Phytochemical innovations in oral cancer therapy: targeting oncogenic pathways with natural compounds

References

1. Sung, H, Ferlay, J, Siegel, RL, Laversanne, M, Soerjomataram, I, Jemal, A, et al.. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Rivera, C. Review article essentials of oral cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015;8.Search in Google Scholar

3. Sarode, G, Maniyar, N, Sarode, SC, Jafer, M, Patil, S, Awan, KH, et al.. Epidemiologic aspects of oral cancer. Dis Mon 2020;66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.100988.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

4. Siegel, RL, Giaquinto, AN, Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2024. CA Cancer J Clin 2024;74. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21820.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Chhikara, BS, Parang, K. Global cancer statistics 2022: the trends projection analysis. Chem Biol Lett 2023;10.Search in Google Scholar

6. Hernández-Morales, A, González-López, BS, Scougall-Vilchis, RJ, Bermeo-Escalona, JR, Velázquez-Enríquez, U, Islas-Zarazúa, R, et al.. Lip and oral cavity cancer incidence and mortality rates associated with smoking and chewing tobacco use and the human development index in 172 countries worldwide: an ecological study 2019–2020. Health Care 2023;11. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081063.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

7. Hernández-Morales, A, González-López, BS, Scougall-Vilchis, RJ, Velázquez-Enríquez, U, Ortiz, MI, Veras-Hernández, MA, et al.. Incidence and mortality of salivary gland cancer worldwide and its correlation with tobacco use (smoking and chewing) and with the human development index. J Adv Oral Res 2024;15. https://doi.org/10.1177/23202068241229302.Search in Google Scholar

8. Lechner, M, Liu, J, Masterson, L, Fenton, TR. HPV-Associated oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022;19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-022-00603-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

9. Miller, DL, Sharon Stack. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancer. In: Head and neck cancer. Cham: Springer; 2015. pp. 239–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21100-8.Search in Google Scholar

10. Cadoni, G, Giraldi, L, Petrelli, L, Pandolfini, M, Giuliani, M, Paludetti, G, et al.. Prognostic factors in head and neck cancer: a 10-year retrospective analysis in a single-institution in Italy. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2021;37. https://doi.org/10.14639/0392-100x-1246.Search in Google Scholar

11. Pekarek, L, Garrido-Gil, MJ, Sanchez-Cendra, A, Cassinello, J, Pekarek, T, Fraile-Martinez, O, et al.. Emerging histological and serological biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: applications in diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapeutics (review). Oncol Rep 2023;50. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2023.8650.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

12. Prasad, M, Sekar, R, Priya, MDL, Varma, SR, Karobari, MI. A new perspective on diagnostic strategies concerning the potential of saliva-based miRNA signatures in oral cancer. Diagn Pathol 2024;19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-024-01575-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Krokidi, E, Rao, AP, Ambrosino, E, Thomas, PPM. The impact of health education interventions on HPV vaccination uptake, awareness, and acceptance among people under 30 years old in India: a literature review with systematic search. Front Reprod Health 2023;5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frph.2023.1151179.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

14. Maiuolo, J, Gliozzi, M, Carresi, C, Musolino, V, Oppedisano, F, Scarano, F, et al.. Nutraceuticals and cancer: potential for natural polyphenols. Nutrients 2021;13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113834.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

15. Alharbi, KS, Almalki, WH, Makeen, HA, Albratty, M, Meraya, AM, Nagraik, R, et al.. Role of medicinal plant-derived nutraceuticals as a potential target for the treatment of breast cancer. J Food Biochem 2022;46. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.14387.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Balasamy, S, Ganapathy, D, Atchudan, R, Arya, S, Sundramoorthy, AK. Chitosan/MXene composite scaffolds for bone regeneration in oral cancer treatment – a review. Curr Cancer Ther Rev 2025;19:e18742106360500. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733947326282240924003811.Search in Google Scholar

17. Asma, ST, Acaroz, U, Imre, K, Morar, A, Shah, SRA, Hussain, SZ, et al.. Natural products/bioactive compounds as a source of anticancer drugs. Cancers (Basel) 2022;14. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14246203.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

18. Siddiqui, AJ, Jahan, S, Singh, R, Saxena, J, Ashraf, SA, Khan, A, et al.. Plants in anticancer drug discovery: from molecular mechanism to chemoprevention. BioMed Res Int 2022;2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5425485.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

19. Liu, T, Long, T, Li, H. Curcumin suppresses the proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma through a specificity protein 1/nuclear factor-κB-dependent pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021;21. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9635.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

20. Kciuk, M, Alam, M, Ali, N, Rashid, S, Głowacka, P, Sundaraj, R, et al.. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate therapeutic potential in cancer: mechanism of action and clinical implications. Molecules 2023;28. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135246.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

