Home Enhancing the success of new dams implantation under semi-arid climate, based on a multicriteria analysis approach: Case of Marrakech region (Central Morocco)
Article Open Access

Enhancing the success of new dams implantation under semi-arid climate, based on a multicriteria analysis approach: Case of Marrakech region (Central Morocco)

  • Fatima Ezzahra El Ghazali EMAIL logo , Nour-Eddine Laftouhi , Ahmed Fekri , Giovanni Randazzo and Myriam Benkirane
Published/Copyright: December 4, 2021
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Open Geosciences
From the journal Open Geosciences Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

Water management has become one of the major interests in arid and semi-arid regions. Scientists have suggested different criteria and methodologies for the identification of suitable dam sites. According to our literature review, we have used two major methodologies for the selection of suitable dam site location: geographic information system and remote sensing (GIS/RS) and multicriteria analysis (MCA) integrated with GIS/RS. The most common criteria used for the selection of suitable dam sites were slope, rainfall, land use land cover, soil type, lithology, lineament density, and hydrographic typology. All the factors were superimposed to prepare the synthesis map of water-harvesting structures, each thematic layer’s weight was determined, and storage water potential indices were calculated using water accumulation conditions. According to the water-harvesting location map, where the spatial distribution of the excellent (5%), very good (9%), and good (17%) aptitude classes is established in the northeast and central parts of the westward zone, the average located in the center of the zone. Study and weak are located south of the map; the area of moderate (25%) to poor (44%) suitability is situated in the south and southwest zone. The MCA was validated using an existing dam across the study area, where the MCA provides for the dam located in the good and moderate zones. The approach adopted in this study can be applied for any other location globally to identify potential dam-construction sites. From the point of view of the literature of multicriteria analyses of water recovery, areas unsuitable for surface water harvesting and dam projects are suitable for groundwater recharge.

Keywords: multicriteria analysis; geographic information system and remote sensing; dam; water-harvesting structures.

1 Introduction

Surface water is generally limited in arid and semi-arid regions due to low rainfall and high evaporation ruling over such regions [1]. Arid and semi-arid climatic environments are undergoing an increasing surface water deficit across the world [2,3].

Increasing population and modern industrial and agricultural activities are creating increasing demand for water resources due to the inadequate availability of surface water resources. In addition, climate-related hazards have ultimately resulted in decreasing surface water supplies. Consequently, these activities have led to an increase in research, not only with regard to surface water resources but also with an emphasis on locating surface water of good quality for human consumption [1,4].

In Morocco, the period of drought at the beginning of the 1980s, considered the longest ever observed, was the starting point for a policy of building small dams and hill lakes using a highly labor-intensive practice. These dams are designed mainly for irrigation, livestock watering, and protection against floods or for the supply of drinking water in rural areas that have no groundwater resources. In this context, we chose the Tensift region, located in the central part of Morocco, to assess the possibilities of enhancing the successful implantation of new dams based on a method requiring less field investigations and heavy and expensive tools.

The Tensift region belongs to an arid zone with an annual rainfall ranging between 160 and 350 mm, an annual evaporation reaching 2,640 mm. The decrease in rainfall caused by climate change on a global scale is clearly observed in the Tensift basin. The intensification of modern irrigation techniques (with a mechanized pumping system) and the growth of the urban population are the origin of a strong increase in water needs. These phenomena lead to several issues in the management of water resources. Historically, the Tensift region area has exploited groundwater as its main water resource. But the pressure on this groundwater has clearly increased over the last years, particularly due to the development of large-scale irrigation, for recreational activities (tourism) and population growth. This increase is now leading to a drop in the level of the water line, hence the importance of building dams in this region.

Generally, dam site selection is conducted by traditional methods, such as conventional decision-making techniques or according to political interests [5]. However, remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS), and multicriteria analysis (MCA) techniques are recently emerging as some of the most appropriate approaches to understand dam sites. In recent years, the advance in satellite and computational power has enhanced the opportunity to manage different hydrological factors and terrain characteristics. RS and GIS are of high adaptability in joining spatial information with different progressed numerical, factual, and decision-making strategies, such as fuzzy logic, weighted overlay analysis, multicriteria evaluation techniques, and artificial intelligence [6].

However, the success of rainwater harvesting (RWH) yet depends on the site selection and its construction technical design [7]. Appropriate selection of sites for different RWH technologies in larger areas is a great challenge [8]. In the literature, several methodologies for the selection of suitable sites for RWH have been developed [9,10,11]. The most conventional method of selecting suitable sites for dam/reservoir construction is the field survey, but the main disadvantage of this technique is that we cannot concentrate on larger areas, which may result in some wrong conclusions. Nowadays, the appropriate data for the purpose can be made available from GIS and RS data, and this will allow the selection of sites for different RWH technologies [8].

The objective of this study is to identify and make an inventory of RWH possible sites to enhance the availability of water by storing rainwater over the Tensift basin to partially mitigate the problems of water shortage in this region. All water-harvesting systems consist of the following components [12]:

  • A catchment: The area of the catchment varies from a few square meters to several square kilometers and can take the form of a rock, a paved road, a piece of farmland, or a roof. It is also known as a runoff area.

  • A storage facility: This is where collected runoff accumulates and can be used for various purposes.

  • A target: The end user of the water-harvesting system when the harvested water is used for agriculture or domestic use.

Each parameter is firstly studied independently, and then all parameters are integrated and compiled to derive a synthetic map aiming at the choice of the hill dam site. RS and GIS are important tools to enable appropriate surface water management [13]. Recent studies showed that RS satellite imagery and GIS are widely used for hydrological and hydrogeomorphological studies.

2 Study area

The study area, the Tensift watershed, lies within the central part of Morocco over an area of about 20,500 km2 extending between latitudes 31° and 32° 30' N and longitudes 7° and 10° W. The region presents strong geographical and climatic variations with three distinct areas: the plain of Marrakech Al Haouz and Chichaoua in the east, the coastal plain of Essaouira in the west, and the piedmont of the High Atlas in the south [14] (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Location map of the study area.
Figure 1

Location map of the study area.

The climate is arid to semi-arid characterized by an annual average temperature of 20°C, an irregular rainfall and long periods of drought. The monthly rainfall pattern showed a highly temporal variability with an average of approximately 300 mm/year mainly received in November (Tensift Water Basin Agency data).

On the geological side, the study basin offers different types of facies. The plain of Marrakech-Al Haouz and Chichaoua presents detrital formations (alluvium) of Tertiary and Quaternary age. In the western part, the overlying sedimentary sequences comprise epicontinental and marine sediments from the Cretaceous and Eocene largely dominated by limestone, calcareous sandstones, and marls [15].

3 Methodology

The current study uses a compilation of RS and GIS databases for preparing the dam potential zones. A hill dam is a reservoir created by a small earthen dam containing a few tens of thousands to 1 million m3 of water collected in watersheds of a few hectares to a few square kilometers. They are integrated naturally into the landscape without creating any particular nuisance. They are able to regulate the water flows and, therefore, likely to maintain the populations in place by ensuring them the real possibilities of development.

