Journal

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine

Editor-in-Chief: Jeremy Y. Ng, PhD

Language: English

First published: January 1, 2004

Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year

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Objective
The Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine (JCIM) focuses on evidence concerning the efficacy and safety of complementary medical (CM) whole systems, practices, interventions and natural health products, including herbal and traditional medicines.

Topics
Quality, efficacy, and safety of natural health products, dietary supplements, traditional medicines and their synthetic duplicates // Efficacy and safety of complementary therapies // Evidence-based medicine and practice, including evidence of traditional use // Curriculum development, educational system and competency of complementary health programs // Methodologies on research and evaluation of traditional medicines and herbal products // Integrative medicine: basic and clinical research and practice // Innovation in CAM Curriculum // Educational Material Design

Article formats
Basic and Clinical Research Articles, Review Articles, Mini Reviews, Discussion/Opinion Papers, Short Communications, Editorials

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Authors have the option of publishing their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-4.0) open access license. Open access allows authors to retain copyright and share their findings with the scientific community without restrictions. Authors who belong to an institution that has an agreement with the publisher can publish open access without paying an article processing charge (APC) or at a considerable discount

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Navigating complementary and alternative medicine use, medication adherence, and herb–drug interaction risks among gout patients: a multicenter cross-sectional study in indonesia

October 1, 2025

Dzulfiana Ashan, Elly Wahyudin, Dezső Csupor, Muh. Akbar Bahar

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Objectives The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasing worldwide, specifically among gout patients, due to the perceived safety, low cost, and accessibility, but data on the usage remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of CAM use, the predictors associated with CAM use, the impact on medication adherence, and the potential herb-drug interactions among gout patients. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from June to November 2024 across all 47 community health centers in Makassar City, Indonesia. The entire respondents were patients aged 18 years and older diagnosed with gout. Eligible respondents were recruited through direct questionnaire distribution, collecting data on socio-demographics, CAM and conventional medicine use, CAM perceptions, and medication adherence, while potential herb–drug interactions were assessed using the UpToDate database. Results Among the 430 respondents, 52.8 % reported using CAM, with herbal medicine being the most frequently used option. CAM use was significantly associated with prior experience (p<0.001) and influence from family or friends (p<0.001). A significant association was also found between CAM use and medication adherence (p<0.001), with a higher proportion of non-CAM users exhibiting high adherence (76.8 vs. 7.9 %) and a higher proportion of CAM users demonstrating poor adherence (8.4 vs. 0.5 %). Four potential herb–drug interactions were identified, namely ginger-aspirin (n=2), ginger-glibenclamide (n=1), honey-warfarin (n=1), and garlic-aspirin (n=1), suggesting a need for clinical monitoring. Conclusions The frequent use of CAM among gout patients highlights the crucial role of healthcare practitioners in educating patients about safety, efficacy, and potential interactions. It also underscores the need for strategies to address medication non-adherence associated with CAM use and to monitor herb–drug interactions in clinical settings.
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Alstonia boonei stem bark aqueous extract ameliorates elevated parasitemia levels, normalises blood glucose, modulates inflammatory biomarkers and enhances antioxidant status in Plasmodium berghei-infected/diabetic mice

September 29, 2025

Odunayo Michael Agunloye, Opeyemi Francis Akintoye, Ganiyu Oboh

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Objectives Malaria and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often coexist in sub-Saharan Africa, worsening disease burden and complicating treatment. This study evaluated the protective effects of Alstonia boonei stem bark aqueous extract on Plasmodium berghei -infected diabetic mice. Methods Male mice were divided into five groups: normal control, untreated infected/diabetic, chloroquine–metformin treated, and extract-treated groups (40 and 80 mg/kg body weight). Fasting blood glucose, parasitemia, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory markers, and hematological indices were assessed following treatment. Results Untreated infected/diabetic mice exhibited significant hyperglycemia, elevated parasitemia, oxidative stress, anemia, and dysregulated inflammatory responses compared with controls. Administration of A. boonei extract produced a dose-dependent reduction in fasting blood glucose and parasitemia, alongside inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The extract enhanced antioxidant status (SOD, catalase, GSH), restored red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume, reduced C-reactive protein levels, and elevated interleukin-10. These effects were more pronounced at 80 mg/kg and comparable to the standard drug group. Conclusions A. boonei stem bark aqueous extract demonstrated antihyperglycemic, antiplasmodial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in malaria–diabetes comorbidity. The findings support its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for managing malaria and diabetes co-occurrence.
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Investigating the therapeutic potential of medical leech and leech saliva extract in flap survival: an in vivo study using rats

September 19, 2025

Kübranur Ünal, Mehmet Emre Erol, Duygu Dayanır, Erkan Deniz, Hüseyin Ayhan, Kemal Fındıkçıoğlu

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Objectives Medicinal leeches have long been recognized for the bioactive compounds present in their saliva. These compounds have been of interest due to their potential therapeutic properties. This research aimed to explore the impact of both medicinal leech application and the application of medicinal leech saliva extract on wound healing in a rat model with a dorsal random flap in vivo. Methods In this in vivo study, a dorsal random skin flap model was created in female Wistar albino rats. Rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control (flap only), medicinal leech therapy (MLT), and leech saliva extract (LSE) injection. Histological, immunohistochemical (VEGF), and ELISA-based biochemical analyses were performed to assess wound healing parameters on postoperative day 7. Results The flap necrosis area (%) in Group II and Group III was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) (+) cell (%), neovascularisation, epithelial regeneration, and granulation tissue thickness in Group II and Group III were significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). Also, inflammatory cells in group III were substantially lower than in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions To our knowledge, this study is the first in the literature to examine the effect of medicinal leech extract injection in the flap model. These findings emphasize the potential therapeutic benefits of medicinal leeches and their saliva extract in promoting efficient wound healing, with implications for future clinical applications.
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Nutritional, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and toxicity assessments of an herbal formulation using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo approaches