21. Budi, HS, Farhood, B. Tumor microenvironment remodeling in oral cancer: application of plant derived-natural products and nanomaterials. Environ Res 2023;233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116432.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Ezike, TC, Okpala, US, Onoja, UL, Nwike, CP, Ezeako, EC, Okpara, OJ, et al.. Advances in drug delivery systems, challenges and future directions. Heliyon 2023;9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17488.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

23. Patel, S, Yadav, D, Kumar, D. Integrating machine learning to customize chemotherapy for oral cancer patients. OOR 2025;13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oor.2024.100711.Search in Google Scholar

24. George, BP, Chandran, R, Abrahamse, H. Role of phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention: insights. Antioxidants 2021;10. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091455.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

25. Qian, S, Wei, Z, Yang, W, Huang, J, Yang, Y, Wang, J, et al.. The role of BCL-2 family proteins in regulating apoptosis and cancer therapy. Front Oncol 2022;12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.985363.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

26. Ashkenazi, A, Fairbrother, WJ, Leverson, JD, Souers, AJ. From basic apoptosis discoveries to advanced selective BCL-2 family inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017;16. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2016.253.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

27. Sen, S, Sharma, H, Singh, N. Curcumin enhances vinorelbine mediated apoptosis in NSCLC cells by the mitochondrial pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.044.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Lee, TJ, Kim, OH, Kim, YH, Lim, JH, Kim, S, Park, JW, et al.. Quercetin arrests G2/M phase and induces caspase-dependent cell death in U937 cells. Cancer Lett 2006;240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2005.09.013.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Sharifi-Rad, J, Quispe, C, Imran, M, Rauf, A, Nadeem, M, Gondal, TA, et al.. Genistein: an integrative overview of its mode of action, pharmacological properties, and health benefits. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021;2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3268136.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

30. Steiner, C, Arnould, S, Scalbert, A, Manach, C. Isoflavones and the prevention of breast and prostate cancer: new perspectives opened by nutrigenomics. Br J Nutr 2008;99. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508965788.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

31. Dai, X, Zhang, J, Arfuso, F, Chinnathambi, A, Zayed, ME, Alharbi, SA, et al.. Targeting TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor by natural products as a potential therapeutic approach for cancer therapy. Exp Biol Med 2015;240. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370215579167.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

32. Hwang, JM, Kuo, HC, Tseng, TH, Liu, JY, Chu, CY. Berberine induces apoptosis through a mitochondria/caspases pathway in human hepatoma cells. Arch Toxicol 2006;80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-005-0014-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Luiz-Ferreira, A, Pacifico, T, Cruz, ÁC, Laudisi, F, Monteleone, G, Stolfi, C, et al.. TRAIL-sensitizing effects of flavonoids in cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316596.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

34. Martin, T, Ye, L, Sanders, A, Lane, J, Jiang, W. Cancer invasion and metastasis: molecular and cellular perspective cancer invasion and metastasis: the role of cell adhesion molecules. In: Cancer Invasion and Metastasis: Molecular and Cellular Perspective. New York: Springer; 2014, 9.Search in Google Scholar

35. Foda, HD, Zucker, S. Matrix metalloproteinases in cancer invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Drug Discov Today 2001;6:478–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(01)01752-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

36. Ende, C, Gebhardt, R. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activities by selected flavonoids. Planta Med 2004;70. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-832630.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Ji, HT, Shi, XJ, Hong, Y, Wang, Y, Wang, HL, Wang, ZY, et al.. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases activities by luteolin. Chem Res Chin Univ 2009;25.Search in Google Scholar

38. Meng, ZJ, Wu, N, Liu, Y, Shu, KJ, Zou, X, Zhang, RX, et al.. Evodiamine inhibits the proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells by blocking PI3K/Akt signaling. Oncol Rep 2015;34. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4084.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Fu, P, Du, F, Liu, Y, Hong, Y, Yao, M, Zheng, S, et al.. Wogonin increases doxorubicin sensitivity by down-regulation of igf-1r/akt signaling pathway in human breast cancer. Cell Mol Biol 2015;61. https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2015.61.7.19.Search in Google Scholar

40. Avila-Carrasco, L, Majano, P, Sánchez-Toméro, JA, Selgas, R, López-Cabrera, M, Aguilera, A, et al.. Natural plants compounds as modulators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Front Pharmacol 2019;10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00715.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

41. Kumar, J, Teoh, SL, Das, S, Mahakknaukrauh, P. Oxidative stress in oral diseases: understanding its relation with other systemic diseases. Front Physiol 2017;8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00693.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

42. Aggarwal, V, Tuli, HS, Varol, A, Thakral, F, Yerer, MB, Sak, K, et al.. Role of reactive oxygen species in cancer progression: molecular mechanisms and recent advancements. Biomolecules 2019;9. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110735.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

43. Fiedor, J, Burda, K. Potential role of carotenoids as antioxidants in human health and disease. Nutrients 2014;6. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6020466.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

44. Zhang, YJ, Gan, RY, Li, S, Zhou, Y, Li, AN, Xu, DP, et al.. Antioxidant phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Molecules 2015;20. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219753.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

