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From aquatic to terrestrial: An examination of plant diversity and ecological shifts

  • Ajdi Mouhcine , Kara Mohammed , Amine Assouguem EMAIL logo , Younes Gaga , Safaa Benmassoud , Ahmed Bari , Essam A. Ali , Hafize Fidan , Lahlali Rachid , Abderrahim Bouhaddioui , Abdelmajid Khabbach and Jamila Bahhou
Published/Copyright: October 8, 2024
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Open Agriculture
From the journal Open Agriculture Volume 9 Issue 1

Abstract

Our study focuses on plant diversity in the Allal El Fassi dam, a semi-arid continental bioclimate, to understand human-impacted aquatic ecosystems. We analyzed plant, soil, and water samples from 40 stations using various indices. We identified 55 plant species across 35 families, with Poaceae, Asteraceae, Asparagaceae, and Rosaceae being dominant. The transition zone (formerly Zone 2) is characterized by dense vegetation of hydrophytes, hemicryptophytes, and therophytes. The transformed (formerly Zone 1) and terrestrial zones (formerly Zone 3) have less diverse vegetation, dominated by phanerophytes, geophytes, and chamerophites. Phanerophytes, due to their developed root systems, are suited to dam soil types. Predominant species like Tamarix gallica L., Nerium oleander L., Juncus acutus L., and Arundo donax L. indicate the dam’s ecological transformation into a terrestrial ecosystem isolated from the river by sedimentary deposits following floods. These species are opportunistic, and adapted to water level variations.

Keywords: ecological; plant; ecosystem

1 Introduction

Aquatic plants can be classified according to their morphology: emerging plants that grow above the water’s surface, floating plants that float freely on the water surface, and submerged plants that grow beneath the surface [1]. These plants play an important role in aquatic ecosystems by providing food for aquatic animals and providing habitat and shelter for fish and other organisms [2]. Plants can also help stabilize the banks of rivers and prevent erosion [3]. Although plants in aquatic (river or lake) ecosystems are key elements in the structure and functioning of these ecosystems, they are subject to many environmental and anthropological factors, such as water level fluctuations, water quality, availability of light, and climate change [4,5]. In addition, the composition and structure of plant communities are affected by other factors, such as the intrinsic and extrinsic relationships that exist between the different tropical levels [6–9].

Nevertheless, the construction of dam tanks can significantly affect the floristic composition of these artificial ecosystems. Their construction is one of the main sources of hydrological and biological alteration induced by entropic activity, which has many ecological consequences, such as the modification of the bio-geochemical cycles and habitats of the canals and flood plains by modifying the flow of water and downstream sediments [10,11]. This has resulted in vertical and horizontal disturbances in the ecology and biological composition of waterways, as well as major environmental changes [12–14].

The environmental impact of dams has been researched worldwide over the past few decades, focusing mainly on the effects of dams on changes in plant and animal biodiversity, hydrology, and large-scale habitat destruction [15,16]. In this sense and to demonstrate the impact of the construction of the dams on the plant composition, the purpose of this study is to identify plant species, study the evolution of their distribution, and determine the main factors influencing their spatial distribution.

To this end, the Allal El Fassi dam was chosen as a study site due to its importance in the distribution and management of water in the Haut Sebou basin. It has been the subject of several studies, mainly studies on the dynamics of phytoplanktonic, zooplanktonic, and fish populations [17–20]. However, no studies have been carried out on the composition of floristic settlements and their typology.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Study area

The Allal El Fassi dam is built on the RIVER SEBOU, one of the main rivers of Morocco. The dam is located about 20 km from the city of Séfrou in the region of Fès-Meknès (Figure 1). The dam has a capacity of 750 Mm3. It controls the waters of a 5,764 km2 basin. The dam is located in a Mediterranean climate with a semi-arid bioclimate floor. This dam was built to transfer the waters of the upper Sebou basin to the First Driss dam, which is located in the Inaouène basin. It plays a role in energy production and water management.

Figure 1 Geographical location of Allal El Fassi dam. Source: By using GIS software.
Figure 1

Geographical location of Allal El Fassi dam. Source: By using GIS software.

2.2 Sampling sites

To determine the neoformed zones using USGS satellite images (EarthExplorer [usgs.gov]) (Figure 2) and to identify and determine the main floristic formations of the Allal El Fassi dam, a series of campaigns were carried out in 2022–2023. To this end, the following three zones were chosen to monitor the transformation of the environment, in which 40 stations were set up (Figure 3):

Figure 2 Diachronic satellite images of the dam for the years 1984, 1997, and 2023. Source: EarthExplorer (usgs.gov).
Figure 2

Diachronic satellite images of the dam for the years 1984, 1997, and 2023. Source: EarthExplorer (usgs.gov).

Figure 3 Location of the stations. Source: By using GIS software.
Figure 3

Location of the stations. Source: By using GIS software.

Zone 1 includes stations T1 to T19, located upstream of the dam over a length of 5.13 km (the transformed zone). This zone is generally characterized by gentle slopes, except for two stations, T3 and T13, which have relatively steep slopes due to the force of water currents during flood periods, causing soil erosion.

Zone 2 includes T20 to T30. It is subdivided into two sub-zones located on either side of zone 3 over a length of 1.44 km (a zone in the process of being transformed). This zone corresponds to the area submerged by the dam.

Zone 3 includes stations T31 to T40. It is located on the north and south slopes of the dam over a length of 2.83 km. This zone is not submerged (the original zone) and is characterized by an evolved substrate and a slope varying between 1° and 45°.

2.3 Sampling plants, soil, and water

Following the plot method developed by Braun Blanquet in 1932 [21,22], floristic surveys were carried out on a base area known as the “base plot,” with a surface area of 100 m2 (10 m × 10 m) while respecting the minimum area and the notion of size homogeneity by ensuring exhaustive coverage of all the habitat types that comprise it. Surveys were carried out during the vegetation period.

For each survey, species were represented by their abundance and dominance, determined according to the index scale adopted by Braun–Blanquet. The relative cover of a species in a survey is deduced from its abundance coefficient according to the conversions of van der Maarel [23]. Specimen identification was determined using the determination key of Fennane et al. and Hammada [24–27].

The water samples used for the physicochemical analyses were taken from the surface of each station: fluviatile refers to the rivers upstream of the dam, benthic refers to the shallowest zone surrounding the dam, and pelagic refers to the zone upstream of the dam. Using bottles previously washed and rinsed with sampling water, samples were refrigerated at 4°C and analyzed within 24 h. The parameters studied were temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen, measured in the field using a WTW Multi 34–30 multi-parameter case; turbidity using a LOVIBOND TurbDirect model SN 13/2116 turbidity meter; salinity, conductivity, dissolved solids content; and resistivity measured using a Bande 540 portable conductivity meter.

