Home Crystal structure of 2-(3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)malononitrile, C12H14N2
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Crystal structure of 2-(3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)malononitrile, C12H14N2

  • Yingfan Liu EMAIL logo and Mengfei Wang
Published/Copyright: August 15, 2023

Abstract

C12H14N2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 10.16290(10) Å, b = 8.25800(10) Å, c = 13.4328(2), β = 95.910(1), V = 1121.36(2) Å3, Z = 4, R gt (F) = 0.0380, wR ref (F2) = 0.1126, T = 294 K.

CCDC no.: 1832141

The molecular structure is shown in the figure. Table 1 contains crystallographic data and Table 2 contains the list of the atoms including atomic coordinates and displacement parameters (Figure 1).

Table 1:

Data collection and handling.

Crystal: Yellow block
Size: 0.60 × 0.45 × 0.42 mm
Wavelength: Cu Kα radiation (1.54184 Å)
μ: 0.51 mm−1
Diffractometer, scan mode: SuperNova, ω
θmax, completeness: 71.6°, >99 %
N(hkl)measured, N(hkl)unique, Rint: 3671, 2139, 0.008
Criterion for Iobs, N(hkl)gt: Iobs > 2 σ(Iobs), 1960
N(param)refined: 131
Programs: CrysAlisPRO [1], Olex2 [2], SHELX [3, 4]
Table 2:

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2).

Atom x y z Uiso*/Ueq
C1 0.95319 (14) 0.19810 (19) 0.58784 (16) 0.0886 (5)
H1A 0.937886 0.192964 0.516190 0.133*
H1B 0.950306 0.090838 0.615090 0.133*
H1C 1.038492 0.245051 0.606867 0.133*
C2 0.86581 (15) 0.3063 (2) 0.74244 (12) 0.0791 (4)
H2A 0.951900 0.348962 0.764107 0.119*
H2B 0.858505 0.198510 0.768022 0.119*
H2C 0.799428 0.373935 0.767007 0.119*
C3 0.84613 (10) 0.30248 (14) 0.62833 (10) 0.0564 (3)
C4 0.71067 (11) 0.23079 (14) 0.59265 (10) 0.0568 (3)
H4A 0.705277 0.213780 0.520899 0.068*
H4B 0.702398 0.126038 0.624083 0.068*
C5 0.59753 (10) 0.33623 (13) 0.61587 (7) 0.0468 (3)
C6 0.61680 (11) 0.50934 (13) 0.61440 (8) 0.0491 (3)
H6 0.545931 0.576941 0.623764 0.059*
C7 0.73334 (11) 0.57547 (13) 0.60001 (8) 0.0500 (3)
C8 0.85237 (11) 0.47402 (14) 0.58650 (10) 0.0579 (3)
H8A 0.930156 0.527686 0.619013 0.069*
H8B 0.862654 0.467315 0.515626 0.069*
C9 0.75105 (14) 0.75502 (15) 0.59533 (11) 0.0650 (4)
H9A 0.666870 0.807258 0.596729 0.097*
H9B 0.787733 0.783005 0.534557 0.097*
H9C 0.809902 0.790037 0.651709 0.097*
C10 0.47978 (10) 0.26966 (14) 0.63330 (8) 0.0499 (3)
C11 0.45798 (11) 0.09777 (15) 0.63106 (8) 0.0551 (3)
C12 0.36794 (11) 0.36560 (17) 0.65226 (9) 0.0592 (3)
N1 0.43880 (12) −0.03904 (15) 0.62874 (9) 0.0734 (4)
N2 0.27682 (12) 0.43866 (19) 0.66729 (10) 0.0820 (4)
Figure 1: 
A view of the molecule. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50 % probability level and H atoms are shown as small spheres of arbitrary radii.
Figure 1:

A view of the molecule. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50 % probability level and H atoms are shown as small spheres of arbitrary radii.

1 Source of material

The title compound, 2-(3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)malononitrile, was synthesized according to the literatured methodology with slight modification [5, 6]. Ethanol is the better solvent for the condenstation between isophorone and malononitrile in contrast to toluene. Additionally, the condensation could be smoothly proceeded at lower temperature. To a 100 mL round bottom flask, isophorone 3.45 g (25 mmol) and malononitrile 1.65 g (25 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous ethanol 50 mL. Then sodium acetate trihydrate (1 g, 12.5 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated to 80 °C and stirred for about 12 h. The reaction progress was monitored by TLC. Once the starting isophorone disappeared totally on TLC and the target spot formed regularly, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The solid sodium acetate trihydrate was removed by filtration. 25 mL Ethanol was removed in vacuum. The left mixture was stand still at −27 °C for overnight. The crystals were collected by filtration and washed carefully with cooled anhydrous ethanol. The analytical samples can be obtained by recrystallization one more time from ethanol. Crystals were obtained by slow evaporation of its solution in anhydrous ethanol within several days.

2 Experimental details

Hydrogen atoms attached to C atoms were placed geometrically and refined using a riding model approximation, with d (C–H) = 0.93 Å or 0.96 Å (–CH3, –CH2). Uiso(H) = 1.2 Ueq(C) for CH or Uiso(H) = 1.5 Ueq(C) for CH3 and CH2 groups [3].

3 Comment

2-(3,5,5–Trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)malononitrile was an important intermediate in the construction of chemical sensors and dye-sensitized solar cells [7], [8], [9], [10]. Due to the acidity of 3-position methyl, cabronyl-containing compounds can be condensed smoothly with this methyl. Based on the strong electron withdrawing power of malononitrile, it is easy to construct an intramoleular electron push-pull effect. Together with the asymmetrical π conjugation structure of the isophorone skelton, a significant fluorescence red-shifting occured. The emission peaks of these fluorescent derivatives generally extends to red region (640–680 nm) and saturated red-emitting devices were fabricated using these materias as dopants.