45. Zhang, T, Ma, C, Zhang, Z, Zhang, H, Hu, H. NF-κB signaling in inflammation and cancer. MedComm 2021;2. https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.104.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

46. Fan, Y, Mao, R, Yang, J. NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways collaboratively link inflammation to cancer. Protein Cell 2013;4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-013-2084-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

47. Chauhan, A, Islam, AU, Prakash, H, Singh, S. Phytochemicals targeting NF-κB signaling: potential anti-cancer interventions. J Pharm Anal 2022;12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2021.07.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

48. Wang, LJ, Zhou, X, Wang, W, Tang, F, Qi, CL, Yang, X, et al.. Andrographolide inhibits oral squamous cell carcinogenesis through NF-κB inactivation. J Dent Res 2011;90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034511418341.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

49. Ruhee, RT, Suzuki, K. The integrative role of sulforaphane in preventing inflammation, oxidative stress and fatigue: a review of a potential protective phytochemical. Antioxidants 2020;9. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060521.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

50. Majrashi, TA, Alshehri, SA, Alsayari, A, Muhsinah, AB, Alrouji, M, Alshahrani, AM, et al.. Insight into the biological roles and mechanisms of phytochemicals in different types of cancer: targeting cancer therapeutics. Nutrients 2023;15. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071704.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

51. Lee, TY, Tseng, YH. The potential of phytochemicals in oral cancer prevention and therapy: a review of the evidence. Biomolecules 2020;10. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10081150.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

52. Sachita, K, Kim, Y, Yu, HJ, Cho, SD, Lee, JS. In vitro assessment of the anticancer potential of evodiamine in human oral cancer cell lines. Phytother Res 2015;29. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5359.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

53. Abd El-Aziz, E. Evaluation of the effect of matrine on human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Egypt Dent J 2020;66. https://doi.org/10.21608/edj.2020.27806.1102.Search in Google Scholar

54. Liu, J, Li, Q, Liu, Z, Lin, L, Zhang, X, Cao, M, et al.. Harmine induces cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial pathway-mediated cellular apoptosis in SW620 cells via inhibition of the akt and ERK signaling pathways. Oncol Rep 2016;35. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2016.4695.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Li, MH, Liao, X, Li, C, Wang, TT, Sun, YS, Yang, K, et al.. Lycorine hydrochloride induces reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and the JNK signaling pathway in the oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-3 cell line. Oncol Lett 2021;21. https://doi.org/10.3892/OL.2021.12497.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

56. Ho, YT, Yang, JS, Li, TC, Lin, JJ, Lin, JG, Lai, KC, et al.. Berberine suppresses in vitro migration and invasion of human SCC-4 tongue squamous cancer cells through the inhibitions of FAK, IKK, NF-κB, u-PA and MMP-2 and -9. Cancer Lett 2009;279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2009.01.033.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

57. Tsukamoto, H, Kondo, S, Mukudai, Y, Nagumo, T, Yasuda, A, Kurihara, Y, et al.. Evaluation of anticancer activities of benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid sanguinarine in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Anticancer Res 2011;31.Search in Google Scholar

58. Xiao, F, Hou, J, Fang, D, Yang, W, Li, C. Anticancer activity of voacangine against human oral cancer cells is due to G2/M cell cycle arrest, ROS-Mediated cell death and inhibition of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. J BUON 2020;25.Search in Google Scholar

59. Yoo, MJ, Choi, J, Jang, Yji, Park, SY, Seol, JW. Anti-cancer effect of palmatine through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway in canine mammary gland tumor CMT-U27 cells. BMC Vet Res 2023;19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03782-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

60. Wang, LY, Yeh, SL, Hsu, ST, Chen, CH, Chen, CC, Chuang, CH, et al.. The anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of rutaecarpine on human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line CE81T/VGH in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052843.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

61. Venditto, VJ, Simanek, EE. Cancer therapies utilizing the camptothecins: a review of the in vivo literature. Mol Pharm 2010;7. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp900243b.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

62. Zhan, H, Zhou, X, Cao, Y, Jagtiani, T, Chang, TL, Liang, JF, et al.. Anti-cancer activity of camptothecin nanocrystals decorated by silver nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2017;5. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tb00134g.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

63. Maggioni, D, Garavello, W, Rigolio, R, Pignataro, L, Gaini, R, Nicolini, G, et al.. Apigenin impairs oral squamous cell carcinoma growth in vitro inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Int J Oncol 2013;43. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.2072.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

64. Velmurugan, BK, Lin, JT, Mahalakshmi, B, Chuang, YC, Lin, CC, Lo, YS, et al.. Luteolin-7-o-glucoside inhibits oral cancer cell migration and invasion by regulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Biomolecules 2020;10. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10040502.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