Soil texture was determined using the method described by Clément and Françoise [28].

2.4 Diversity indices

To compare the floristic diversity of the Allal El Fassi dam surveys, the following indices were used: relative diversity, Shannon–Weaver index (H′), Pielou equitability index (E), Alpha diversity (specific richness), taxonomic diversity, and constancy index. They were calculated based on the specific contribution of each species. These indices give a better idea of the state of biological diversity in an ecosystem [23,29].

Species richness (Alpha diversity) S is represented by the total number of species recorded per unit area.

S is the number of species in the study area. This S index can be used to analyze the taxonomic structure of a stand.

The relative diversity index (1) is calculated using the following formula:

(1) Relative diversity index = Number of species within a family Total number of species in the sample × 100 .

The Shannon–Weaver diversity index (H′) (Shannon and Weaver, 1963) is calculated by the following formula (2):

(2) H ′ = − Σ pi log 2 pi ,

where pi is the proportional abundance or percentage importance of the species.

The Pielou equitability index (E) is calculated according to the following formula:

(3) E = H ′ H ′ max .

The frequency of occurrence of species i (Ci), also known as the frequency of appearance or index of constancy, is the percentage of records including species i (pi) with the total number of records (P):

(4) C % = pi p × 100 .

2.5 Statistical analysis

The difference between the mean values is carried out using one-way ANOVA. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to order the different stations based on their biotic characteristics. Similarly, correspondence factor analysis (CFA) was used to group the study areas according to their similarities in terms of floristic composition to apply the Venn diagram for a comparative analysis between the three areas. These analytical procedures were carried out using R software for the Venn diagram, Minitab 19.1 for the PCA, and XLSTAT for the AFC.

3 Results

3.1 Specific floristic composition

In the course of this study, the species inventoried were divided into 35 families (Figure 4a). In zone 1, nine families were dominant: Typhaceae, Resedaceae, Plantaginaceae, Asteraceae, Araceae, Convolvulaceae, Santalaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Caprifoliaceae.

Figure 4 (a) Taxonomic richness of the three zones and (b) taxonomic richness in the Allal El Fassi dam.
Figure 4

(a) Taxonomic richness of the three zones and (b) taxonomic richness in the Allal El Fassi dam.

The Pinaceae, Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Caryophyllaceae, and Cyperaceae families were found only in Zone 3. Zone 2, on the other hand, is characterized by diversification of plant species belonging to 14 families, namely Potamogetonaceae, Haloragaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Poaceae, Tamaricaceae, Asparagaceae, Anacardiaceae, Smilacaceae, Asphodelaceae, Arecaceae, Cupressaceae, Rhamnaceae, Apocynaceae, Oleaceae, and Juncaceae.

Among the families best represented in terms of the number of species were the Poaceae, Asparagaceae, Cupressaceae, Rosaceae, and Polygonaceae (Figure 4b).

Phanerophytes were represented by a percentage of 40% (Figure 5). Other life forms, namely therophytes, geophytes, hemicryptophytes, chamaephytes, and hydrophytes, were represented with percentages ranging from 3.6 to 16.4%.

Figure 5 Specific composition of Allal El Fassi dam.
Figure 5

Specific composition of Allal El Fassi dam.

The list of species inventoried in the Allal EL Fassi dam is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Systematic list of Raunkiær life forms (RLFs), number of repetition (NF), and occurrence frequency (Occ)

Family Species RLF NF Occ (%)
Amaranthaceae (4%) Oxybasis sp. Ther 1 2.39
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin and Clemants (Th) Ther 1 2.39
Amaryllidaceae* Allium ampeloprasum L. Geo 1 2.39
Anacardiaceae (4%) Pistacia atlantica L. Phan 7 16.67
Pistacia lentiscus L. Phan 10 23.80
Apocynaceae* Nerium oleander L. Phan 17 40.48
Araceae* Arum italicum Mill. Geo 1 2.39
Arecaceae* Chamaerops humilis L. Phan 6 14.29
Asparagaceae (6%) Asparagus acutifolius L. Phan 4 9.53
Asparagus horridus L. Phan 6 14.29
Urginea maritima L. Baker Geo 2 4.80
Asphodelaceae* Asphodelus microcarpus Viv. Geo 4 9.53
Asteraceae (4%) Dittrichia viscosa (L) Greuter Cham 1 2.39
Cyanus segetum Hill Ther 1 2.39
Caprifoliaceae* Valerianella locusta L. Ther 1 2.39
Caryophyllaceae* Herniaria hirsuta (L.) Stapf. Ther 1 2.39
Convolvulaceae* Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. Geo 1 2.39
Cupressaceae (6%) Juniperus communis L. Phan 1 2.39
Juniperus phoenicea L. Phan 4 9.53
Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. Phan 2 4.80
Cyperaceae* Corex hirta L. Geo 2 4.80
Euphorbiaceae* Euphorbia hirsuta L. Hemi 2 4.80
Fabaceae (4%) Ceratonia siliqua L. Phan 2 4.80
Genista scorpius (L.) DC. Phan 2 4.80
Haloragaceae* Myriophyllum spicatum L. Geo 2 4.80
Juncaceae* Juncus acutus L. Hemi 12 28.58
Lamiaceae (6%) Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. Hemi 7 16.67
Hyssopus officinalis L. Cham 1 2.39
Bollota hirsuta Benth. Hemi 1 2.39
Oleaceae (4%) Olea europaea L. Phan 5 11.90
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. Phan 1 2.39
Pinaceae* Pinus halepensis Mill. Phan 1 2.39
Plantaginaceae* Plantago major L. Hemi 1 2.39
Poaceae (7%) Arundo donax L. Phan 24 57.14
Hyparrhenia hirta L. Hemi 1 2.39
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch Ther 1 2.39
Cymbopogon sp. Hemi 1 2.39
Polygonaceae (6%) Rumex crispus L. Hemi 1 2.39
Rumex sp. Ther 1 2.39
Persicaria muculosa Gray Ther 1 2.39
Potamogetonaceae* Potamogeton natans L. Hyd 1 2.39
Ranunculaceae* Clematis flammula L. Phan 1 2.39
Resedaceae* Reseda luteola L. Ther 1 2.39
Rhamnaceae (4%) Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. Phan 9 21.43
Rhamnus lycioides L. Phan 1 2.39
Rosaceae (6%) Rubus ulmifolius Schott. Phan 11 26.19
Rosa sicula Tratt. Cham 1 2.39
Rosa sempervirens L. Cham 1 2.39
Salicaceae (4%) Populus alba L. Phan 4 9.53
Salix alba L. Phan 1 2.39
Santalaceae* Osyris alba L. Cham 1 2.39
Smilacaceae* Smilax aspera L. Phan 5 11.90
Tamaricaceae* Tamarix gallica L. Phan 25 59.52
Thymelaeaceae* Daphne gnidium L. Phan 1 2.39
Typhaceae* Typha angustifolia L Hyd 9 21.43

*Species relative frequency < 2%. RLFs: Cham – chamaephyte; Geo – geophyte; Hemi – hemicryptophyte; Ther – therophyte; Phan – phanerophyte; and Hyd – hydrophyte.