September 19, 2025

Akingbolabo Daniel Ogunlakin, Oluwasanumi Fiyinfoluwa Adekunle, Mathew O. Ayoola, Kanadi S. Ayuba, Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo, Amel Elbasyouni, Akinbobola Peace Otitoju, Adeyemi Abdullahi Adegoke, Oyindamola Esther Awosola, Victor Ayoola Oye, Edema Adegboyega Adeleye, Mojisola Adebimpe Ayomipo, Enitan Omobolanle Adesanya, Mubo Adeola Sonibare

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Objectives This study aims to assess the nutritional composition, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and toxicity properties of an herbal formulation (BF 2). Methods The proximate analysis of the BF 2 formulation was evaluated. The methanol extract of the BF 2 herbal formulation’s potential to reduce ferric ions and function as an iron chelator was evaluated. Oxidative pancreatic injury, induced by FeSO 4, was also treated with different concentrations of the BF 2 herbal formulation using Wistar rats’ pancreas via ex vivo method. The inhibitory effect of the methanol extract on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes was measured using metformin as a standard. The effect of BF 2 formulation at 25 and 50 mg/kg was evaluated in male rabbits. Results The proximate analysis result of the BF 2 formulation estimated the contents of crude fat and crude protein to be 1.85 % and 26.25 %, respectively. Atomic absorption spectroscopy of the BF 2 formulation revealed the presence of magnesium (11.625 ppm) and sodium (4.879 ppm). BF 2 formulation had a better NO and DPPH radicals scavenging ability compared to the standard (Quercetin). The methanol extract showed a dose-dependent inhibitory activity on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. 25 mg/kg of BF 2 formulation resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in serum testosterone level and a decrease in FSH levels. 25 and 50 mg/kg b.w. of BF 2 formulation reduced serum ALT and AST in rabbits. Furthermore, BF 2 formulation exerted α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory potential, coupled with its significant antioxidant activity; a more thorough examination of BF 2’s toxicity profile is necessary in rabbits. Conclusions BF 2 formulation exerted α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory potential, coupled with its significant antioxidant activity. Therefore, further studies should be conducted on the BF 2 herbal formulation to evaluate its efficacy in higher animals.
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Impact of licorice supplementation on cardiac biomarkers and histomorphological changes in rats

September 16, 2025

Liu Yuzhu, Rosfayati Othman, Muhd Fakh Rur Razi Md Salleh, Sudha Arumugam, Lee Siew Keah, Jin Han Chin

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Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the impact of oral licorice supplementation on cardiotoxic biomarkers and histological changes in cardiac tissue in rats, given the widespread use of licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra ) for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties and the concerns about its cardiotoxic effects at higher doses or with short-term repeated use. Methods Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n=6 per group). Groups received either distilled water or licorice extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Cardiac tissue was analyzed via H&E staining, and blood samples were assessed for Troponin-T and Pro-BNP levels. Results No significant changes were observed in Troponin-T and Pro-BNP levels across all groups (p>0.05). Histological analysis revealed mild changes in the cardiac tissues of rats treated with licorice, indicating subtle histomorphological alterations. Conclusions Licorice supplementation at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day did not significantly impact the levels of cardiotoxic biomarkers but mild histomorphological changes were observed in the cardiac tissues of rats. These findings suggest that while licorice is generally safe at these doses, its long-term use at high doses should be approached with caution.
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Network pharmacology based investigation of the multi target mechanisms of Murraya koenigii (curry leaves) in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

August 26, 2025

Harsh Kashyap, Jyoti Kumari, Manisha Khatri

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Objectives Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a multifactorial chronic liver disease with limited treatment options. Murraya koenigii has reported hepato-protective effects against NASH in humans, but the bioactive compounds and mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we explored the bioactive compounds of M. koenigii and their potential mechanisms for combating NASH using network pharmacology and molecular docking approach. Methods Using online platforms such as IMPPAT, GeneCards, KEGG, and DisGeNET, we identified the phytochemicals, target proteins, and genes associated with NASH. Through Venn diagram analysis, we determined 31 common targets between the bioactive compounds and NASH-related genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses further revealed the key targets and underlying mechanisms. Molecular docking validated the binding interactions between the identified phytochemicals and core target proteins. Results Nine key targets (NFKB, HSP90, TLR4, ESR1, STAT3, MTOR, HIF1A, PI3KA, and PKCD) were identified that interacts with 16 selected phytochemicals. Molecular docking studies indicated phytochemicals, Osthole and Spathulenol to be the promising binders to the core targets especially NF-kB and STAT3. The results represented the muti-target, multi-compound and multi-pathway mechanisms of M. koenigii against NASH. Conclusions This study provides the evidence for further research into the mechanisms of M. koenigii bioactive compounds as complementary therapies for NASH. Our study also identifies the novel drug candidates based on M. koenigii active compounds.
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Teratogenic effect of unregistered traditional Chinese medicine containing Atractylodis lancea radix, Glycyrrhiza glabra radix, Rheum officinale rhizome, and Angelica dahurica radix on fetal morphology of BALB/c mice

August 22, 2025

Fitri Rachmaini, Almahdy Ahmadin, Rahmad Abdillah, Yasherly Permata Sari

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Objectives In Indonesia, several unregistered traditional Chinese medicines (UTCM) are still used to treat gastritis in pregnancy. On the other hand, the safety of medications during pregnancy remains unresolved. This study aims to investigate the teratogenic effect of UTCM containing Atractylodis lancea radix, Glycyrrhizae glabra radix, Rheum officinale rhizome , and Angelica dahurica radix on fetal morphology. Methods A total of 80 pregnant mice were divided into four groups including the negative control (N), given vehicle, as well as treatment groups D1, D2, and D3 given a dose of 35.2 mg/kg BW, 70.5 mg/kg BW and 105.65 mg/kg BW daily respectively. The drugs were administered between the 6th and 15th days of organogenesis. On the 18th day of pregnancy, a laparotomy was conducted. The teratogenic effects were determined by measuring maternal and fetal body weight, the number of fetuses, and skeletal abnormalities in mouse fetuses, visualised with Alizarin solution. All data were analysed using ANOVA. Results The results showed that in all treatment groups, there was a substantial difference in maternal body weight, fetal number, and fetal body weight (p<0.05). There were open eyelids and clubfoot abnormalities observed in all groups, while 27 fetuses with haemorrhages were found in D3. All treatment groups had sternal, sacral, caudal, phalanges and metacarpal abnormalities. Conclusions UTCM administration showed fetal development effects at the early stage of pregnancy in mice. The dose (D3) 105.65 mg/kg BW affected maternal weight gain and fetal skeletal ossification. UTCM administration D1 (35.2 mg/kg BW), D2 0.5 mg/kg BW), and D3 (105.65 mg/kg BW) had no maternal toxicity and fetal teratogenesis.
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Effects of minas frescal cheese enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05 on bone health in a preclinical model of chronic kidney disease