65. Lin, CW, Chen, PN, Chen, MK, Yang, WE, Tang, CH, Yang, SF, et al.. Kaempferol reduces matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by down-regulating ERK1/2 and the activator protein-1 signaling pathways in oral cancer cells. PLoS One 2013;8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080883.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

66. Sato, D, Kondo, S, Yazawa, K, Mukudai, Y, Li, C, Kamatani, T, et al.. The potential anticancer activity of extracts derived from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis on human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Mol Clin Oncol 2013;1. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2012.14.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

67. Du, Y, Lai, J, Su, J, Li, J, Li, C, Zhu, B, et al.. Naringenin-induced oral cancer cell apoptosis via ROS-Mediated bid and Bcl-xl signaling pathway. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2023;24. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115680096267430231023091521.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

68. Li, Y, Jia, S, Dai, W. Fisetin modulates human oral squamous cell carcinoma proliferation by blocking PAK4 signaling pathways. Drug Des Dev Ther 2020;14. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S229270.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

69. Ho, YC, Lee, SS, Yang, SF, Yu, CC, Chang, YC. Inhibitory effects of wogonin on invasion by human oral cancer cells by decreasing the activity of matrix metalloproteinases and urokinase-plasminogen activator. J Dent Sci 2014;9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2013.02.024.Search in Google Scholar

70. Myoung, H, Hong, SP, Yun, PY, Lee, JH, Kim, MJ. Anti-cancer effect of genistein in oral squamous cell carcinoma with respect to angiogenesis and in vitro invasion. Cancer Sci 2003;94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01422.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

71. Wudtiwai, B, Makeudom, A, Krisanaprakornkit, S, Pothacharoen, P, Kongtawelert, P. Anticancer activities of hesperidin via suppression of up-regulated programmed death-ligand 1 expression in oral cancer cells. Molecules 2021;26. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175345.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

72. Maggioni, D, Nicolini, G, Rigolio, R, Biffi, L, Pignataro, L, Gaini, R, et al.. Myricetin and naringenin inhibit human squamous cell carcinoma proliferation and migration in vitro. Nutr Cancer 2014;66. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2014.951732.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

73. Wang, X, Sun, C, He, S, Guo, X, Xu, H, Zeng, X, et al.. Apoptotic effects of diosgeninlactoside on oral squamous carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Biol Pharm Bull 2014;37. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b14-00122.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

74. Lee, YC, Wong, WT, Li, LH, Chu, LJ, Menon, MP, Ho, CL, et al.. Ginsenoside M1 induces apoptosis and inhibits the migration of human oral cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249704.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

75. Yao, N, Ren, K, Wang, Y, Jin, Q, Lu, X, Lu, Y, et al.. Paris polyphylla suppresses proliferation and vasculogenic mimicry of human osteosarcoma cells and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Am J Chin Med 2017;45. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X17500343.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

76. Yin, W, Liao, X, Sun, J, Chen, Q, Fan, S. Astragaloside IV inhibits the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of oral cancer cells by aggravating autophagy. Tissue Cell 2024;90:102524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2024.102524.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

77. Zhang, Y, Song, Y, Wang, C, Jiang, J, Liu, S, Bai, Q, et al.. Panax notoginseng saponin R1 attenuates allergic rhinitis through AMPK/Drp1 mediated mitochondrial fission. Biochem Pharmacol 2022;202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115106.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

78. Cheng, G, Gao, F, Sun, X, Bi, H, Zhu, Y. Paris saponin VII suppresses osteosarcoma cell migration and invasion by inhibiting MMP-2/9 production via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016;14. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5663.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

79. Zhang, H, Yi, J, Kim, E, Choo, Y, Hai, H, Kim, K, et al.. 20(s)-ginsenoside rh2 suppresses oral cancer cell growth by inhibiting the src-raf-erk signaling pathway. Anticancer Res 2021;41. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.14769.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

80. Zhang, Z, Zhao, M, Zheng, W, Liu, Y, Platycodin, D. A triterpenoid saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum, suppresses the growth and invasion of human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells via the NF-κB pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017;31. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.21934.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

81. Weng, SW, Hsu, SC, Liu, HC, Ji, BC, Lien, JC, Yu, FUS, et al.. Gallic acid induces DNA damage and inhibits DNA repair-associated protein expression in human oral cancer SCC-4 cells. Anticancer Res 2015;35.Search in Google Scholar

82. Shimozu, Y, Kimura, Y, Esumi, A, Aoyama, H, Kuroda, T, Sakagami, H, et al.. Ellagitannins of davidia involucrata. I. Structure of davicratinic acid a and effects of davidia tannins on drug-resistant bacteria and human oral squamous cell carcinomas. Molecules 2017;22. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22030470.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

83. Ibrahim, SSA, Sabry, EAR, Khazargy, NNE, Abdal-Wahab, M. Evaluation of the apoptotic effect of punicalagin on tongue carcinoma cell (in-vitro study). Ain Shams Dent J (Egypt) 2023;30. https://doi.org/10.21608/ASDJ.2022.177696.1157.Search in Google Scholar