3.2 Water analysis

The results of the physicochemical analysis (Table 2) showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) values ranged from 1.67 ± 0.01 to 94.25 ± 0.01. The water temperature ranged from a maximum of 32.5 ± 0.01°C to a minimum of 21.6 ± 0.02°C. Electrical conductivity values vary around an average of 660 ± 0.1 µS/cm. The maximum value recorded is 1,500 ± 0.2 µS/cm in the three stations (T8–T9–T11) and a minimum value of 500 ± 0.3 µS/cm at T1. For both sides of the dam, a maximum conductivity value was recorded at T19 with 1,774 ± 0.2 µS/cm and a minimum value of 659 ± 0.2 µS/cm at T33. Turbidity values showed that the highest values are recorded at river level, where values ranged from 95.6 ± 0.4 NTU to over 800 ± 0.4 NTU. All observed values did not exceed 0.82 ± 0.02 ppt, indicating that the dam water is soft. The average TDS value was 350 ± 0.3 ppm. The maximum value was 889 ± 0.3 ppm, recorded at T19 (center), and the minimum was 75.4 ± 0.01 ppm, recorded at T1 (upstream). The evolution of dissolved oxygen concentrations recorded during this study shows that values vary between a maximum of 10.23 ± 0.02 mg/l, recorded at station T20, and a minimum of 6.43 ± 0.02 mg/l, recorded at station T10 (Figure 3). The mean value was 7.74 ± 0.01 mg/l. pH values were generally neutral to slightly basic, fluctuating between 7.59 and 8.3 ± 0.001. Resistivity varied in a different way from conductivity. Its maximum value was recorded at station T1 with 6.6 ± 0.02 kΩ, and its minimum value was 0.56 ± 0.02 kΩ, recorded at station T19.

Table 2

Physicochemical characteristics of phytoecological sites associated with submersion of the Allal El Fassi dam

Variable Moyenne SE mean SD Variance CV Min Q1 Med Q3 Max p-value
pH Zone 2 8.0236 0.040 0.134 0.018 1.67 7.77 7.99 8.054 8.101 8.22 0.181
Zone 1 7.9243 0.046 0.1858 0.0345 2.34 7.586 7.83 7.9915 8.0495 8.15
T° Zone 2 29.636 0.281 0.931 0.867 3.14 28.3 28.5 29.8 30.4 31 <0.0001
Zone 1 23.738 0.631 2.526 6.38 10.64 21.6 22.4 23.15 24.1 32.5
Cond Zone 2 773.6 42.5 141 19873.3 18.22 659 682 690 890 1100 0.49
Zone 1 856 108 431 185666 50.33 500 615 623 1300 1774
DO Zone 2 7.414 0.295 0.977 0.954 13.18 6.88 6.98 7.04 7.69 10.23 0.06
Zone 1 8.223 0.263 1.051 1.104 12.78 6.43 7.718 7.855 8.477 10.16
Sal Zone 2 0.2882 0.015 0.0487 0.0024 16.92 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.35 0.37 0.992
Zone 1 0.2737 0.046 0.1825 0.0333 66.65 0 0.23 0.23 0.365 0.82
Tur Zone 2 89.6 25.5 84.4 7129.4 94.25 8.2 14.6 91.5 203 219 0.002
Zone 1 205.9 19.4 75.1 5639.2 36.47 95.6 134 204 297 311
Res Zone 2 1.3691 0.046 0.1518 0.023 11.09 1.12 1.17 1.44 1.46 1.52 0.296
Zone 1 1.958 0.386 1.546 2.389 78.94 0.56 1.173 1.62 1.635 6.6
TDS Zone 2 368.5 14.1 46.8 2186.7 12.69 331 340 344 425 448 0.953
Zone 1 350 45.4 181.7 33025.7 51.93 75.4 305.8 310.5 438.5 889

SD: standard deviation, CV: coefficient of variation, Med: median, T: temperature, Cond: conductivity, DO: dissolved oxygen, Sal: salinity, Tur: turbidity, Res: resistivity, TDS: total dissolved solids.

3.3 Soil analysis

Soil analysis results show that the texture depends on the sampling site (Table 3). Zones 1 and 2 were heterogeneous in texture, being silty, sandy, clayey, clayey–silty, and peaty in zone 1 and silty, sandy, clayey–silty, and conglomerate in zone 2. This heterogeneity is due to sedimentary deposits originating from floods, which mainly deposited sand and clay. In zone 3, soil texture was closely linked to the nature of the parent rock, which is marly.

Table 3

Description of the texture of the soil samples studied

Texture Texture description Stations
Silt Beige clay silt 13-14-17-18-19
Sandy Sandy with shell and coal fragments of light gray color 5-8
Clay Clay with upper vegetation fragment and beige shell fragment 3-31-32-34-35-37
Sandy Varied size oncolytic sandy with shell and upper vegetable fragment indeterminate 21-22-23
Clay–silt Silty clay with traces of root and desiccation bottom 1-2-4-6-7-24
Marl Miocene gray marl 28-29
Conglomerate Dispersed non-consolidated mobile conglomerate 33-36-37-40-28-29-30
Clay Desiccated clay (diagonal triangular) 18-15-16
Peat Rich in confined organic matter 9-10-11-12

3.4 Analysis of species similarity between the three zones

To analyze the similarity in species between the three zones, we used a Venn diagram. This diagram showed that seven plant species were present in all three zones (Figure 6). These include Arundo donax, Tamarix gallica, Nerium oleander, Juncus acutus, Rubus ulmifolius, Asphodelus microcarpus, and Olea europaea. The installation of these species is because of the regressing of the level, creating a biotope with a clayey–sandy texture. This texture also allows the development of other species, such as Pistacia lentiscus, Smilax aspera, and Tetraclinis articulata. This development is favored by the dissemination of seeds, either through wind action or erosion, which explains the presence of species common to all three zones (Figure 6).

