoting substances, such as ALA, IAA, and siderophores to resist non-biotic stresses, increase pH, immobilize Na+ by EPS, ameliorate soluble P, and improve P uptake [23,31]. However, the strains in the current study should be further investigated for an appropriate carrier because carriers are vital for biofertilizers [73]. Rubberwood ash, decanter cake, rice husk ash, and spent coffee grounds are potent carriers for PNSB [74].

5 Conclusion

Supplying C. sphaeroides strains ST16 and ST26 increased soluble P content by 16.4–18.2%, leading to an increase in total P uptake by 19.2–30.1% as compared with the negative control. Furthermore, these bacteria also reduced soil Na+, and Na in stem, leaf, and grain, leading to reduced plant proline. In addition, supplying these PSPNSB also improved plant height, panicle length, panicle number per pot−1, grain number per panicle−1, filled grain ratio, and rice grain yield by 7.2–17.7%. Moreover, supplying each strain or the mixture of C. sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 altered the 100% P chemical fertilizer used but still ensured rice grain yield. The ST16 and ST26 strains should be investigated under field conditions before recommending farmers for large-scale uses.

  1. Funding information: This project was partially funded by the Can Tho University T2020-70 and T2022-88.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. LTD – conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, writing – original draft; TTCH – formal analysis, investigation; LNTX – formal analysis, investigation; LTQ – investigation, writing – review & editing; PTPT – formal analysis, investigation; DTX – formal analysis, investigation; NQK – conceptualization, funding acquisition, supervision, methodology, writing – review & editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-01-30
Revised: 2024-07-10
Accepted: 2024-08-19
Published Online: 2024-09-27

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Supplementation of P-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris improved soil fertility, P nutrient, growth, and yield of Cucumis melo L.
  3. Yield gap variation in rice cultivation in Indonesia
  4. Effects of co-inoculation of indole-3-acetic acid- and ammonia-producing bacteria on plant growth and nutrition, soil elements, and the relationships of soil microbiomes with soil physicochemical parameters
  5. Impact of mulching and planting time on spring-wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth: A combined field experiment and empirical modeling approach
  6. Morphological diversity, correlation studies, and multiple-traits selection for yield and yield components of local cowpea varieties
  7. Participatory on-farm evaluation of new orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties in Southern Ethiopia
  8. Yield performance and stability analysis of three cultivars of Gayo Arabica coffee across six different environments
  9. Biology of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different types of plants feeds: Potency as a pest on various agricultural plants
  10. Antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. fruit in alloxan-induced Swiss albino diabetic mice
  11. Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance
  12. Nicotinamide as a biostimulant improves soybean growth and yield
  13. Farmer’s willingness to accept the sustainable zoning-based organic farming development plan: A lesson from Sleman District, Indonesia
  14. Uncovering hidden determinants of millennial farmers’ intentions in running conservation agriculture: An application of the Norm Activation Model
  15. Mediating role of leadership and group capital between human capital component and sustainability of horticultural agribusiness institutions in Indonesia
  16. Biochar technology to increase cassava crop productivity: A study of sustainable agriculture on degraded land
  17. Effect of struvite on the growth of green beans on Mars and Moon regolith simulants
  18. UrbanAgriKG: A knowledge graph on urban agriculture and its embeddings
  19. Provision of loans and credit by cocoa buyers under non-price competition: Cocoa beans market in Ghana
  20. Effectiveness of micro-dosing of lime on selected chemical properties of soil in Banja District, North West, Ethiopia
  21. Effect of weather, nitrogen fertilizer, and biostimulators on the root size and yield components of Hordeum vulgare
  22. Effects of selected biostimulants on qualitative and quantitative parameters of nine cultivars of the genus Capsicum spp.
  23. Growth, yield, and secondary metabolite responses of three shallot cultivars at different watering intervals
  24. Design of drainage channel for effective use of land on fully mechanized sugarcane plantations: A case study at Bone Sugarcane Plantation
  25. Technical feasibility and economic benefit of combined shallot seedlings techniques in Indonesia
  26. Control of Meloidogyne javanica in banana by endophytic bacteria
  27. Comparison of important quality components of red-flesh kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in different locations
  28. Efficiency of rice farming in flood-prone areas of East Java, Indonesia
  29. Comparative analysis of alpine agritourism in Trentino, Tyrol, and South Tyrol: Regional variations and prospects
  30. Detection of Fusarium spp. infection in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) during postharvest storage through visible–near-infrared and shortwave–near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy
  31. Forage yield, seed, and forage qualitative traits evaluation by determining the optimal forage harvesting stage in dual-purpose cultivation in safflower varieties (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
  32. The influence of tourism on the development of urban space: Comparison in Hanoi, Danang, and Ho Chi Minh City
  33. Optimum intra-row spacing and clove size for the economical production of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia
  34. The role of organic rice farm income on farmer household welfare: Evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  35. Exploring innovative food in a developing country: Edible insects as a sustainable option
  36. Genotype by environment interaction and performance stability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown in Dawuro zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
  37. Factors influencing green, environmentally-friendly consumer behaviour
  38. Factors affecting coffee farmers’ access to financial institutions: The case of Bandung Regency, Indonesia
  39. Morphological and yield trait-based evaluation and selection of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes suitable for both summer and winter seasons
  40. Sustainability analysis and decision-making strategy for swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) conservation in Jambi Province, Indonesia