84. Lakshmi, T, Balusamy, SR, Parameswari, R. A review on green tea catechins in oral health management. JAPER 2017;7.10.51847/kq4n2DQSearch in Google Scholar

85. Sharifi, S, Naseri, N, Fathiazad, F, Asnaashari, S, Hamedeyazdan, S. Anticancer effect of buddlejasaponin IV and buddlejasaponin IVa from Clinopodium umbrosum on oral cancer cells (HN-5). Toxicon 2022;220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106939.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

86. Pushpalatha, R, Sindhu, G, Sharmila, R, Tamizharasi, G, Vennila, L, Vijayalakshmi, A, et al.. Linalool induces reactive oxygen species mediated apoptosis in human oral squamous carcinoma cells. Indian J Pharmaceut Sci 2021;83. https://doi.org/10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.842.Search in Google Scholar

87. Dutra, MJ, Malta, IS, de Almeida Lança, ML, de Vasconcellos, LMR, Adorno-Farias, D, Jara, JA, et al.. Effects of artemisinin and cisplatin on the malignant progression of oral leukoplakia. In vitro and in vivo study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024;150:390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-024-05924-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

88. Wolter, KG, Wang, SJ, Henson, BS, Wang, S, Griffith, KA, Kumar, B, et al.. (-)-Gossypol inhibits growth and promotes apoptosis of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vivo. Neoplasia 2006;8. https://doi.org/10.1593/neo.05691.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

89. Hu, J, Zhang, N, Wang, R, Huang, F, Li, G. Paclitaxel induces apoptosis and reduces proliferation by targeting epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2015;10. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3499.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

90. Yu, Z, Liang, S, Ji, L, Cheng, YH, Yan, W, Gao, R, et al.. Network pharmacological analysis and experimental study of cucurbitacin B in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Divers 2023;28:2801–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-023-10713-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

91. Pan, D, Wang, Q, Tang, S, Wu, X, Cai, L, Wang, Z, et al.. Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid inhibits cell proliferation and growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma via RAB7B-mediated autophagy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024;485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2024.116906.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

92. Sethi, G, Kwang, SA, Pandey, MK, Aggarwal, BB. Celastrol, a novel triterpene, potentiates TNF-Induced apoptosis and suppresses invasion of tumor cells by inhibiting NF-κB-regulated gene products and TAK1-mediated NF-κB activation. Blood 2007;109. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-10-050807.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

93. Rauth, S, Ray, S, Bhattacharyya, S, Mehrotra, DG, Alam, N, Mondal, G, et al.. Lupeol evokes anticancer effects in oral squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting oncogenic EGFR pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2016;417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-016-2717-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

94. Garewal, HS. Potential role of β-carotene in prevention of oral cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/53.1.294S.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

95. Wang, X, Wan, Z, Yang, S, Ma, L, Zhan, Q, Jin, J, et al.. Natural β-carotene based nanodrug: a promising phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase targeting strategy to treat oral carcinogenesis. Chem Eng J 2024;497:154600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.154600.Search in Google Scholar

96. Sanjai, C, Hakkimane, SS, Guru, BR, Gaonkar, SL. A comprehensive review on anticancer evaluation techniques. Bioorg Chem 2024;142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106973.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

97. Lai, WW, Hsu, SC, Chueh, FS, Chen, YY, Yang, JS, Lin, JP, et al.. Quercetin inhibits migration and invasion of SAS human oral cancer cells through inhibition of NF-κB and matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 signaling pathways. Anticancer Res 2013;33.Search in Google Scholar

98. Srimathi, B, Anitha, R, Perumal, E. Chemotherapeutic effect of rutin on TGF-β/SMAD2 signalling molecules gene expression in oral cancer cells. Oral Maxillofac Pathol J 2024;15:164.Search in Google Scholar

99. Chaves, ALF, De Lima, PO, Soares, JMA, Dos Santos, HB, Silva, AG, Muniz, LV, et al.. Effects of digoxin and Na, K-ATPase immunoexpression on human oral squamous carcinomas. Anticancer Res 2014;34.Search in Google Scholar

100. Li, Q, Wen, J, Yu, K, Shu, Y, He, W, Chu, H, et al.. Aloe-emodin induces apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma SCC15 cells. BMC Compl Alternative Med 2018;18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2353-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

101. Hsu, PC, Hsu, CC, Hsia, YJ, Kuo, CY. Chrysophanol suppresses cell growth via mTOR/PPAR-α regulation and ROS accumulation in cultured human tongue squamous carcinoma SAS cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022;44. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44040104.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

102. Zhang, H, Ma, L, Kim, E, Yi, J, Huang, H, Kim, H, et al.. Rhein induces oral cancer cell apoptosis and ROS via suppresse AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108507.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

103. Ren, L, Lou, Y, Sun, M. The anti-tumor effects of evodiamine on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) through regulating advanced glycation end products (AGE)/receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) pathway. Bioengineered 2021;12. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.1972082.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

