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Concentrations of heavy metals in PM2.5 and health risk assessment around Chinese New Year in Dalian, China

  • Xiao Liang Zhao EMAIL logo , Gui Guo Jiang , Zi Ling Song , Bilal Touseef , Xue Ying Zhao , Yuan Yuan Huang , Meng Guo and Bandna Bharti
Published/Copyright: November 22, 2021
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Open Geosciences
From the journal Open Geosciences Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

Twelve samples of heavy metals were analyzed by using a 1108A-1 mid-current particle sampler in Dalian, Liaoning Province, for 31 days before and after the spring festival 2019. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals were decreased by more than 25% during the spring festival, which was probably due to the shutdown of the factories and the decrease in people’s travel. During the spring festival, the concentration of Ba was increased by 343.39% as compared to the concentration of Ba before the spring festival, which indicated that the fireworks had a great influence on the concentration of Ba. At the same time, this study also evaluated the health risk of heavy metals. For the heavy metals As, Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni, the lifetime cancer risk was found to be 2.13 × 10−4, 2.08 × 10−5, 8.64 × 10−7, 4.39 × 10−4 and 7.93 × 10−7, respectively. The lifetime cancer risk of As, Cd, and Cr exceeds the threshold range of cancer risk (10−6–10−4), indicating that they are carcinogenic to humans. Also, during the spring festival, the non-carcinogenic risk value of V exceeded the limit value of environmental protection agency (EPA), and the lifetime carcinogenic risk value of As, Cd, and Cr exceeded the threshold range of carcinogenic risk; hence, they need to be carefully monitored and controlled.

Keywords: PM2.5 ; heavy metal concentration; spring festival; health risk assessment; cancer risk; non-cancer risk

1 Introduction

During the past few years in China, due to the rapid increase in urbanization, industrialization, and economic growth, the existence of smog or haze episodes as reflected by the high fine particulate matter levels and reduced visibility has been spotlighted in national-scale China, particularly in the most advanced and highly populated cities [1]. Particulate matter (PM2.5) having a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm has been considered as major particulate air pollution. PM2.5 has been recognized as a potential carrier (because of its higher surface area to mass ratio) of biologically accessible transition metal or metalloids that can easily enter into the human body via ingestion, dermal contact absorption, and inhalation [2,3,4]. Atmospheric fine particulate matter has become the primary pollutant in most Chinese cities [5]. Generally, PM2.5 originates mainly from the sources such as dust blowing, organic matter burning, automobile exhaust, coal burning, metal smelting, regional transported aerosols, and other industrial processes [6,7,8,9,10,11]. However, still, it was challenging to identify the contributions from each source and to understand the mechanism for the formation of particulate matter [12,13]. Inorganic elements are an important part of atmospheric particulate matter, and most of them have the characteristics of refractory degradation and easy enrichment, which can cause functional obstacles to human organs and cause irreversible damage [14,15]. For example, exposure to high levels of arsenic for long periods of time can cause serious damage to the body and can even lead to lung and skin cancer [16]. Heavy metals in PM2.5 are mainly derived from road dust, traffic emissions, fuel combustion, and industrial processes [17,18].

Dalian is the largest port city in Northeast China, with an annual cargo throughput of 200 million tons. The Spring Festival is one of the most important festivals in China. In the traditional concept, in order to celebrate the Spring Festival, people set off a large number of fireworks and firecrackers during Spring Festival. Spring Festival generally refers to a total of 16 days from the 30th day of the lunar new year to the 15th day of the first month of the lunar new year. In recent years, the state has increased restrictions on the discharge of fireworks during the Spring Festival and advocated reducing the discharge of fireworks. However, there are still a lot of fireworks during the Spring Festival. Fireworks and firecrackers have a great impact on the concentration of PM2.5, and because of the harsh weather conditions in winter, air particulate matter pollution easily occurs. This causes some particularity in the PM2.5 concentration and heavy metal content during the spring festival [19]. At the same time, heavy metals in PM2.5 in the atmosphere can cause serious damage to people when they enter the body, and so, the primary task of air quality management is to study their sources and determine their sources [20]. According to a 2010 study, more than 200,000 people worldwide die each year from diseases caused by air pollution [21]. Meanwhile, the International Agency for research on cancer, the World Health Organization’s specialized cancer agency, officially listed outdoor air pollution as the first group of human carcinogens in October 2013 [22]. Therefore, the research on air pollution is very important. In recent years, most of the studies are primarily concentrated on the analysis of health risks for the preferred toxic elements that are released from specific sources [23,24]. But, there were some reports that have detected the main sources of the risk using the combination of the health risk assessment model and positive matrix factorization, and such research studies are still limited [25,26]. More importantly, there are a few studies on atmospheric PM2.5 and the concentration of heavy metals in Dalian

Therefore, based on this, a 31 day study was conducted in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China, during the 2019 spring festival. The concentrations of heavy metals in PM2.5 before and after the spring festival in Dalian were determined and a health risk assessment was conducted.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Sample collection