RS offers data that can be used to gain insight into hydrological and morphological knowledge over large regions at different spatial and temporal scales such as merged satellite rainfall estimate, tropical rainfall measuring mission, the global precipitation measurement, advanced space borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer, LANDSAT satellite, and several others. For the past 20 years, researchers have put up their efforts on satellite imagery applications in hydrology [16,17,18,19,20] using GIS for collecting, storing, managing, and analyzing spatial and nonspatial data [21]. Various thematic layers can be generated by applying spatial analysis with GIS. These layers can then be integrated to identify suitable sites for hill dams. The integration of GIS and MCA is a privileged and indispensable way to make GIS become real decision support systems. Coupling of GIS and MCA puts the concepts of decision support with spatial reference within the reach of nonspecialists; it clarifies the notions related to GIS and MCA and presents a set of conceptual and methodological solutions and methodological solutions for their integration.

The criteria used were defined both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative criteria refer to the identification of suitable valleys, river physical characteristics, based on satellite images interpretation mainly a digital elevation model (DEM) and large-scale available cartography; other qualitative selection criteria concern the distance from settlements and infrastructures. Quantitative criteria were based on indexes for synthesizing the effectiveness and feasibility of the possible operations such as the alluvial plan index and the hydrological index.

A model based on geographic information system (SIG) and RS and an MCA of parameters was applied to identify sites suited in the zone of study. The methodology is summarized and well explained in Figure 2. Five steps were followed to reach this goal:

Figure 2 Flowchart showing the adopted methodology.
Figure 2

Flowchart showing the adopted methodology.

In the first stage, different types of required data were collected (Table 1), and then the second stage was focused on maps reclassified with different suitable weights. In the third stage, all maps were harmonized to the same cell size, and finally, a weighted overlay tool was run with different weights according to its relation to a suitable location for a small dam construction.

Table 1

Slope classification according to the SOTER model

Slope (%) Description Storage water potentiality
<2 Flat Very high
2–8 Undulating High
8–15 Rolling Moderate
15–30 Moderately steep Low
30–60 Steep Very low

A review by Singh et al. [22] used several RS imageries to identify dam sites including the following parameters:

  • Slope (less than 15%)

  • Soil infiltration rate (less)

  • Land use (shrubs and riverbeds)

  • Soil type (sandy clay loam)

According to Sanyal and Lu [23], the application of RS in flood management stated that the DEM model is the main part of flood hazard mapping. Slope data derived from DEM can be used for many hydrological studies and can be used for the dam location selection. Furthermore, a limited effort has been devoted in recent years to determine the capability of these techniques in assisting the engineering dam design by allowing efficient, quick, and economic data collection [24,25]. However, the application of RS in ephemeral streams is limited compared to permanent rivers [26].

3.1 GIS approach

This study adopted seven parameters for determining suitable sites for dam implantation:

3.1.1 Lithological map

Lithology has a major impact on the occurrence and movement of water storage as it highly controls the infiltration and flow processes [27]. The lithological map of the basin was obtained from the geological map (Marrakech 1/500,000) digitized and presented in (Figure 3). Lithological categories classification done according to the criteria of geological facies (Table 2) and permeability which control the rate of accumulation of surface water, and the rate of runoff from the study area [28].

Figure 3 Permeability map of the study area.
Figure 3

Permeability map of the study area.

Table 2

Main facies constituting the study area

Facies type
Very permeable Recent formations (Quaternary), gravel, and sand
Permeable Silt, pink silt, conglomerates, and sandstone
Low permeable Evaporites, sandstone limestone, lake limestone, sandstone marl, and shale
Impermeable Solid noncracked limestone, marl, silt, and clay
Very impermeable Quartzite, basalt, granite, and rhyolites

3.1.2 DEM and slope

The slope factor affects the increase of water flow speed with the reduction of the subsequent vertical percolation and so in the assignment of the accumulation process. It is an effective factor for spatial prediction [29]. It also helps to determine the direction of the drainage surface. Low slope areas show more precipitation accumulation than steeply sloping areas. Spatial distribution of slopes (Figure 4) was established from a DEM at a 25 m resolution under ArcGis® Spatial Analyst Tools® using the hydrology ArcGis extension and grouped into five classes. The classification is based on the SOTER model (European Commission Soil Terrain Database 1995; Table 1).

Figure 4 Map of slope gradient.
Figure 4

Map of slope gradient.

3.1.3 Rainfall

Water storage is controlled by various factors with rainfall playing a key role as it represents the main source of surface water recharge [30,31]. The annual mean rainfall for the period from 1998 to 2018 in the study area is obtained from the Tensift Hydraulic Agency data sets (ABHT). It is varying from 100 to 550 mm/year. The rainfall data were interpolated through the tools spatial analyst tools interpolation based on inverse distance weighted (IDW) [32] of 47 rainfall stations to obtain a rainfall map (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Map of average annual rainfall.
Figure 5

Map of average annual rainfall.

3.1.4 Lineament density

A lineament is a linear property that expresses the underlying structural features such as fractures, faults, cleavages, and discontinuity surfaces. Lineaments represent the simple and complex linear features of structures, with parts that are arranged in a rectangular or moderately curved mode, and which differ from the arrangement of the adjacent features and reflect some subsurface features [33]. Lineament densities in the basin vary from <3 to 40 km/km2 (Figure 6). The lineaments were digitized from the structural map of Morocco [34] and the geological map of Tensift [35]. The obtained map was then added to ArcGIS, and the lineament density was estimated using Spatial Analyst Tools (density and line density).

Figure 6 Map of the lineament density of the study area.
Figure 6

Map of the lineament density of the study area.

3.1.5 Land use – land cover

LULC map (Figure 7) was prepared using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C1 Level-1 available online from https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/infiltration-and-water-cycle?qtscience_centerobjects=0#qt-science_center_objects. A supervised classification was performed using the maximum likelihood classifier, which is one of the most popular supervised classification methods used with RS image data.

Figure 7 Map of LULC.
Figure 7

Map of LULC.

This parametric classifier depends on the second-order statistics of a Gaussian probability density function model for every class [36]. This classification considers that the statistics for a particular class in each band is normally distributed and calculates the probability that a given pixel corresponds to a precise class [37].

3.1.6 Soil types

Soil has a significant control on the infiltration and accumulation rates [38]; soil grain size, shape, and arrangement and the corresponding pore system can highly affect the vertical and lateral water movement [31]. The soil map (Figure 8) was obtained from the digital soil map of the Tensift region; the map was then classified and reclassified into five main classes.

Figure 8 Map of soil of the study area.
Figure 8

Map of soil of the study area.

3.1.7 Hydrographic typology

The hydrological parameters from the spatial analysis tools were derived to produce the stream order map prepared from DEM data, and the watershed system is a hierarchical and structured group of permanent or temporary streams that provide drainage from upstream to downstream. The main surface water is watershed. In the dry season, water gathering is used for human life, livestock, and other purposes. This order is a way of identifying and classifying types of watercourses according to their number of tributaries. Certain characteristics of watercourses can be easily guessed from their order. The hydrographic network was modeled using ArcHydroTools and ArcMap using an eight-step protocol [39,40] (Figure 9).

Figure 9 Map of the hydrographic typology of the study area.
Figure 9

Map of the hydrographic typology of the study area.

3.2 Factors influencing the potential choice of dams

When various criteria need to be considered, one of the most commonly used methods is MCA, which has been based on soft-computing technique for identifying a suitable dam site. One of the main rules of MCA is to estimate a relative weight for each criterion, rather than assuming the same weight for all criteria [41] and then compares two or more alternatives. The main procedures most commonly used in achieving multicriteria evaluation, known as weighted linear combination, and as factors or nonexclusionary criteria, are standardized to a common numerical range and afterward are combined using a weighted average [42].

