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Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review

  • Yohannes Gelaye ORCID logo EMAIL logo and Sewnet Getahun
Published/Copyright: July 18, 2024
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Open Agriculture
From the journal Open Agriculture Volume 9 Issue 1

Abstract

Carrot is a significant root crop in Ethiopia but its production faces challenges such as nutrient loss and unfavorable growth conditions, which hinder its productivity. The objective of this review was to evaluate the impact of nitrogen fertilizer rates on carrot yield in Ethiopia. A systematic review using databases like PubMed and Scopus focused on peer-reviewed, English-language studies with quantitative data on nitrogen fertilizer and carrot yield in Ethiopia, excluding non-peer-reviewed articles and those lacking quantitative data or in other languages. Globally, carrot yields are 30–100 tons per hectare, but only 5.5 tons in Ethiopia. Carrots are rich in vitamins A, C, and B, proteins, minerals, and fiber, with vitamin C boosting immunity and aiding in wound healing and allergy management. Meanwhile, vitamin A plays a crucial role in vision, bone growth, immune function, and reproduction. It is a rich source of carotenoids and anthocyanins. The application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved carrot yield (root length, fresh weight, and dry weight). In Ethiopia, the use of nitrogen fertilizer affects the marketability and total yield of carrots, with small-scale farmers employing diverse rates for cultivation. Current recommendations suggest 69 kg/ha of phosphorus (P2O5) and 46 kg/ha of nitrogen, but farmers often do not follow these guidelines. In conclusion, optimizing nitrogen fertilizer usage is crucial for enhancing carrot yields among small farmers, underscoring the need for government support to tailor recommendations to local soil conditions and boost productivity.

Keywords: carrot yield; carrot production; nitrogen fertilizer; nutrient management

1 Introduction

Carrot, scientifically known as Daucus carota L., is a member of the Apiaceae family. It is classified as a biennial annual crop, indicating that it typically completes its life cycle over 2 years, but is cultivated annually [1]. Carrots, classified as moderately hardy plants, thrive in cool environments and can withstand frost without damage, germinating well even in chilly conditions [2]. Carrot growth slows down as temperature increases, implying that it develops more slowly under warmer conditions [3]. Carrot plants are mainly cultivated for their edible roots, valued for their high levels of carotene and anthocyanins, offering both nutritional value and potentially beneficial compounds [4]. It also contains abundant nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, and sodium [5]. Carrots are versatile vegetables, and their fleshy roots are commonly used in various culinary applications. They can be eaten raw in salads, added to soups for flavor and nutrition, or steamed or boiled as a side dish in many vegetable-based recipes [6]. This vegetable is believed to have various medicinal benefits, including cooling the body, strengthening the heart and brain, preventing constipation, and acting as a diuretic [7]. Purple and black carrots are used to make a beverage known as Kanjal, valued for its excellent appetizing qualities [3]. Carrots, despite their extensive cultivation history, still possess untapped potential due to their low yield per acre, necessitating urgent improvements in production to meet demand and boost agricultural output [8]. Globally, carrot yields vary from 30 to over 100 tons per hectare due to diverse growing conditions, including climate, soil quality, and agricultural practices [9]. In Ethiopia, the Central Statistical Agency [10] reported in 2020/21 that 19648.7 tons of carrots were harvested from 3717.22 hectares of land, resulting in an average yield of 5.5 tons per hectare [10]. Various factors, including plant spacing, floral set, root health, size, and age, affect carrot yield and quality, with nitrogen fertilizer crucial for promoting growth and carbohydrate synthesis, especially when applied early for thicker roots [11]. In Ethiopia, the standard suggested rates of phosphorus (P2O5) and nitrogen fertilizer for the growing of carrots are around 69 and 46 kg/ha, respectively [12].

Ethiopia has significant potential for large-scale carrot cultivation, but low production is hindered by a lack of localized nitrogen fertilizer research, poor soil fertility, limited access to quality fertilizers, and inadequate irrigation infrastructure. Irregular rainfall, pests, diseases like root-knot nematodes, inadequate post-harvest practices, and limited access to advanced agricultural technologies collectively harm crop yields and quality. Consequently, farmers often do not adhere to fertilizer guidelines, leading to the application of either insufficient or excessive amounts, which negatively impacts carrot yields. The hurdles in carrot production in Ethiopia encompass the lack of improved carrot varieties, subpar farming techniques, pest and disease problems, and inadequate postharvest infrastructure. Additionally, the nitrogen-deficient soil in Ethiopia’s tropical climate poses further challenges for cultivation. Thus, this review was aimed to evaluate the potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on carrot yield and its components in Ethiopia.