104. Almatrood, SA, Almatroudi, A, Khan, AA, Alhumaydh, FA, Alsahl, MA, Rahmani, AH, et al.. Potential therapeutic targets of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most abundant catechin in green tea, and its role in the therapy of various types of cancer. Molecules 2020;25. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143146.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

105. Han, EJ, Choi, EY, Jeon, SJ, Lee, SW, Moon, JM, Jung, SH, et al.. Piperine induces apoptosis and autophagy in HSC-3 human oral cancer cells by regulating PI3K signaling pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813949.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

106. Peng, Y-C, He, Z-J, Yin, L-C, Pi, H-F, Jiang, Y, Li, K-Y, et al.. Sanguinarine suppresses oral squamous cell carcinoma progression by targeting the PKM2/TFEB aix to inhibit autophagic flux. Phytomedicine 2025;136:156337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156337.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

107. Yang, N, Gao, J, Cheng, X, Hou, C, Yang, Y, Qiu, Y, et al.. Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells through suppressing the protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2017;40. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3162.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

108. Utaipan, T, Athipornchai, A, Suksamrarn, A, Jirachotikoon, C, Yuan, X, Lertcanawanichakul, M, et al.. Carbazole alkaloids from Murraya koenigii trigger apoptosis and autophagic flux inhibition in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. J Nat Med 2017;71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-016-1045-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

109. Enăşescu, DA, Moisescu, MG, Imre, M, Greabu, M, Ripszky Totan, A, Stanescu-Spinu, I, et al.. Lutein treatment effects on the redox status and metalloproteinase–9 (MMP-9) in oral cancer squamous cells – are there therapeutical hopes? Materials 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112968.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

110. Xiao, Y, Duan, Y, Wang, Y, Yin, X. Resveratrol suppresses malignant progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by inducing the ZNF750/RAC1 signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2021;12. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.1940616.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

111. Lu, J, Wang, Z, Li, S, Xin, Q, Yuan, M, Li, H, et al.. Quercetin inhibits the migration and invasion of HCCLM3 cells by suppressing the expression of p-Akt1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) MMP-2, and MMP-9. Med Sci Monit 2018;24. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.906172.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

112. Xiao, Y, Xu, B, Li, X, Ding, T, Zhao, W, Nie, X, et al.. Potential targets of diosgenin for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma and their bioinformatics and transcriptional profiling analyses. Steroids 2024;205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109393.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

113. Won, DH, Kim, LH, Jang, B, Yang, IH, Kwon, HJ, Jin, B, et al.. In vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activity of silymarin on oral cancer. Tumor Biol 2018;40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010428318776170.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

114. Dioguardi, M, Ballini, A, Sovereto, D, Spirito, F, Cazzolla, AP, Aiuto, R, et al.. Application of the extracts of Punica granatum in oral cancer: scoping review. Dent J 2022;10. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj10120234.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

115. Nakakaji, R, Umemura, M, Mitsudo, K, Kim, JH, Hoshino, Y, Sato, I, et al.. Treatment of oral cancer using magnetized paclitaxel. Oncotarget 2018;9. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24570.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

116. Scheper, MA, Shirtliff, ME, Meiller, TF, Peters, BM, Jabra-Rizk, MA. Farnesol, a fungal quorum-sensing molecule triggers apoptosis in human oral squamous carcinoma cells. Neoplasia 2008;10. https://doi.org/10.1593/neo.08444.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

117. Almeida, TC, da Silva, GN, de Souza, DV, de Moraes Malinverni, AC, Aguiar, O, Estadella, D, et al.. Resveratrol effects in oral cancer cells: a comprehensive review. Med Oncol 2021;38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-021-01548-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

118. Peng, YC, He, ZJ, Yin, LC, Pi, HF, Jiang, Y, Li, KY, et al.. Sanguinarine suppresses oral squamous cell carcinoma progression by targeting the PKM2/TFEB aix to inhibit autophagic flux. Phytomedicine 2025;136:156337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156337.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

119. Essawy, MM, Mohamed, MM, Raslan, HS, Rafik, ST, Awaad, AK, Ramadan, OR. The theranostic potentialities of bioavailable nanocurcumin in oral cancer management. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022;22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03770-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

120. Yu, HJ, Shin, JA, Choi, SJ, Cho, SD. Podophyllotoxin reduces the aggressiveness of human oral squamous cell carcinoma through myeloid cell leukemia-1. Int J Mol Med 2023;52. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2023.5306.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

121. Burcher, JT, DeLiberto, LK, Allen, AM, Kilpatrick, KL, Bishayee, A. Bioactive phytocompounds for oral cancer prevention and treatment: a comprehensive and critical evaluation. Med Res Rev 2023;43. https://doi.org/10.1002/med.21969.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

122. Dhupal, M, Chowdhury, D. Phytochemical-based nanomedicine for advanced cancer theranostics: perspectives on clinical trials to clinical use. Int J Nanomed 2020;15. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S259628.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