The accumulation index (A i ) results from the weighting, evaluation, and expression of the role of each parameter and its participation in water storage. The model used in this study is based on the concept of weighted averages, and it is prepared by multiplying the weight of the factor by its consistent membership score (equation (1)) [43]. The new weighting was used to generate the equation below:

(1) A i = ∑ i = 1 n C i × W i ,

where A i is the accumulation index; C i is the rating for each factor from 1 to 10; and W i is the weight of the parameter.

The lithology, land use and vegetation cover, hydrographical typology, slope, soil, lineaments, and rainfall were taken as the seven factors influencing the water storage from the point of view of the above literature. The parameters were classified, weighted, and reclassified.

3.2.1 Determining weighting

The determination of the weight of a parameter is based on an analysis of the interparameter effects: one point is assigned for each major effect and a half-point for each minor effect [44]. The weight of each factor was then equal to the sum of its effects on others (equation (2)) [45].

(2) W i = E M + E m ,

where E M is the major effect and E m is the minor effect.

For each factor, the contribution (Tc i ) to the potential storage is equal to the percentage of the accumulation index of the sum of the indices of all factors (equation (3)).

(3) Tc i = A i ∑ A i × 100 ,

where Tc is the contribution r of parameter i and A i is the accumulation index of parameter i.

Identification and delineation of a suitable site for surface water in the study area are implemented through a weighted overlay process and a combination of the seven thematic maps using the spatial analyst tools (Analyst Map Algebra/Raster Calculator) module in the ArcMap software package ArcGIS.

3.2.2 Integration of thematic layers

The thematic maps showed the rating of the various factors and each map was multiplied by the contribution of each factor [46]; the map of a suitable site for surface water in Tensift watershed is produced using the following equation (equation (4)):

(4) MpD = ∑ CpF i × W i × Tc i ,

where MpD is the map of factor i; CpF i is the map of parameter i as a function of its ratings; Tc i is the contribution of factor i; and W i is the weight of factor i.

All the thematic maps or factors were integrated applying weighted overlay analysis in a GIS environment (Arc Map 10.7 software) to produce the resultant map.

4 Result

Table 3 shows the recommended final weights to generate the MCA after revising and moderating the weights of seven maps. The revised weighting attempted to balance and mitigate any over- or underestimation of the thematic layers that influence the dam suitability location. Figure 10 shows the synthesis map of suitability sites for surface water harvesting structures was divided into five classes: poor, moderate, good, very good, and excellent suitability.

Table 3

Assignment of weight for the feature classes of individual parameter

Parameters Rating (C i ) Weight (W i ) Rating × weight Accumulation index Percentage of contribution (Tx i )
Lithology 10 5 50 130 23%
8 40
6 30
4 20
2 10
Lineaments 10 2 20 60 10%
8 16
6 12
4 8
2 4
LULC 10 5 50 130 23%
8 40
6 30
4 20
2 10
Slope 10 4 40 120 21%
8 32
6 24
4 16
2 8
Rainfall 10 1.5 15 45 8%
8 12
6 9
4 6
2 3
Soil type 10 3 30 90 16%
8 24
6 18
4 12
Hydrographic typology 2 4.5 6 135 19%
10 45
8 36
6 27
4 18
2 9
Figure 10 Synthesis map of the potential dam sites classification.
Figure 10

Synthesis map of the potential dam sites classification.

To exploit the approach set out in Table 3, the layers prepared with their weight are superimposed in the GIS to identify the applicable water harvesting sites. The resulting layers are in vector format; the first step in the data conversion is “rasterization” to convert the various lines and the coverage of the polygons into a matrix format. Then, the reclassification of all raster files is processed, as well as the scale value of each unit.

The factors influencing accumulation were initially studied individually and then integrated and compiled using GIS to obtain a synthesis map of the potential water harvesting.

The lithology thematic map illustrated different lithological facies; Table 4 shows the geological data for the study area extracted from various sources: metamorphic rocks, acids plutonic rocks, carbonate sedimentary rocks, mixed sedimentary rocks, and siliciclastic sedimentary and unconsolidated sediments (Figure 3).

Table 4

Data used in this research and their sources

Data Source Thematic layer
Satellite image Landsat 8 Oli/TIRS C1 level-1 USGS Land use land cove
Existing maps ABHT Rainfall
Geological map of the Tensift (1/500,000) Lithological
Lineament density
Soil map of the Tensift Soil type
Digital elevation model (DEM) USGS Slope
Hydrographic typology

The overall characteristics of the average annual rainfall are that it has the highest levels on the southward parts; the interval defined in this study is <100–550 mm/year (Figure 5).

Five soil categories were adopted: uneroded soils, young alluvial deposits, mollisols aridisols, isohumic soil, and vertis (Figure 8).

Water, vegetated area, urban area, barren soil, and relief are the main land use and land cover (LULC) types in the study area (Figure 7). However, the barren soil/relief use represents only the biggest percentage of the LULC types.

The lineament density in the basin varies from <3 km/km2 to >40 km/km2 (Figure 6), and high lineament densities are situated at the southeast and north parts of the study area. The presence of fractures usually involves a permeable zone. A high density of lineaments is likely to promote water infiltration [47] (Figure 6).

Five slope classes identified in the present study vary from <2% to >35%. Table 2 shows the slopes with gradients ranging (Figure 4).

The slope, lithology, LULC, rainfall, hydrographic typology, soil, and lineament density were considered as the seven factors influencing water accumulation from the point of view of the literature. These parameters were classified, weighted, and reclassified. The main factors have been considered, and the ratings were assigned on a scale of (0–10). In addition, the characteristic classes of each parameter were weighted quantitatively as low (weight = 2–4), moderate (weight = 4–6), high (weight = 6–8), and very high (weight = 8–10). The ratings are based on the reaction of thematic layers to the accumulation of surface water and on the advice of the experts.

5 Discussion

RS data and GIS data were compiled to compose the thematic layers that were then allocated appropriate weightage through the MCA technique. According to the surface water potential locations map, the results show that the spatial distribution of the excellent (5%), very good (9%), and good (17%) aptitude classes is established in the northeast and central parts of the westward zone, and the average is located in the center of the zone. Study and weak are located south of the map; the area of moderate (25%) to poor (44%) suitability is situated in the south and southwest zone. The moderate potential areas are characterized by permeable geological and quaternary, with high slopes constituting plain and depression terraces. For areas to be rejected are characterized by a high density of lineaments in these areas favored porosity and increased overall permeability. The characterized soils of areas rejected are of iso-humic class with brown, and Sierozem soils. The nature of this type of soil has increased its permeability. On the other hand, in the north-east and in the centre the terrain is often impermeable with rocky outcrops and low density of lineaments, which induces a strong potential for dam construction.

The criteria have been followed for a selected suitable site for various water-harvesting structures, as mentioned in Table 5 and are different from percolation tanks areas used for groundwater recharge; therefore, the areas are unsuitable for RWH and dam projects are suitable for groundwater recharge.

Table 5

The criteria for selecting areas suitable for water harvesting and groundwater recharge

Water-harvesting structures (dams) Groundwater recharge
The slope should be less than 15% The slope should be less than 10%
The land use may be barren land, shrub land, and riverbed The infiltration rate of the soil should be moderately high
The infiltration rate of the soil should be less The land use/cover may be barren or scrub land
The type of soil should be sandy clay loam The type of soil should be silt loam

The approach followed in this study allows to carry out an empirical model to determine the areas favorable to RWH selected by a specialized MCA based on the choice of parameters governing the precipitation accumulation, their degree of influence, and their possible relationships. Water-harvesting structures are a major component of the watershed development and store water, but they can also be used to recharge groundwater [48]. Storage structures require a substantial investment, and it is, therefore, important to define the appropriate location of these structures before their construction. Decision making and planning regarding the number and type of water storage structures assembled using RS and GIS approach are extremely important to avoid huge investments [22].