The longitude of Dalian is in between 120°58′ and 123°31′E and latitude is in between 38°43′ and 40°10′N. The topography of Dalian was characterized by the central height, and the east and west sides descend in steps to the seashore, forming the landform of the mountain and Hilly Peninsula. According to the national environmental protection standards of the People’s Republic of China (HJ618-2011), the sample was taken from the top of the 7th floor of a residential building in the Shahekou district of Dalian, about 24 m above ground level, with no buildings higher than 200 m in the vicinity. Dalian Locomotive Works was 500 m to the northwest of the sampling site, and the commercial center was about 200 m to the northeast side. The south and southwest are the residential areas. In general, the study area around the increased human activities and traffic can be considered as a region of high activity (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Sampling point of atmospheric deposit in Dalian.
Figure 1

Sampling point of atmospheric deposit in Dalian.

The sampling time was from January 22 to February 22, 2019, of which February 5, 2019, was New Year’s Day, and February 19, 2019, was the lantern festival. The medium flow intelligent particle sampler of type Lao1108a-1 was adopted. A polypropylene filter of 90 mm was selected, and the sampler was calibrated by flow calibrator before use, and the flow rate was set to 100 L/min. The sampling time is from 9 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. the next day, and each sampling time is 23.5 h. The polypropylene filter membrane was balanced in the environment with temperature (20 ± 1)°C and humidity (50% ± 1%) for 48 h before and after sampling.

2.2 Chemical analysis

First, ¼ polypropylene filter membrane was cut with the help of ceramic scissors and placed in the digester along with 5.6 mL of nitric acid (pH = 5.6), 0.05 mL of 40% hydrofluoric acid (pH = 5.3), and 5 mL of dilute nitric acid (pH = 5.4). A 0.45 μm needle filter was used one or two times. The volume was set to 50 mL with 1% nitric acid. Inductively coupled plasma massspectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to analyze the 12 elements such as V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Ba, Sb, Co, and Cd. The analyte was introduced into an argon stream as an aerosol in an aqueous solution, and then it entered the central region of an argon plasma excited by radio frequency energy at atmospheric pressure. The sample was ionized, dissociated, vaporized, and dissolvable because of the higher temperature of the plasma. The plasma enters the vacuum system through different pressure regions. In the vacuum system, the MS section (quadrupole rapid scanning mass spectrometer) detects all the ions by high-speed sequential scanning separation and by high-speed double-channel separation.

The membrane was changed before and after each sampling to ensure that the filter membrane is flat, free of burrs and damage. The sampling head needs to be cleaned once in 168 h. For every 10 samples measured, a blank filter membrane was set and a single-point calibration was conducted to ensure that the blank control samples and quality control samples in each batch of experiments were measured synchronously. Each batch (≤20) was tested for spiked recovery. The recovery, the average relative standard deviation (RSD), and the standard curve R 2 of 12 ions are 85.5–115.5%, <10%, and 0.999, respectively.

2.3 Health risk assessment of heavy metals

The human health risk assessment model was developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 1983, which divides risk assessment into four steps: (i) hazard identification, (ii) dose response, (iii) exposure assessment, and (iv) risk characterization [27]. Among the 12 elements used in the study, cobalt, arsenic, nickel, cadmium, and chromium were carcinogens and their risks were assessed using the lifetime average daily exposure (LDD), while the remaining non-carcinogens were represented by the daily average exposure metric (ADD) [28]. The formulae used for the calculation of ADD and LADD are as follows:

(1) ADD = C × IR × EF × ED BW × ATF

(2) LADD = C × EF AT × InhR child × ED child BW child + InhR adult × ED adult BW adult

(3) ILCR = LADD × SF

(4) HQ = ADD RfD .

In the above equations, C is the concentration of pollutants in mg/m3; InhR refers to the respiratory rate in m3/day; EF refers to the exposure frequency in d/a; ED refers to the exposure duration in a BW; AT refers to the average exposure time in day; and HQ refers to the risk coefficient: when HQ > 1, it indicates the non-cancer risk. reference dose (RFD) is the reference dose, which represents the maximum amount of pollutants in mg/(kg day); this dose of intake of heavy metals per unit weight of the human body will not cause adverse reactions. ILCR represents the lifetime cancer risk, indicating the probability of causing cancer; SF refers to the slope coefficient, in (mg/[kg day]), of respiratory exposure, indicating the maximum probability of a person being exposed to a given dose of a contaminant to produce a carcinogenic effect [29].

3 Results and discussion

3.1 PM2.5 concentration

The subsampling period was divided into three parts: before the spring festival (January 22–February 4), during the spring festival (February 5–February 11), and after the spring festival (February 12–February 21). As can be seen from Figure 2, during the sampling period, the concentration of PM2.5 exceeded the secondary standard (75 μg/m3) of the average daily concentration of PM2.5 for 4 days, accounting for 13% of the total sampling days. During the whole sampling period, the average concentration of PM2.5 was 41.87 μg/m3, which did not exceed the second level of the daily average concentration of PM2.5 in China. This concentration differed from the observations acquired in Nanjing and Beijing [30,31]. The average concentration of PM2.5 was 112.6 μg/m3 in the former and 104.5 μg/m3 in the latter during the spring festival. Dalian was considered as a coastal city and could be one of the reasons for the above changes in the average concentration; also the wind power and air humidity during the sampling period were higher as compared to inland cities as mentioned above. The north wind was the direction of the dominant wind, which was favorable for the circulation of wind and the blowing of the pollutants to the sea; hence, the concentration of PM2.5 was lower than those of inland cities.