  41. Understanding factors affecting rice purchasing decisions in Indonesia: Does rice brand matter?
  42. An implementation of an extended theory of planned behavior to investigate consumer behavior on hygiene sanitation-certified livestock food products
  43. Information technology adoption in Indonesia’s small-scale dairy farms
  44. Draft genome of a biological control agent against Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal phytopathogen of spot blotch in wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum): Bacillus inaquosorum TSO22
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  48. Near-infrared technology in agriculture: Rapid, simultaneous, and non-destructive determination of inner quality parameters on intact coffee beans
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  73. Evaluating agricultural yield and economic implications of varied irrigation depths on maize yield in semi-arid environments, at Birfarm, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia
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  88. Optimizing inorganic blended fertilizer application for the maximum grain yield and profitability of bread wheat and food barley in Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
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  100. Evaluation of cultivation technology package and corn variety based on agronomy characters and leaf green indices
  101. Exploring the association between the consumption of beverages, fast foods, sweets, fats, and oils and the risk of gastric and pancreatic cancers: Findings from case–control study
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  104. Evaluation of coffee pulp as a feed ingredient for ruminants: A meta-analysis
  105. Interannual variations of normalized difference vegetation index and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship in the Baghdad area
  106. Harnessing synthetic microbial communities with nitrogen-fixing activity to promote rice growth
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  108. Response of potato tuber as an effect of the N-fertilizer and paclobutrazol application in medium altitude
  109. Bridging the gap: The role of geographic proximity in enhancing seed sustainability in Bandung District
  110. Evaluation of Abrams curve in agricultural sector using the NARDL approach
  111. Challenges and opportunities for young farmers in the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2014–2020 of the Republic of Croatia
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  114. Phytochemical analysis of Bienertia sinuspersici extract and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  115. Evaluation of relative drought tolerance of grapevines by leaf fluorescence parameters
  116. Yield assessment of new streak-resistant topcross maize hybrids in Benin
  117. Improvement of cocoa powder properties through ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted alkalization
  118. Potential of ecoenzymes made from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) leaf and pulp waste as bioinsecticides for Periplaneta americana
  119. Analysis of farm performance to realize the sustainability of organic cabbage vegetable farming in Getasan Semarang, Indonesia
  120. Revealing the influences of organic amendment-derived dissolved organic matter on growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
  121. Identification of viruses infecting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) in Benin
  122. Assessing the soil physical and chemical properties of long-term pomelo orchard based on tree growth
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  124. Does sex influence the impact of dietary vitD3 and UVB light on performance parameters and welfare indicators of broilers?
  125. Design of intelligent sprayer control for an autonomous farming drone using a multiclass support vector machine
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  127. Review Articles
  128. Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives – A review
  129. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review
  130. Climate change and adaptive strategies on viticulture (Vitis spp.)
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  132. A systematic review on potential analogy of phytobiomass and soil carbon evaluation methods: Ethiopia insights
  133. A review of storage temperature and relative humidity effects on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and implications for nutrition insecurity in Ethiopia
  134. Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks
  135. Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review
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  138. The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives
  139. Minor millets: Processing techniques and their nutritional and health benefits
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  149. Corrigendum to “Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance”
  150. Corrigendum to “Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types”
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https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0353
Keywords for this article
rice; phosphorus nutrient; phosphorus solubilizing bacteria; purple nonsulfur bacteria; saline soil
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Supplementation of P-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris improved soil fertility, P nutrient, growth, and yield of Cucumis melo L.
