Volume 7, Issue 1

Acute and sub chronic oral administration of Sida rhomboidea.Roxb (SR) aqueous leaf extract did not register any adverse behavioral alterations or significant toxic manifestations. However, significant decrement in food intake and body weight gain along with higher plasma AST and ALT levels were recorded with a dose of 3000 mg/kg body weight. It is inferred that SR extract is non-toxic, therefore, safe for consumption.

The petroleum ether extract of the heart wood of Cedrus deodara (PECD) was tested for its diuretic and anti-urolithiatic activity. The urolithiasis was experimentally induced by administering sodium oxalate (70 mg/kg, i.p) for 10 days. PECD (100 and 200 mg/kg) was orally gavaged daily 1 h before sodium oxalate (NaOx) administration for 10 days. In NaOx treated rats, crystal was observed in urine under light microscope and elevation of serum parameters indicated the development of nephrolithiasis in the control group. Concomitant administration of PECD for 10 days along with NaOx prevented elevated serum biochemical levels due to the elimination of these in urine. Histology of the kidneys also indicated that PECD treatment had protected against NaOx induced nephroliathiasis. These results obtained, confirmed the beneficiary effect of Cedrus deodara in urolithiasis.

Objective: To evaluate the anti-nociceptive and locomotor activity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of Zanthoxylum nitidum stem bark in mice.Methods: The aqueous and ethanol extracts of Z. nitidum stem bark were evaluated for anti-nociceptive activity by acetic acid-induced writhing and tail flick method in Swiss albino mice. The locomotor activity was tested in mice by using actophotometer.Results: In writhing test, aqueous extract dose dependently and significantly inhibited writhes at the dose of 75 and 150 mg/kg body weight (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively), while ethanol extract produced significant protection ( p < 0.05) at the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. In tail flick test, the ethanol extract showed significant (p < 0.01, after 60 min and p < 0.05, after 120 min) increase in reaction time. In locomotor activity evaluation, the ethanol extract in a dose dependent manner significantly (p < 0.05, at 75 mg/kg, and p < 0.001, at 150 mg/kg) depressed locomotor activity in mice.Conclusion: Present investigation demonstrates that the stem bark extracts of Z. nitidum exhibited remarkable anti-nociceptive and depressed locomotor activity in mice.

Pterocarpus marsupium is a deciduous tree native to India, Nepal and SriLanka. Various portions of the bark are used as astringent, anti-diarrheal, antacid, for treatment of toothache and for management of diabetes. We have demonstrated strong antioxidant activity of this extract using different biochemical assays. Since this extract is being used as antidiabetic agent for a longer duration, studies were undertaken to evaluate the genotoxicity of this extract if any using both somatic cells and germ cells. Results obtained clearly demonstrate that the extract by itself is not genotoxic. Additionally it reduced the genotoxic effect of cyclophosphamide in a dose dependent manner which was comparable to a known antimutagen, vitamin C. Thus this data clearly demonstrates that there are no genotoxic effects after administration of this drug in mice.

Plant saponins are widely distributed amongst plants and have a wide range of biological properties. Icosahydropicenic acid (IHPA), a new pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin was first time isolated from the roots of Clerodendrum Serratum (L) Moon (Verbenaceae). IHPA, at the dose of 100mg/kg, showed significant protection of mast cell degraualtion (59.62%) as compared to standard sodium cromoglycate (64.48%). The compound also revealed significant inhibitory activity on histamine—induced goat tracheal chain preparation. The study provides scientific basis for its clinical use in the treatment of asthma.

The antibacterial activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, water extract of W. tinctoria and stigmasterol isolated from ethyl acetate extract were evaluated. Ethyl acetate, water extract and stigmasterol showed significant activity against five species of bacterium in comparison to Streptomycin antibiotic. The results obtained in the present study authenticate and support the use of these plants in folklore medicine for treatment of various infectious diseases caused by the bacterial pathogens. These findings will stimulate the search for novel, natural products as new antibacterial agents that may be useful to pharmaceutical industries.

This article evaluates the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of the seaweeds Amphiroa fragilissima and Asparigopsis taxiformis methanolic extracts in-vitro. The aim of this study was to test the selected red seaweed extracts for their cytotoxic activity by Brine shrimp lethality assay and antioxidant properties by in-vitro free radical scavenging assays such as, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, and metal ion chelating assay. Also, the total phenolic content (TPC) of the seaweed extracts was also determined. In the brine shrimp lethality test, A. fragilissima and A. taxiformis demonstrated mild cytotoxic activity of 53.33 ± 2.58 and 58.33 ± 2.58 % at the highest concentration of 0.5mg/ml and 24 h incubation time. The total phenolic content of both the seaweed extracts were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/ gram dry seaweed extract and consecutively decreased as follows: A. taxiformis (8.521 ± 0.284) > A. fragilissima (8.220 ± 0.214). Percent DPPH radical scavenging activities of the two studied red seaweed extracts were dose dependant and was highest in the extract of A. fragilissima (IC50 2.89 ± 0.061 mg/ml) when compared to A. taxiformis (IC50 3.38 ± 0.042 mg/ml), although none showed comparable activity to the standard ascorbic acid (ICM50 0.07 ± 0.002 mg/ml). Reducing power in seaweed methanolic extracts at all concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 and 2.0 mg/ml decreased in the order of BHT > A. fragilissima > A. taxiformis. The metal ion chelating efficacy was the highest in A. fragilissima (IC501.27 ± 0.018 mg/ml) followed by A. taxiformis (IC50 2.37 ± 0.172 mg/ml), respectively. The present study exemplifies that the methanolic extracts of Amphiroa fragilissima and Asparigopsis taxiformis have notable cytotoxic and antioxidant activities in in-vitro assay systems.