Figure 2 Characteristic chart of the PM2.5 concentration change during sampling.
Figure 2

Characteristic chart of the PM2.5 concentration change during sampling.

During the sampling period, the PM2.5 concentration had a total of six low values, including two before the festival, three on the festival, one after the festival, and the lowest value appeared after the festival. The main reason for the low PM2.5 concentration before the festival may be related to the strong wind that appeared on that day. The reason for such a situation in the festival may be that it was during the spring festival holidays when factories were closed and people’s travel was reduced; the low concentration of PM2.5 during the spring festival holidays may be due to the shutdown of all factories, reduced road transport and the decreased travel of people. After the festival, maybe due to snow, which caused PM2.5 deposition in the air, in addition to the strong wind at that time, so the concentration of PM2.5 appeared low. Three peaks of the PM2.5 concentration were observed during the sampling period, which was on 2, 5, and 20 February. On February 2, the concentration of PM2.5 was 88 μg/m3, which was 137.8% higher than the previous day; however, on February 5 (New Year’s Eve), the PM2.5 concentration was 100 μg/m3, which was 212.5% higher than the previous day. The acquired concentration of PM2.5 on February 20 was 120 μg/m3, which was 58% higher before the day. The peak of PM2.5 concentration obtained on February 2 may be attributed to the combination of high humidity (72%) and increased ozone concentration (83 μg/m3). The last two peaks of the PM2.5 concentration were related to the custom of people setting off fireworks and firecrackers. Besides the influence of people setting off fireworks, there was also a firework party on the day of the Lantern Festival; a large number of huge fireworks also had an impact on the PM2.5 surge.

From February 5 to February 6 (the New Year’s Eve and the first day of the Lunar New Year), the average concentration of PM2.5 was 84 μg/m3, which was 12% higher than the national secondary standard for PM2.5. The average concentration of PM2.5 obtained on February 7 to 10 was 17 μg/m3, which was 80% lower than the previous two days. These data were consistent with the observations in Nanjing and Beijing, suggesting that PM2.5 concentrations would gradually increase and peak on New Year’s Eve as, all factories were closed and less travel by the people during the Lunar New Year break, in turn, it shows a gradual downward trend. From February 11 to 14, with the end of the Chinese New Year holidays, again the concentration of PM2.5 began to increase slowly. There was a partial snowfall from February 15 to 16, which caused the wet deposition of PM2.5 in the air to be removed. On February 17, the level of PM2.5 increases slowly and finally returns to their pre-spring festival levels, probably because of the resumed production by the factories, increased industrial emissions, return of the people to their normal routine, and the increased level of vehicle exhaust emissions.

3.2 Concentration of heavy metals

During the Spring Festival in 2019, the order of heavy metals by concentration were as follows: Zn > Ba > V > Pb > As > Mn > Cr > Cu > Cd > Ni > Sb > Co. The limits of As and Cd are 0.006 and 0.005 μg/m3, respectively. The results showed that the average concentration of As was 0.0774 μg/m3, which was 12.9 times the national standard, and the average concentration of Cd was 3.62 times of the national standard. These findings indicate that the pollution of As and Cd was severe during the sampling period. This was the same as that observed in Nanjing and Kunming. It is generally accepted that As is the identifying element of coal combustion, usually from fly ash [32,33,34], and Cd is usually thought to come from industrial smelting processes and waste incineration [35,36,37].

During the spring festival, the concentrations of many heavy metals decrease as compared to those before the spring festival; the changes in the concentration are as follows: Cd (25.16%), Cr (25.46%), Co (25.64%), Cu (33.45%), Ni (37.33%), As (37.44%), V (40.04%), Pb (43.32%), Zn (50.15%) and Mn (59.79%). V and Ni are commonly used as identifying elements for the burning of heavy oil from ships [34,35]. As an important port in northern China, in the Dalian’s port industry, the emissions during the spring festival period are reduced because of the shutdown of the port, and hence, the concentrations of V and Ni decrease during the spring festival. The main sources of Cu, Pb, and Zn are the wear of brake pads associated with road dust and the marked elements of automobile exhaust. The concentrations of these three elements were decreased in different aspects [36,37,38,39], which may be due to a decrease in the number of cars driven by the people and less travel during the spring festival. The concentrations of Mn, Cr, and Co, which are the marking elements of metal smelting and industrial combustion [40], were much lower than those before the spring festival because of the shutdown of factories during the spring festival. As is a marked element of coal combustion and the main source is metal smelting [41,42]; in addition to the use of coal for factory boiler combustion and heating, the Dalian area also has a considerable part of the small bath boiler for water heating. During the spring festival, factories and small baths do not produce, so the amount of coal burned will drop and the concentration of As during the spring festival will be lower than that before the festival (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Average concentrations of heavy metals during sampling.
Figure 3

Average concentrations of heavy metals during sampling.