2 Review methodology

In the course of the literature review, various strategies were employed to ensure a comprehensive and systematic approach. Reputable journals from the Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases were used for the compilation of this review, along with the Cochrane Library and Google Scholar, to broaden the scope of the search. A systematic review approach was employed to identify relevant studies. Initially, a comprehensive search strategy was developed using specific keywords and terms related to the review topic, such as “nitrogen fertilizer,” “carrot yield,” “Ethiopia,” and related terms. The search focused on articles published after 2019, with the exception of older but relevant facts and books. The inclusion criteria were defined to ensure the relevance and quality of the studies included in the review: articles published in peer-reviewed journals, written in English, providing quantitative data and employing research designs including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case–control studies (Figure 1). Non-peer-reviewed articles, such as editorials, opinion pieces, and conference abstracts, were excluded, as well as studies not available in English, articles lacking quantitative data, case reports, and studies with small sample sizes. The screening process involved several steps: duplicate records were removed to avoid redundancy, titles, and abstracts of the remaining records were screened for relevance, and full-text articles of potentially eligible studies were then assessed for inclusion based on the predefined criteria (Figure 1). Relevant data from the included studies were extracted systematically and synthesized to evaluate the potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on carrot yield and its components in Ethiopia.

Figure 1 PRISMA flow diagram.
Figure 1

PRISMA flow diagram.

3 Origin, domestication, and botanical characteristics of carrot

Carrots, the most cultivated in the Apiaceae family, encompass other vegetables like parsnip, fennel, celery, root parsley, celeriac, arracacha, herbs, and spices [13]. Carrot seeds are known for their aromatic properties, which makes them useful in spices and herbal medicines. Modern cultivated carrots trace their origins back to the wild carrot, Daucus carota L., which is native to Europe, Asia, and Africa [6]. The primary source of carrots, particularly in Central Asia, notably Afghanistan, is supplemented by Turkey as a secondary origin [6]. Carrot cultivars are classified by maturity, root traits, and foliage to aid growers in selecting suitable varieties for their needs [14]. Carrots are categorized into types like short-horn, Nantes, Amsterdam, forcing, Chantenay, Autumn King, and St. Valery, each with unique attributes in size, shape, and suitability for specific growing conditions or culinary purposes [15]. Carrot is considered a cool-season vegetable crop, and most breeding efforts aim to improve production in temperate regions. In these areas, where temperatures below approximately 10°C can induce early flowering or bolting, the focus is on developing varieties that are more resilient to these conditions [16]. Efforts have been directed toward expanding carrot cultivation to warmer subtropical regions. Carrots are typically grown annually and are upright plants that complete their life cycle over 2 years [17]. Carrot plants, ranging from 20 to 100 cm in height, develop a primary taproot system that swells and thickens, showcasing diverse shapes and sizes [18]. The plant displays a swollen, orange or red root with solid stems near the base, while its leaves are arranged alternately in a segmented pinnate pattern with long, broad petioles [19]. The inflorescence is white or pink, compound, and umbrella-shaped, with a diameter ranging from 3 to 7 cm. It consists of branched stalks with five petals and five hairy ovaries [20]. The vegetable is described as having hooked spines and ridges, while the seed is oval and contains valuable oils. Additionally, the flowers typically consist of a few sterile dark purple flowers found in the center of the umber [21].