123. Nandhini, J, Karthikeyan, E, Sheela, M, Bellarmin, M, Gokula Kannan, B, Pavithra, A, et al.. Optimization of microwave-assisted green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ocimum americanum and Euphorbia hirta extracts: in vitro evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, and wound healing properties. Intelligent Pharm 2025;3:90–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipha.2024.09.003.Search in Google Scholar

124. Nandhini, J, Karthikeyan, E, Jegatheshwaran, C, Vignesh, K, Muthuboopathi, G, Rajeshkumar, S. Pitolisant nanofibers: a promising Frontier in drug delivery for narcolepsy - formulation, optimisation, and characterization insights. Bio Technol 2024;6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmt.2023.10.002.Search in Google Scholar

125. Wang, S, Su, R, Nie, S, Sun, M, Zhang, J, Wu, D, et al.. Application of nanotechnology in improving bioavailability and bioactivity of diet-derived phytochemicals. J Nutr Biochem 2014;25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.10.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

126. Li, Z, Jiang, H, Xu, C, Gu, L. A review: using nanoparticles to enhance absorption and bioavailability of phenolic phytochemicals. Food Hydrocoll 2015;43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.05.010.Search in Google Scholar

127. Muhamad, N, Plengsuriyakarn, T, Na-Bangchang, K. Application of active targeting nanoparticle delivery system for chemotherapeutic drugs and traditional/herbal medicines in cancer therapy: a systematic review. Int J Nanomed 2018;13. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S165210.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

128. Nandhini, J, Bellarmin, M, Siva Prakash, S, Sowmya Sri, D, Karthikeyan, E. Advancements in metal oxide bio-nanocomposites for sustainable food packaging: fabrication, applications, and future prospectives. Food Bioeng 2024;3:438–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/fbe2.12106.Search in Google Scholar

129. Mahalakshmi, D, Nandhini, J, Meenaloshini, G, Karthikeyan, E, Karthik, KK, Sujaritha, J, et al.. Graphene nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for salivary biomarker detection: a translational approach to oral cancer diagnostics. Nano TransMed 2025;4:100073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntm.2025.100073.Search in Google Scholar

130. Chen, C, Ma, T, Tang, W, Wang, X, Wang, Y, Zhuang, J, et al.. Reversibly-regulated drug release using poly(tannic acid) fabricated nanocarriers for reduced secondary side effects in tumor therapy. Nanoscale Horiz 2020;5. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nh00032a.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

131. Kankala, RK, Liu, CG, Chen, AZ, Wang, SB, Xu, PY, Mende, LK, et al.. Overcoming multidrug resistance through the synergistic effects of hierarchical pH-Sensitive, ROS-generating nanoreactors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017;3. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00569.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

132. Punfa, W, Yodkeeree, S, Pitchakarn, P, Ampasavate, C, Limtrakul, P. Enhancement of cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles by conjugation with anti-P-glycoprotein in drug resistance cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012;33. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2012.34.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

133. Dev, A, Sardoiwala, MN, Kushwaha, AC, Karmakar, S, Choudhury, SR. Genistein nanoformulation promotes selective apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma through repression of 3PK-EZH2 signalling pathway. Phytomedicine 2021;80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153386.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

134. Tamane, P, Mahadik, K, Pokharkar, V. Exploring the potential of site-specific co-delivery of berberine alongside 5-fluorouracil in oral cancer: formulation development, in-vitro apoptosis, ex-vivo permeability and in-vivo biocompatibility studies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022;68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103105.Search in Google Scholar

135. Mariadoss, AVA, Vinayagam, R, Senthilkumar, V, Paulpandi, M, Murugan, K, Xu, B, et al.. Phloretin loaded chitosan nanoparticles augments the pH-dependent mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic apoptosis in human oral cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019;130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.031.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

136. Moustafa, MA, El-Refaie, WM, Elnaggar, YSR, El-Mezayen, NS, Awaad, AK, Abdallah, OY. Fucoidan/hyaluronic acid cross-linked zein nanoparticles loaded with fisetin as a novel targeted nanotherapy for oral cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023;241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124528.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

137. Chaudhari, VS, Gawali, B, Saha, P, Naidu, VGM, Murty, US, Banerjee, S. Quercetin and piperine enriched nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to improve apoptosis in oral squamous cellular carcinoma (FaDu cells) with improved biodistribution profile. Eur J Pharmacol 2021;909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174400.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

138. Chen, HJ, Hsu, LS, Shia, YT, Lin, MW, Lin, CM. The β-catenin/TCF complex as a novel target of resveratrol in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2012;84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2012.08.011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

139. Gohulkumar, M, Gurushankar, K, Rajendra Prasad, N, Krishnakumar, N. Enhanced cytotoxicity and apoptosis-induced anticancer effect of silibinin-loaded nanoparticles in oral carcinoma (KB) cells. Mater Sci Eng C 2014;41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.04.056.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