August 22, 2025

Manuela Fernandes da Silva Melo, Jéssica da Costa Mota, Joana Ramos de Araujo, Patricia Pereira Almeida, Beatriz Oliveira Da Cruz, Michele Lima Brito, Renato de Souza Abboud, Eduardo Moreira da Silva, Ramon Silva Rocha, Adriano Gomes da Cruz, Jonas de Toledo Guimarães, Nathalia da Silva-Costa, Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto

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Objectives Milk products are good vehicles for probiotics due to their physical-chemical characteristics, improving probiotic survival in food and in the gastrointestinal tract. Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05 is known to modulate gut microbiota, and probiotics have been reported to influence mineral absorption by improving the gut microbiota profile, highlighting the gut-bone axis. This intervention could be relevant in nephrology due to the high prevalence of renal osteodystrophy in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Given the potential role of gut microbiota in bone metabolism, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of consuming Minas Frescal cheese enriched with L. acidophilus La-05 on bone parameters in nephrectomized Wistar rats. Methods Rats were divided into Sham and CKD groups receiving conventional or probiotic-enriched Minas cheese (20 g/day) for 6 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur and tibia was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and femoral biomechanical properties (maximum force, breaking strength, flexural modulus) were assessed using a three-point bending test. Results CKD significantly reduced tibial (0.08 ± 0.01 vs. 0.11 ± 0.01 g/cm 3 , p=0.0147) and femoral (0.14 ± 0.01 vs. 0.16 ± 0.01 g/cm 3 , p=0.0217) BMD in rats, and probiotic supplementation did not mitigate this loss. Probiotic intervention was associated with a significant decrease in femur length in CKD rats (3.74 ± 0.14 vs. 3.92 ± 0.10 mm, p=0.0221). Conclusions Short-term probiotic supplementation in a cheese matrix did not improve BMD or femoral biomechanics, suggesting a limited effect on CKD-related bone loss.
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Experimental evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential of Saccharum officinarum node extract in FCA-induced arthritic models

August 15, 2025

Priyanka Nanasaheb Khamkar, Snehal Ambadas Gojare, Deepti Dinesh Bandawane, Shakuntala Narayan Kawhale

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Background Saccharum officinarum has been traditionally utilized to treat different types of inflammation in ayurvedic medicine. Scientific investigation into the therapeutic potential of plant nodes remains limited and has not been extensively explored. Objectives To investigate the pharmacological efficacy of ethanolic extract of S. officinarum node (EESO) in reducing inflammation and arthritis in experimental models. Methods EESO was obtained via ethanol extraction and analysed for its phytochemical constituents. Rat paw edema was used to check for anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced model, with Methotrexate (1 mg/kg) employed as the conventional reference drug. The EESO node was administered orally to experimental animals at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. Measurements of paw thickness were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h. The anti-arthritic activity was assessed in the rat through induction of arthritis using Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA). Parameters assessed included paw edema, motor coordination, nociceptive threshold, and, post-sacrifice, biochemical (CRP, RF, ALP, AST, ALT), haematological (Hb, RBC, WBC, ESR), cytokine (TNF -α, IL -1, IL -6), radiological, and histopathological markers. Results EESO at 200 mg/kg significantly reduced paw edema by inhibiting inflammatory mediator release and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) in FCA-induced arthritic rats. Histopathology showed decreased synovial hyperplasia and cartilage erosion due to reduced immune cell infiltration and joint inflammation. These inhibiting inflammatory mediator release, downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced immune cell infiltration and joint inflammation scientifically validate the traditional use of EESO in managing arthritis and inflammation. This data sufficiently support the assertion that EESO can be utilized for the treatment of arthritis and inflammation. Conclusions EESO at a dose of 200 mg/kg demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity in the study, scientifically validating its traditional use. The findings provide adequate preclinical evidence supporting its potential therapeutic role. These results suggest that EESO could serve as a natural treatment option for managing arthritis and inflammation.
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Chronic toxicity and modulatory effects of Deprungsith formulation in Wistar Albino rats

August 8, 2025

Yosita Kasemnitichok, Monthaka Teerachaisakul, Tullayakorn Plengsuriyakarn, Kesara Na-Bangchang

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Objectives Psoriasis is a systematic skin disease. Treatment choice is limited due to unsatisfactory clinical efficacy. The study evaluated the safety of Deprungsith formulation following long-term administration (chronic toxicity test) and its potential modulatory effect on hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in rats. Methods Wistar rats were randomly grouped to receive Deprungsith (125, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg/day) and the satellite (1,000 mg/kg bw) to observe reversibility, as well as distilled water (untreated control) for 9 months. The sentinel-1 group was for environmental risk assessment after 6 months, and the sentinel-2 group was for environmental risk assessment after 9 months). Clinical and behavioral signs, mortality, and histopathology were monitored. Results The chronic toxicity study of Deprungsith revealed no evidence of mortality or serious clinical signs at any dosage level. However, changes in WBC count, serum albumin, and sodium, were observed. Histopathological examination identified mild to moderate liver necrosis and renal interstitial inflammation. Low-dose (125 mg/kg bw) significantly induced CYP1A2 and CYP3A1, while high-dose (1,000 mg/kg bw) inhibited CYP1A2 and CYP3A1 activities. Conclusions Deprungsith formulation was well-tolerated with an MTD (maximum tolerated dose) and NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) of 1,000 mg/kg bw. Long-term use of Deprungsith formulation in psoriasis patients should be carefully monitored for therapeutic outcomes (side effects from accumulated levels or unsatisfactory efficacy from inadequate CYP1A2 and CYP3A1-mediated metabolism) and potential herb-drug interactions.
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Phytochemical innovations in oral cancer therapy: targeting oncogenic pathways with natural compounds