Validation of the model consisted of comparing observed data with the simulated data. The study was conducted using a preexisting dam to analyze the accuracy of model MCA adapted to rain water harvesting (RWH). The principal objective is to use this new approach in long term, as a decision-support tool in planning future small dam projects and groundwater recharge.

The Lalla Takerkoust dam, located about 35 km southwest of Marrakech, was built between 1929 and 1935 for irrigation and hydropower production. It is built on the N’fis river, which has its source in the High Atlas chain and is a tributary of the Tensift river.

As confirmation, XY coordinates of the Lalla Takerkoust dam (Figure 11) fall under high and moderate zones, thereby validating the approach and the study. This study was conducted and validated and fulfils the water needs in light of sustainable development.

Figure 11 Validation criteria map.
Figure 11

Validation criteria map.

6 Conclusion

Generally, the hydrological context of Morocco is mostly influenced by an annual irregularity and a very marked interannual variability in the rainfall characterized by a heterogeneous distribution. Given this variability in water availability both within and between years, there is no alternative but to control and store surface water during wet periods in order to be able to use it throughout the year to follow an effective policy for the mobilization and management of water resources.

The new approach is a methodological contribution to a research effort to promote a more accurate implantation of small dams through the Tensift system. This approach can be one of the techniques for collecting runoff and sediment in arid to semi-arid regions where the annual average precipitation is low and where crops cannot grow without additional water. In this regard, the study has contributed to define suitable dam sites in the Tensift region, helping decision makers choose the best sites to build dams. The suitable dam site will be decided mainly based on the environmental conditions while irrigation water supply is put as the main usage of these dams.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Allafta H, Opp C, Patra S. Identification of groundwater potential zones using remote sensing and gis techniques: a case study of the shatt al-arab basin. Remote Sens. 2021;13:112. s Note: MDPI stays neu-tral with regard to jurisdictional clai-ms in …, 2020.10.3390/rs13010112Search in Google Scholar

[2] Singh P, Thakur JK, Kumar S. Delineating groundwater potential zones in a hard-rock terrain using geospatial tool. Hydrol Sci J. 2013;58(1):213–23.10.1080/02626667.2012.745644Search in Google Scholar

[3] Opp C, Wagemann J, Banadjschafie S, Abbasi H. Aral sea syndrome and lake urmia crisis – a comparison of causes, effects and strategies for problem solutions. Geoparks Geo-Tourism Iran; Dittmann A, Ed. 2017;169–83.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Reed D. Water, security and US foreign policy, 1st ed. Routledge: Taylor & Francis; 2017. 10.4324/9781315168272.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Jozaghi A, Alizadeh B, Hatami M, Flood I, Khorrami M, Khodaei N, et al. Comparative study of the AHP and TOPSIS techniques for dam site selection using GIS: a case study of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. Geosciences. 2018;8(12):494.10.3390/geosciences8120494Search in Google Scholar

[6] Kumar MG, Agarwal AK, Bali R. Delineation of potential sites for water harvesting structures using remote sensing and GIS. J Indian Soc Remote Sens. 2008;36(4):323–34.10.1007/s12524-008-0033-zSearch in Google Scholar

[7] Al-Adamat R, AlAyyash S, Al-Amoush H, Al-Meshan O, Rawajfih Z, Shdeifat A. The combination of indigenous knowledge and geo-informatics for water harvesting siting in the Jordanian Badia. J Geogr Inf Syst. 2012;4(4):11. 10.4236/jgis.2012.44042.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Prinz D. Rainwater harvesting for dry land agriculture-Developing a methodology based on remote sensing and GIS. In Proceeding XIII. International Congress Agricultural Engineering, 02 June 1998. Rabat, Morocco; 1998.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Ghani MW, Arshad M, Shabbir A, Shakoor A, Mehmood N, Ahmad I. Investigation of potential water harvesting sites at Potohar using modeling approach. Pakistan J Agric Sci. 2013;50(4):723–9.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Al-Adamat R. GIS as a decision support system for siting water harvesting ponds in the Basalt Aquifer/NE Jordan. J Environ Assess Policy Manag. 2008;10(02):189–206.10.1142/S1464333208003020Search in Google Scholar

[11] De Winnaar G, Jewitt GPW, Horan M. A GIS-based approach for identifying potential runoff harvesting sites in the Thukela River basin, South Africa. Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C. 2007;32(15–18):1058–67.10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.009Search in Google Scholar

[12] Oweis TY, Prinz D, Hachum AY. Rainwater harvesting for agriculture in the dry areas. CRC press; 2012.10.1201/b12351Search in Google Scholar

[13] Machiwal D, Jha MK, Mal BC. Assessment of groundwater potential in a semi-arid region of India using remote sensing, GIS and MCDM techniques. Water Resour Manag. 2011;25(5):1359–86.10.1007/s11269-010-9749-ySearch in Google Scholar

[14] Chehbouni A, Escadafal R, Duchemin B, Boulet G, Simonneaux V, Dedieu G, et al. An integrated modelling and remote sensing approach for hydrological study in arid and semi-arid regions: the SUDMED Programme. Int J Remote Sens. 2008;29(17–18):5161–81.10.1080/01431160802036417Search in Google Scholar

[15] Moukhchane M. Contribution à l’étude des réservoirs aquifères profonds de la bordure nord de l’Atlas entre Demnat et Imin’Tanout (Maroc) Éditeur inconnu; 1983.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Kite GW, Pietroniro A. Remote sensing applications in hydrological modelling. Hydrol Sci J. 1996;41(4):563–91.10.1080/02626669609491526Search in Google Scholar

[17] Chen B, Chen JM, Mo G, Yuen C-W, Margolis H, Higuchi K., et al. Modeling and scaling coupled energy, water, and carbon fluxes based on remote sensing: An application to Canada s landmass. J Hydrometeorol. 2007;8(2):123–43.10.1175/JHM566.1Search in Google Scholar

[18] Forzieri G, Gardenti M, Caparrini F, Castelli F. A methodology for the pre-selection of suitable sites for surface and underground small dams in arid areas: a case study in the region of Kidal, Mali. Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C. 2008;33(1–2):74–85.10.1016/j.pce.2007.04.014Search in Google Scholar

[19] Abushandi E, Merkel B. Rainfall estimation over the Wadi Dhuliel arid catchment, Jordan from GSMaP_MVK+. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Discuss. 2011;8(1):1665–704.10.5194/hessd-8-1665-2011Search in Google Scholar

[20] Mahmoud SH. Investigation of rainfall–runoff modeling for Egypt by using remote sensing and GIS integration. Catena. 2014;120:111–21.10.1016/j.catena.2014.04.011Search in Google Scholar

[21] Mati B, De Bock T, Malesu M, Khaka E, Oduor A, Meshack M, et al. Mapping the potential of rainwater harvesting technologies in Africa. A GIS Overv Dev domains Cont ten Sel countries Tech Man. 2006;6:126.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Singh JP, Singh D, Litoria PK. Selection of suitable sites for water harvesting structures in Soankhad watershed, Punjab using remote sensing and geographical information system (RS&GIS) approach – a case study. J Indian Soc Remote Sens. 2009;37(1):21–35.10.1007/s12524-009-0009-7Search in Google Scholar