140. Hembram, KC, Dash, SR, Das, B, Sethy, C, Chatterjee, S, Bindhani, BK, et al.. Quinacrine based gold hybrid nanoparticles caused apoptosis through modulating replication fork in oral cancer stem cells. Mol Pharm 2020;17. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00197.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

141. Subramanyam, GK, Gaddam, SA, Kotakadi, VS, Palithya, S, Penchalaneni, J, Challagundla, VN. Argyreia nervosa (samudra pala) leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their antioxidant, antibacterial activity, in vitro anticancer and apoptotic studies in KB oral cancer cell lines. Artif Cells, Nanomed Biotechnol 2021;49. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2021.1996384.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

142. Yang, R, Wang, M, Ma, X, Gao, Q. Development of silver nanoparticles green-formulated by Matricaria chamomilla as novel chemotherapeutic nanoformulation for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2022;26. https://doi.org/10.2174/1386207326666221116101621.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

143. Barua, S, Banerjee, PP, Sadhu, A, Sengupta, A, Chatterjee, S, Sarkar, S, et al.. Silver nanoparticles as antibacterial and anticancer materials against human breast, cervical and oral cancer cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2017;17. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2017.12636.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

144. Alsareii, SA, Manaa Alamri, A, AlAsmari, MY, Bawahab, MA, Mahnashi, MH, Shaikh, IA, et al.. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Rhizophora apiculata and studies on their wound healing, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activity. Molecules 2022;27. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196306.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

145. Radhakrishnan, R, Kulhari, H, Pooja, D, Gudem, S, Bhargava, S, Shukla, R, et al.. Encapsulation of biophenolic phytochemical EGCG within lipid nanoparticles enhances its stability and cytotoxicity against cancer. Chem Phys Lipids 2016;198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.05.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

146. de Jesús Valle, MJ, Rondon Mujica, AM, Zarzuelo Castañeda, A, Coutinho, P, de Abreu Duarte, AC, Sánchez Navarro, A. Resveratrol liposomes in buccal formulations, an approach to overcome drawbacks limiting the application of the phytoactive molecule for chemoprevention and treatment of oral cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2024;98:105910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105910.Search in Google Scholar

147. Hao, J, Wang, F, Wang, X, Zhang, D, Bi, Y, Gao, Y, et al.. Development and optimization of baicalin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles prepared by coacervation method using central composite design. Eur J Pharmaceut Sci 2012;47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2012.07.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

148. Hussain, A, Kumar, A, Uttam, V, Sharma, U, Sak, K, Saini, RV, et al.. Application of curcumin nanoformulations to target folic acid receptor in cancer: recent trends and advances. Environ Res 2023;233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116476.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

149. Arora, S, Singh, B, Kumar, S, Kumar, A, Singh, A, Singh, C. Piperine loaded drug delivery systems for improved biomedical applications: current status and future directions. Health Sci Rev 2023;9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hsr.2023.100138.Search in Google Scholar

150. Wickens, JM, Alsaab, HO, Kesharwani, P, Bhise, K, Amin, MCIM, Tekade, RK, et al.. Recent advances in hyaluronic acid-decorated nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2017;22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2016.12.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

151. Wang, S, Wang, J, Chen, Z, Luo, J, Guo, W, Sun, L, et al.. Targeting M2-like tumor-associated macrophages is a potential therapeutic approach to overcome antitumor drug resistance. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024;8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41698-024-00522-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

152. Gao, S, Zhou, J, Liu, N, Wang, L, Gao, Q, Wu, Y, et al.. Curcumin induces M2 macrophage polarization by secretion IL-4 and/or IL-13. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015;85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.04.025.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

153. Zhang, P, Lai, X, Zhu, MH, Long, M, Liu, XL, Wang, ZX, et al.. Saikosaponin A, a triterpene saponin, suppresses angiogenesis and tumor growth by blocking VEGFR2-Mediated signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021;12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.713200.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

154. Yasin, D, Sami, N, Afzal, B, Zaki, A, Naaz, H, Husain, S, et al.. Biogenic nanoparticles: understanding their potential role in cancer theranostics. Nanotechnology 2025;8:100149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100149.Search in Google Scholar

155. Kumar, R, Kumar, A, Bhardwaj, S, Sikarwar, M, Sriwastaw, S, Sharma, G, et al.. Nanotoxicity unveiled: evaluating exposure risks and assessing the impact of nanoparticles on human health. J Trace Elem Min 2025:100252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemin.2025.100252.Search in Google Scholar

156. Nasir, A, Friedman, A. Nanotechnology and the nanodermatology society. J Drugs Dermatol JDD 2010;9.Search in Google Scholar

157. Aqil, F, Munagala, R, Jeyabalan, J, Vadhanam, MV. Bioavailability of phytochemicals and its enhancement by drug delivery systems. Cancer Lett 2013;334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.032.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central