July 11, 2025

Punniyakoti V. Thanikachalam, Mahalakshmi Devaraji, Nandhini Jayaprakash, Harshitha Sivakumar, Divya Balamurugan, Harish Kanna Shanmugan

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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains a significant global health concern due to its high mortality rate, late-stage diagnosis, and limited treatment options. Conventional therapies such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy often face limitations including drug resistance, recurrence, and systemic toxicity, prompting the need for alternative strategies. This narrative review synthesizes recent preclinical evidence on the use of natural phytochemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids for OSCC treatment. These compounds demonstrate anticancer effects through apoptosis induction, oxidative stress modulation, immunoregulation, and metastasis inhibition. In vitro and in vivo studies highlight their cytotoxicity, tumor-suppressive properties, and pharmacokinetic profiles. Additionally, nanotechnology-based delivery systems have shown potential in overcoming bioavailability barriers and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. However, most findings are preclinical, and challenges such as poor pharmacokinetics, off-target effects, and limited clinical trial data must be addressed. This review emphasizes the translational promise of phytochemicals and calls for further clinical validation to integrate these agents into OSCC management.
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The protective effect of hydrolyzed collagen gel from mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) to attenuate chronic UVB-induced photodamage

July 10, 2025

Elisa Herawati, Rizki S. Titisari, Helen Kristin, Filosofia F. T. A. Prasasti, Pipin Agnesia, Okid P. Astirin, Shanti Listyawati, Evi Susanti, Nuniek Herdyastuti, Noer Laily, Fatim Illaningtyas

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Objectives Hydrolyzed collagen (HC) extracted from fish skin is a safe and effective native collagen alternative that can potentially protect skin from experiencing photoaging. This study is among the first to explore HC from mackerel scad ( Decapterus macarellus ) application via in vitro and in vivo approaches. Methods The protective effects of HC were investigated on Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) induced by acute and chronic UVB, followed by testing of HC gel on UVB-induced photoaging models of mice. Cell viability test using the MTT method was performed on UVB-induced MEFs treated with HC concentrations of 10, 20, 50, and 100 g/mL. A gel form HC was applied topically in UVB-induced skin tissues of animal models and analyzed with ELISA to evaluate the inhibitory effect of MMP-1 and IL-6 expression. Results In vitro analysis showed that HC (10, 20, 50 μg/mL) could increase the viability of acute UVB-induced MEFs at a 60 mJ/cm 2 dose. In chronic UVB exposure, all HC concentrations could protect the viability of induced MEFs at 40 mJ/cm 2 dose. HC gel effectively inhibited the increased expression of MMP-1 and IL-6 in UVB-exposed skin, which may be related to its ability to suppress the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, HC gel intervened in the development of epidermal thickening and dermal layer damage in photoaged skin. Conclusions These findings indicated that HC from mackerel scad skin effectively provided a protective effect against the photoaging process.
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Protective effects of citronellol on Escherichia coli septicemia-derived liver lesions in Wistar rats

July 8, 2025

Seyed Moein Ziaei Sistany, Fatemeh Zahra Gharib, Seyed Mohammad Hosseini

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Objectives Indiscriminate and widespread use of antibiotics has caused resistance among infectious bacteria. Citronellol (Cit) is a monoterpene that is defined as an essential oil and is found in lemon, rosemary, oranges, and aromatic plants. This experimental study investigated the effects of Cit on the complications caused by E-coli septicemia in liver tissue in rats. Methods 210 male Wistar rats with an approximate weight of 220 ± 20 were randomly divided into 7 groups of 30 including 1. Control group, 2. Sham group, 3. Received Cit at a dose of 100 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection, 4. Received Cit at a dose of 200 mg/kg, 5. the E-coli group was administrated enteropathogenic E-coli bacteria O111 with a dose of 1 × 10 9 Colony-forming unit (CFU), 6. the first treatment group received E-coli and Cit at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 7. the second treatment group received E-coli and Cit at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Results Our findings showed that E-coli can cause a significant increase in alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) indices, while in the treatment groups, these indices were significantly reduced. In addition, E-coli septicemia caused oxidative stress in the liver tissue by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and reducing Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, which both were significantly regulated in the treatment groups. Conclusions Our results suggested the positive effects of Cit on the septicemia caused by E-coli in the liver tissue by upregulating the antioxidant balance and protective characteristics.
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Natural Health Products Research Society of Canada Natural Health Products and Cancer Mini-Symposium 2025

July 2, 2025

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Traditional alternative and complementary medicine: a review of undergraduate courses and curricula in Peru

June 18, 2025

Juan Huaccho-Rojas, Leonardo J. Uribe-Cavero, Angie Diaz-Mejía, Mabel R. Challapa-Mamani, Marisella Chumán-Sánchez, Oswaldo N. Vite-Gutierrez, Jeremy Yauri-Mamani, Omar C. Bellota-Segovia, Paula Regina Durand-Anahua, Yahaira M. Mamani-Ticona, Zulema Mamani-Condori, Kelly Alarcon-Ore, Kevin Anthony Martínez-Solís, Jair Noé Navarro-Cahuaza, Dante M. Quiñones-Laveriano, Martha Villar-López