Acute toxicity and antioxidant activity of hydroethanolic leaves extract of Solenostemon monostachyus (Esomo) were investigated. The method used for antioxidant evaluation was 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the method of Miller & Tainter was employed for the acute toxicity. The lethal dose inducing death for half of tested mice (LD50) for Esomo was 1.9± 0.001 g/kg body weight. According to the classification of Diezi (1989), this drug is weakly toxic. Esomo's concentration at 50% DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50) was 19.95 ± 0. 1µg/ml. Esomo (100 µg/ml) induced a DPPH scavenging activity of 86.25 %. Similar results were obtained with acid gallic and ascorbic acid applied at the same concentration and they induced a DPPH scavenging activity of 91.66% and 98%, respectively. Our results show that the extract of S. monostachyus exhibits an antioxidant property. The property is due to the presence of phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, sterols and terpins, shown in the former phytochemical study. The weak toxicity and the significant antioxidant activity of leaves of S. monostachyus could explain its use in folk medicine.

Garlic extract is known to possess anti-mycobacterial property. The present study evaluates the effect of crude aqueous extract of garlic on MIC of isoniazid and rifampicin against drug sensitive strains.Crude aqueous extract of garlic was prepared according to method described by Fromtling and Bulmer. Clinical isolates of MTB were obtained from patients reporting to the hospital and were used for the study after antibiotic sensitivity testing. Sensitivity testing for isoniazid and rifampicin alone and in combination with different dilutions of aqueous extract of garlic was performed in 96-well microtitre plates. H37Rv was used as control strain for the study.Crude aqueous extract of garlic alone inhibited the growth of clinical isolates of MTB in dilution of 2.64+1.24 ul/100ul of broth. The MIC of isoniazid was reduced from 0.42 ± 0.22 ug/ml to 0.11 ± 0.04 ug/ml, while MIC of rifampicin was reduced from 1.73 ± 0.44 ug/ml to 0.62 ± 0.65 ug/ml in presence of garlic extract.Crude extract of garlic reduces the MIC of isoniazid and rifampicin and offers potential new chemical entities for further research.

Antihyperglycemic properties of chloroform (CDT), ethyl acetate (EDT) and methanolic (MDT) extracts of D. tripetala were investigated using alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in EDT-pretreated in both normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. Tolbutamide (TLB) was used as the reference drug. TLB (100 mg/g), EDT (100 mg/kg), MDT (100 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05) decreased the plasma glucose level at different time intervals after the administration of the extracts/drug. The antihyperglycemic activity of TLB and EDT started at 2 and 3h, respectively, and lasted till 10h. EDT caused the highest reduction (46%) in plasma glucose level in 10h after treatment. In OGTT, EDT (50 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05) increased glucose tolerance in both normal and hyperglycemic rats. This activity was more prominent in the alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. TLB (100 mg/kg) initially caused a slight reduction in plasma glucose level followed by steady level throughout the period of the study. Furthermore, EDT (30 mg/kg) significantly (P<0.05) decreased the plasma glucose level at 6, 8 and 10 h post treatment, when compared with TLB (100 mg/kg). In conclusion, EDT showed promising antihyperglycemic activity, which justified the use of the plant extract by the natives in managing diabetes mellitus.

The effects of a red wine extract supplement (Super S.O.D) on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis were examined in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Super S.O.D pretreatment dose-dependently protected against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. The cytoprotection was associated with increases in cellular reduced glutathione level and mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as the decrease in the extent of Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore opening in both unchallenged and challenged cells, as compared with the unpretreated control. The results indicated that Super S.O.D pretreatment protected against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, possibly mediated by the inhibition of MPT triggered by hypoxia/reoxygenation challenge.

Mimusops elengi, commonly called 'Bakul' is a medicinally important plant of family sapotaceae. All parts of the tree have medicinal properties. Sushrut Samhita in the Chikitsa chapter explains the treatment strategies for the diabetes. Mimusops elengi (ME) is endowed with the antidiabetic potential. The present study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antihyperglycemic property of ME. Aqueous extract of ME (MEAQE) exhibited reducing power as well as DPPH and OH radical scavenging activity in vitro. It can be concluded from above observation that the onset of action of antihyperglycemic activity of MEAQE is at the 2nd hr and duration of action is before the 24th hr. in alloxan-induced diabetes. MEAQE may act by increasing peripheral utilization of glucose. Taking into consideration the traditional claim of ME as an antidiabetic agent and the results suggesting the in vitro antioxidant, radical scavenging activity and in vivo antihyperglycemic activity, it can be concluded that ME exhibited potential to treat diabetes and should be further explored against diabetes and related complications.