  3. Yield gap variation in rice cultivation in Indonesia
  4. Effects of co-inoculation of indole-3-acetic acid- and ammonia-producing bacteria on plant growth and nutrition, soil elements, and the relationships of soil microbiomes with soil physicochemical parameters
  5. Impact of mulching and planting time on spring-wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth: A combined field experiment and empirical modeling approach
  6. Morphological diversity, correlation studies, and multiple-traits selection for yield and yield components of local cowpea varieties
  7. Participatory on-farm evaluation of new orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties in Southern Ethiopia
  8. Yield performance and stability analysis of three cultivars of Gayo Arabica coffee across six different environments
  9. Biology of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different types of plants feeds: Potency as a pest on various agricultural plants
  10. Antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. fruit in alloxan-induced Swiss albino diabetic mice
  11. Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance
  12. Nicotinamide as a biostimulant improves soybean growth and yield
  13. Farmer’s willingness to accept the sustainable zoning-based organic farming development plan: A lesson from Sleman District, Indonesia
  14. Uncovering hidden determinants of millennial farmers’ intentions in running conservation agriculture: An application of the Norm Activation Model
  15. Mediating role of leadership and group capital between human capital component and sustainability of horticultural agribusiness institutions in Indonesia
  16. Biochar technology to increase cassava crop productivity: A study of sustainable agriculture on degraded land
  17. Effect of struvite on the growth of green beans on Mars and Moon regolith simulants
  18. UrbanAgriKG: A knowledge graph on urban agriculture and its embeddings
  19. Provision of loans and credit by cocoa buyers under non-price competition: Cocoa beans market in Ghana
  20. Effectiveness of micro-dosing of lime on selected chemical properties of soil in Banja District, North West, Ethiopia
  21. Effect of weather, nitrogen fertilizer, and biostimulators on the root size and yield components of Hordeum vulgare
  22. Effects of selected biostimulants on qualitative and quantitative parameters of nine cultivars of the genus Capsicum spp.
  23. Growth, yield, and secondary metabolite responses of three shallot cultivars at different watering intervals
  24. Design of drainage channel for effective use of land on fully mechanized sugarcane plantations: A case study at Bone Sugarcane Plantation
  25. Technical feasibility and economic benefit of combined shallot seedlings techniques in Indonesia
  26. Control of Meloidogyne javanica in banana by endophytic bacteria
  27. Comparison of important quality components of red-flesh kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in different locations
  28. Efficiency of rice farming in flood-prone areas of East Java, Indonesia
  29. Comparative analysis of alpine agritourism in Trentino, Tyrol, and South Tyrol: Regional variations and prospects
  30. Detection of Fusarium spp. infection in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) during postharvest storage through visible–near-infrared and shortwave–near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy
  31. Forage yield, seed, and forage qualitative traits evaluation by determining the optimal forage harvesting stage in dual-purpose cultivation in safflower varieties (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
  32. The influence of tourism on the development of urban space: Comparison in Hanoi, Danang, and Ho Chi Minh City
  33. Optimum intra-row spacing and clove size for the economical production of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia
  34. The role of organic rice farm income on farmer household welfare: Evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  35. Exploring innovative food in a developing country: Edible insects as a sustainable option
  36. Genotype by environment interaction and performance stability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown in Dawuro zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
  37. Factors influencing green, environmentally-friendly consumer behaviour
  38. Factors affecting coffee farmers’ access to financial institutions: The case of Bandung Regency, Indonesia
  39. Morphological and yield trait-based evaluation and selection of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes suitable for both summer and winter seasons
  40. Sustainability analysis and decision-making strategy for swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) conservation in Jambi Province, Indonesia
  41. Understanding factors affecting rice purchasing decisions in Indonesia: Does rice brand matter?
  42. An implementation of an extended theory of planned behavior to investigate consumer behavior on hygiene sanitation-certified livestock food products
  43. Information technology adoption in Indonesia’s small-scale dairy farms
  44. Draft genome of a biological control agent against Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal phytopathogen of spot blotch in wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum): Bacillus inaquosorum TSO22
  45. Assessment of the recurrent mutagenesis efficacy of sesame crosses followed by isolation and evaluation of promising genetic resources for use in future breeding programs
  46. Fostering cocoa industry resilience: A collaborative approach to managing farm gate price fluctuations in West Sulawesi, Indonesia
  47. Field investigation of component failures for selected farm machinery used in small rice farming operations
  48. Near-infrared technology in agriculture: Rapid, simultaneous, and non-destructive determination of inner quality parameters on intact coffee beans
  49. The synergistic application of sucrose and various LED light exposures to enhance the in vitro growth of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)
  50. Weather index-based agricultural insurance for flower farmers: Willingness to pay, sales, and profitability perspectives
  51. Meta-analysis of dietary Bacillus spp. on serum biochemical and antioxidant status and egg quality of laying hens
  52. Biochemical characterization of trypsin from Indonesian skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera
  53. Determination of C-factor for conventional cultivation and soil conservation technique used in hop gardens
  54. Empowering farmers: Unveiling the economic impacts of contract farming on red chilli farmers’ income in Magelang District, Indonesia
  55. Evaluating salt tolerance in fodder crops: A field experiment in the dry land
  56. Labor productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) farmers in Central Java Province, Indonesia
  57. Cropping systems and production assessment in southern Myanmar: Informing strategic interventions
  58. The effect of biostimulants and red mud on the growth and yield of shallots in post-unlicensed gold mining soil
  59. Effects of dietary Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) seed meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  60. Analysis and structural characterization of the vid-pisco market
  61. Pseudomonas fluorescens SP007s enhances defense responses against the soybean bacterial pustule caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines
  62. A brief investigation on the prospective of co-composted biochar as a fertilizer for Zucchini plants cultivated in arid sandy soil
  63. Supply chain efficiency of red chilies in the production center of Sleman Indonesia based on performance measurement system