Figure 6 Plant species richness (S) represented by a three-zone Venn diagram, as measured at several sample sites.
Figure 6

Plant species richness (S) represented by a three-zone Venn diagram, as measured at several sample sites.

3.5 Diversity analysis

3.5.1 Specific richness

Table 4 provides comparative data on species richness between the three zones. From this table, we can see that zone 2 is the richest in terms of the number of species. This result can be explained by the fact that this zone occupies a transitional position between the aquatic and terrestrial environments, which favors the growth of both underwater and terrestrial species. However, the distribution of species is relatively balanced between the three zones, resulting in a range of station-specific richness values that vary from 2 to 12 species (zone 1) and from 3 to 17 species (zone 3). In contrast to these zones, zone 2 has a narrower range, despite being the richest in species.

Table 4

Specific richness of the areas studied

Variable Nb sp. Average SD Min Median Max
Species richness Zone 1 26 4.58a 2.43 2 4 12
Zone 2 27 4.55a 3.27 2 3 9
Zone 3 24 6.60b 4.06 3 5 17

Letters a and b indicate the significant difference between the mean values.

3.5.2 Occurrence index

The calculation of the occurrence index showed that only 3.63% of the species inventoried were constant, and these species were present in almost all stations. On the other hand, 67.27% of species are considered rare, such as Potamogeton natans and Myriophyllum spicatum (Figure 7), and 10.90% of accessory species including Nerium oleander, Juncus acutus, and Typha angustifolia. Accidental species accounted for 18.18%, along with Asparagus acutifolius, Asparagus horridus, Pistacia atlantica, Smilax aspera, and Asphodelus microcarpus.

Figure 7 Biological spectrum.
Figure 7

Biological spectrum.

3.5.3 Shannon diversity index (H′) and equitability (E)

Table 5 shows that zones 1 and 2 have lower average Shannon index values (H′), at 0.92 and 0.97, respectively. Zone 3, on the other hand, has a value of 1.47. This suggests that the first two zones are less diverse than the third. Indeed, zones 1 and 2 are characterized by a monospecific plant community dominated by Tamarix gallica and Typha angustifolia.

Table 5

Descriptive statistics of Shannon diversity index (H′) and equitability (E) for different phytoecological groups at the Allal El Fassi dam

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
H′ E H′ E H′ E
Min 0.422 0.026 0.117 0.007 0.749 0.046
Max 2.276 0.140 2.561 0.158 2.666 0.164
Mean 0.930 0.058 0.974 0.0599 1.476 0.091

3.5.4 Taxonomic structure

To analyze the complexity and variety of relationships between the various taxonomic units in the three zones studied, the family/species (F/S) and genera/species (G/S) ratios were calculated (Table 6). The calculation of these ratios showed that the values were generally higher than 0.7, which showed that the environment studied is highly stable from a taxonomic point of view within the plant communities of the three zones studied. This can be explained by the absence of continuity between the zones, favored by the ecological conditions prevailing in the environment, such as meteorological conditions (e.g., floods, droughts), and the transfer of water from the Allal El Fassi dam to the First Driss Dam.

Table 6

Taxonomic structure for different phytoecological groups

Species Genera Family G/S ratio F/S ratio
Zone 1 26 26 25 1 0.962
Zone 2 27 22 21 0.815 0.778
Zone 3 24 22 17 0.917 0.709

3.6 Statistical analysis

An attempt at a phytoecological approach to the vegetation of the Allal El Fassi dam was done using PCA and CFA, which were projected onto a two-dimensional factorial graph (Figures 8–10).

Figure 8 Distribution of dam stations in the F1–F2 PCA project.
Figure 8

Distribution of dam stations in the F1–F2 PCA project.

Figure 9 Factorial representation 1–2 of CFA project species.
Figure 9

Factorial representation 1–2 of CFA project species.

Figure 10 Factorial representations 1–2 of CFA project life forms.
Figure 10

Factorial representations 1–2 of CFA project life forms.

The choice of the two axes for the graphs is based on the most relevant principal components: axes F1 and F2 have the highest percentage of inertia with, respectively, 14.8 and 13.3% for station distribution (Figure 8), 60.44 and 39.56% for taxonomic diversity (Figure 9), and 91.64 and 8.36% for life forms (Figure 10).

Figure 8 shows that by superimposing the projections of the sampling sites on the PCA 1–2 axis, it is possible to distinguish, at first view, two groups of stations:

Group 1 (Gp1): represented by T1 to T30. Stations in this group are in direct contact with water, either submerged or seasonally submerged, and represent zones 1 and 2.

Group 2 (Gp2) is represented by stations from T31 to T40. These stations are typically terrestrial and represent zone 3.

The results of these two groupings clearly express the existence of a hydrological gradient from upstream to downstream.

However, some species (Nerium oleander and Arundo donax) can colonize terrestrial environments. This is due, in the case of stations T33 and T36, to the increase in the dam’s water level, which creates favorable conditions for these species. Conversely, Smilax aspera and Rubus ulmifolius can temporarily colonize the submerged environment, as at stations T6 and T14. This is explained by the ability of these species to thrive in a wet environment.

Figure 9 shows the superposition of the projections of species distribution in the three zones on the AFC 1–2 axes. It reveals the creation of four main plant groups:

Group 1 (Gp1): represented by macrophyte species such as Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Potamogeton natans L. These species have the properties of developing in the stagnant waters of the marshy areas of the dam at the bank level. These banks are characterized by a substrate whose texture varies from station to station (Table 3). This grouping corresponds to zone 2.

Group 2 (Gp2): It contains water-tolerant species, including Typha angustifolia L., Populus alba L., and Salix alba L. Unlike group 1 species, the root system of these species allows them to grow on the banks of the river (current waters) and in areas subject to irregular flooding. These areas are characterized by a clay–sandy substrate (Table 3). This grouping corresponds to zone 1.

Group 3 (Gp3): Depending on the floristic composition and species properties, this group is characterized by the presence of typically terrestrial species, such as Pistacia atlantica, Asparagus acutifolius L., Chamaerops humilis L., Ziziphus lotus L., and Olea europaea L. This grouping corresponds to Zone 3.

Group 4 (Gp4): It includes species that are divided between the three zones, such as Nerium oleander L., Arundo donax L., Juncus acutus L., and Tamarix gallica L. whose dominance depends on the morphology of the plant and the ecological conditions of their habitats. In fact, the development of these species depends on the fluctuation of the water level within the dam during the flooding period, the waters too loaded with sediments allow for creation of unformed areas to serve as support for the installation of these plants.