[23] Sanyal J, Lu XX. Application of remote sensing in flood management with special reference to monsoon Asia: a review. Nat Hazards. 2004;33(2):283–301.10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000037035.65105.95Search in Google Scholar

[24] Salih SA, Al-Tarif ASM, Using of GIS spatial analyses to study the selected location for dam reservoir on wadi Al-Jirnaf, West of Shirqat area, Iraq. J Geogr Inf Syst. 2012;4(2):18764. 10.4236/jgis.2012.42016.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Ramakrishnan D, Bandyopadhyay A, Kusuma KN. SCS-CN and GIS-based approach for identifying potential water harvesting sites in the Kali Watershed, Mahi River Basin, India. J earth Syst Sci. 2009;118(4):355–68.10.1007/s12040-009-0034-5Search in Google Scholar

[26] Clark MJ. Putting water in its place: a perspective on GIS in hydrology and water management. Hydrol Process. 1998;12(6):823–34.10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199805)12:6<823::AID-HYP656>3.0.CO;2-ZSearch in Google Scholar

[27] Tolche AD. Groundwater potential mapping using geospatial techniques: a case study of Dhungeta-Ramis sub-basin, Ethiopia. Geol Ecol Landscapes. 2021;5(1):65–80.10.1080/24749508.2020.1728882Search in Google Scholar

[28] Mogaji KA. Combining geophysical techniques and multi-criteria GIS-based application modeling approach for groundwater potential assessment in southwestern Nigeria. Environ Earth Sci. 2016;75(16):1–20.10.1007/s12665-016-5897-6Search in Google Scholar

[29] Razandi Y, Pourghasemi HR, Neisani NS, Rahmati O. Application of analytical hierarchy process, frequency ratio, and certainty factor models for groundwater potential mapping using GIS. Earth Sci Informatics. 2015;8(4):867–83.10.1007/s12145-015-0220-8Search in Google Scholar

[30] Lakshmi SV, Ramalakshmi M, Rakshith RK, Christobel MJ, Kumar PP, Priyadharshini B, et al. An integration of geospatial technology and standard precipitation index (SPI) for drought vulnerability assessment for a part of Namakkal district, South India. Mater Today Proc. 2020;33:1206–11.10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.157Search in Google Scholar

[31] Gebhardt H, Glaser R, Radtke U, Reuber P, Vött A, editors. Geographie: physische geographie und humangeographie. Elsevier; 2007. p. 324–30.Search in Google Scholar

[32] Philip GM, Watson DF. A precise method for determining contoured surfaces. APPEA J. 1982;22(1):205–12.10.1071/AJ81016Search in Google Scholar

[33] Sander P. Lineaments in groundwater exploration: a review of applications and limitations. Hydrogeol J. 2007;15(1):71–4.10.1007/s10040-006-0138-9Search in Google Scholar

[34] Lagarde JL, Choukroune P. Cisaillement ductile et granitoides syntectoniques; l’exemple du Massif Hercynien des Jebilet (Maroc). Bull la Société Géologique Fr. 1982;7(2):299–307.10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-XXIV.2.299Search in Google Scholar

[35] De Koning G. Geologie des Ida ou Zal (Maroc) Stratigraphie, petrographie et tectonique de la partie SW du bloc occidental du massif ancien du Haut Atlas. Leidse Geol Meded. 1957;23(1):1–209.Search in Google Scholar

[36] Dean AM, Smith GM. An evaluation of per-parcel land cover mapping using maximum likelihood class probabilities. Int J Remote Sens. 2003;24(14):2905–20.10.1080/01431160210155910Search in Google Scholar

[37] Mei A, Manzo C, Fontinovo G, Bassani C, Allegrini A, Petracchini F. Assessment of land cover changes in Lampedusa Island (Italy) using Landsat TM and OLI data. J African Earth Sci. 2016;122:15–24.10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.05.014Search in Google Scholar

[38] Anbazhagan S, Ramasamy SM, Das Gupta S. Remote sensing and GIS for artificial recharge study, runoff estimation and planning in Ayyar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Geol. 2005;48(2):158–70.10.1007/s00254-005-1284-4Search in Google Scholar

[39] ESRI, Arc Hydro tools–tutorial; 2005.Search in Google Scholar

[40] Merwade V, Watershed and stream network delineation using ArcHydro tools, URL http//web ics purdue edu/∼ vmerwade/education/terrain_processing pdf, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

[41] Banai-Kashani R. A new method for site suitability analysis: the analytic hierarchy process. Environ Manage. 1989;13(6):685–93.10.1007/BF01868308Search in Google Scholar

[42] Eastman JR, IDRISI Kilimanjaro: guide to GIS and image processing; 2003. Idrisi Production ©1987-2003 Clark University Manual Version 14.00.Search in Google Scholar

[43] Armbruster JT. An infiltration index useful in estimating low-flow characteristics of drainage basins. J Res USGS. 1976;4(5):533–8.Search in Google Scholar

[44] Shaban A, Khawlie M, Kheir RB, Abdallah C. Assessment of road instability along a typical mountainous road using GIS and aerial photos, Lebanon–eastern Mediterranean. Bull Eng Geol Environ. 2001;60(2):93–101.10.1007/s100640000092Search in Google Scholar

[45] Magesh NS, Chandrasekar N, Soundranayagam JP. Delineation of groundwater potential zones in Theni district, Tamil Nadu, using remote sensing, GIS and MIF techniques. Geosci Front. 2012;3(2):189–96.10.1016/j.gsf.2011.10.007Search in Google Scholar

[46] El Mekki OA, Laftouhi N-E. Combination of a geographical information system and remote sensing data to map groundwater recharge potential in arid to semi-arid areas: the Haouz Plain, Morocco. Earth Sci Informatics. 2016;9(4):465–79.10.1007/s12145-016-0268-0Search in Google Scholar

[47] Haridas VR, Aravindan S, Girish G. Remote sensing and its applications for groundwater favourable area identification. Q J GARC. 1998;6(6):18–22.Search in Google Scholar

[48] Ahmad I, Verma MK. Application of RS & GIS in estimation of sub-basin runoff potential using HEC HMS. Int J Appl Eng Res. 2015;10(20):41243–48.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2021-04-15
Revised: 2021-08-25
Accepted: 2021-10-27
Published Online: 2021-12-04