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Background Traditional, Alternative, and Complementary Medicine (T&CM) encompasses a variety of health practices that differ from the conventional medical system, including the use of medicinal herbs and complementary therapies. In Peru, these practices, particularly the use of therapeutic plants, are legally protected and commonly used for treating certain conditions. However, the lack of inclusion of T&CM in medical education puts these practices at risk of disappearing. Aim To analyze the inclusion of T&CM courses in the curricula of medical schools in Peru to identify gaps and opportunities for improving medical education and ensuring comprehensive training for future healthcare professionals. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing the curricula of 47 Peruvian medical schools. Data on the presence, structure, and content of T&CM courses were extracted and analyzed descriptively. Results In 2024, 15 out of 47 Peruvian universities offering Human Medicine programs (31.9 %) included T&CM courses. Among them, 73 % were public institutions, and 53 % were located in coastal regions. The most common topics were Traditional Chinese Medicine (93.3 %), Traditional Peruvian Medicine (87 %), phytotherapy (93 %), and acupuncture (80 %). Course structure varied: 60 % of courses were elective, while 40 % were mandatory. Most universities (93 %) allocated 2–3 academic credits, and 80 % incorporated practical training, though structured field visits were rare (6.7 %). Additionally, 53 % of universities included research activities. The lack of standardized curricular guidelines led to variability in course content and depth across institutions. Conclusions Few universities in Peru teach T&CM, highlighting a need to enhance medical education. Increasing T&CM topics in curricula and addressing information access disparities are crucial.
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The effects of spilanthol (SA3X) supplementation on muscle size and strength in healthy men – a randomized parallel-group placebo-controlled trial

May 6, 2025

Kumar Guru Mishra, Nabnita Patnaik, Nihar Ranjan Pradhan

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Objectives To assess the effects of daily spilanthol (SA3X) supplementation over three months on muscle metrics and hormonal profiles in healthy males. Methods A total of 546 participants were randomized into SA3X or placebo groups, with or without structured exercise. Muscle size (mid-arm, chest, thigh circumference) and strength (bench-press, squatting) were measured pre- and post-intervention. Serum testosterone (total and free), estradiol, and SHBG levels were assessed. Results Among the participants in the exercise groups, those given SA3X had significant increases than those given placebo in terms of muscle size – mid-arm muscle circumference (10.54 vs. 7.21 cm; p<0.05), chest circumference (15.23 vs. 10.82; p<0.05) and thigh circumference (change in quadriceps area, 12.84 vs. 9.01 cm; p<0.05) and significant increases in strength in the bench-press (85.01 vs. 65.09 kg, p<0.05) and squatting exercises (155.04 vs. 95.06 kg, p<0.05). The participants assigned to the SA3X-no-exercise group had significant increases in muscle size than those assigned to the placebo-no-exercise group (p<0.05). A significant increase was also observed in total and free testosterone levels in SA3X group as compared to placebo (p<0.05). No significant increase was seen in estradiol levels. No significant adverse effects were observed among the participants. Conclusions SA3X supplementation significantly enhanced muscle size, strength, and testosterone levels in exercising participants compared to placebo, with additional benefits observed even without exercise.
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Apitherapy for drug-induced kidney disease: a narrative review on its mechanisms

April 4, 2025

Andrés Jagua-Gualdrón, Nicolai Andrés García-Reyes, Holman Leonardo Africano-Lopez

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Objectives The use of medications for the treatment of various diseases often results in kidney damage. Apitherapy is a natural therapeutic tool with potential utility for this purpose. This narrative review analyzes and summarizes the scientific evidence on the use of apitherapy in drug-induced kidney disease. Content This review summarizes and analyzes recent advances in drug-induced kidney disease and explores, based on the available scientific evidence, how apitherapy can modify these mechanisms and be utilized for prevention and treatment. Summary Apitherapy (the complementary and integrative use of beehive products) is a potentially useful therapeutic system for the treatment of various diseases. This review examines the preclinical and clinical evidence available regarding its potential use in drug-induced kidney disease. Outlook Apitherapy has effects on various pathophysiological mechanisms of drug-induced kidney disease, including oxidative stress, inflammation, decreased renal blood flow, glomerular damage, increased membrane permeability, activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. Further studies in humans are needed to evaluate its efficacy in the clinical setting, but the available evidence is promising.
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Catechins in cancer therapy: integrating traditional and complementary approaches

February 21, 2025

Renu Dwivedi, Rajni Bala, Sumitra Singh, Rakesh K. Sindhu

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Catechin is a group of bioactive flavonoids found in various plant sources such as tea, cocoa, and fruits. Recent studies have suggested that catechins has significant potential in preventing and treating cancer. Catechin exhibits a variety of biological activities that may contribute to its anticancer effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic properties. Studies have demonstrated that catechin can inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce cell cycle arrest, and promote apoptosis across multiple cancer types, including skin, breast, lung, liver, prostate, and colon cancers. Furthermore, catechin has shown the ability to inhibit angiogenesis, a critical process for tumor growth and metastasis, by restricting new blood vessel formation. Catechin’s impact on cancer extends beyond its direct effects on cancer cells. It modulates various signaling pathways involved in cancer progression, such as those associated with cell survival, inflammation, and metastasis. Despite these promising findings, additional research is needed to clarify the precise mechanisms of catechin’s anticancer action, optimal dosing strategies, and long-term safety in cancer prevention and treatment. This review will explore the current research landscape on tea polyphenols, particularly catechin, and their potential role in cancer prevention and therapy.
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Efficacy of traditional medicine in the management of sickle cell disease: a scoping review of current evidence

January 1, 2000

Danish Javed, Amit Kumar Rai, Athulya TH, Sai Thejesh Molakapuri, Azeem Ahmad, Gaurav Dhingra

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Introduction While conventional medicine (CM) has improved outcomes for individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD), issues with accessibility, affordability, and potential adverse effects limit its widespread use. As a result, many patients and caregivers turn to traditional medicine (TM) as an alternative approach to managing SCD. This scoping review aims to systematically evaluate the efficacy, safety, and potential mechanisms of action of TM in SCD, while exploring its integration with CM. Content A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and AYUSH Research Portal. Clinical trials, observational studies, in vitro and in vivo studies, and ethnopharmacological surveys investigating TM interventions in SCD were included. Summary and Outlook Of the 27 selected studies, 11 were in vitro , four in vivo , six clinical trials, and six qualitative surveys. Several medicinal plants demonstrated promising anti-sickling, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Formulations such as Niprisan ® , Ciklavit ® , and T-AYU-HM™ Premium showed potential in reducing vaso-occlusive crises and improving hematological parameters. However, limitations include variability in herbal formulations, lack of standardization, and inadequate RCTs. While preliminary findings are promising, further well-designed RCTs are needed to establish the efficacy of TM in SCD. Integrating evidence-based TM with CM options could provide a holistic and patient-centered strategy for SCD.
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Impact of the nitric oxide substrate l-arginine alone and combined with atropine on malathion neuro and hepato-toxicity