The present study was carried out to determine the antioxidant and iron chelating property of 70% methanolic extract of 'katha' (heartwood extract of Acacia catechu). The extract was found to be an antioxidant with a TEAC value of 0.72 ± 0.02. The extract has shown its scavenging activity for different radical and 17.8 ± 0.63 ?g/ml, 39.55 ± 1.36 ?g/ml, 55.31 ± 7.12 ?g/ml, 746.85 ± 30.46 ?g/ml, 44.2 ± 4.48 mg/ml, 57.5 ± 4.23 ?g/ml, 155.48 ± 3.78 ?g/ml were determined as IC50 value for DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen and hypochlorous acid radicals, respectively. The plant was found to inhibit lipid peroxidation with an IC50 of 12.35 ± 0.43 ?g/ml. The extract also has the ability to chelate iron with an IC50 of 810.8 ± 20.74 ?g/ml as well as DNA protective property with [P]50 of 60.44 ± 5.73 ?g/ml. It was also observed that the plant extract (100 mg) has 97.13 ± 0.006 mg/ml gallic acid equivalent phenolic and 383.66 ± 0.014 mg/ml quercetin equivalent flavonoid content. In a word, the present results provide evidence that 70% methanol extract of ‘katha' acts as an antioxidant, iron chelator and DNA protector which is partly due to the phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in it.

Thai Yoga (TY), has been recommended by the Public Health Ministry of Thailand for keeping people fit. There is little known about the physiological demand it places on those practicing it. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine i) the exercise intensity of TY indicating by both absolute intensity (i.e. MET) and relative intensity (i.e. percentage of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2,max) and heart rate (HRmax)) and ii) the impact it has on the cardiovascular system and energy expenditure. Fourteen healthy adults ranging in age from 50 to 65 years performed 30-minute TY and exhaustive cycling exercise (to indicate maximal oxygen consumption) sessions one week apart. Mean of MET and the percentage of mean of VO2 and HR during TY to VO2,max and HRmax were found to be 1.51±0.43 METs, 35.5+/-11.9 ml/kg/min and 50.0+/-8.6 /min, respectively. The decreased HR was observed from baseline to warm up and the peak rates of energy were found to be expended in the standing posture. Results indicate that TY may be considered a very light- to light-intensity exercise. Performing longer duration in standing posture may improve cardiovascular fitness for older adults. Moreover, the relaxation component during warm up may improve psychological well-being.

Extracts from seabuckthorn (Hippophea rhamnoides) leaves, fruit and seed oil were screened for anti-platelet properties in-vitro using human platelets stimulated with 0.2 mM ADP. Half maximal inhibitory concentration was found to be 55 microg/ml platelet rich plasma(PRP) for leaf extract, 47.7 microg/ml PRP for fruit extract and 0.62 microl/ml PRP for seed oil. In-vitro incubation of platelets with increasing concentrations of seed oil was found to inhibit oxidative stress in resting as well as agonist stimulated platelets as evident by decreased formation of peroxide and superoxide radicals. Leaf extract and seed oil were further evaluated for antiplatelet and antioxidant action in-vivo in cholesterol-induced experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Rabbits fed on diet supplemented with cholesterol (0.5% or 1%) for 60 days showed statistically significant increase in platelet aggregation stimulated by ADP and collagen as compared to platelet aggregation in control rabbits. Malondialdehyde levels in platelets of cholesterol fed rabbits were significantly higher than those of control rabbits. Both leaf extract and seed oil supplementation prevented cholesterol induced alterations in platelet aggregation and platelet malondialdehyde levels. The study shows that SBT leaf extract and seed oil inhibit oxidative stress and hyperactivity of platelets both in-vitro as well as in-vivo and plausibly attenuate atherogenesis.

Extracts of two germplasm lines of St. John’s wort (SJW; Hypericum perforatum L.) selected for enhanced hypericin and hyperforin content were evaluated for potential activity against colon cancer. Bioactivity was assessed in signaling pathways of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-?) and nuclear transcription factor-?B (NF-?B) in HT-29 colon cancer cells. Both extracts and the hypericin standard significantly inhibited growth of HT-29 cells. Levels of active NF-?B were reduced in cells treated with either of the plant extracts or hypericin, but the purified hyperforin standard was comparatively ineffective. The combination of TNF-? and SJW treatments had significantly higher cytotoxic effects, and reduced the expression of NF-?B, inhibitor of NF-?Bs (I?Ba), I?B kinase b (IKKb), and TNF receptor-1. These observations indicate the potential of SJW as a source of cancer therapies, including those that act synergistically with TNF-?. The phytochemical complexity of SJW tissues necessitates consistent, optimized plant extracts for optimal results and the data indicate that additional, possibly unidentified, phytochemicals from SJW have potential in the treatment or prevention of colon cancer.

Relevant properties have been detected in protein fraction (LP) isolated from latex of Calotropis procera. In order to best characterize LP potentiality, this work describes some effects of LP on central nervous system (CNS). Three models were performed: elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF), and hole-board (HB) tests. LP was administered intraperitoneally to male mice. To assess the probable action mechanism, drugs acting on glutamatergic (ketamine, i.p.), gabaergic (diazepam and flumazenil, i.p.) and dopaminergic (haloperidol, i.p.) systems were used on OF. Decreases in the number of entries in the open and closed arms of EPM were observed at 100 mg/kg and this effect may be due to the reduction in the locomotor activity previously observed. A reduction in locomotor activity was observed in animals which received LP 50 and 100 mg/kg. There was a decrease in rearing at all doses; a reduction in grooming was seen only at 50 and 100 mg/kg. Ketamine reversed the effects of LP, and haloperidol reinforced the hypolocomotor effects of LP. In HB, there was a decrease in the number of head dips after LP 100 mg/kg; such effect may also be due to the reduction of the locomotor activity. The results suggest that LP from C. procera have depressant effects on the CNS, but do not present any anxiolytic effect. These effects may reflect a dopaminergic action. The active doses were considerably higher than those observed for anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities described in the literature.