  64. Investment development path for developed economies: Is agriculture different?
  65. Power relations among actors in laying hen business in Indonesia: A MACTOR analysis
  66. High-throughput digital imaging and detection of morpho-physiological traits in tomato plants under drought
  67. Converting compression ignition engine to dual-fuel (diesel + CNG) engine and experimentally investigating its performance and emissions
  68. Structuration, risk management, and institutional dynamics in resolving palm oil conflicts
  69. Spacing strategies for enhancing drought resilience and yield in maize agriculture
  70. Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types
  71. Investigating Spodoptera spp. diversity, percentage of attack, and control strategies in the West Java, Indonesia, corn cultivation
  72. Yield stability of biofertilizer treatments to soybean in the rainy season based on the GGE biplot
  73. Evaluating agricultural yield and economic implications of varied irrigation depths on maize yield in semi-arid environments, at Birfarm, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia
  74. Chemometrics for mapping the spatial nitrate distribution on the leaf lamina of fenugreek grown under varying nitrogenous fertilizer doses
  75. Pomegranate peel ethanolic extract: A promising natural antioxidant, antimicrobial agent, and novel approach to mitigate rancidity in used edible oils
  76. Transformative learning and engagement with organic farming: Lessons learned from Indonesia
  77. Tourism in rural areas as a broader concept: Some insights from the Portuguese reality
  78. Assessment enhancing drought tolerance in henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) ecotypes through sodium nitroprusside foliar application
  79. Edible insects: A survey about perceptions regarding possible beneficial health effects and safety concerns among adult citizens from Portugal and Romania
  80. Phenological stages analysis in peach trees using electronic nose
  81. Harvest date and salicylic acid impact on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) properties under different humidity conditions
  82. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. petal biomass: A green source of nanoparticles of multifarious potential
  83. Use of different vegetation indices for the evaluation of the kinetics of the cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) growth based on multispectral images by UAV
  84. First evidence of microplastic pollution in mangrove sediments and its ingestion by coral reef fish: Case study in Biawak Island, Indonesia
  85. Physical and textural properties and sensory acceptability of wheat bread partially incorporated with unripe non-commercial banana cultivars
  86. Cereibacter sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 were used to solubilize insoluble P forms to improve P uptake, growth, and yield of rice in acidic and extreme saline soil
  87. Avocado peel by-product in cattle diets and supplementation with oregano oil and effects on production, carcass, and meat quality
  88. Optimizing inorganic blended fertilizer application for the maximum grain yield and profitability of bread wheat and food barley in Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
  89. The acceptance of social media as a channel of communication and livestock information for sheep farmers
  90. Adaptation of rice farmers to aging in Thailand
  91. Combined use of improved maize hybrids and nitrogen application increases grain yield of maize, under natural Striga hermonthica infestation
  92. From aquatic to terrestrial: An examination of plant diversity and ecological shifts
  93. Statistical modelling of a tractor tractive performance during ploughing operation on a tropical Alfisol
  94. Participation in artisanal diamond mining and food security: A case study of Kasai Oriental in DR Congo
  95. Assessment and multi-scenario simulation of ecosystem service values in Southwest China’s mountainous and hilly region
  96. Analysis of agricultural emissions and economic growth in Europe in search of ecological balance
  97. Bacillus thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity against insect larvae of the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
  98. Technical efficiency of sugarcane farming in East Java, Indonesia: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis
  99. Comparison between mycobiota diversity and fungi and mycotoxin contamination of maize and wheat
  100. Evaluation of cultivation technology package and corn variety based on agronomy characters and leaf green indices
  101. Exploring the association between the consumption of beverages, fast foods, sweets, fats, and oils and the risk of gastric and pancreatic cancers: Findings from case–control study
  102. Phytochemical composition and insecticidal activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. extract on life span and biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.)