4 Climatic and growth requirements of carrot

Carrots are a significant root crop grown at high altitudes, specifically between 2,500 and 3,000 m above sea level, in Ethiopia [22]. Carrots thrive best in loamy or sandy loam soils enriched with humus, offering a balanced texture, effective drainage, and ample organic matter for optimal growth (Figure 2). To attain high yields, the optimal soil pH range for carrot cultivation is between 5.5 and 6.5; however, soils with a pH of 7.0 are usable, and extremes in acidity or alkalinity are deemed unsuitable [23]. Carrots thrive in both cold and warmer climates, with an optimal temperature range of 16–18°C for ideal green foliage growth [24] (Figure 2). Temperature critically influences plant growth, with temperatures above 28°C harming top growth and producing shorter, thicker roots, while those below 16°C cause poor coloration and elongated roots [25]. Temperatures between 15 and 20°C produce appealing roots and improve the color and quality of carrots [26]. The seeding process includes drilling or broadcasting small seeds (about 800 seeds per gram) in the field, with up to 85% typically germinating successfully, and they can maintain viability for nearly 3 years [27]. Accurate seed requirement calculation relies on determining germination percentage, usually taking 7–21 days, crucial for effective seed allocation and planning for optimal growth [28]. Carrots can be cultivated throughout the year, provided temperatures remain above 3.9°C, with an optimal germination temperature range of 20–30°C [29]. Successful carrot planting depends on the local climate and thorough soil preparation, including deep ploughing, harrowing, leveling, and clearing, to create an ideal environment for seed germination and growth [30]. For ideal seed bed conditions, thorough removal of debris is crucial, followed by fine preparation, and sowing methods like broadcasting, drilling, or hand-sanding mixed with sand, ash, or fine soil, with carrots usually seeded in ridges or flat beds, utilizing shallow furrows (30–45 cm) [31]. Dibbling carrot seeds with 7.5–10 cm spacing ensures optimal growth and development by providing proper spacing [32]. For optimal conditions, 4–6 kg of seeds per hectare should be gently covered with soil or sand after sowing, with optional pre-sowing irrigation for moisture, germination in 10–15 days, light post-germination irrigation, and thinning to 7.5–10 cm spacing [33]. Irrigation frequency varies depending on factors like soil type, season, and crop variety, which dictate the watering needs for plant thriving [34]. For crop irrigation, irrigation every 4–5 days during summer and every 10–15 days during winter is generally considered sufficient to maintain adequate moisture levels for the crop’s needs [32]. Adequate water supply during root development is crucial to prevent cracking, while grounding, especially for long-rooted varieties, supports healthy plant growth [35]. During storage, carrots undergo chemical changes in which polysaccharides, complex carbohydrates, break down into simpler sugars, and sucrose is converted into reducing sugars [36]. Rapidly cooling harvested carrots to 5°C or below is essential for extending storage duration, preserving quality, freshness, flavor, and nutritional value while preventing spoilage [37]. Roots that did not have adequate precooled experienced faster decay [38]. Mature carrots can be stored for 7–9 months when kept at temperatures between 0 and 1°C, along with a very high relative humidity ranging from 95 to 100% [39]. Carrots have a freezing point of −12°C and if they freeze, severe tissue damage occurs, causing cracking and blistering along the length due to the formation of ice crystal formation beneath the surface [35].

Figure 2 A summary of climate and growth requirements for carrot cultivation in Ethiopia.
Figure 2

A summary of climate and growth requirements for carrot cultivation in Ethiopia.

5 Importance of carrots

In the early stages of human evolution, roots and tubers were essential components of the diet, providing crucial sustenance for our ancestors [40]. Root and tuber crops like carrots are agriculturally significant for their long shelf life, serving culinary, economic, ornamental, and social purposes, providing essential nutrients, and featuring prominently in diverse dishes from mains to desserts [41]. Highly nutritious carrot crops provide essential minerals and vitamins A, C, and B, crucial for overall health and well-being [7]. Vitamin C boosts immunity, aids wound healing, manages allergies, and fights respiratory diseases, while vitamin A supports vision, bone health, immunity, and reproduction, with carrots aiding digestion by promoting intestinal movement, preventing constipation, and reducing appetite [42]. Consuming carrots can help reduce the risk of various health problems, including gallstones, diabetes, heart-related diseases, and colon cancer [7].

Carrots are valued for their nutritional value and aesthetic appeal, enhancing landscapes with lush green foliage in Ethiopia and contributing to the economy by providing income for local farmers and exporters [22]. Carrots serve as animal feed worldwide and are a staple in Ethiopia, commonly featured as the main dish or traditional side, prepared through steaming, boiling, baking, or frying [43].

Despite its underutilization, the carrot crop holds promise for enhancing food security, income generation, and resource conservation, particularly in Ethiopia, where it is a traditional food supporting family self-sufficiency, income, and soil conservation [44].

Carrot crops in Ethiopia act as vital security measures during crop failures and food shortages, cultivated alongside other root and tuber crops across diverse agricultural landscapes to mitigate food scarcity.

6 Challenges of carrot production in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, carrot cultivation holds significant promise, but it faces several challenges that hinder its production and overall productivity [45]. Various aspects within the agricultural sector require research attention, including production methods, post-harvest practices, processing techniques, transportation systems, utilization of products, marketing strategies, and methods for protecting crops (Figure 3).

Figure 3 The spectrum of challenges for carrot production in Ethiopia.
Figure 3

The spectrum of challenges for carrot production in Ethiopia.

Carrot production in Ethiopia is hindered by limited high-yield varieties, poor seed access, soil and water issues, underused indigenous crops, and inadequate pest control [46]. Consequently, poor storage, packaging, and processing facilities, information and awareness problems in appropriate processing equipment, and poor transportation and logistics facilities are some of the limitations of carrot agriculture in the country (Figure 3). Carrot production faces hurdles such as insufficient startup funds, ineffective marketing methods, and weak connections between growers and buyers.