January 1, 2000

Amany A. Sleem, Eman R. Youness, Nermeen Shaffie, Heba A. Farid, Omar M. E. Abdel-Salam

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Objectives We investigated the impact of the nitric oxide substrate l -arginine on the neuro- and hepato-toxic effects of malathion in rats. Methods Rats were treated intraperitoneally with malathion (150 mg/kg) alone or combined with l -arginine (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg), atropine (2 mg/kg) or l -arginine (200 mg/kg) combined with atropine (2 mg/kg). Rats were euthanized 4 h later, and their brains and livers analyzed for malondialdehyde, nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1). Moreover, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), interleukin-15 (IL-15) and anti-apoptotic protein B cell/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were determined in brain tissue. Histopatholoy was also performed. Results Malathion significantly raised brain NO and malondialdehyde alongside with a notable drop in PON-1 activity and GSH levels relative to the saline control. Brain BChE and Bcl-2 were markedly inhibited whereas IL-15 significantly increased by malathion. In brain, l -arginine treatment resulted in a significantly increased malondialdehyde, decreased GSH, and increased IL-15. A significant decrease in liver malondialdehyde occurred by l -arginine/atropine or atropine. In contrast, l -arginine, l -arginine/atropine or atropine caused a significant decrease in brain and liver NO levels and increased PON-1 activity. Bcl-2 in brain significantly increased by atropine. Malathion induced brain neuronal and liver degeneration showed marked improvement after atropine alone. Conclusions These results indicated that exogenously administered l -arginine did not protect against the neuro- and hepto-toxic effects of malathion. Meanwhile, the ability of atropine to mitigate the deleterious effects of a toxic dose of malathion provides a strong support to the role of excessive stimulation cholinergic pathways in inflicting such damage.
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Evaluation of photobiomodulation for modulating peripheral inflammation via the lumbosacral medullary region

January 1, 2000

Geovanna Rayssa Travessini, Bianca Villanova, Bruna Fernanda Rempel de Alcantara, Mariana Ghidini Campiol Rosse, Morgana Neves, Taciane Stein da Silva Leal, Lucinéia de Fátima Chasko Ribeiro, Gladson Ricardo Flor Bertolini

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Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate whether PBM application at the nerve root emergence region could mitigate the deleterious effects of peripheral inflammation on the knee joint in Wistar rats. Methods Eighteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control (intra-articular saline injection only), Arthritis (experimental arthritis model without treatment), and PBM + Arthritis (arthritis model treated with PBM – 660 nm, 20 J/cm 2 ). Treatment began 24 h after intra-articular arthritis induction and continued for three consecutive days. Animals in the arthritis groups were sensitized with two injections of Mycobacterium butyricum (CFA), while the control group received saline solution. The nociceptive threshold was assessed using a digital analgesimeter, and joint edema was measured with a caliper. After euthanasia, the right knee joints were collected, sectioned at 7 μm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histomorphometric and histomorphological analyses of the synovial membrane and articular cartilage of the femur and tibia were performed. Results A reduction in nociceptive threshold and an increase in joint diameter were observed in the injured and treated groups. However, the PBM + Arthritis group showed pro-repair morphological characteristics in the joint tissue. Conclusions PBM treatment applied distant from the injured knee promoted improvements in joint morphology; however, it did not significantly affect edema or nociception.
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Evaluating the effectiveness of pterostilbene in improving memory and offering neuroprotection in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease induced by aluminum chloride

January 1, 2000

Ameer Raheem Waheed, Bahir Abdul Razzaq Mshimesh

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Background and Objectives Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and is the predominant etiology of dementia. We hypothesize that the naturally occurring pterostilbene (PTE) at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg would yield dose-dependent neuroprotective effects, reducing cognitive deficits and pathological hallmarks by modulating biomarkers (Amyloid Beta protein (Aβ), Phosphorylated tau protein (P-tau), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), glutamate (GLU)) and a novel synaptic marker neurogranin (NRGN) in rats induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ). This current research aims to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of pterostilbene (PTE) against neurobehavioral and pathological alterations induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ) in rats with Alzheimer’s. Methods 40 rats were divided into five groups, eight in each group. They received 70 mg/kg of body weight AlCl3 intraperitoneally for 30 days, followed by oral administration of PTE at 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, or donepezil at 1 mg/kg for 14 days. The Y-maze and novel object recognition tests were used for the neurobehavioral evaluation of the rats. This was followed by a biochemical evaluation using ELISA kits to demonstrate the impact of PTE on the levels of Aβ, P-tau, BDNF, NRGN, AChE, and GLU. Additional validations were conducted through histopathological evaluation of the cortex and basal ganglia in the rat brain. Using GraphPad Prism 10, statistical data were obtained by ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. The histopathologic score system was determined using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA k-samples (all pairwise) test. Results PTE at 50 mg/kg significantly increases spontaneous alternation percentage (SAP) by 35.7 % and discrimination index (DI) by 79.7 %, while also considerably lowering Aβ by 70.6 %, P-tau by 33.9 %, BDNF by 59.7 %, NRGN by 40 %, ACHE by 28.8 %, and GLU by 28.4 %. Moreover, PTE at 100 mg/kg significantly increases SAP by 42.9 % and DI by 83.4 %, and substantially decreases Aβ by 83.8 %, P-tau by 45.5 %, BDNF by 69 %, NRGN by 42.5 %, ACHE by 69 %, and GLU by 50.9 % compared to the AlCl3 group. Histopathological evaluation of the cortex and basal ganglia in AlCl3-induced rat brains revealed pathological alterations absent in rats treated with PTE. Conclusions This study supports the hypothesis that PTE can reverse memory loss and pathological markers.
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Study on a non-pharmacopeial formulation for its hepatoprotective activity against drug induced hepatotoxicity in animal model