Osteoarthritis is characterized by inflammation and increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Macrophage-like cells in synovial tissue produce these mediators which induce degradative enzymes that break down cartilage. We determined whether avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) can inhibit cytokine expression and PGE2 production using monocyte/macrophage-like cell models. Cells were incubated for 24 hours with either control media alone, ASU alone (NMX1000; 8.3 ?g/ml), CS alone (TRH122; 20 ?g/ml), or a combination of both preparations. Cells were activated with cytokines or lipopolysaccharide for 1 or 24 hours to determine cytokine gene expression by RT-PCR and PGE2 production by immunoassay, respectively. In response to activation, THP-1 cells exhibited increased expression of TNF-? and IL-1?, while RAW cells increased synthesis of PGE2. Cytokine expression and PGE2 synthesis were significantly decreased by the combination of ASU and CS compared to the individual treatments alone (P<0.05). Our finding supports the potential of the ASU and CS combination to suppress the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators in the joint.

The plant Tephrosia purpurea (Linn) Pers. (Fabaceae) has been used for a long time in folk medicine for the management of several diseases, including ulcers and other internal wounds. The objective of the present study was to screen the flavonoid-rich fraction of Tephrosia purpurea L. aerial parts for its burn wound repairing efficacy based on traditional uses. Flavonoid fraction ointment (5% w/w) was prepared with simple ointment base B.P. for topical application. The silver sulphadiazine ointment (standard) and simple ointment base B.P. (control) was used in partial thickness and full thickness burn wound models. Wound contraction and tensile strength were measured in partial thickness burn, where as full thickness model was used for the determination of protein, hydroxyproline, anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GSH) level in granuloma mass as well as for histopathological study. It was observed that, wound contraction and tensile strength of skin tissues were observed significantly greater (P<0.001) in the case of flavonoid rich fraction when compared to the control group. In the full thickness burn model (on day 9), protein and hydroxyproline contents were found to be significantly higher (P<0.001). Presence of matured collagen fibers and fibroblast cells with better angiogenesis was observed as a result of histopathological studies, which was visibly improved in case of treated groups compared to control group. In conclusion, our findings suggest that flavonoid-rich fraction may have a potential benefit in enhancing the burn wound healing process, possibly due to the free radical scavenging property of the plant.

Sjogren's syndrome (SS), usually described as a chronic inflammation which results in xerostomia (dry mouth) and xerophthalmia (dry eyes). According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, body fluid impairment causes the dryness, inducing water secretion deficiency. Discovery of a family of water-specific membrane channel proteins, the aquaporins, provides an interesting molecular mechanism of water permeability and transportation which were found abnormal in tissues of SS patients. Thus, this dryness may lead to the dysfunction in organs as various systematic manifestations. We established an autoallergic mouse model in vivo, and human salivary gland cell line A-253 in vitro. Polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale (DP) were administrated as treatment, which was described to nourish yin and promote the body fluid. Results showed that immunization with SG autoantigen induced decrease of body weight and increased water intake, decreased AQP5 expression in a series of organs related to body fluid. Sera from model mice induced apoptosis of A-253 cells with activation of caspase-3. Administration of DP could reverse these pathological changes in both the animal and cell model. Thus, DP may be a promising candidate for the treatment of SS by up-regulating the expression of AQP-5 and protecting cells from apoptosis.

The effect of aqueous leaf extracts of Psidium guajava(PG) and Ocimum gratissimum(OG) on fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-cholesterol (HDL), LDL-cholesterol (LDL) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations in rabbits fed high-cholesterol diet was investigated. Four groups of animals were used (n = 6). Animals in group A were fed normal laboratory pellet and water ad libitum; those in group B were fed the high-cholesterol diet (normal diet + 1% w/w cholesterol + 1% w/w vegetable oil) while those in groups C and D received a daily oral administration of 250 mg/kg body weight of the extract of Psidium guajava and Ocimum gratissimum, respectively, in addition to the high-cholesterol diet for a period of six weeks. Hypercholesterolemia, associated with hyperglycemia was induced significantly in animals in group B compared to normal control group (A) (P<0.01). There were also significant increases in the levels of LDL (P<0.05) and HDL (P<0.01). Treatments with PG and OG reduced the plasma cholesterol level by 15% and 28%, respectively, compared to animals in Group B. PG caused a remarkable increase in HDL (69%) but a decrease in LDL (74%) levels. OG on the other hand reduced the levels of both HDL and LDL by 50% and 26%, respectively, compared to animals in Group B. While the level of HDL in the OG group was similar to that of normal controls, the LDL level was significantly higher (71%). Furthermore, both extracts reduced the associated hyperglycemia significantly (P<0.05). This decrease was more pronounced in PG treated rabbits (PG; 43%, OG; 19%). In addition, OG stimulated a significant increase in the concentrations of LDH and serum protein, particularly albumin. These results show that aqueous extracts of both plants especially PG ameliorated the hypercholesterolemic and associated hyperglycemic effects of high cholesterol diet. However, OG shows possible contraindications and the safety of its ethnomedical usage warrants further investigation.