In this study, the concentration of Ba increased by 343.39% during the spring festival as compared with the concentration before the spring festival but decreased by 93.07% after the spring festival. These findings were consistent with the results observed in India [19], Shenyang [40], Kunming [43], etc. All showed significant increases in the concentration of Ba during the fireworks display. It was also confirmed from the other study that, during the spring festival in Beijing, the concentration of Ba was also increased because of the fireworks and firecrackers [44]. This may be related to the raw materials of fireworks and firecrackers, as well as the mode of action. The main raw materials of fireworks and firecrackers are strong oxidants like potassium nitrate, sulfur, charcoal, flame colorant, and flash additives Sr, Ba, Al, Cu, and other metal powders. Metal powders are metallic substances or metallic salts that decompose at high temperatures to produce different lights. For example, aluminum/magnesium alloys when heated give off a brilliant white light, strontium nitrate and lithium burn with a red light, sodium nitrate gives off yellow light, and barium nitrate gives off green light. When fireworks and firecrackers are ignited, charcoal powder, sulfur powder, metal powder, and so on burn rapidly under the action of an oxidant, producing gas containing carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, metal oxide dust, and produce a lot of light and heat [45,46].

The concentrations of Ba and Cd were decreased by 93.07 and 87.64%, respectively, whereas the concentration of Mn was increased by 87.64% after the spring festival. Ba mainly comes from the fireworks discharge, Cd is usually used as a marking element, and Mn is used as a marking element in metal smelting and industrial combustion; therefore, the concentration of Mn increased obviously during the spring festival.

3.3 Health risk assessment of heavy metals

The health risk assessment model was developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 1983, which divides risk assessment into four steps: (i) hazard identification, (ii) dose response, (iii) exposure assessment, and (iv) risk characterization [27]. Of the 12 elements studied in this article, except for cobalt, arsenic, nickel, cadmium, and chromium that are carcinogens, none of them are carcinogenic. The risk assessment for cobalt, arsenic, nickel, cadmium, and chromium is, therefore, expressed by the lifetime average daily exposure level of LADD, and the risk for the remaining elements is expressed by the daily average exposure level of ADD [28].

Table 1 shows the risk of respiratory exposure to heavy metals in PM2.5 during the 2019 Chinese New Year in Dalian. The results showed that the non-carcinogenic risk values of heavy metals were HQ from 2.90 to 2.86 × 10−5, and the order of non-carcinogenic risk values of heavy metals was as follows: V (2.90), Mn (8.63 × 10−1), Cr (2.05 × 10−1), As (5.35 × 10−2), Co (1.76 × 10−2), Pb (4.85 × 10−3), Sb (1.12 × 10−3), Zn (2.44 × 10−4), Ba (1.92 × 10−4), Cu (1.17 × 10−4), Ni (5.38 × 10−5), and Cd (3.76 × 10−5). The non-carcinogenic risk for V was 2.90, exceeding the EPA limit of 1 [29]. This was different from the results observed in Shenyang, Nanchang, Nanjing, and other inland cities [47,48,49]. The non-cancer risk of V in these inland cities does not exceed 1; on the contrary, the non-cancer risk of V was very low. The biggest difference was likely to be geographical. Dalian is a large coastal city in the north with a well-developed shipbuilding industry and a large port. The Port of Dalian is the largest open port in northeast China, handling 467 million tons of cargo in 2018. The fuel used by a large number of cargo ships is heavy oil. The marking element of heavy oil burning is V, so the corresponding V is higher than other heavy metals.

Table 1

Risk of respiratory exposure to heavy metals in PM2.5 during spring festival 2019 in Dalian

Heavy metal HQ adult male HQ adult female HQ children ILCR
V 2.90 2.62 2.20 —
Mn 8.63 × 10−1 7.80 × 10−1 6.57 × 10−1 —
Cr 2.05 × 10−1 1.86 × 10−1 1.56 × 10−1 4.39 × 10−4
As 5.35 × 10−2 4.84 × 10−2 4.07 × 10−2 2.13 × 10−4
Co 1.76 × 10−2 1.59 × 10−2 1.34 × 10−2 8.64 × 10−7
Pb 4.85 × 10−3 4.39 × 10−3 3.69 × 10−3 —
Sb 1.12 × 10−3 1.01 × 10−3 8.51 × 10−4 —
Zn 2.44 × 10−4 2.21 × 10−4 1.86 × 10−4 —
Ba 1.92 × 10−4 1.73 × 10−4 1.46 × 10−4 —
Cu 1.17 × 10−4 1.06 × 10−4 8.90 × 10−5 —
Ni 5.38 × 10−5 4.86 × 10−5 4.09 × 10−5 7.93 × 10−7
Cd 3.76 × 10−5 3.40 × 10−5 2.86 × 10−5 2.08 × 10−5