7 Role of nitrogen in carrot growth

Carrot fertilizer recommendations, based on soil type, carrot variety, and season, commonly include nitrogen, P2O5, potassium (NPK), and farm manure, with the entire manure amount mixed into the soil to a depth of 20–25 cm during land preparation [47]. The recommendation suggests splitting nitrogen application, half before sowing and the rest after germination, as nitrogen is crucial for plant physiology, especially in photosynthesis [48]. The concentration of nutrients in the soil surrounding carrot roots strongly correlates with their absorption rate, directly impacting how much nutrients the carrots can uptake [49]. The concentration of ions near the roots of a plant is influenced by two factors: the speed at which ions move from the surrounding soil to the root and the ability to absorb these ions [50]. Nitrogen fertilizers, containing ions like ammonium, nitrate, and urea, are vital for plant growth, with ammonium providing stability, nitrate offering rapid uptake, and urea forming both, while nitrogen is crucial in the structure and function of organic molecules such as amino acids, nucleic acids, and hormones [51]. Nitrogen significantly influences carrot growth, development, and yield formation, with approximately 85–90% absorbed during growth stages, while only 10–15% is taken up in the first and last quarters of growth [52]. Furthermore, it stimulates root growth and development, as well as the uptake of other nutrients [48]. Nitrogen deficiency in carrots slows growth, limits cell division and expansion, reduces chloroplast development and chlorophyll concentration, and decreases enzyme activity [53].

8 Effect of nitrogen on the yield and quality of carrots

The nitrogen released from urea fertilizer is linked to the height of mature carrot plants, indicating its influence on growth and development, potentially affecting their final height [54]. Varying nitrogen levels significantly affect carrot growth and yield, impacting factors like leaf number, root length, fresh and dry shoot weight, and overall root yield [55]. The experiment conducted in Debigonj, Bangladesh, from November 2009 to February 2010 aimed to evaluate nitrogen’s impact on carrot growth and yield, with 100 kg N/ha resulting in the highest values across parameters, including plant height (47.36 cm), root length (16.17 cm), leaf fresh weight (145.1 g), leaf dry matter (11.66 g), root fresh weight (68.33 g), root dry matter (15.90%), gross yield (22.55 tons/ha), and marketable yield (20.67 tons/ha) [52].

Carrot plant growth initially progresses slowly during the vegetative stage but notably accelerates after the formation of 7–8 leaves, with nitrogen fertilizers significantly influencing the growth dynamics of carrot leaves [56]. The application of nitrogen influences the fresh root weight per plant in carrot crops, with studies revealing a positive correlation between higher nitrogen levels and increased fresh root weight, demonstrating nitrogen’s impact on carrot crop yield [57]. Nitrogen is vital for crucial biological compounds like chlorophyll, amino acids, and nucleic acids, profoundly influencing carrot growth and yield [48]. The most productive carrot yield has been achieved with the application of 150 kg per hectare [58].

The experiment in Canada from 2002 to 2004 aimed to assess carrot yield response to nitrogen fertilization in mineral and organic soils, differentiating between pre-plant and residual soil nitrogen effects, concluding that a universal nitrogen recommendation is not viable due to variations in soil type and nitrogen levels, impacting carrot yield differently annually [59]. Assessing soil nitrogen availability is crucial to mitigate loss risks from nitrogen application, necessitating comprehension of soil nitrogen levels before determining application rates to prevent potential crop yield losses.

The Bangladesh study from 2019 to 2020 analyzed nitrogen and sulfur’s effects on carrot growth and yield, revealing the highest yield (22.21 tons/ha) with the application of 120 kg/ha nitrogen and 10 kg/ha sulfur [60]. Similarly, in a study in Serbia during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons, higher nitrogen fertilization rates were examined for their effects on nitrate accumulation, vitamin C, and β-carotene levels in two carrot varieties, showing that increasing nitrogen from 60 to 120 kg N/ha reduced vitamin C levels but increased β-carotene content [11].

The Canadian study from 2002 to 2004 examined nitrogen dynamics in carrots, its influence on yield, and susceptibility to leaf blights, demonstrating that pre-plant nitrogen application had a greater impact on both yield and disease vulnerability compared to later applications or foliar application, attributed to deep nitrogen uptake and early leaf allocation during the early growth stages [56]. A Bangladesh study from 2003 to 2004 explored nitrogen’s impact on yield and characteristics across three carrot varieties, revealing significant interactions between nitrogen levels and variety, notably affecting various parameters, including yield components [61].

In a 2013 experiment in Brazil, researchers assessed nitrogen, P2O5, and potassium fertilizers’ effectiveness in enhancing carrot recovery but found low nutrient recovery efficiency under the tested conditions [62].