HERBAVATE is a topical preparation that contains the oil extracts of Calotropis gigantea, Curcuma longa, Pongamia glabra & Solanum xanthocarpum in a cream base. The present study is a pilot study evaluating the efficacy and safety of HERBAVATE in the management of eczema.37 out-patients with a clinical diagnosis of eczema were enrolled in an open label study carried out at 2 centers. Patients applied HERBAVATE cream over the lesion twice daily and were followed up weekly for 4 weeks. Patients were assessed weekly on a 4 point scale for the severity of symptoms associated with eczema, viz. erythema, scaling, lichenification and pruritis. Local tolerance was assessed on a 4 point scale.All analysis were carried out on 32 patients, there were 5 dropouts. At the end of the study there was a significant fall in the mean scores for erythema, scaling, lichenification and pruritis. HERBAVATE was well tolerated with only 2 patients reporting mild burning at site of application which improved with continued application.HERBAVTE appears to an attractive alternate option for the management of eczema. However, larger studies of longer duration are needed.

Shankhpushpi is a popular medicinal plant in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for treating mental disorders. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Canscora decussata Schult. (Gentianaceae) commonly known as shankhpushpi on the central nervous system of albino rats. Ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of the plant was evaluated in the elevated plus-maze test, open field exploratory behavior and rotarod performance experiments. In the elevated plus-maze, ethanolic extract at a dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. showed an anxiolytic effect as evidenced by increase in the time spent in open arms and the number of open arm entries, compared to control group. The open field exploratory behaviour was also increased on administration of the ethanolic extract. The ethanolic extract at dose of 400 mg/kg p.o. significantly reduced the neuromuscular coordination indicative of the muscle relaxant activity at a high dose. Diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p.) was used as a standard in all the animal models studied. A biomarker viz., mangiferin, was also isolated and characterized and its effects were observed in the animal models along with the ethanolic extract.

There is a steady increase in patients seeking complementary medicine (CM). Little is known about Dutch CM patients and the extent in which they differ from those of mainstream health care seekers. 1839 consecutive new patients consulting one of 40 CM physicians completed a questionnaire before entering the consulting room. Resulting CM patient data was compared with that from 2784 mainstream general practice patients. Differences in patient profiles were tested using multilevel regression analysis. CM patients most often appeared to report general complaints. Half of them consulted a CM physician because they were looking for information and advice from a different angle. One fifth had doubts about mainstream healthcare. The CM patients foremost expected to be treated as a person and to get ample time to talk. The profiles of the patients attending the different types of CM physicians did not differ much. Compared to mainstream patients, CM patients more often appeared to be female and higher educated. We conclude that, contrary to expectations, patients do not consult a CM physician for reasons of disappointment with mainstream GP care. CM consulters primarily appear to seek a physician who takes time and who treats their complaints from a holistic viewpoint.

The objective of the study was to investigate estrogenic and progestogenic activity of ethanol extract of Linum usitatissimum (LU-EE) in immature rats and its resultant effect on pregnancy in adult rats. Estrogenic activity was carried out by vaginal cornification, vaginal opening and by rodent uterotrophic assay. Effect of LU-EE on pregnancy in rats was studied on female Wistar rats by oral administration of LU-EE to pregnant female rats from day 1-7 of pregnancy. Further progesterogenic activity was studied by histamine-induced deciduoma formation. Blood hormones were estimated for further confirmation. LU-EE (500, 1000 mg/kg) caused a significantly (P<0.001) increase in uterine weight in immature rats. LU-EE (500, 1000 mg/kg) produced cornification of epithelium suggesting estrogenic activity. Oral administration of LU-EE to pregnant female rats from day 1-7 of pregnancy at the doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight resulted in complete termination of pregnancy. Estimation of estrogen in blood showed significant increase in estrogen level in LU-EE (1000 mg/kg) treated rats (P <0.001). It can be concluded that LU-EE possesses estrogenic activity and the estrogenic activity of LU-EE appears to be responsible for fetocidal effect.

The ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens (EESS) bark was evaluated for its hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage, in wistar albino rats. The ethanol extract of Sterespermum suaveolens (EESS) bark (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) was administered to the experimental rats for 14 days. Silymarin (50 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) was given as the standard drug. The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various serum biochemical parameters as glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, and total proteins. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) were determined to explain the possible mechanism of activity. The hepatoprotective activity was also supported by histopathological studies of liver tissue. The substantially elevated levels of serum GOT, GPT, ALP and total bilirubin, due to CCl4 treatment, were restored towards near normal by EESS, in a dose dependent manner. EESS also increased the serum total proteins of CCl4-intoxicated rats. Reduced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels and elevated lipid peroxide levels were restored towards near normal, by administration of EESS. A histological study showed a reduction of fatty degeneration and liver necrosis in EESS-treated rats. The results revealed that, the ethanol extract of Sterespermum suaveolens afforded significant dose dependent hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in CCl4-induced hepatic damage.

Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth (Rubiaceae) is widely used as an acrid, anodyne, bitter, stomachic, febrifuge, and in the treatment of gastropathy, colic, fever, and inflammation. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of the stem bark methanol extract (MPBM) extracted by Soxhlet extraction and alkaloid rich fraction (MPBAlk) of M. parvifolia was investigated on various animal models. MPBM extract and MPBAlk fraction when tested separately, showed statistically significant (P < 0.01) anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of percentage rise in paw edema as compared to the control group in a dose dependent manner at different time intervals. When evaluated in acetic acid?induced writings, hot plate and tail flick method in mice, MPBM extract and MPBAlk fraction showed significant analgesic activity at higher dose of 400 mg/kg, whereas activity was moderate at lower dose. These findings suggest that M. parvifolia stem-bark possess significant and dose dependent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. Chemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins which may be responsible for these activities.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anxiolytic effects of total extract of flowers of Salix aegyptiaca on the elevated plus-maze (EPM) model of anxiety. The extract of the flower parts of the plant was administered by i.p. and p.o. to male NMRI mice, at various doses. Oral and i.p. administration of the S. aegyptiaca significantly increased the percentage of time spent in the open arms of the EPM at 200 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The plant extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly decreased the animal's locomotor activity at 10 and 15 min time intervals. These doses, however, did not affect the ketamine-induced sleeping time. The 100 mg/kg dose of the plant extract when given by i.p. route seemed to be the optimal dose in producing the anxiolytic effects. Lack of interaction with ketamine in increasing the sleep time is an advantage over diazepam which is water down by its reduction in locomotor activity.

This study examined the impact of breathing awareness meditation (BAM) compared to health education (HE) and lifeskills training (LS) upon resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) within the context of potential moderating factors of family environment and expectancy of benefit. 186 African American adolescents (mean age: 15.1±0.7 yrs) were randomly assigned by school to three-month BAM, LS, or HE interventions. Laboratory resting blood pressure (BP), Family Relations Index (FRI) and expectancy of benefit evaluations were conducted at pre- and post-intervention. Higher expectancy of benefit from any of the three interventions resulted in greater reductions in SBP. A two-way interaction indicated that BAM group subjects who came from positive family environments exhibited greater decreases in SBP. A two-way interaction indicated that BAM and LS subjects who came from positive family environments exhibited greater DBP decreases. A two-way interaction indicated that BAM subjects who came from positive family environments exhibited a greater HR decrease (all p<.05). Expectancy of intervention benefits beneficially impacted success of behavioral interventions aimed at reducing SBP. Positive family environments in combination with either BAM or LS appear to have a beneficial impact upon hemodynamic function in AA adolescents.

Khare-vokkaliga is one of the small ethnic communities inhabiting four village hamlets in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, which is located in the heart of the Western Ghats in India. They used traditional medicines for the treatment of diseases and disorders that affected the community. A survey of ethnomedicinal practices followed by the community was conducted during 2003-04 which indicated that Khare-vokkaliga used 57 plant species of 56 genera and 38 families for the treatment of 39 diseases and disorders in human beings. Among them, 20 species of 19 genera of 16 families are being used to treat 6 infectious diseases and 44 species of 43 genera of 33 families are used to treat 33 non-infectious diseases. The high informant consensus factor (ICF=1.0) was assigned to jaundice category followed by moderate ICF (0.37) to the poisonous bite category and lowest (ICF=0.00) to the treatment of skin and eye related problems. This study reports 11 new claims for the treatment of human diseases and disorders.

This paper examines the theoretical literature on the influence of spirituality on general health and relevance to patient care. The literature suggests that the recognition of spirituality as the basis of meaning in life can lead to fruitful insights for the care and support of many patients who suffer from a variety of health conditions.

Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson, commonly known as Gokulakanta (Hygrophila) is a well known medicinal plant found in all over India. The different parts of the plant are used to treat various diseases in the folklore medicine as the seeds are given by hakims with “sugar, milk or wine” for the treatment of impotence, gonorrhea and spermatorrhoea. Active constituents such as steroids and glycosides which are under investigation, reported to possess spermatogenetic potential and the phytochemical screening has shown positive for steroids and glycosides. The present study have been carried out to investigate and evaluate the aphrodisiac activity and spermatogenetic potential of ethanolic extract of the seeds of H. spinosa (EEHS) on ethanol induced rat model for testicular injury. The EEHS at two dose levels 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. administered orally for 60 days to the ethanol induced rats produced significant (P <0.01) reversal of biochemical change in serum (Total protein, cholesterol and testosterone level) and testicular intoxication and also shows significant (P <0.01) spermatogenic activity by increase in fertility. Both doses showed significant aphrodisiac activity by increase in mounting behavior and mating performance. From the observation, it could be predicted that aphrodisiac and spermatogenic effect of EEHS against infertility may be due to hormonal and neurohumoral changes, which play an important role in the sexual behavior and fertility disorders.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the adaptogenic activity of aqueous fruit extract of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L) in rats simulated to high altitude conditions along with its toxicity studies. In one of the studies, various doses 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200 mg/kg of extract were administered in rats 30 minutes prior to cold (5°C)–hypoxia (428 mmHg)–restraint (C-H-R) exposure. The maximal effective adaptogenic dose of the extract was observed to be 75 mg/kg body weight. In a second study, biochemical studies related to lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status of rats exposed to C-H-R alone or in presence of extract were examined. The supplementation of extract attenuated the changes in levels of malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione, and activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase on attaining Trec 23°C during C-H-R exposure and on recovery to Trec 37°C. In another study, the safety of extract in experimental animals was addressed. There were no significant changes in body weight, organ/body weight ratios, hematological and biochemical variables in any sub acute or sub chronically extract treated rats compared to respective controls, when administered either with 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg for 14 days or 75 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg for 30 days. Further in vitro studies conducted in liver slice culture revealed rutin and ascorbic acid, the principle antioxidants present in extract, both accorded protection when restricted to 1% oxygen but partially. Overall, the findings of the study indicate that the extract possesses potent adaptogenic activity and is non-toxic in rats at its maximal effective dose administration for 30 days.