Figure 10 shows that Zone 2 is characterized by Hydrophytes, hemicryptophytes, and therophytes. Zone 2 is characterized by the dominance of the chamaephytes, while Zone 3 is dominated by phanerophytes and Geophytes, which presented a great diversity of families and genres.

4 Discussion

During this study, 55 species were inventoried in 50 genera and 35 botanical families, with a remarkable presence of the Asteraceae and Poaceae families. Similarly, Hammada et al. in 2007 also showed that these families are best represented in river Oum-Er-Rabiâ, river Ziz, and river Rheris [30]. These families are well adapted to the ecological conditions and the limiting factors of the Allal El Fassi dam (availability of water, rains, and soil nature). Indeed, these plants tolerate difficult environmental conditions, and some are distinguished by their high resilience [31,32]. On the other hand, and among the species studied, the Allal El Fassi dam has the peculiarity of containing a potentially rare species in Morocco, as reported by some authors [30]. Persicaria maculosa was supposed to be native to Europe or Eurasian. It has also been declared as a native of China [33].

However, the species richness of the Allal El Fassi dam appears to be lower than that of other studies carried out in Morocco, where species richness in some cases exceeds 50% of our own, e.g., river Sebou, river Oum-Er-Rabiâ, and river Inaoune [30]. The difference between these environments lies in the climatic, ecological, hydrological, and pedological conditions that differ between Moroccan aquatic ecosystems. In other countries, on the other hand, located in the same bioclimatic stage, specific richness is less important compared to the Allal El Fassi dam [34,35].

High-temperature values observed above the dam, especially during the water regression during summer periods, are characterized by low depths. The electrical conductivity values of 1,500 μS/cm are high at the T9, T10, and T12 stations. This increase can be explained by the high mineralization of organic matter from the decomposition of certain plant species [32], such as Typha angustifolia, as well as by the nature of the substratum, which is rich in organic materials, especially peat [36]. In T20 station, where there is a water regression, the high conductivity value (1,774 μS/cm) is due to the mineralization of dead organic matter present in this area (plant debris) [37]. The high turbidity values are attributable to the presence of suspended particles from the flood waters that cause soil erosion above the dam [38]. As for the dam itself, the turbidity varies between 8.19 NTU and 255 NTU. The lowest values of total dissolved solids (TDS) are recorded at the T11 station, which receives freshwater from nearby sources.

The geographical location of the Allal El Fassi dam means that it can be classified as having a medium semi-arid bioclimatic stage, according to the umbrothermal diagram. This climate is reflected in a vegetation type characterized, on the one hand, by semi-arid olive-pistachio-chamaerops bush on the south-western slope of the dam, with its heavy clay substrate, and, on the other hand, by callitaria (red cedar) formation on the north-eastern slope (El Ghomra forest), with its limestone substrate. During floods, which bring back clay-laden sediments, this latter formation competes with Lentiscus, which prefers clay soils. These two “K” strategist plant formations (Olivier-Pistachier-Chamaerops and Callitriaie) give a perfect idea of the type of formation that was exciting before the dam was built in 1993.

The dominance of certain species in the majority of the dam, such as Tamarix gallica L., followed by Nerium oleander L., Typha angustifolia L., Juncus acutus L., and Arundo donax L., can be explained by the fact that the Allal El Fassi dam has undergone an ecological transformation over time according to an evolutionary model, enabling it to become a terrestrial ecosystem that bears the characteristics of the major beds of a fluvial ecosystem, thus creating new neoformed zones. This transformation is aided by floods and high water, which load the dam with sedimentary deposits that support the growth of these opportunistic “r” strategist species. These species are characterized by a high reproductive capacity and tolerate fluctuations in dam water levels. Owing to their highly developed root systems, the neo-formed zones thus formed present a monospecific plant formation. Nerium oleander L. grows rapidly on the southern slopes of the study area, needs plenty of sunlight, and its long roots enable it to find water deep in dry river beds [39,40]. Arundo donax L. grows by extending its rhizomes. It is found in flood-prone areas and on river banks [41]. Juncus acutus L., on the other hand, grows in all types of soil, from flooded to dry areas, forming a discontinuous, narrow belt around the dam [42]. Finally, Tamarix gallica L. is known for its rapid growth, owing to its ability to develop two root systems (primary and secondary) that detect water wherever it is found [35].

These neoformed zones are colonized mainly by phanerophytes (Tamarix and Nerium) and therophytes. The development of phanerophytes is favored by their ability to resist drought and flooding and by their well-developed root systems. Similar findings were reported by Bihaoui et al. in 2020. The authors also showed that the Tamarix genus possesses great plasticity and a strong capacity to adapt to environmental ecological conditions and erosion. Moreover, the growth of therophytes is favored by their biological structure (small size, reduced floral parts), which enables them to predominate in semi-arid climates, as is the case of the Allal El Fassi dam. The dispersal of seeds by the wind and the unstable structure of the soil due to flooding allow them to develop and grow. Studies have shown, as part of an evolutionary adaptation strategy, that therophytes can withstand extreme environmental conditions, particularly environments with a Saharan climate [43]. In addition, Sádlo et al. (2018) and Macheroum et al. (2021) have shown that therophytes can thrive in mesic or dry habitats [44,45].

As for the floristic diversity of the Allal El Fassi dam, the results of the Shannon index showed a low diversity at the site. This is explained by the dominant presence of Tamarix due to the ecological transformation of the site following the severe drought experienced by the region last year. This species had to develop adaptive strategies to resist environmental disturbances, as mentioned by Ramade (2009) [46]. Similar results were reported by Yenilougo et al. (2019), with the dominance of Theobroma cacao and Alchornea cordifolia [47].

Furthermore, according to El Kamel et al. in 2021, the watershed of the Allal El Fassi dam is subject to intense erosion caused by the slope and nature of the soil [38]. This erosion may be responsible for the loss of diversity at the dam. Such findings were highlighted by García-Fayos et al. in 2010 [48]. Furthermore, Bossé et al. in 2020 [49] indicated that the action of precipitation (flooding in our case) leads to the overloading of sedimentary deposits due to the unstable nature of the underlying soils. However, Bhandari in 2019 showed that species richness can be influenced by climatic conditions and soil nutrient content [50].

5 Conclusion

This research on the Allal El Fassi dam has significantly advanced the understanding of dam impacts on plant community dynamics. By identifying 55 plant species within the dam’s zones and highlighting Zone 2 as a biodiversity hotspot, the study has provided crucial insights into the ecological transformations induced by dam operations. The dam was transformed into a fluvial-like ecosystem due to frequent floods and high water levels, promoting the proliferation of opportunistic species.