Similarly, field trials conducted over three dry seasons at the Federal College of Horticulture Research Farm in Nigeria examined the influence of irrigation frequency, nitrogen levels, and intra-row spacing on carrot growth and yield, revealing that watering every 5 days and applying 150 kg N/ha with 15 cm intra-row spacing produced the highest yield [63].

In Morogoro, Tanzania, a study assessed the impact of varying irrigation and soil-based NPK fertilizer levels on carrot growth, yield, and sugar content under drip irrigation, concluding that applying 2 g of fertilizer per plant yielded the best growth, quality, and yield across both seasons [9]. In Ethiopia, a 2-year field trial sought optimal carrot spacing in irrigation ridge-furrow systems, finding that 10 cm between rows and 4 cm within rows yielded the best results for irrigated carrot production in both 2015 and 2016 [64]. During the 2019 cropping season in Ethiopia’s Sodo Zuria Woreda, a study investigated the response of the Nantes carrot variety to varied rates of blended NPS and KCl fertilizer, revealing the highest total root yield at 30.5 tons/ha and the highest marketable root yield at 24.6 tons/ha with the combined application of 150 kg/ha of NPS and 213 kg/ha of KCl fertilizers [65]. Nitrogen fertilization significantly enhances carrot production by improving root growth, yield, and quality, but excessive application can lead to environmental issues and diminishing returns (Table 1).

Table 1

A summary of major findings on carrot production related to nitrogen fertilization

S/N Major findings (short summary) Reference
1 Appropriate nitrogen fertilization significantly enhances the yield and quality of carrot crops [66]
2 Nitrogen influences both the vegetative and reproductive phases of carrot development, ultimately affecting the yield [67]
3 Carrots grown with increased nitrogen levels exhibited substantial improvements in root size, weight, and overall yield [68]
4 Nitrogen fertilization influences several yield components, such as root length, diameter, and biomass [69]
5 Excessive nitrogen negatively impacts root morphology, resulting in issues like forking and reduced marketability [70]
6 Optimal nitrogen application not only maximizes yield but also improves economic returns for farmers [71]
7 Continuous nitrogen application affects soil properties, microbial activity, and overall soil fertility over multiple growing seasons [72]
8 Further research could include more comprehensive environmental assessments, such as measuring nitrate leaching, greenhouse gas emissions, and potential contamination of water sources [73]

9 Research gaps and future perspectives

In Ethiopia, carrot yields fall significantly below their potential, revealing a gap between potential and actual yields across production stages. Research on carrot fertilization, particularly nitrogen application, remains scarce, compounded by the challenge of importing all agricultural inputs due to a lack of domestic agrochemical manufacturing. This reliance on imports extends to generalized fertilizer recommendations, overlooking location-specific needs for nitrogen application. Soil nutrient assessment and experimentation are irregular, with minimal exploration of soil acidity and alkalinity impacts on nutrient depletion. Climate change’s influence on nutrient availability, notably nitrogen, P2O5, and potassium, remains understudied. Integrated nutrient management research is insufficient, highlighting the need for further investigation. Adopting systematic and predictive agronomic methods in carrot crop modeling is crucial to enhance nutrient management and optimize yield outcomes.

10 Conclusion and recommendations

In conclusion, the review study on nitrogen fertilizer rates’ potential influence on carrot yield in Ethiopia underscores the critical need to tailor nutrient management practices to the country’s diverse agro-ecological zones. Future reviews should prioritize comprehensive assessments across regions, considering factors such as soil fertility, irrigation practices, and crop rotation systems to develop context-specific recommendations. Additionally, exploring integrated nutrient management approaches that combine organic and inorganic fertilizers can enhance nutrient efficiency and minimize environmental impacts. By fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange, Ethiopia can strengthen its agricultural sector and improve food security.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge anonymous editors and potential reviewers for their valuable contributions to the script.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. YG conceived the work, conducted data analysis, synthesis, and interpretation, and drafted the manuscript. YG and SG contributed to revising and correcting the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflicts of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

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Received: 2024-02-20
Revised: 2024-06-12
Accepted: 2024-07-05
Published Online: 2024-07-18