Vajikaran Chikitsa is the branch of Ashtanga Ayurveda, which deals with all types of physical and psychological sexual problems like impotence, libido, poor erection, and early ejaculation in males. The WHO estimated that the usage of traditional medicine in developing countries is 80% and suggested a need for further exploration of the natural aphrodisiacs for the mechanism of action. Considering the prevalence of the sexual dysfunctioning in the society, side effects with the conventional aphrodisiac drugs, the study was planned to evaluate some Ayurvedic plants like Abutilon indicum and Withania somnifera for the aphrodisiac potential. An attempt was also made to elucidate the possible mechanism of action of these plants for their use in Vagikarana chikitsa. From the present study, it could be concluded that A. indicum and W. somnifera both possessed marked aphrodisiac activity complying many facets such as enhancement in libido, increase in the sexual performance, penile erection and anabolism, increased spermatogenesis as well as sperm validity. Study results pointed out the place of these drugs in the Vajikarana Chikitsa. A. indicum would be useful in management of erectile dysfunction as it had shown to relax penile cavernosal tissue probably by phosphodiesterase inhibition and cGMP accumulation.

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), including alternative therapies (ALT) and natural health products (NHP) such as vitamin and herbal supplements, is increasingly accepted in both the general population as well as in patients with mood and anxiety disorders. The level of acceptance and use of CAM, however, is unknown among patients being treated for psychotic disorders. Psychotic patients were surveyed about their use of and attitudes toward CAM. Questions included basic demographic and socio-economic items as well as the lifetime and 12-month use of CAM. Data were collected from June to October 2005. A sample of 172 participants representing 8.4% of the total eligible population of the outpatient clinics within the Schizophrenia Program at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto Canada completed the survey. Considering all forms of CAM, the lifetime and 12-month prevalence rate were 88% and 68%, respectively. The use and perceived safety of CAM by this population is similar to that reported by the general population. Clinical and public health implications of these findings are discussed.

Processed Bushi Powder for Ethical Dispensing, called TJ-3022 (Aconitum carmichaeli Debeaux), is a herbal drug of processed Aconiti tuber (PAT) and TJ-3023 newly developed to contain a higher proportion of diester alkaloid of aconitine (Aconitum carmichaeli Debeaux and Aconitum japonicum Thunberg). Serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HA receptors are involved in cytokine production in infection or sepsis. Interleukin (IL)-18 is known to be one of key mediators in patients with severe organ dysfunctions. We measured the level of 5-HT and IL-18 in healthy adult volunteers and assessed whether PAT inhibits the production of 5-HT or IL-18. Thirty subjects were assigned to one of two groups: the TJ-3022 group or TJ-3023 group. The subjects received powdered PAT 3 g/day for 3 days and the blood concentrations of 5-HT and IL-18 were measured at the start, 90 minutes after, and 72 hours after taking the study drug. No significant differences in 5-HT levels between the three points were observed in the TJ-3022 and TJ-3023 groups. No significant differences in IL-18 levels between the three points were observed in the TJ-3022 group. In contrast, the IL-18 levels after 72 hours was significantly lower than that after 90 minutes in the TJ-3023 group. Significant negative correlations were observed between 5-HT and IL-18 levels in both TJ-3022 and TJ-3023 groups. These results indicate that TJ-3023 inhibits the production of IL-18 and that PAT may prevent the progression of severe organ dysfunctions.

Dietary supplementation of omega-3 (n-3) is becoming increasingly popular as a complementary treatment of chronic inflammatory pain diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of short-term (35 days) n-3 supplementation on physiological/psychophysical variables and clinical symptoms in patients with musculoskeletal pain and fibromyalgia. Patients (N=41, all women), blindly assigned to two groups according to dietary supplementation (fish oil containing n-3 or sunflower oil), underwent quantitative sensory testing and completed questionnaires concerning anamnestic/epidemiological data, pain characteristics and mood. In the n-3 group there was a sharp reduction in both the arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio (AA/EPA) and the number of positive tender points, but no changes occurred in superficial thermal (heat and cold) and mechanical thresholds (von Frey hairs). There were no modifications in the sunflower oil group. The supplement had no effect on blood lipids and questionnaires indicated no effect on mood, sleep problems and other pain indicators. The present results encourage clinical trials in larger samples to compare the effects of different daily amounts and treatment durations of n-3 supplementation.

The aims of the study were to determine the attitudes of General Practitioners (GPs) on herbal therapies and dietary supplements (H/DS) and to identify factors that predict their recommendations. A self-administered mailed survey was carried out in New South Wales, Australia in 2004. 288 GPs participated in the survey. Twenty percent of GPs had education in this topic, and less than one-third felt confident advising their patients. Forty-seven percent of GPs did not inquire about the use of H/DS regularly. The key factors that predicted GPs recommending H/DS were: belief that H/DS are useful for more than one condition, belief that most H/DS have some benefit, discussion of use of H/DS in the last 30 days, personal use of H/DS, and fewer years of clinical practice. GPs’ primary concerns about the use of H/DS were regarding potential side effects and the lack of an evidence-base. We came to the conclusion that GPs are infrequently discussing H/DS with their patients but are interested in learning more and obtaining better resources. The underlying predictive factors of GPs motivations and opinions for discussing and recommending H/DS offers a new perspective on the need for research and regulation on H/DS, education and training of GPs about H/DS.