For the heavy metals As, Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni, the lifetime cancer risk values were 2.13 × 10−4, 2.08 × 10−5, 8.64 × 10−7, 4.39 × 10−4 and 7.93 × 10−7, respectively. The lifetime cancer risk of As, Cd, and Cr exceeds the threshold range of cancer risk (10−6–10−4), indicating that they are carcinogenic to humans. As, Cd, and Cr all come from coal combustion and so the lifetime cancer risk values of As, Cd and Cr will exceed the threshold value of ILCR. However, these results are different from those in Guiyang and Guangzhou [50,51], which may be because the South does not need heating as much as the North, and the South does not have as many heavy industries as the North. Therefore, the elements like As, Cd, and Cr, which were found in heavy industry or coal-burning businesses, were not in high concentrations in the South, so they do not have a high lifetime cancer risk of ILCR.

In summary, of all the heavy metals examined in this study, only V had a higher non-carcinogenic risk, while As, Cd, and Cr had a carcinogenic risk to humans. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the control of these four heavy metals to reduce their risks to the human body.

4 Conclusion

During the spring festival, the concentrations of many heavy metals in PM2.5 throughout the time of sampling period were lower as compared to the concentrations of the heavy metals before the spring festival. The lower concentrations of Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, As, V, Pb, Zn, and Mn were found to be 25.16, 25.46, 25.64, 33.45, 37.33, 37.44, 40.04, 43.32, 50.15, and 59.79%, respectively. This may be due to the shut down of factories and the reduced travel by the people during the Lunar New Year holidays. The health risk assessment of heavy metals displayed that among 12 heavy metals in PM2.5 during the spring festival in the Dalian atmosphere, the non-carcinogenic risk of V exceeded the EPA limit value of one, and there was a non-carcinogenic risk to human health. Among As, Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni, the lifetime cancer risk values of As, Cd, and Cr were higher than the threshold (10−6–10−4), so it is necessary to monitor and control them.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the sub-project of the National Key R&D Program (2019 YFC180380103) and the scientific research project of the Liaoning Provincial Education Department (LJ2020JCL031). The authors also thank the necessary laboratory support provided by the Liaoning Technical University.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2021-06-07
Revised: 2021-09-22
Accepted: 2021-10-21
Published Online: 2021-11-22