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0335
Keywords for this article
carrot yield; carrot production; nitrogen fertilizer; nutrient management
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Supplementation of P-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris improved soil fertility, P nutrient, growth, and yield of Cucumis melo L.
  3. Yield gap variation in rice cultivation in Indonesia
  4. Effects of co-inoculation of indole-3-acetic acid- and ammonia-producing bacteria on plant growth and nutrition, soil elements, and the relationships of soil microbiomes with soil physicochemical parameters
  5. Impact of mulching and planting time on spring-wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth: A combined field experiment and empirical modeling approach
  6. Morphological diversity, correlation studies, and multiple-traits selection for yield and yield components of local cowpea varieties
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  8. Yield performance and stability analysis of three cultivars of Gayo Arabica coffee across six different environments
  9. Biology of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different types of plants feeds: Potency as a pest on various agricultural plants
  10. Antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. fruit in alloxan-induced Swiss albino diabetic mice
  11. Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance
  12. Nicotinamide as a biostimulant improves soybean growth and yield
  13. Farmer’s willingness to accept the sustainable zoning-based organic farming development plan: A lesson from Sleman District, Indonesia
  14. Uncovering hidden determinants of millennial farmers’ intentions in running conservation agriculture: An application of the Norm Activation Model
  15. Mediating role of leadership and group capital between human capital component and sustainability of horticultural agribusiness institutions in Indonesia
  16. Biochar technology to increase cassava crop productivity: A study of sustainable agriculture on degraded land
  17. Effect of struvite on the growth of green beans on Mars and Moon regolith simulants
  18. UrbanAgriKG: A knowledge graph on urban agriculture and its embeddings
  19. Provision of loans and credit by cocoa buyers under non-price competition: Cocoa beans market in Ghana
  20. Effectiveness of micro-dosing of lime on selected chemical properties of soil in Banja District, North West, Ethiopia
  21. Effect of weather, nitrogen fertilizer, and biostimulators on the root size and yield components of Hordeum vulgare
  22. Effects of selected biostimulants on qualitative and quantitative parameters of nine cultivars of the genus Capsicum spp.
  23. Growth, yield, and secondary metabolite responses of three shallot cultivars at different watering intervals
  24. Design of drainage channel for effective use of land on fully mechanized sugarcane plantations: A case study at Bone Sugarcane Plantation
  25. Technical feasibility and economic benefit of combined shallot seedlings techniques in Indonesia
  26. Control of Meloidogyne javanica in banana by endophytic bacteria
  27. Comparison of important quality components of red-flesh kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in different locations
  28. Efficiency of rice farming in flood-prone areas of East Java, Indonesia
  29. Comparative analysis of alpine agritourism in Trentino, Tyrol, and South Tyrol: Regional variations and prospects
  30. Detection of Fusarium spp. infection in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) during postharvest storage through visible–near-infrared and shortwave–near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy
  31. Forage yield, seed, and forage qualitative traits evaluation by determining the optimal forage harvesting stage in dual-purpose cultivation in safflower varieties (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
  32. The influence of tourism on the development of urban space: Comparison in Hanoi, Danang, and Ho Chi Minh City
  33. Optimum intra-row spacing and clove size for the economical production of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia
  34. The role of organic rice farm income on farmer household welfare: Evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  35. Exploring innovative food in a developing country: Edible insects as a sustainable option
  36. Genotype by environment interaction and performance stability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown in Dawuro zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
  37. Factors influencing green, environmentally-friendly consumer behaviour
  38. Factors affecting coffee farmers’ access to financial institutions: The case of Bandung Regency, Indonesia
  39. Morphological and yield trait-based evaluation and selection of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes suitable for both summer and winter seasons
  40. Sustainability analysis and decision-making strategy for swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) conservation in Jambi Province, Indonesia
  41. Understanding factors affecting rice purchasing decisions in Indonesia: Does rice brand matter?
  42. An implementation of an extended theory of planned behavior to investigate consumer behavior on hygiene sanitation-certified livestock food products
  43. Information technology adoption in Indonesia’s small-scale dairy farms
  44. Draft genome of a biological control agent against Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal phytopathogen of spot blotch in wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum): Bacillus inaquosorum TSO22
  45. Assessment of the recurrent mutagenesis efficacy of sesame crosses followed by isolation and evaluation of promising genetic resources for use in future breeding programs
  46. Fostering cocoa industry resilience: A collaborative approach to managing farm gate price fluctuations in West Sulawesi, Indonesia
  47. Field investigation of component failures for selected farm machinery used in small rice farming operations
  48. Near-infrared technology in agriculture: Rapid, simultaneous, and non-destructive determination of inner quality parameters on intact coffee beans
  49. The synergistic application of sucrose and various LED light exposures to enhance the in vitro growth of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)