© 2021 Fatima Ezzahra El Ghazali et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Lithopetrographic and geochemical features of the Saalian tills in the Szczerców outcrop (Poland) in various deformation settings
  3. Spatiotemporal change of land use for deceased in Beijing since the mid-twentieth century
  4. Geomorphological immaturity as a factor conditioning the dynamics of channel processes in Rządza River
  5. Modeling of dense well block point bar architecture based on geological vector information: A case study of the third member of Quantou Formation in Songliao Basin
  6. Predicting the gas resource potential in reservoir C-sand interval of Lower Goru Formation, Middle Indus Basin, Pakistan
  7. Study on the viscoelastic–viscoplastic model of layered siltstone using creep test and RBF neural network
  8. Assessment of Chlorophyll-a concentration from Sentinel-3 satellite images at the Mediterranean Sea using CMEMS open source in situ data
  9. Spatiotemporal evolution of single sandbodies controlled by allocyclicity and autocyclicity in the shallow-water braided river delta front of an open lacustrine basin
  10. Research and application of seismic porosity inversion method for carbonate reservoir based on Gassmann’s equation
  11. Impulse noise treatment in magnetotelluric inversion
  12. Application of multivariate regression on magnetic data to determine further drilling site for iron exploration
  13. Comparative application of photogrammetry, handmapping and android smartphone for geotechnical mapping and slope stability analysis
  14. Geochemistry of the black rock series of lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation, SW Yangtze Block, China: Reconstruction of sedimentary and tectonic environments
  15. The timing of Barleik Formation and its implication for the Devonian tectonic evolution of Western Junggar, NW China
  16. Risk assessment of geological disasters in Nyingchi, Tibet
  17. Effect of microbial combination with organic fertilizer on Elymus dahuricus
  18. An OGC web service geospatial data semantic similarity model for improving geospatial service discovery
  19. Subsurface structure investigation of the United Arab Emirates using gravity data
  20. Shallow geophysical and hydrological investigations to identify groundwater contamination in Wadi Bani Malik dam area Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  21. Consideration of hyperspectral data in intraspecific variation (spectrotaxonomy) in Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC, Saudi Arabia
  22. Characteristics and evaluation of the Upper Paleozoic source rocks in the Southern North China Basin
  23. Geospatial assessment of wetland soils for rice production in Ajibode using geospatial techniques
  24. Input/output inconsistencies of daily evapotranspiration conducted empirically using remote sensing data in arid environments
  25. Geotechnical profiling of a surface mine waste dump using 2D Wenner–Schlumberger configuration
  26. Forest cover assessment using remote-sensing techniques in Crete Island, Greece
  27. Stability of an abandoned siderite mine: A case study in northern Spain
  28. Assessment of the SWAT model in simulating watersheds in arid regions: Case study of the Yarmouk River Basin (Jordan)
  29. The spatial distribution characteristics of Nb–Ta of mafic rocks in subduction zones
  30. Comparison of hydrological model ensemble forecasting based on multiple members and ensemble methods
  31. Extraction of fractional vegetation cover in arid desert area based on Chinese GF-6 satellite
  32. Detection and modeling of soil salinity variations in arid lands using remote sensing data
  33. Monitoring and simulating the distribution of phytoplankton in constructed wetlands based on SPOT 6 images
  34. Is there an equality in the spatial distribution of urban vitality: A case study of Wuhan in China
  35. Considering the geological significance in data preprocessing and improving the prediction accuracy of hot springs by deep learning
  36. Comparing LiDAR and SfM digital surface models for three land cover types
  37. East Asian monsoon during the past 10,000 years recorded by grain size of Yangtze River delta
  38. Influence of diagenetic features on petrophysical properties of fine-grained rocks of Oligocene strata in the Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
  39. Impact of wall movements on the location of passive Earth thrust
  40. Ecological risk assessment of toxic metal pollution in the industrial zone on the northern slope of the East Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, NW China
  41. Seasonal color matching method of ornamental plants in urban landscape construction
  42. Influence of interbedded rock association and fracture characteristics on gas accumulation in the lower Silurian Shiniulan formation, Northern Guizhou Province
  43. Spatiotemporal variation in groundwater level within the Manas River Basin, Northwest China: Relative impacts of natural and human factors
  44. GIS and geographical analysis of the main harbors in the world
  45. Laboratory test and numerical simulation of composite geomembrane leakage in plain reservoir
  46. Structural deformation characteristics of the Lower Yangtze area in South China and its structural physical simulation experiments
  47. Analysis on vegetation cover changes and the driving factors in the mid-lower reaches of Hanjiang River Basin between 2001 and 2015
  48. Extraction of road boundary from MLS data using laser scanner ground trajectory
  49. Research on the improvement of single tree segmentation algorithm based on airborne LiDAR point cloud
  50. Research on the conservation and sustainable development strategies of modern historical heritage in the Dabie Mountains based on GIS
  51. Cenozoic paleostress field of tectonic evolution in Qaidam Basin, northern Tibet
  52. Sedimentary facies, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
  53. Water deep mapping from HJ-1B satellite data by a deep network model in the sea area of Pearl River Estuary, China
  54. Identifying the density of grassland fire points with kernel density estimation based on spatial distribution characteristics
  55. A machine learning-driven stochastic simulation of underground sulfide distribution with multiple constraints
  56. Origin of the low-medium temperature hot springs around Nanjing, China
  57. LCBRG: A lane-level road cluster mining algorithm with bidirectional region growing
  58. Constructing 3D geological models based on large-scale geological maps
  59. Crops planting structure and karst rocky desertification analysis by Sentinel-1 data
  60. Physical, geochemical, and clay mineralogical properties of unstable soil slopes in the Cameron Highlands
  61. Estimation of total groundwater reserves and delineation of weathered/fault zones for aquifer potential: A case study from the Federal District of Brazil
  62. Characteristic and paleoenvironment significance of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) in terrestrial facies across P-T boundary in Western Henan Province, North China
  63. Experimental study on the behavior of MSE wall having full-height rigid facing and segmental panel-type wall facing
  64. Prediction of total landslide volume in watershed scale under rainfall events using a probability model
  65. Toward rainfall prediction by machine learning in Perfume River Basin, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam
  66. A PLSR model to predict soil salinity using Sentinel-2 MSI data
  67. Compressive strength and thermal properties of sand–bentonite mixture
  68. Age of the lower Cambrian Vanadium deposit, East Guizhou, South China: Evidences from age of tuff and carbon isotope analysis along the Bagong section
  69. Identification and logging evaluation of poor reservoirs in X Oilfield
  70. Geothermal resource potential assessment of Erdaobaihe, Changbaishan volcanic field: Constraints from geophysics
  71. Geochemical and petrographic characteristics of sediments along the transboundary (Kenya–Tanzania) Umba River as indicators of provenance and weathering
  72. Production of a homogeneous seismic catalog based on machine learning for northeast Egypt
  73. Analysis of transport path and source distribution of winter air pollution in Shenyang
  74. Triaxial creep tests of glacitectonically disturbed stiff clay – structural, strength, and slope stability aspects
  75. Effect of groundwater fluctuation, construction, and retaining system on slope stability of Avas Hill in Hungary
  76. Spatial modeling of ground subsidence susceptibility along Al-Shamal train pathway in Saudi Arabia
  77. Pore throat characteristics of tight reservoirs by a combined mercury method: A case study of the member 2 of Xujiahe Formation in Yingshan gasfield, North Sichuan Basin
  78. Geochemistry of the mudrocks and sandstones from the Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa: Implications for tectonic provenance and paleoweathering
  79. Apriori association rule and K-means clustering algorithms for interpretation of pre-event landslide areas and landslide inventory mapping
  80. Lithology classification of volcanic rocks based on conventional logging data of machine learning: A case study of the eastern depression of Liaohe oil field
  81. Sequence stratigraphy and coal accumulation model of the Taiyuan Formation in the Tashan Mine, Datong Basin, China
  82. Influence of thick soft superficial layers of seabed on ground motion and its treatment suggestions for site response analysis