© 2021 Xiao Liang Zhao et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

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  3. Spatiotemporal change of land use for deceased in Beijing since the mid-twentieth century
  4. Geomorphological immaturity as a factor conditioning the dynamics of channel processes in Rządza River
  5. Modeling of dense well block point bar architecture based on geological vector information: A case study of the third member of Quantou Formation in Songliao Basin
  6. Predicting the gas resource potential in reservoir C-sand interval of Lower Goru Formation, Middle Indus Basin, Pakistan
  7. Study on the viscoelastic–viscoplastic model of layered siltstone using creep test and RBF neural network
  8. Assessment of Chlorophyll-a concentration from Sentinel-3 satellite images at the Mediterranean Sea using CMEMS open source in situ data
  9. Spatiotemporal evolution of single sandbodies controlled by allocyclicity and autocyclicity in the shallow-water braided river delta front of an open lacustrine basin
  10. Research and application of seismic porosity inversion method for carbonate reservoir based on Gassmann’s equation
  11. Impulse noise treatment in magnetotelluric inversion
  12. Application of multivariate regression on magnetic data to determine further drilling site for iron exploration
  13. Comparative application of photogrammetry, handmapping and android smartphone for geotechnical mapping and slope stability analysis
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  15. The timing of Barleik Formation and its implication for the Devonian tectonic evolution of Western Junggar, NW China
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  18. An OGC web service geospatial data semantic similarity model for improving geospatial service discovery
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  23. Geospatial assessment of wetland soils for rice production in Ajibode using geospatial techniques
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  25. Geotechnical profiling of a surface mine waste dump using 2D Wenner–Schlumberger configuration
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  29. The spatial distribution characteristics of Nb–Ta of mafic rocks in subduction zones
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  35. Considering the geological significance in data preprocessing and improving the prediction accuracy of hot springs by deep learning
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  62. Characteristic and paleoenvironment significance of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) in terrestrial facies across P-T boundary in Western Henan Province, North China
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  74. Triaxial creep tests of glacitectonically disturbed stiff clay – structural, strength, and slope stability aspects
  75. Effect of groundwater fluctuation, construction, and retaining system on slope stability of Avas Hill in Hungary
  76. Spatial modeling of ground subsidence susceptibility along Al-Shamal train pathway in Saudi Arabia
  77. Pore throat characteristics of tight reservoirs by a combined mercury method: A case study of the member 2 of Xujiahe Formation in Yingshan gasfield, North Sichuan Basin
  78. Geochemistry of the mudrocks and sandstones from the Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa: Implications for tectonic provenance and paleoweathering
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  80. Lithology classification of volcanic rocks based on conventional logging data of machine learning: A case study of the eastern depression of Liaohe oil field
  81. Sequence stratigraphy and coal accumulation model of the Taiyuan Formation in the Tashan Mine, Datong Basin, China
  82. Influence of thick soft superficial layers of seabed on ground motion and its treatment suggestions for site response analysis
  83. Monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water body of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir using Landsat-5/7/8 imagery and Google Earth Engine
  84. Research on the traditional zoning, evolution, and integrated conservation of village cultural landscapes based on “production-living-ecology spaces” – A case study of villages in Meicheng, Guangdong, China
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  86. Earthflow reactivation assessment by multichannel analysis of surface waves and electrical resistivity tomography: A case study
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  94. Elemental geochemistry of the Middle Jurassic shales in the northern Qaidam Basin, northwestern China: Constraints for tectonics and paleoclimate
  95. Geometric similarity of the twin collapsed glaciers in the west Tibet
  96. Improved gas sand facies classification and enhanced reservoir description based on calibrated rock physics modelling: A case study
  97. Utilization of dolerite waste powder for improving geotechnical parameters of compacted clay soil
  98. Geochemical characterization of the source rock intervals, Beni-Suef Basin, West Nile Valley, Egypt
  99. Satellite-based evaluation of temporal change in cultivated land in Southern Punjab (Multan region) through dynamics of vegetation and land surface temperature
  100. Ground motion of the Ms7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake
  101. Shale types and sedimentary environments of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Member 1 of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in western Hubei Province, China
  102. An era of Sentinels in flood management: Potential of Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 satellites for effective flood management
  103. Water quality assessment and spatial–temporal variation analysis in Erhai lake, southwest China
  104. Dynamic analysis of particulate pollution in haze in Harbin city, Northeast China
  105. Comparison of statistical and analytical hierarchy process methods on flood susceptibility mapping: In a case study of the Lake Tana sub-basin in northwestern Ethiopia
  106. Performance comparison of the wavenumber and spatial domain techniques for mapping basement reliefs from gravity data
  107. Spatiotemporal evolution of ecological environment quality in arid areas based on the remote sensing ecological distance index: A case study of Yuyang district in Yulin city, China
  108. Petrogenesis and tectonic significance of the Mengjiaping beschtauite in the southern Taihang mountains
  109. Review Articles
  110. The significance of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis on the microstructure of improved clay: An overview
  111. A review of some nonexplosive alternative methods to conventional rock blasting
  112. Retrieval of digital elevation models from Sentinel-1 radar data – open applications, techniques, and limitations
  113. A review of genetic classification and characteristics of soil cracks
  114. Potential CO2 forcing and Asian summer monsoon precipitation trends during the last 2,000 years
  115. Erratum
  116. Erratum to “Calibration of the depth invariant algorithm to monitor the tidal action of Rabigh City at the Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia”
  117. Rapid Communication
  118. Individual tree detection using UAV-lidar and UAV-SfM data: A tutorial for beginners