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to thank Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Natural Resources (LBCVRN), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, for financial support.

  1. Funding information: This research work is supported by Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Natural Resources (LBCVRN), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Conceptualization: AM, YG; formal analysis: KM, AA; writing – original draft preparation: SB, YG, AM; writing – review and editing: EAA, AB, KM, AA, HF, LR, AB, AK, and JB; funding acquisition: JB.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-01-09
Revised: 2024-07-20
Accepted: 2024-08-03
Published Online: 2024-10-08

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  97. Bacillus thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity against insect larvae of the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
  98. Technical efficiency of sugarcane farming in East Java, Indonesia: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis
  99. Comparison between mycobiota diversity and fungi and mycotoxin contamination of maize and wheat
  100. Evaluation of cultivation technology package and corn variety based on agronomy characters and leaf green indices
  101. Exploring the association between the consumption of beverages, fast foods, sweets, fats, and oils and the risk of gastric and pancreatic cancers: Findings from case–control study
  102. Phytochemical composition and insecticidal activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. extract on life span and biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.)
  103. Land use management solutions in response to climate change: Case study in the central coastal areas of Vietnam
  104. Evaluation of coffee pulp as a feed ingredient for ruminants: A meta-analysis
  105. Interannual variations of normalized difference vegetation index and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship in the Baghdad area
  106. Harnessing synthetic microbial communities with nitrogen-fixing activity to promote rice growth
  107. Agronomic and economic benefits of rice–sweetpotato rotation in lowland rice cropping systems in Uganda
  108. Response of potato tuber as an effect of the N-fertilizer and paclobutrazol application in medium altitude
  109. Bridging the gap: The role of geographic proximity in enhancing seed sustainability in Bandung District
  110. Evaluation of Abrams curve in agricultural sector using the NARDL approach
  111. Challenges and opportunities for young farmers in the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2014–2020 of the Republic of Croatia
  112. Yield stability of ten common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes at different sowing dates in Lubumbashi, South-East of DR Congo
  113. Effects of encapsulation and combining probiotics with different nitrate forms on methane emission and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics
  114. Phytochemical analysis of Bienertia sinuspersici extract and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  115. Evaluation of relative drought tolerance of grapevines by leaf fluorescence parameters
  116. Yield assessment of new streak-resistant topcross maize hybrids in Benin
  117. Improvement of cocoa powder properties through ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted alkalization
  118. Potential of ecoenzymes made from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) leaf and pulp waste as bioinsecticides for Periplaneta americana
  119. Analysis of farm performance to realize the sustainability of organic cabbage vegetable farming in Getasan Semarang, Indonesia
  120. Revealing the influences of organic amendment-derived dissolved organic matter on growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
  121. Identification of viruses infecting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) in Benin
  122. Assessing the soil physical and chemical properties of long-term pomelo orchard based on tree growth
  123. Investigating access and use of digital tools for agriculture among rural farmers: A case study of Nkomazi Municipality, South Africa
  124. Does sex influence the impact of dietary vitD3 and UVB light on performance parameters and welfare indicators of broilers?
  125. Design of intelligent sprayer control for an autonomous farming drone using a multiclass support vector machine
  126. Deciphering salt-responsive NB-ARC genes in rice transcriptomic data: A bioinformatics approach with gene expression validation
  127. Review Articles
  128. Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives – A review
  129. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review
  130. Climate change and adaptive strategies on viticulture (Vitis spp.)
  131. The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods
  132. A systematic review on potential analogy of phytobiomass and soil carbon evaluation methods: Ethiopia insights
  133. A review of storage temperature and relative humidity effects on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and implications for nutrition insecurity in Ethiopia
  134. Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks
  135. Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review
  136. Corn silk: A promising source of antimicrobial compounds for health and wellness
  137. State and contours of research on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Africa
  138. The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives
  139. Minor millets: Processing techniques and their nutritional and health benefits
  140. Meta-analysis of reproductive performance of improved dairy cattle under Ethiopian environmental conditions
  141. Review on enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer utilization: Strategies for optimal nutrient management
  142. The nutritional, phytochemical composition, and utilisation of different parts of maize: A comparative analysis
  143. Motivations for farmers’ participation in agri-environmental scheme in the EU, literature review
  144. Evolution of climate-smart agriculture research: A science mapping exploration and network analysis
  145. Short Communications
  146. Music enrichment improves the behavior and leukocyte profile of dairy cattle
  147. Effect of pruning height and organic fertilization on the morphological and productive characteristics of Moringa oleifera Lam. in the Peruvian dry tropics
  148. Corrigendum
  149. Corrigendum to “Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance”
  150. Corrigendum to “Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types”
  151. Special issue: Smart Agriculture System for Sustainable Development: Methods and Practices
  152. Construction of a sustainable model to predict the moisture content of porang powder (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) based on pointed-scan visible near-infrared spectroscopy
  153. FruitVision: A deep learning based automatic fruit grading system
  154. Energy harvesting and ANFIS modeling of a PVDF/GO-ZNO piezoelectric nanogenerator on a UAV
  155. Effects of stress hormones on digestibility and performance in cattle: A review
  156. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part II
  157. Assessment of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profiles and ratio of omega-6/omega-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens fed diets enriched with omega-3 rich vegetable oil
  158. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part II
  159. Special Issue on FCEM – International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation: Message from the editor
  160. Fruit and vegetable consumption: Study involving Portuguese and French consumers
  161. Knowledge about consumption of milk: Study involving consumers from two European Countries – France and Portugal
https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0347
Keywords for this article
ecological; plant; ecosystem
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Supplementation of P-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris improved soil fertility, P nutrient, growth, and yield of Cucumis melo L.
  3. Yield gap variation in rice cultivation in Indonesia
  4. Effects of co-inoculation of indole-3-acetic acid- and ammonia-producing bacteria on plant growth and nutrition, soil elements, and the relationships of soil microbiomes with soil physicochemical parameters
  5. Impact of mulching and planting time on spring-wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth: A combined field experiment and empirical modeling approach
  6. Morphological diversity, correlation studies, and multiple-traits selection for yield and yield components of local cowpea varieties
  7. Participatory on-farm evaluation of new orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties in Southern Ethiopia
  8. Yield performance and stability analysis of three cultivars of Gayo Arabica coffee across six different environments