  50. Weather index-based agricultural insurance for flower farmers: Willingness to pay, sales, and profitability perspectives
  51. Meta-analysis of dietary Bacillus spp. on serum biochemical and antioxidant status and egg quality of laying hens
  52. Biochemical characterization of trypsin from Indonesian skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera
  53. Determination of C-factor for conventional cultivation and soil conservation technique used in hop gardens
  54. Empowering farmers: Unveiling the economic impacts of contract farming on red chilli farmers’ income in Magelang District, Indonesia
  55. Evaluating salt tolerance in fodder crops: A field experiment in the dry land
  56. Labor productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) farmers in Central Java Province, Indonesia
  57. Cropping systems and production assessment in southern Myanmar: Informing strategic interventions
  58. The effect of biostimulants and red mud on the growth and yield of shallots in post-unlicensed gold mining soil
  59. Effects of dietary Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) seed meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  60. Analysis and structural characterization of the vid-pisco market
  61. Pseudomonas fluorescens SP007s enhances defense responses against the soybean bacterial pustule caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines
  62. A brief investigation on the prospective of co-composted biochar as a fertilizer for Zucchini plants cultivated in arid sandy soil
  63. Supply chain efficiency of red chilies in the production center of Sleman Indonesia based on performance measurement system
  64. Investment development path for developed economies: Is agriculture different?
  65. Power relations among actors in laying hen business in Indonesia: A MACTOR analysis
  66. High-throughput digital imaging and detection of morpho-physiological traits in tomato plants under drought
  67. Converting compression ignition engine to dual-fuel (diesel + CNG) engine and experimentally investigating its performance and emissions
  68. Structuration, risk management, and institutional dynamics in resolving palm oil conflicts
  69. Spacing strategies for enhancing drought resilience and yield in maize agriculture
  70. Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types
  71. Investigating Spodoptera spp. diversity, percentage of attack, and control strategies in the West Java, Indonesia, corn cultivation
  72. Yield stability of biofertilizer treatments to soybean in the rainy season based on the GGE biplot
  73. Evaluating agricultural yield and economic implications of varied irrigation depths on maize yield in semi-arid environments, at Birfarm, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia
  74. Chemometrics for mapping the spatial nitrate distribution on the leaf lamina of fenugreek grown under varying nitrogenous fertilizer doses
  75. Pomegranate peel ethanolic extract: A promising natural antioxidant, antimicrobial agent, and novel approach to mitigate rancidity in used edible oils
  76. Transformative learning and engagement with organic farming: Lessons learned from Indonesia
  77. Tourism in rural areas as a broader concept: Some insights from the Portuguese reality
  78. Assessment enhancing drought tolerance in henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) ecotypes through sodium nitroprusside foliar application
  79. Edible insects: A survey about perceptions regarding possible beneficial health effects and safety concerns among adult citizens from Portugal and Romania
  80. Phenological stages analysis in peach trees using electronic nose
  81. Harvest date and salicylic acid impact on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) properties under different humidity conditions
  82. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. petal biomass: A green source of nanoparticles of multifarious potential
  83. Use of different vegetation indices for the evaluation of the kinetics of the cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) growth based on multispectral images by UAV
  84. First evidence of microplastic pollution in mangrove sediments and its ingestion by coral reef fish: Case study in Biawak Island, Indonesia
  85. Physical and textural properties and sensory acceptability of wheat bread partially incorporated with unripe non-commercial banana cultivars
  86. Cereibacter sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 were used to solubilize insoluble P forms to improve P uptake, growth, and yield of rice in acidic and extreme saline soil
  87. Avocado peel by-product in cattle diets and supplementation with oregano oil and effects on production, carcass, and meat quality
  88. Optimizing inorganic blended fertilizer application for the maximum grain yield and profitability of bread wheat and food barley in Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
  89. The acceptance of social media as a channel of communication and livestock information for sheep farmers
  90. Adaptation of rice farmers to aging in Thailand
  91. Combined use of improved maize hybrids and nitrogen application increases grain yield of maize, under natural Striga hermonthica infestation
  92. From aquatic to terrestrial: An examination of plant diversity and ecological shifts
  93. Statistical modelling of a tractor tractive performance during ploughing operation on a tropical Alfisol
  94. Participation in artisanal diamond mining and food security: A case study of Kasai Oriental in DR Congo
  95. Assessment and multi-scenario simulation of ecosystem service values in Southwest China’s mountainous and hilly region
  96. Analysis of agricultural emissions and economic growth in Europe in search of ecological balance
  97. Bacillus thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity against insect larvae of the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
  98. Technical efficiency of sugarcane farming in East Java, Indonesia: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis
  99. Comparison between mycobiota diversity and fungi and mycotoxin contamination of maize and wheat
  100. Evaluation of cultivation technology package and corn variety based on agronomy characters and leaf green indices
  101. Exploring the association between the consumption of beverages, fast foods, sweets, fats, and oils and the risk of gastric and pancreatic cancers: Findings from case–control study