  119. Technical Note
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  122. TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPES - Koper 2019
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https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0308
Keywords for this article
PM2.5; heavy metal concentration; spring festival; health risk assessment; cancer risk; non-cancer risk
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Lithopetrographic and geochemical features of the Saalian tills in the Szczerców outcrop (Poland) in various deformation settings
  3. Spatiotemporal change of land use for deceased in Beijing since the mid-twentieth century
  4. Geomorphological immaturity as a factor conditioning the dynamics of channel processes in Rządza River
  5. Modeling of dense well block point bar architecture based on geological vector information: A case study of the third member of Quantou Formation in Songliao Basin
  6. Predicting the gas resource potential in reservoir C-sand interval of Lower Goru Formation, Middle Indus Basin, Pakistan
  7. Study on the viscoelastic–viscoplastic model of layered siltstone using creep test and RBF neural network
  8. Assessment of Chlorophyll-a concentration from Sentinel-3 satellite images at the Mediterranean Sea using CMEMS open source in situ data
  9. Spatiotemporal evolution of single sandbodies controlled by allocyclicity and autocyclicity in the shallow-water braided river delta front of an open lacustrine basin
  10. Research and application of seismic porosity inversion method for carbonate reservoir based on Gassmann’s equation
  11. Impulse noise treatment in magnetotelluric inversion
  12. Application of multivariate regression on magnetic data to determine further drilling site for iron exploration
  13. Comparative application of photogrammetry, handmapping and android smartphone for geotechnical mapping and slope stability analysis
  14. Geochemistry of the black rock series of lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation, SW Yangtze Block, China: Reconstruction of sedimentary and tectonic environments
  15. The timing of Barleik Formation and its implication for the Devonian tectonic evolution of Western Junggar, NW China
  16. Risk assessment of geological disasters in Nyingchi, Tibet
  17. Effect of microbial combination with organic fertilizer on Elymus dahuricus
  18. An OGC web service geospatial data semantic similarity model for improving geospatial service discovery
  19. Subsurface structure investigation of the United Arab Emirates using gravity data
  20. Shallow geophysical and hydrological investigations to identify groundwater contamination in Wadi Bani Malik dam area Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  21. Consideration of hyperspectral data in intraspecific variation (spectrotaxonomy) in Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC, Saudi Arabia
  22. Characteristics and evaluation of the Upper Paleozoic source rocks in the Southern North China Basin
  23. Geospatial assessment of wetland soils for rice production in Ajibode using geospatial techniques
  24. Input/output inconsistencies of daily evapotranspiration conducted empirically using remote sensing data in arid environments
  25. Geotechnical profiling of a surface mine waste dump using 2D Wenner–Schlumberger configuration
  26. Forest cover assessment using remote-sensing techniques in Crete Island, Greece
  27. Stability of an abandoned siderite mine: A case study in northern Spain
  28. Assessment of the SWAT model in simulating watersheds in arid regions: Case study of the Yarmouk River Basin (Jordan)
  29. The spatial distribution characteristics of Nb–Ta of mafic rocks in subduction zones
  30. Comparison of hydrological model ensemble forecasting based on multiple members and ensemble methods
  31. Extraction of fractional vegetation cover in arid desert area based on Chinese GF-6 satellite
  32. Detection and modeling of soil salinity variations in arid lands using remote sensing data
  33. Monitoring and simulating the distribution of phytoplankton in constructed wetlands based on SPOT 6 images
  34. Is there an equality in the spatial distribution of urban vitality: A case study of Wuhan in China
  35. Considering the geological significance in data preprocessing and improving the prediction accuracy of hot springs by deep learning
  36. Comparing LiDAR and SfM digital surface models for three land cover types
  37. East Asian monsoon during the past 10,000 years recorded by grain size of Yangtze River delta
  38. Influence of diagenetic features on petrophysical properties of fine-grained rocks of Oligocene strata in the Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
  39. Impact of wall movements on the location of passive Earth thrust
  40. Ecological risk assessment of toxic metal pollution in the industrial zone on the northern slope of the East Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, NW China
  41. Seasonal color matching method of ornamental plants in urban landscape construction
  42. Influence of interbedded rock association and fracture characteristics on gas accumulation in the lower Silurian Shiniulan formation, Northern Guizhou Province
  43. Spatiotemporal variation in groundwater level within the Manas River Basin, Northwest China: Relative impacts of natural and human factors
  44. GIS and geographical analysis of the main harbors in the world
  45. Laboratory test and numerical simulation of composite geomembrane leakage in plain reservoir
  46. Structural deformation characteristics of the Lower Yangtze area in South China and its structural physical simulation experiments
  47. Analysis on vegetation cover changes and the driving factors in the mid-lower reaches of Hanjiang River Basin between 2001 and 2015
  48. Extraction of road boundary from MLS data using laser scanner ground trajectory
  49. Research on the improvement of single tree segmentation algorithm based on airborne LiDAR point cloud
  50. Research on the conservation and sustainable development strategies of modern historical heritage in the Dabie Mountains based on GIS
  51. Cenozoic paleostress field of tectonic evolution in Qaidam Basin, northern Tibet
  52. Sedimentary facies, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
  53. Water deep mapping from HJ-1B satellite data by a deep network model in the sea area of Pearl River Estuary, China
  54. Identifying the density of grassland fire points with kernel density estimation based on spatial distribution characteristics
  55. A machine learning-driven stochastic simulation of underground sulfide distribution with multiple constraints
  56. Origin of the low-medium temperature hot springs around Nanjing, China
  57. LCBRG: A lane-level road cluster mining algorithm with bidirectional region growing
  58. Constructing 3D geological models based on large-scale geological maps
  59. Crops planting structure and karst rocky desertification analysis by Sentinel-1 data
  60. Physical, geochemical, and clay mineralogical properties of unstable soil slopes in the Cameron Highlands
  61. Estimation of total groundwater reserves and delineation of weathered/fault zones for aquifer potential: A case study from the Federal District of Brazil