  9. Biology of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different types of plants feeds: Potency as a pest on various agricultural plants
  10. Antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. fruit in alloxan-induced Swiss albino diabetic mice
  11. Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance
  12. Nicotinamide as a biostimulant improves soybean growth and yield
  13. Farmer’s willingness to accept the sustainable zoning-based organic farming development plan: A lesson from Sleman District, Indonesia
  14. Uncovering hidden determinants of millennial farmers’ intentions in running conservation agriculture: An application of the Norm Activation Model
  15. Mediating role of leadership and group capital between human capital component and sustainability of horticultural agribusiness institutions in Indonesia
  16. Biochar technology to increase cassava crop productivity: A study of sustainable agriculture on degraded land
  17. Effect of struvite on the growth of green beans on Mars and Moon regolith simulants
  18. UrbanAgriKG: A knowledge graph on urban agriculture and its embeddings
  19. Provision of loans and credit by cocoa buyers under non-price competition: Cocoa beans market in Ghana
  20. Effectiveness of micro-dosing of lime on selected chemical properties of soil in Banja District, North West, Ethiopia
  21. Effect of weather, nitrogen fertilizer, and biostimulators on the root size and yield components of Hordeum vulgare
  22. Effects of selected biostimulants on qualitative and quantitative parameters of nine cultivars of the genus Capsicum spp.
  23. Growth, yield, and secondary metabolite responses of three shallot cultivars at different watering intervals
  24. Design of drainage channel for effective use of land on fully mechanized sugarcane plantations: A case study at Bone Sugarcane Plantation
  25. Technical feasibility and economic benefit of combined shallot seedlings techniques in Indonesia
  26. Control of Meloidogyne javanica in banana by endophytic bacteria
  27. Comparison of important quality components of red-flesh kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in different locations
  28. Efficiency of rice farming in flood-prone areas of East Java, Indonesia
  29. Comparative analysis of alpine agritourism in Trentino, Tyrol, and South Tyrol: Regional variations and prospects
  30. Detection of Fusarium spp. infection in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) during postharvest storage through visible–near-infrared and shortwave–near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy
  31. Forage yield, seed, and forage qualitative traits evaluation by determining the optimal forage harvesting stage in dual-purpose cultivation in safflower varieties (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
  32. The influence of tourism on the development of urban space: Comparison in Hanoi, Danang, and Ho Chi Minh City
  33. Optimum intra-row spacing and clove size for the economical production of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia
  34. The role of organic rice farm income on farmer household welfare: Evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  35. Exploring innovative food in a developing country: Edible insects as a sustainable option
  36. Genotype by environment interaction and performance stability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown in Dawuro zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
  37. Factors influencing green, environmentally-friendly consumer behaviour
  38. Factors affecting coffee farmers’ access to financial institutions: The case of Bandung Regency, Indonesia
  39. Morphological and yield trait-based evaluation and selection of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes suitable for both summer and winter seasons
  40. Sustainability analysis and decision-making strategy for swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) conservation in Jambi Province, Indonesia
  41. Understanding factors affecting rice purchasing decisions in Indonesia: Does rice brand matter?
  42. An implementation of an extended theory of planned behavior to investigate consumer behavior on hygiene sanitation-certified livestock food products
  43. Information technology adoption in Indonesia’s small-scale dairy farms
  44. Draft genome of a biological control agent against Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal phytopathogen of spot blotch in wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum): Bacillus inaquosorum TSO22
  45. Assessment of the recurrent mutagenesis efficacy of sesame crosses followed by isolation and evaluation of promising genetic resources for use in future breeding programs
  46. Fostering cocoa industry resilience: A collaborative approach to managing farm gate price fluctuations in West Sulawesi, Indonesia
  47. Field investigation of component failures for selected farm machinery used in small rice farming operations
  48. Near-infrared technology in agriculture: Rapid, simultaneous, and non-destructive determination of inner quality parameters on intact coffee beans
  49. The synergistic application of sucrose and various LED light exposures to enhance the in vitro growth of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)
  50. Weather index-based agricultural insurance for flower farmers: Willingness to pay, sales, and profitability perspectives
  51. Meta-analysis of dietary Bacillus spp. on serum biochemical and antioxidant status and egg quality of laying hens
  52. Biochemical characterization of trypsin from Indonesian skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera
  53. Determination of C-factor for conventional cultivation and soil conservation technique used in hop gardens
  54. Empowering farmers: Unveiling the economic impacts of contract farming on red chilli farmers’ income in Magelang District, Indonesia
  55. Evaluating salt tolerance in fodder crops: A field experiment in the dry land
  56. Labor productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) farmers in Central Java Province, Indonesia
  57. Cropping systems and production assessment in southern Myanmar: Informing strategic interventions
  58. The effect of biostimulants and red mud on the growth and yield of shallots in post-unlicensed gold mining soil
  59. Effects of dietary Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) seed meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  60. Analysis and structural characterization of the vid-pisco market
  61. Pseudomonas fluorescens SP007s enhances defense responses against the soybean bacterial pustule caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines
  62. A brief investigation on the prospective of co-composted biochar as a fertilizer for Zucchini plants cultivated in arid sandy soil
  63. Supply chain efficiency of red chilies in the production center of Sleman Indonesia based on performance measurement system
  64. Investment development path for developed economies: Is agriculture different?
  65. Power relations among actors in laying hen business in Indonesia: A MACTOR analysis
  66. High-throughput digital imaging and detection of morpho-physiological traits in tomato plants under drought
  67. Converting compression ignition engine to dual-fuel (diesel + CNG) engine and experimentally investigating its performance and emissions
  68. Structuration, risk management, and institutional dynamics in resolving palm oil conflicts
  69. Spacing strategies for enhancing drought resilience and yield in maize agriculture
  70. Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types
  71. Investigating Spodoptera spp. diversity, percentage of attack, and control strategies in the West Java, Indonesia, corn cultivation
  72. Yield stability of biofertilizer treatments to soybean in the rainy season based on the GGE biplot
  73. Evaluating agricultural yield and economic implications of varied irrigation depths on maize yield in semi-arid environments, at Birfarm, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia
  74. Chemometrics for mapping the spatial nitrate distribution on the leaf lamina of fenugreek grown under varying nitrogenous fertilizer doses
  75. Pomegranate peel ethanolic extract: A promising natural antioxidant, antimicrobial agent, and novel approach to mitigate rancidity in used edible oils
  76. Transformative learning and engagement with organic farming: Lessons learned from Indonesia
  77. Tourism in rural areas as a broader concept: Some insights from the Portuguese reality
  78. Assessment enhancing drought tolerance in henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) ecotypes through sodium nitroprusside foliar application
  79. Edible insects: A survey about perceptions regarding possible beneficial health effects and safety concerns among adult citizens from Portugal and Romania
  80. Phenological stages analysis in peach trees using electronic nose
  81. Harvest date and salicylic acid impact on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) properties under different humidity conditions