  83. Monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water body of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir using Landsat-5/7/8 imagery and Google Earth Engine
  84. Research on the traditional zoning, evolution, and integrated conservation of village cultural landscapes based on “production-living-ecology spaces” – A case study of villages in Meicheng, Guangdong, China
  85. A prediction method for water enrichment in aquifer based on GIS and coupled AHP–entropy model
  86. Earthflow reactivation assessment by multichannel analysis of surface waves and electrical resistivity tomography: A case study
  87. Geologic structures associated with gold mineralization in the Kirk Range area in Southern Malawi
  88. Research on the impact of expressway on its peripheral land use in Hunan Province, China
  89. Concentrations of heavy metals in PM2.5 and health risk assessment around Chinese New Year in Dalian, China
  90. Origin of carbonate cements in deep sandstone reservoirs and its significance for hydrocarbon indication: A case of Shahejie Formation in Dongying Sag
  91. Coupling the K-nearest neighbors and locally weighted linear regression with ensemble Kalman filter for data-driven data assimilation
  92. Multihazard susceptibility assessment: A case study – Municipality of Štrpce (Southern Serbia)
  93. A full-view scenario model for urban waterlogging response in a big data environment
  94. Elemental geochemistry of the Middle Jurassic shales in the northern Qaidam Basin, northwestern China: Constraints for tectonics and paleoclimate
  95. Geometric similarity of the twin collapsed glaciers in the west Tibet
  96. Improved gas sand facies classification and enhanced reservoir description based on calibrated rock physics modelling: A case study
  97. Utilization of dolerite waste powder for improving geotechnical parameters of compacted clay soil
  98. Geochemical characterization of the source rock intervals, Beni-Suef Basin, West Nile Valley, Egypt
  99. Satellite-based evaluation of temporal change in cultivated land in Southern Punjab (Multan region) through dynamics of vegetation and land surface temperature
  100. Ground motion of the Ms7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake
  101. Shale types and sedimentary environments of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Member 1 of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in western Hubei Province, China
  102. An era of Sentinels in flood management: Potential of Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 satellites for effective flood management
  103. Water quality assessment and spatial–temporal variation analysis in Erhai lake, southwest China
  104. Dynamic analysis of particulate pollution in haze in Harbin city, Northeast China
  105. Comparison of statistical and analytical hierarchy process methods on flood susceptibility mapping: In a case study of the Lake Tana sub-basin in northwestern Ethiopia
  106. Performance comparison of the wavenumber and spatial domain techniques for mapping basement reliefs from gravity data
  107. Spatiotemporal evolution of ecological environment quality in arid areas based on the remote sensing ecological distance index: A case study of Yuyang district in Yulin city, China
  108. Petrogenesis and tectonic significance of the Mengjiaping beschtauite in the southern Taihang mountains
  109. Review Articles
  110. The significance of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis on the microstructure of improved clay: An overview
  111. A review of some nonexplosive alternative methods to conventional rock blasting
  112. Retrieval of digital elevation models from Sentinel-1 radar data – open applications, techniques, and limitations
  113. A review of genetic classification and characteristics of soil cracks
  114. Potential CO2 forcing and Asian summer monsoon precipitation trends during the last 2,000 years
  115. Erratum
  116. Erratum to “Calibration of the depth invariant algorithm to monitor the tidal action of Rabigh City at the Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia”
  117. Rapid Communication
  118. Individual tree detection using UAV-lidar and UAV-SfM data: A tutorial for beginners
  119. Technical Note
  120. Construction and application of the 3D geo-hazard monitoring and early warning platform
  121. Enhancing the success of new dams implantation under semi-arid climate, based on a multicriteria analysis approach: Case of Marrakech region (Central Morocco)
  122. TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPES - Koper 2019
  123. The “changing actor” and the transformation of landscapes
https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0313
Keywords for this article
multicriteria analysis; geographic information system and remote sensing; dam; water-harvesting structures.
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Lithopetrographic and geochemical features of the Saalian tills in the Szczerców outcrop (Poland) in various deformation settings
  3. Spatiotemporal change of land use for deceased in Beijing since the mid-twentieth century
  4. Geomorphological immaturity as a factor conditioning the dynamics of channel processes in Rządza River
  5. Modeling of dense well block point bar architecture based on geological vector information: A case study of the third member of Quantou Formation in Songliao Basin
  6. Predicting the gas resource potential in reservoir C-sand interval of Lower Goru Formation, Middle Indus Basin, Pakistan
  7. Study on the viscoelastic–viscoplastic model of layered siltstone using creep test and RBF neural network
  8. Assessment of Chlorophyll-a concentration from Sentinel-3 satellite images at the Mediterranean Sea using CMEMS open source in situ data
  9. Spatiotemporal evolution of single sandbodies controlled by allocyclicity and autocyclicity in the shallow-water braided river delta front of an open lacustrine basin
  10. Research and application of seismic porosity inversion method for carbonate reservoir based on Gassmann’s equation
  11. Impulse noise treatment in magnetotelluric inversion
  12. Application of multivariate regression on magnetic data to determine further drilling site for iron exploration
  13. Comparative application of photogrammetry, handmapping and android smartphone for geotechnical mapping and slope stability analysis
  14. Geochemistry of the black rock series of lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation, SW Yangtze Block, China: Reconstruction of sedimentary and tectonic environments
  15. The timing of Barleik Formation and its implication for the Devonian tectonic evolution of Western Junggar, NW China
  16. Risk assessment of geological disasters in Nyingchi, Tibet
  17. Effect of microbial combination with organic fertilizer on Elymus dahuricus
  18. An OGC web service geospatial data semantic similarity model for improving geospatial service discovery
  19. Subsurface structure investigation of the United Arab Emirates using gravity data
  20. Shallow geophysical and hydrological investigations to identify groundwater contamination in Wadi Bani Malik dam area Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  21. Consideration of hyperspectral data in intraspecific variation (spectrotaxonomy) in Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC, Saudi Arabia
  22. Characteristics and evaluation of the Upper Paleozoic source rocks in the Southern North China Basin
  23. Geospatial assessment of wetland soils for rice production in Ajibode using geospatial techniques
  24. Input/output inconsistencies of daily evapotranspiration conducted empirically using remote sensing data in arid environments
  25. Geotechnical profiling of a surface mine waste dump using 2D Wenner–Schlumberger configuration
  26. Forest cover assessment using remote-sensing techniques in Crete Island, Greece
  27. Stability of an abandoned siderite mine: A case study in northern Spain
  28. Assessment of the SWAT model in simulating watersheds in arid regions: Case study of the Yarmouk River Basin (Jordan)
  29. The spatial distribution characteristics of Nb–Ta of mafic rocks in subduction zones
  30. Comparison of hydrological model ensemble forecasting based on multiple members and ensemble methods
  31. Extraction of fractional vegetation cover in arid desert area based on Chinese GF-6 satellite
  32. Detection and modeling of soil salinity variations in arid lands using remote sensing data
  33. Monitoring and simulating the distribution of phytoplankton in constructed wetlands based on SPOT 6 images
  34. Is there an equality in the spatial distribution of urban vitality: A case study of Wuhan in China
  35. Considering the geological significance in data preprocessing and improving the prediction accuracy of hot springs by deep learning
  36. Comparing LiDAR and SfM digital surface models for three land cover types
  37. East Asian monsoon during the past 10,000 years recorded by grain size of Yangtze River delta
  38. Influence of diagenetic features on petrophysical properties of fine-grained rocks of Oligocene strata in the Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
  39. Impact of wall movements on the location of passive Earth thrust
  40. Ecological risk assessment of toxic metal pollution in the industrial zone on the northern slope of the East Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, NW China
  41. Seasonal color matching method of ornamental plants in urban landscape construction
  42. Influence of interbedded rock association and fracture characteristics on gas accumulation in the lower Silurian Shiniulan formation, Northern Guizhou Province