  62. Characteristic and paleoenvironment significance of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) in terrestrial facies across P-T boundary in Western Henan Province, North China
  63. Experimental study on the behavior of MSE wall having full-height rigid facing and segmental panel-type wall facing
  64. Prediction of total landslide volume in watershed scale under rainfall events using a probability model
  65. Toward rainfall prediction by machine learning in Perfume River Basin, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam
  66. A PLSR model to predict soil salinity using Sentinel-2 MSI data
  67. Compressive strength and thermal properties of sand–bentonite mixture
  68. Age of the lower Cambrian Vanadium deposit, East Guizhou, South China: Evidences from age of tuff and carbon isotope analysis along the Bagong section
  69. Identification and logging evaluation of poor reservoirs in X Oilfield
  70. Geothermal resource potential assessment of Erdaobaihe, Changbaishan volcanic field: Constraints from geophysics
  71. Geochemical and petrographic characteristics of sediments along the transboundary (Kenya–Tanzania) Umba River as indicators of provenance and weathering
  72. Production of a homogeneous seismic catalog based on machine learning for northeast Egypt
  73. Analysis of transport path and source distribution of winter air pollution in Shenyang
  74. Triaxial creep tests of glacitectonically disturbed stiff clay – structural, strength, and slope stability aspects
  75. Effect of groundwater fluctuation, construction, and retaining system on slope stability of Avas Hill in Hungary
  76. Spatial modeling of ground subsidence susceptibility along Al-Shamal train pathway in Saudi Arabia
  77. Pore throat characteristics of tight reservoirs by a combined mercury method: A case study of the member 2 of Xujiahe Formation in Yingshan gasfield, North Sichuan Basin
  78. Geochemistry of the mudrocks and sandstones from the Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa: Implications for tectonic provenance and paleoweathering
  79. Apriori association rule and K-means clustering algorithms for interpretation of pre-event landslide areas and landslide inventory mapping
  80. Lithology classification of volcanic rocks based on conventional logging data of machine learning: A case study of the eastern depression of Liaohe oil field
  81. Sequence stratigraphy and coal accumulation model of the Taiyuan Formation in the Tashan Mine, Datong Basin, China
  82. Influence of thick soft superficial layers of seabed on ground motion and its treatment suggestions for site response analysis
  83. Monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water body of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir using Landsat-5/7/8 imagery and Google Earth Engine
  84. Research on the traditional zoning, evolution, and integrated conservation of village cultural landscapes based on “production-living-ecology spaces” – A case study of villages in Meicheng, Guangdong, China
  85. A prediction method for water enrichment in aquifer based on GIS and coupled AHP–entropy model
  86. Earthflow reactivation assessment by multichannel analysis of surface waves and electrical resistivity tomography: A case study
  87. Geologic structures associated with gold mineralization in the Kirk Range area in Southern Malawi
  88. Research on the impact of expressway on its peripheral land use in Hunan Province, China
  89. Concentrations of heavy metals in PM2.5 and health risk assessment around Chinese New Year in Dalian, China
  90. Origin of carbonate cements in deep sandstone reservoirs and its significance for hydrocarbon indication: A case of Shahejie Formation in Dongying Sag
  91. Coupling the K-nearest neighbors and locally weighted linear regression with ensemble Kalman filter for data-driven data assimilation
  92. Multihazard susceptibility assessment: A case study – Municipality of Štrpce (Southern Serbia)
  93. A full-view scenario model for urban waterlogging response in a big data environment
  94. Elemental geochemistry of the Middle Jurassic shales in the northern Qaidam Basin, northwestern China: Constraints for tectonics and paleoclimate
  95. Geometric similarity of the twin collapsed glaciers in the west Tibet
  96. Improved gas sand facies classification and enhanced reservoir description based on calibrated rock physics modelling: A case study
  97. Utilization of dolerite waste powder for improving geotechnical parameters of compacted clay soil
  98. Geochemical characterization of the source rock intervals, Beni-Suef Basin, West Nile Valley, Egypt
  99. Satellite-based evaluation of temporal change in cultivated land in Southern Punjab (Multan region) through dynamics of vegetation and land surface temperature
  100. Ground motion of the Ms7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake
  101. Shale types and sedimentary environments of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Member 1 of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in western Hubei Province, China
  102. An era of Sentinels in flood management: Potential of Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 satellites for effective flood management
  103. Water quality assessment and spatial–temporal variation analysis in Erhai lake, southwest China
  104. Dynamic analysis of particulate pollution in haze in Harbin city, Northeast China
  105. Comparison of statistical and analytical hierarchy process methods on flood susceptibility mapping: In a case study of the Lake Tana sub-basin in northwestern Ethiopia
  106. Performance comparison of the wavenumber and spatial domain techniques for mapping basement reliefs from gravity data
  107. Spatiotemporal evolution of ecological environment quality in arid areas based on the remote sensing ecological distance index: A case study of Yuyang district in Yulin city, China
  108. Petrogenesis and tectonic significance of the Mengjiaping beschtauite in the southern Taihang mountains
  109. Review Articles
  110. The significance of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis on the microstructure of improved clay: An overview
  111. A review of some nonexplosive alternative methods to conventional rock blasting
  112. Retrieval of digital elevation models from Sentinel-1 radar data – open applications, techniques, and limitations
  113. A review of genetic classification and characteristics of soil cracks
  114. Potential CO2 forcing and Asian summer monsoon precipitation trends during the last 2,000 years
  115. Erratum
  116. Erratum to “Calibration of the depth invariant algorithm to monitor the tidal action of Rabigh City at the Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia”
  117. Rapid Communication
  118. Individual tree detection using UAV-lidar and UAV-SfM data: A tutorial for beginners
  119. Technical Note
  120. Construction and application of the 3D geo-hazard monitoring and early warning platform
  121. Enhancing the success of new dams implantation under semi-arid climate, based on a multicriteria analysis approach: Case of Marrakech region (Central Morocco)
  122. TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPES - Koper 2019
  123. The “changing actor” and the transformation of landscapes
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