  103. Land use management solutions in response to climate change: Case study in the central coastal areas of Vietnam
  104. Evaluation of coffee pulp as a feed ingredient for ruminants: A meta-analysis
  105. Interannual variations of normalized difference vegetation index and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship in the Baghdad area
  106. Harnessing synthetic microbial communities with nitrogen-fixing activity to promote rice growth
  107. Agronomic and economic benefits of rice–sweetpotato rotation in lowland rice cropping systems in Uganda
  108. Response of potato tuber as an effect of the N-fertilizer and paclobutrazol application in medium altitude
  109. Bridging the gap: The role of geographic proximity in enhancing seed sustainability in Bandung District
  110. Evaluation of Abrams curve in agricultural sector using the NARDL approach
  111. Challenges and opportunities for young farmers in the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2014–2020 of the Republic of Croatia
  112. Yield stability of ten common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes at different sowing dates in Lubumbashi, South-East of DR Congo
  113. Effects of encapsulation and combining probiotics with different nitrate forms on methane emission and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics
  114. Phytochemical analysis of Bienertia sinuspersici extract and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  115. Evaluation of relative drought tolerance of grapevines by leaf fluorescence parameters
  116. Yield assessment of new streak-resistant topcross maize hybrids in Benin
  117. Improvement of cocoa powder properties through ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted alkalization
  118. Potential of ecoenzymes made from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) leaf and pulp waste as bioinsecticides for Periplaneta americana
  119. Analysis of farm performance to realize the sustainability of organic cabbage vegetable farming in Getasan Semarang, Indonesia
  120. Revealing the influences of organic amendment-derived dissolved organic matter on growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
  121. Identification of viruses infecting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) in Benin
  122. Assessing the soil physical and chemical properties of long-term pomelo orchard based on tree growth
  123. Investigating access and use of digital tools for agriculture among rural farmers: A case study of Nkomazi Municipality, South Africa
  124. Does sex influence the impact of dietary vitD3 and UVB light on performance parameters and welfare indicators of broilers?
  125. Design of intelligent sprayer control for an autonomous farming drone using a multiclass support vector machine
  126. Deciphering salt-responsive NB-ARC genes in rice transcriptomic data: A bioinformatics approach with gene expression validation
  127. Review Articles
  128. Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives – A review
  129. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review
  130. Climate change and adaptive strategies on viticulture (Vitis spp.)
  131. The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods
  132. A systematic review on potential analogy of phytobiomass and soil carbon evaluation methods: Ethiopia insights
  133. A review of storage temperature and relative humidity effects on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and implications for nutrition insecurity in Ethiopia
  134. Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks
  135. Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review
  136. Corn silk: A promising source of antimicrobial compounds for health and wellness
  137. State and contours of research on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Africa
  138. The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives
  139. Minor millets: Processing techniques and their nutritional and health benefits
  140. Meta-analysis of reproductive performance of improved dairy cattle under Ethiopian environmental conditions
  141. Review on enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer utilization: Strategies for optimal nutrient management
  142. The nutritional, phytochemical composition, and utilisation of different parts of maize: A comparative analysis
  143. Motivations for farmers’ participation in agri-environmental scheme in the EU, literature review
  144. Evolution of climate-smart agriculture research: A science mapping exploration and network analysis
  145. Short Communications
  146. Music enrichment improves the behavior and leukocyte profile of dairy cattle
  147. Effect of pruning height and organic fertilization on the morphological and productive characteristics of Moringa oleifera Lam. in the Peruvian dry tropics
  148. Corrigendum
  149. Corrigendum to “Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance”
  150. Corrigendum to “Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types”
  151. Special issue: Smart Agriculture System for Sustainable Development: Methods and Practices
  152. Construction of a sustainable model to predict the moisture content of porang powder (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) based on pointed-scan visible near-infrared spectroscopy
  153. FruitVision: A deep learning based automatic fruit grading system
  154. Energy harvesting and ANFIS modeling of a PVDF/GO-ZNO piezoelectric nanogenerator on a UAV
  155. Effects of stress hormones on digestibility and performance in cattle: A review
  156. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part II
  157. Assessment of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profiles and ratio of omega-6/omega-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens fed diets enriched with omega-3 rich vegetable oil
  158. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part II
  159. Special Issue on FCEM – International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation: Message from the editor
  160. Fruit and vegetable consumption: Study involving Portuguese and French consumers
  161. Knowledge about consumption of milk: Study involving consumers from two European Countries – France and Portugal
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