  82. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. petal biomass: A green source of nanoparticles of multifarious potential
  83. Use of different vegetation indices for the evaluation of the kinetics of the cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) growth based on multispectral images by UAV
  84. First evidence of microplastic pollution in mangrove sediments and its ingestion by coral reef fish: Case study in Biawak Island, Indonesia
  85. Physical and textural properties and sensory acceptability of wheat bread partially incorporated with unripe non-commercial banana cultivars
  86. Cereibacter sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 were used to solubilize insoluble P forms to improve P uptake, growth, and yield of rice in acidic and extreme saline soil
  87. Avocado peel by-product in cattle diets and supplementation with oregano oil and effects on production, carcass, and meat quality
  88. Optimizing inorganic blended fertilizer application for the maximum grain yield and profitability of bread wheat and food barley in Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
  89. The acceptance of social media as a channel of communication and livestock information for sheep farmers
  90. Adaptation of rice farmers to aging in Thailand
  91. Combined use of improved maize hybrids and nitrogen application increases grain yield of maize, under natural Striga hermonthica infestation
  92. From aquatic to terrestrial: An examination of plant diversity and ecological shifts
  93. Statistical modelling of a tractor tractive performance during ploughing operation on a tropical Alfisol
  94. Participation in artisanal diamond mining and food security: A case study of Kasai Oriental in DR Congo
  95. Assessment and multi-scenario simulation of ecosystem service values in Southwest China’s mountainous and hilly region
  96. Analysis of agricultural emissions and economic growth in Europe in search of ecological balance
  97. Bacillus thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity against insect larvae of the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
  98. Technical efficiency of sugarcane farming in East Java, Indonesia: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis
  99. Comparison between mycobiota diversity and fungi and mycotoxin contamination of maize and wheat
  100. Evaluation of cultivation technology package and corn variety based on agronomy characters and leaf green indices
  101. Exploring the association between the consumption of beverages, fast foods, sweets, fats, and oils and the risk of gastric and pancreatic cancers: Findings from case–control study
  102. Phytochemical composition and insecticidal activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. extract on life span and biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.)
  103. Land use management solutions in response to climate change: Case study in the central coastal areas of Vietnam
  104. Evaluation of coffee pulp as a feed ingredient for ruminants: A meta-analysis
  105. Interannual variations of normalized difference vegetation index and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship in the Baghdad area
  106. Harnessing synthetic microbial communities with nitrogen-fixing activity to promote rice growth
  107. Agronomic and economic benefits of rice–sweetpotato rotation in lowland rice cropping systems in Uganda
  108. Response of potato tuber as an effect of the N-fertilizer and paclobutrazol application in medium altitude
  109. Bridging the gap: The role of geographic proximity in enhancing seed sustainability in Bandung District
  110. Evaluation of Abrams curve in agricultural sector using the NARDL approach
  111. Challenges and opportunities for young farmers in the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2014–2020 of the Republic of Croatia
  112. Yield stability of ten common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes at different sowing dates in Lubumbashi, South-East of DR Congo
  113. Effects of encapsulation and combining probiotics with different nitrate forms on methane emission and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics
  114. Phytochemical analysis of Bienertia sinuspersici extract and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  115. Evaluation of relative drought tolerance of grapevines by leaf fluorescence parameters
  116. Yield assessment of new streak-resistant topcross maize hybrids in Benin
  117. Improvement of cocoa powder properties through ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted alkalization
  118. Potential of ecoenzymes made from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) leaf and pulp waste as bioinsecticides for Periplaneta americana
  119. Analysis of farm performance to realize the sustainability of organic cabbage vegetable farming in Getasan Semarang, Indonesia
  120. Revealing the influences of organic amendment-derived dissolved organic matter on growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
  121. Identification of viruses infecting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) in Benin
  122. Assessing the soil physical and chemical properties of long-term pomelo orchard based on tree growth
  123. Investigating access and use of digital tools for agriculture among rural farmers: A case study of Nkomazi Municipality, South Africa
  124. Does sex influence the impact of dietary vitD3 and UVB light on performance parameters and welfare indicators of broilers?
  125. Design of intelligent sprayer control for an autonomous farming drone using a multiclass support vector machine
  126. Deciphering salt-responsive NB-ARC genes in rice transcriptomic data: A bioinformatics approach with gene expression validation
  127. Review Articles
  128. Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives – A review
  129. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review
  130. Climate change and adaptive strategies on viticulture (Vitis spp.)
  131. The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods
  132. A systematic review on potential analogy of phytobiomass and soil carbon evaluation methods: Ethiopia insights
  133. A review of storage temperature and relative humidity effects on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and implications for nutrition insecurity in Ethiopia
  134. Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks
  135. Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review
  136. Corn silk: A promising source of antimicrobial compounds for health and wellness
  137. State and contours of research on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Africa
  138. The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives
  139. Minor millets: Processing techniques and their nutritional and health benefits
  140. Meta-analysis of reproductive performance of improved dairy cattle under Ethiopian environmental conditions
  141. Review on enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer utilization: Strategies for optimal nutrient management
  142. The nutritional, phytochemical composition, and utilisation of different parts of maize: A comparative analysis
  143. Motivations for farmers’ participation in agri-environmental scheme in the EU, literature review
  144. Evolution of climate-smart agriculture research: A science mapping exploration and network analysis
  145. Short Communications
  146. Music enrichment improves the behavior and leukocyte profile of dairy cattle
  147. Effect of pruning height and organic fertilization on the morphological and productive characteristics of Moringa oleifera Lam. in the Peruvian dry tropics
  148. Corrigendum
  149. Corrigendum to “Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance”
  150. Corrigendum to “Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types”
  151. Special issue: Smart Agriculture System for Sustainable Development: Methods and Practices
  152. Construction of a sustainable model to predict the moisture content of porang powder (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) based on pointed-scan visible near-infrared spectroscopy
  153. FruitVision: A deep learning based automatic fruit grading system
  154. Energy harvesting and ANFIS modeling of a PVDF/GO-ZNO piezoelectric nanogenerator on a UAV
  155. Effects of stress hormones on digestibility and performance in cattle: A review
  156. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part II
  157. Assessment of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profiles and ratio of omega-6/omega-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens fed diets enriched with omega-3 rich vegetable oil
  158. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part II
  159. Special Issue on FCEM – International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation: Message from the editor
  160. Fruit and vegetable consumption: Study involving Portuguese and French consumers
  161. Knowledge about consumption of milk: Study involving consumers from two European Countries – France and Portugal
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