January 1, 2000

Syeda Asma Firdose, Abdul Wadud

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Objectives This study assessed the hepatoprotective efficacy of a non-pharmacopeial formulation (NPF) against rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity, aiming to expand the repertoire of hepatoprotective agents in Unani medicine. Methods An acute toxicity study and HPTLC analysis were performed. The experiment utilized 42 Wistar rats, each weighing between 150 and 200 g. The rats were systematically allocated into seven distinct groups, each containing six animals, identified as negative, positive, standard, and test groups A, B, C, and D. Liver damage was induced by oral administration of rifampicin at a dose of 500 mg/kg daily for 30 days, following a 2-hour interval after the administration of standard and test drugs. The standard and test groups received Silymarin (100 mg/kg), NPF, Afsanteen , Kasni , and Asaroon at doses of 167, 117, 167, and 217 mg/kg, respectively, orally once daily for 30 days. Serum levels of marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, and ALP), total protein (TP), and albumin (S. Alb) were evaluated. All groups underwent biochemical and histopathological analysis. Results The formulation was deemed safe at a dose of up to 2000 mg/kg. Compared to the standard drug, test groups A and D demonstrated potential protective effects on the liver enzymes. Test groups B and C exhibited normal liver architecture. Conclusions Asaroon (test group D) demonstrated greater efficacy than NPF. Histopathologically, Afsanteen and Kasni were found to be effective. The study indicated that formulations by Unani scholars were more effective than non-pharmacopeial formulations, although the tested NPF remained effective and safe in this study.
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Exploring the neurological pathways of P. ginseng memory-enhancing effects

January 1, 2000

Mahdiyeh Hedayati-Moghadam, Fatemeh Seyedi, Hadis Eftekhari, Mohammad Dalfardi, Yousef Baghcheghi

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Panax ginseng , a widely studied herbal remedy, has garnered significant interest for its potential cognitive-enhancing effects, particularly in memory improvement. This narrative review, adhering to the SANRA (Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles) criteria, collected evidence via a search across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE (2000–2023). Key findings suggest that P. ginseng enhances memory through multiple molecular pathways, including modulation of neurotransmitter systems such as acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate. The herb’s active components, known as ginsenosides, interact with these neurotransmitter systems to regulate synaptic plasticity, neuronal communication, and memory formation processes in the brain. Furthermore, P. ginseng demonstrates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, attenuating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which are known contributors to cognitive decline and memory impairment. By reducing neuronal damage and preserving brain health, P. ginseng helps support optimal cognitive function and memory retention. Moreover, P. ginseng influences various signaling pathways involved in memory consolidation and retrieval, including the CREB pathway, BDNF signaling, and the mTOR pathway, through these molecular pathways. P. ginseng promotes neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and LTP, ultimately enhancing memory performance. This review underscores the need for standardized methodologies and longitudinal studies to optimize therapeutic applications of P. ginseng in memory-related disorders.
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Pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and antidiabetic evaluation of a novel polyherbal formulation

January 1, 2000

Sony Rajan, Ratheesh Mohanan, Svenia P. Jose, Sheethal Sreevallabhan, Sandya Sukumaran, Aditya Ashish

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Objectives The current study aimed to formulate and analyze a novel polyherbal formulation (NPF) comprising of Terminalia arjuna, Centella asiatica and Embelia ribes . Methods NPF was prepared and subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and FTIR to characterize its bioactive compounds and functional groups. To assess the safety, oral toxicity studies were carried out in Wistar rats. The antidiabetic efficacy was evaluated using the OGTT. Additionally, computational ADME analysis was carried out for the major active molecules – arjunolic acid, embelin, and asiaticoside – to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and drug-likeness. Results Presence of various secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, and carbohydrates were confirmed by the phytochemical screening. Key prominent functional groups such as hydroxyl, amine, carbonyl, and alkyne stretching vibrations were detected upon FTIR analysis. Toxicity evaluations indicated no adverse effects, confirming the safety of NPF. Among diabetic rats, groups treated with 200 mg/kg body weight of NPF indicated a significant improvement in glucose tolerance as demonstrated by the OGTT results. ADME profiling showed favorable drug-likeness properties for arjunolic acid and embelin compared to asiaticoside. Conclusions NPF exhibited significant antidiabetic potential and demonstrated safety in animal models.
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Efficacy of mangosteen as local drug delivery for improving periodontal health in adults with periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

January 1, 2000

Konathala SV Ramesh, Koruprolu Ramalaxmi, Naga VSG Sruthima, Pasupuleti Swetha, Budumuru Anil, Mettapalli PhaniKumar, Gurindapalli Nissi, Chennamsetti Sahithiprabha

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Mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L.) has garnered attention for its diverse health benefits, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. These therapeutic effects play a central role in the pathophysiology of many conditions. Periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the tooth-supporting structures, is primarily caused by biofilm-forming bacteria. This systematic review focuses on the effectiveness of mangosteen in local drug delivery (LDD) for the management of periodontitis. An electronic search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science, and Scopus. Cohen’s Kappa coefficient was used to evaluate inter-rater agreement, and the risk of bias was assessed. A random-effects model and heterogeneity were examined using I 2 statistics, while funnel plots were used to detect publication bias. Clinical outcomes, including periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL), were extracted from RCTs comparing Mangosteen LDD to placebo or conventional therapies. The analysis revealed a significant reduction in PPD (effect size = −1.08, 95 % CI: −1.40, −0.77) and CAL (effect size = −0.96, 95 % CI: −1.80, −0.13) in the mangosteen-treated group. These findings suggest that mangosteen gel as an LDD can offer substantial clinical benefits by reducing PPD and CAL, thereby improving overall periodontal health. PROSPERO registration link https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024618658.
Open Access
Effects of the intravenous application of sodium ascorbate in patients with the diagnosis of sepsis in the intensive care unit – observational, analytical, retrospective, comparative study