  102. Phytochemical composition and insecticidal activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. extract on life span and biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.)
  103. Land use management solutions in response to climate change: Case study in the central coastal areas of Vietnam
  104. Evaluation of coffee pulp as a feed ingredient for ruminants: A meta-analysis
  105. Interannual variations of normalized difference vegetation index and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship in the Baghdad area
  106. Harnessing synthetic microbial communities with nitrogen-fixing activity to promote rice growth
  107. Agronomic and economic benefits of rice–sweetpotato rotation in lowland rice cropping systems in Uganda
  108. Response of potato tuber as an effect of the N-fertilizer and paclobutrazol application in medium altitude
  109. Bridging the gap: The role of geographic proximity in enhancing seed sustainability in Bandung District
  110. Evaluation of Abrams curve in agricultural sector using the NARDL approach
  111. Challenges and opportunities for young farmers in the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2014–2020 of the Republic of Croatia
  112. Yield stability of ten common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes at different sowing dates in Lubumbashi, South-East of DR Congo
  113. Effects of encapsulation and combining probiotics with different nitrate forms on methane emission and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics
  114. Phytochemical analysis of Bienertia sinuspersici extract and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  115. Evaluation of relative drought tolerance of grapevines by leaf fluorescence parameters
  116. Yield assessment of new streak-resistant topcross maize hybrids in Benin
  117. Improvement of cocoa powder properties through ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted alkalization
  118. Potential of ecoenzymes made from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) leaf and pulp waste as bioinsecticides for Periplaneta americana
  119. Analysis of farm performance to realize the sustainability of organic cabbage vegetable farming in Getasan Semarang, Indonesia
  120. Revealing the influences of organic amendment-derived dissolved organic matter on growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
  121. Identification of viruses infecting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) in Benin
  122. Assessing the soil physical and chemical properties of long-term pomelo orchard based on tree growth
  123. Investigating access and use of digital tools for agriculture among rural farmers: A case study of Nkomazi Municipality, South Africa
  124. Does sex influence the impact of dietary vitD3 and UVB light on performance parameters and welfare indicators of broilers?
  125. Design of intelligent sprayer control for an autonomous farming drone using a multiclass support vector machine
  126. Deciphering salt-responsive NB-ARC genes in rice transcriptomic data: A bioinformatics approach with gene expression validation
  127. Review Articles
  128. Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives – A review
  129. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review
  130. Climate change and adaptive strategies on viticulture (Vitis spp.)
  131. The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods
  132. A systematic review on potential analogy of phytobiomass and soil carbon evaluation methods: Ethiopia insights
  133. A review of storage temperature and relative humidity effects on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and implications for nutrition insecurity in Ethiopia
  134. Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks
  135. Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review
  136. Corn silk: A promising source of antimicrobial compounds for health and wellness
  137. State and contours of research on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Africa
  138. The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives
  139. Minor millets: Processing techniques and their nutritional and health benefits
  140. Meta-analysis of reproductive performance of improved dairy cattle under Ethiopian environmental conditions
  141. Review on enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer utilization: Strategies for optimal nutrient management
  142. The nutritional, phytochemical composition, and utilisation of different parts of maize: A comparative analysis
  143. Motivations for farmers’ participation in agri-environmental scheme in the EU, literature review
  144. Evolution of climate-smart agriculture research: A science mapping exploration and network analysis
  145. Short Communications
  146. Music enrichment improves the behavior and leukocyte profile of dairy cattle
  147. Effect of pruning height and organic fertilization on the morphological and productive characteristics of Moringa oleifera Lam. in the Peruvian dry tropics
  148. Corrigendum
  149. Corrigendum to “Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance”
  150. Corrigendum to “Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types”
  151. Special issue: Smart Agriculture System for Sustainable Development: Methods and Practices
  152. Construction of a sustainable model to predict the moisture content of porang powder (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) based on pointed-scan visible near-infrared spectroscopy
  153. FruitVision: A deep learning based automatic fruit grading system
  154. Energy harvesting and ANFIS modeling of a PVDF/GO-ZNO piezoelectric nanogenerator on a UAV
  155. Effects of stress hormones on digestibility and performance in cattle: A review
  156. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part II
  157. Assessment of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profiles and ratio of omega-6/omega-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens fed diets enriched with omega-3 rich vegetable oil
  158. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part II
  159. Special Issue on FCEM – International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation: Message from the editor
  160. Fruit and vegetable consumption: Study involving Portuguese and French consumers
  161. Knowledge about consumption of milk: Study involving consumers from two European Countries – France and Portugal
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