In the title crystal structure, the asymmetric unit contains one molecule. Most of the atoms are coplanar with the RMSD distance estimated to be 0.040 Å. Only C3, including the two bonded methyl grous (C1 and C2) is twisted out of this molecular plane with the distance of 0.6238 Å. The angel between the malononitrile group (N1/C11/C10/C12/N2) and plane (C4/C5/C6/C7/C8) is determined to be 1.523(1.5)°. The distances of C5–C10 and C6–C7 are 1.359 and 1.336 Å, respectively, which have the typical character of double bonds. The alternating single/double bond character demonstrates that the malononitrile group was conjugated with the isophorone. In addition, the cohesion of adjacent molecules depends on the intermolecular hydrogen bonds (C2–H2b⋯N2, C1–H1c⋯N2, C9–H9c⋯N2, C4–H4a⋯N1, C9–H9a⋯N1, C3–H4a⋯N1) [11]. The H⋯N distances range from 2.715 to 3.006 Å. The N⋯C contacts were determined to be about 3.568–3.913 Å, which are inside the interval of 3.0–4.0 Å, basing on a survey of over 100 structures. The C–H⋯N angles (from 140.2–171.9°) are also in agreement with the above mentioned survey [11, 12]. The hydrogen bonds analysis in solid and crystal structure is useful for depper understanding the solid emission behavior of fluorescent materials [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]. Configuration of the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in dye materials can be used to modify the excitate of dye molecules, and thus modify the emission efficiency. The stronger the intermolecular hydrogen bonds constructed, the more signficiant fluorescence quench will be.

The intermolecular interactions that stabilized the crystal lattice were mainly the C–H⋯N hydrogen bonds. In total, six hydrogens (H2C, H9A, H4A, H2B, H1C, and H9C) were involved. They connect the adjacent molecules in layers. In addition, no C–H⋯π interactions were established in the crystal lattice [18]. Interestingly, there exist weak ππ interactions between the double bond of C6–C7 and C5–C10, which assemble the adjacent molecules parallel-displaced to each other [19, 20]. It also plays an important role to the emission behavior of dye molecules. The emission enhancement or quenching of dye depends on the non-radiative energy transfer between excited molecules and the environment [21], [22], [23]. Owing to the various interactions existing in the crystal, the molecules were staggered layer by layer along the axis c, and H⋯N interactions promoted the cohesion of the crystal [24, 25]. Both the bond lengths and the angles are in the expected ranges [26, 27].


Corresponding author: Yingfan Liu, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Henan Provincial Key Lab of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou, 450002, P.R. China, E-mail:

  1. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

  2. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  3. Research funding: None declared.

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Supplementary Material

This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/ncrs-2023-0316).


Received: 2023-07-08
Accepted: 2023-08-01
Published Online: 2023-08-15
Published in Print: 2023-10-26

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  47. The crystal structure of (bromido, chlorido)-tricarbonyl-(5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)-rhenium(I), C15H12Br0.2Cl0.8N2O3Re1
  48. Crystal structure of [N(E),N′(E)]-N,N′-(1,4-phenylenedimethylidyne)bis-3,5-bis(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine, C26H36N6
  49. The crystal structure of poly[2-(4-carboxypyridin-3-yl)terephthalpoly[diaqua-(μ4-2-(6-carboxylatopyridin-3-yl)terephthalato-κ5O,N:O′:O″,O‴)]) cadmium(II)] dihydrate, C28H20Cd3N2O16
  50. Crystal structure of [tetraaqua-bis((3-carboxy-5-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoate-κ1N)cobalt(II)] tetrahydrate, C26H32CoN2O16
  51. Crystal structure of bis(μ2-azido-κ2N:N)-tetrakis(azido-κ1N)-tetrakis(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2N,N′)dibismuth(III), C48H32N26Bi2
  52. Crystal structure of (Z)-N-(4-(4-(4-((4,5,6-trimethoxy-3-oxobenzofuran-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl)phenoxy)butoxy)phenyl)acetamide, C30H31NO8
  53. Crystal structure of poly[diaqua-(μ2-1,3-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propane-κ2N:N′)-bis(μ2-5-carboxybenzene-1,3-dicarboxylato-O,O′:O″)-aqua-di-zinc dihydrate solvate], C27H28N4O16Zn2
  54. Crystal structure of 2-(3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)malononitrile, C12H14N2
  55. Crystal structure of chlorido-(5-nitro-2-phenylpyridine-κ2N,C)-[(methylsulfinyl)methane-κ1S]platinum(II), C13H13ClN2O3PtS
  56. The crystal structure of the co-crystal 1,4-dioxane–4,6-bis(nitroimino)-1,3,5-triazinan-2-one(2/1), C11H19N7O9
  57. Crystal structure of [N(E),N′(E)]-N,N′-(1,4-phenylenedimethylidyne)bis-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine di-methanol solvate, C18H20N6·2(CH3OH)
  58. Crystal structure of catena-poly[bis(μ2-azido-k2N:N′)-(nitrato-K2N:N′)-bis(1,10-phenanthroline-K2N:N′)samarium(III)], C24H16N11O3Sm
  59. Crystal structure of (Z)-2-(4-((5-bromopentyl)oxy)benzylidene)-4,5,6-trimethoxybenzofuran-3(2H)-one, C23H25BrO6
  60. Crystal structure of bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ammonium) tetrafluoroterephthate, 2[C5H10N3][C8F4O4]
  61. Crystal structure of 2-amino-4-(2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-9-methoxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinazolin-3-ium chloride, C20H18ClF4N3O
  62. Crystal structure of 6-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine-sebacic acid (2/1), C13H17N6O2
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