January 1, 2000

Adlay Martinez Ramos, Hugo Mario Galindo Salom, Helber Armando Prieto Lozano, Paulo Andres Lopez Posada, Juan Manuel Martinez, Marixa Guerrero, Carlos Alberto Carrillo Bravo

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Objectives To evaluate whether high-dose intravenous sodium ascorbate improves inflammatory markers in patients with sepsis. Methods A retrospective, observational, analytical, and comparative study was conducted on patients diagnosed with sepsis and admitted to the ICU at Clínica Estrios (Cartagena, Colombia) between July 1 and 30, 2024. Patients receiving standard treatment were compared with those who also received high-dose intravenous sodium ascorbate (>462 mg/kg/day), supplied by Biological Therapies, Australia. The main outcome was the duration of altered SIRS and SOFA scores. Results Patients treated with sodium ascorbate showed a statistically significant reduction in the duration of altered SIRS and SOFA scores ( X 2 =9.00, p=0.003) compared to those who received standard therapy. Conclusions High-dose sodium ascorbate may serve as an effective adjuvant therapy in sepsis.
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Molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and ADME analysis of Moringa oleifera phytochemicals targeting NS5 protein: towards the development of novel anti-dengue therapeutics

January 1, 2000

Ashish Kumar Yadav, Neha Masarkar, Maynak Pal, Sukhes Mukherjee, Ashok Kumar, Sarika Verma, Rashmi Chowdhary

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Background Dengue virus (DENV), a single-stranded RNA virus from the Flaviviridae family, causes viral hemorrhagic fever and poses a global health threat due to limited diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines. The conserved NS5 protein, crucial for DENV replication, is a promising antiviral target. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) complicates immunity, as serotype-specific antibodies may worsen infection. Moringa oleifera , rich in antiviral phytochemicals, shows potential as a DENV inhibitor by targeting proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic pathways. Methods This study employed molecular docking with 3D PubChem structures of bioactive compounds of M . oleifera to evaluate the binding affinity with DENV-2 NS5 proteins (PDB ID: 6KR2) using AutoDock Vina, and binding modes were analyzed using Discovery Studio. Further drug-likeness, oral bioavailability, ADME, and toxicity profiles were analyzed using SwissADME, ADMETSaR, and ADMETlab 3.0 web server. Complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) analysis using Desmond Schrodinger v2019. Results Among the screened compounds, rhamnopyranosyl vincosamide (−9.0 kcal/mol), luteoxanthin (−8.6 kcal/mol), and luteolin (−8.3 kcal/mol) exhibited the most stable interactions and were further analyzed through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results revealed that these phytochemicals interact with NS5 active-site residues, demonstrating significant inhibitory potential. Conclusions The study suggests that M . oleifera phytochemicals hold promise as DENV-2 NS5 inhibitors with minimal toxicity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. These findings provide a strong foundation for further clinical investigations, potentially contributing to developing novel anti-dengue therapeutics.

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CiteScore	3.2	2024, Scopus (Elsevier B.V., 2025)
SCImago Journal Rank	0.321	2024, SJR (Scimago Lab, 2025; Data Source: Scopus)
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	0.583	2024, CWTS Journal Indicators (CWTS B.V., 2025; Data Source: Scopus)

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Editor-in-Chief
Jeremy Y. Ng, PhD, Centre for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; and Institute of General Practice and Interprofessional Care, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Editors
Dennis Anheyer, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany, dennis.anheyer@uni-tuebingen.de
Kieran Cooley, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, kcooley@ccnm.edu
Robert Kam-Ming Ko, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China, bcrko@ust.hk
Zacharias Suntres, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada, zacharias.suntres@nosm.ca
Phoebe Zhou, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia, p.zhou@westernsydney.edu.au

Editorial Board
Terje Alraek, The National Research Center in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NAFKAM), Faculty of Medicine at UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Bergen, Norway
John T. Arnason, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Steven K.H. Aung, Associate Clinical Professor, Departments of Medicine and Family, Medicine University of Alberta, ALB, Canada
Robert Banner, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Zhao Xiang Bian, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
Heather Boon, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Alieen P. Burford-Mason, DRS Consulting, Toronto, ON, Canada
Harpal S. Buttar, Senior Scientist and Adjunct Professor, Reproduction and Urology Division, Therapeutic Products Directorate, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Dennis Chang, NICM Health Research Institute and Professor of Pharmacology at Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Alistair Dias, Chemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Barbara Findlay, Integrated Health Care Consultant, Richmond, BC, Canada
Gerhard Franz, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
Daniel F. Gallego-Pérez, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Mahabir Gupta, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panama, Rep. de Panamá
Cory Harris, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Jennifer Hunter, NICM Health Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
Connie Kehler, Canadian Herb, Specialty Agriculture and Natural Health Product Coalition, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Francis C.P. Law, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
Ye-Seul Jennifer Lee, Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, South Korea
Myeong Soo Lee, KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, South Korea
Brenada Leung, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, ALB, Canada
P.C. Leung, Institue Of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Jian-Ping Liu, Center for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
Maria Luz Lara-Marquez, Allergist and Immunologist, Integrative Medicine Specialist, San Diego, CA, USA
Candace Necyk, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ALB, Canada
Siyaram Pandey, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
Michael Smith, National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi; Oxford, MS, USA; National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
Amie Steel, Australian Research Consortium in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), University of Technology, Sidney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
Jerome Yager, Research Integrative Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ALB, Canada
Linda Zhong, Biomedical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, School of Biological Sciences at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, Singapore

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Farida Akhter, ON, Canada
Managing.Editor.JCIM@degruyter.com

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Heike.Jahnke@degruyterbrill.com

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eISSN:

1553-3840

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English

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De Gruyter

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First published:

January 1, 2004

Publication Frequency:

4 issues per year

eISSN: 1553-3840

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researchers in the field of medicine, medical sciences, traditional medicine and commercialization; complementary & integrative healthcare providers and educators; consumers

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