  43. Spatiotemporal variation in groundwater level within the Manas River Basin, Northwest China: Relative impacts of natural and human factors
  44. GIS and geographical analysis of the main harbors in the world
  45. Laboratory test and numerical simulation of composite geomembrane leakage in plain reservoir
  46. Structural deformation characteristics of the Lower Yangtze area in South China and its structural physical simulation experiments
  47. Analysis on vegetation cover changes and the driving factors in the mid-lower reaches of Hanjiang River Basin between 2001 and 2015
  48. Extraction of road boundary from MLS data using laser scanner ground trajectory
  49. Research on the improvement of single tree segmentation algorithm based on airborne LiDAR point cloud
  50. Research on the conservation and sustainable development strategies of modern historical heritage in the Dabie Mountains based on GIS
  51. Cenozoic paleostress field of tectonic evolution in Qaidam Basin, northern Tibet
  52. Sedimentary facies, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
  53. Water deep mapping from HJ-1B satellite data by a deep network model in the sea area of Pearl River Estuary, China
  54. Identifying the density of grassland fire points with kernel density estimation based on spatial distribution characteristics
  55. A machine learning-driven stochastic simulation of underground sulfide distribution with multiple constraints
  56. Origin of the low-medium temperature hot springs around Nanjing, China
  57. LCBRG: A lane-level road cluster mining algorithm with bidirectional region growing
  58. Constructing 3D geological models based on large-scale geological maps
  59. Crops planting structure and karst rocky desertification analysis by Sentinel-1 data
  60. Physical, geochemical, and clay mineralogical properties of unstable soil slopes in the Cameron Highlands
  61. Estimation of total groundwater reserves and delineation of weathered/fault zones for aquifer potential: A case study from the Federal District of Brazil
  62. Characteristic and paleoenvironment significance of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) in terrestrial facies across P-T boundary in Western Henan Province, North China
  63. Experimental study on the behavior of MSE wall having full-height rigid facing and segmental panel-type wall facing
  64. Prediction of total landslide volume in watershed scale under rainfall events using a probability model
  65. Toward rainfall prediction by machine learning in Perfume River Basin, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam
  66. A PLSR model to predict soil salinity using Sentinel-2 MSI data
  67. Compressive strength and thermal properties of sand–bentonite mixture
  68. Age of the lower Cambrian Vanadium deposit, East Guizhou, South China: Evidences from age of tuff and carbon isotope analysis along the Bagong section
  69. Identification and logging evaluation of poor reservoirs in X Oilfield
  70. Geothermal resource potential assessment of Erdaobaihe, Changbaishan volcanic field: Constraints from geophysics
  71. Geochemical and petrographic characteristics of sediments along the transboundary (Kenya–Tanzania) Umba River as indicators of provenance and weathering
  72. Production of a homogeneous seismic catalog based on machine learning for northeast Egypt
  73. Analysis of transport path and source distribution of winter air pollution in Shenyang
  74. Triaxial creep tests of glacitectonically disturbed stiff clay – structural, strength, and slope stability aspects
  75. Effect of groundwater fluctuation, construction, and retaining system on slope stability of Avas Hill in Hungary
  76. Spatial modeling of ground subsidence susceptibility along Al-Shamal train pathway in Saudi Arabia
  77. Pore throat characteristics of tight reservoirs by a combined mercury method: A case study of the member 2 of Xujiahe Formation in Yingshan gasfield, North Sichuan Basin
  78. Geochemistry of the mudrocks and sandstones from the Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa: Implications for tectonic provenance and paleoweathering
  79. Apriori association rule and K-means clustering algorithms for interpretation of pre-event landslide areas and landslide inventory mapping
  80. Lithology classification of volcanic rocks based on conventional logging data of machine learning: A case study of the eastern depression of Liaohe oil field
  81. Sequence stratigraphy and coal accumulation model of the Taiyuan Formation in the Tashan Mine, Datong Basin, China
  82. Influence of thick soft superficial layers of seabed on ground motion and its treatment suggestions for site response analysis
  83. Monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water body of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir using Landsat-5/7/8 imagery and Google Earth Engine
  84. Research on the traditional zoning, evolution, and integrated conservation of village cultural landscapes based on “production-living-ecology spaces” – A case study of villages in Meicheng, Guangdong, China
  85. A prediction method for water enrichment in aquifer based on GIS and coupled AHP–entropy model
  86. Earthflow reactivation assessment by multichannel analysis of surface waves and electrical resistivity tomography: A case study
  87. Geologic structures associated with gold mineralization in the Kirk Range area in Southern Malawi
  88. Research on the impact of expressway on its peripheral land use in Hunan Province, China
  89. Concentrations of heavy metals in PM2.5 and health risk assessment around Chinese New Year in Dalian, China
  90. Origin of carbonate cements in deep sandstone reservoirs and its significance for hydrocarbon indication: A case of Shahejie Formation in Dongying Sag
  91. Coupling the K-nearest neighbors and locally weighted linear regression with ensemble Kalman filter for data-driven data assimilation
  92. Multihazard susceptibility assessment: A case study – Municipality of Štrpce (Southern Serbia)
  93. A full-view scenario model for urban waterlogging response in a big data environment
  94. Elemental geochemistry of the Middle Jurassic shales in the northern Qaidam Basin, northwestern China: Constraints for tectonics and paleoclimate
  95. Geometric similarity of the twin collapsed glaciers in the west Tibet
  96. Improved gas sand facies classification and enhanced reservoir description based on calibrated rock physics modelling: A case study
  97. Utilization of dolerite waste powder for improving geotechnical parameters of compacted clay soil
  98. Geochemical characterization of the source rock intervals, Beni-Suef Basin, West Nile Valley, Egypt
  99. Satellite-based evaluation of temporal change in cultivated land in Southern Punjab (Multan region) through dynamics of vegetation and land surface temperature
  100. Ground motion of the Ms7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake
  101. Shale types and sedimentary environments of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Member 1 of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in western Hubei Province, China
  102. An era of Sentinels in flood management: Potential of Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 satellites for effective flood management
  103. Water quality assessment and spatial–temporal variation analysis in Erhai lake, southwest China
  104. Dynamic analysis of particulate pollution in haze in Harbin city, Northeast China
  105. Comparison of statistical and analytical hierarchy process methods on flood susceptibility mapping: In a case study of the Lake Tana sub-basin in northwestern Ethiopia
  106. Performance comparison of the wavenumber and spatial domain techniques for mapping basement reliefs from gravity data
  107. Spatiotemporal evolution of ecological environment quality in arid areas based on the remote sensing ecological distance index: A case study of Yuyang district in Yulin city, China
  108. Petrogenesis and tectonic significance of the Mengjiaping beschtauite in the southern Taihang mountains
  109. Review Articles
  110. The significance of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis on the microstructure of improved clay: An overview
  111. A review of some nonexplosive alternative methods to conventional rock blasting
  112. Retrieval of digital elevation models from Sentinel-1 radar data – open applications, techniques, and limitations
  113. A review of genetic classification and characteristics of soil cracks
  114. Potential CO2 forcing and Asian summer monsoon precipitation trends during the last 2,000 years
  115. Erratum
  116. Erratum to “Calibration of the depth invariant algorithm to monitor the tidal action of Rabigh City at the Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia”
  117. Rapid Communication
  118. Individual tree detection using UAV-lidar and UAV-SfM data: A tutorial for beginners
  119. Technical Note
  120. Construction and application of the 3D geo-hazard monitoring and early warning platform
  121. Enhancing the success of new dams implantation under semi-arid climate, based on a multicriteria analysis approach: Case of Marrakech region (Central Morocco)
  122. TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPES - Koper 2019
  123. The “changing actor” and the transformation of landscapes
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 25.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/geo-2020-0313/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button