The widespread use of complementary medicines (CMs) within the general community, the health benefits and risks, and the role of pharmacists as advocates of appropriate use of medicines make it imperative to identify how pharmacists’ meet customers CM information needs and lead quality use of medicine practices in regards to CMs within the pharmacy setting. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 736 Australian pharmacists as part of a larger study on the use of CM within pharmacy practice. Personal use of CMs was common (76%). Most pharmacists saw CM counselling as their professional obligation, however, mainly regarding safety aspects. Only 24% of pharmacists always asked customers presenting with prescription medicines about concomitant CM use. Only 34% of pharmacists personally recommended CMs and less than 20% notified the respective Australian agency about an adverse drug reaction. On average, pharmacists only achieved about 50% of the knowledge score in a CM knowledge test on clinically proven benefit of CMs and CM-drug interactions. Most pharmacists supported undergraduate (76%) and additional CM education for pharmacists (85%). Many differences between hospital and community pharmacists, pharmacists working in pharmacies with or without an employed naturopath and pharmacists with and without CM training were noted and discussed.

The immune system plays a pivotal role in the development of pathological conditions. Any change in the immune system can have a profound effect on the differential toxic responses. In this study, the effect of chronic restraint stressed mice skin treated with trichloroethylene (TCE) (200 µL of 80% v/v) and subsequently exposed to UVB (0.42 J/m2/s) has been evaluated. The inflammatory and oxidative damage so caused were restored by application of Trigonella foenum graecum.As compared to the non stressed toxicant groups, all the antioxidant enzymes following restraint stress (RS) — glutathione reductase (GR) (p<0.001), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) (p<0.001), glutathione peroxidase GPx (p<0.001), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (p<0.001), and quinone reductase (QR) (p<0.001), superoxide dismutase (SODs) (p<0.001) and XO (p<0.001) — showed a significant decrease. Lipid peroxidation increased significantly (p<0.001) in the RS group treated with TCE and UVB as compared with the non-stressed mice. Myeloperoxidase showed a significant decrease (p<0.001) in the stressed mice as compared to the non stressed toxicant groups where it increased significantly (p<0.001), suggesting suppressed non-specific immune response. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) increased significantly (p<0.001) in the stressed groups. Trigonella was successful in ameliorating this oxidative stress (OS), inflammation (MPO) and ODC, suggesting a central role of oxidants in the pathology of stressed mice.

Orchis anatolica Boiss. is a plant species that grows in the Mediterranean region and assumed to have an aphrodisiac property. This study investigates the effects of ingestion of dried O. anatolica root on the sexual behavior and weights of reproductive organs in adult male rats. Sexually active male rats were divided into two groups (control and experimental). O. anatolica root powder was orally administered to the experimental group in a daily dose of 1g/kg for thirty days. The sexual behavior was then monitored and compared between O. anatolica treated rats and control rats. Weights of reproductive organs and testosterone serum levels were, also, measured for both treated and control rats. O. anatolica root ingestion significantly reduced the mount, intromission, and ejaculation latencies. Also, a significant increase in the copulatory efficacy was reported. Weights of reproductive organs and testosterone serum levels were significantly increased in O. anatolica treated rats compared to controls. The present study concludes that continuous ingestion of O. anatolica root over a period of thirty days can improve the sexual motivation and performance in adult male rats. This effect can be ascribed to increased testosterone level.

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels fruit is used as a liver tonic in Indian traditional medicine. The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effects of ethanolic extract (70%) of Phyllanthus acidus fruits (PAE) on acetaminophen (paracetamol, APAP) induced acute hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. The effect on cytochrome P450 enzyme system using pentobarbital induced sleeping time (PST) and free radical scavenging potential using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) was also determined. Hepatotoxicity was achieved by administering a single oral dose of APAP (2 g/kg). PAE administered at a dose of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o. showed a significant hepatoprotection against APAP-liver toxicity as evidenced by reduced serum markers and histopathological observation of liver tissues. Reduced enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant levels and elevated lipid peroxidation due to APAP intoxication, were significantly restored to normalcy by pretreatment with PAE. The PAE also showed prolongation of PST and DPPH scavenging potential. The results were compared with silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.), which found more effective than plant extract being tested. Collectively, the preset study clear that the ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus acidus fruit has hepatoprotective activity against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats and this is likely mediated through the inhibition of P450-mediated APAP bioactivation, free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities.

In Sri Lanka, freshly squeezed juice of Piper betle (Family: Piperaceae) leaves is used as a remedy for skin ailments. Therefore, a cream was formulated by incorporating essential oil and cold ethanolic extract of betel leaves into Vaseline and a clinical study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the above cream. A double blind, vehicle–controlled randomized study was performed for a period of 14 days. There was a significant healing effect on skin ailments when patients were treated with betel oil and cold ethanolic extract incorporated cream.

The present study aimed at evaluating the in vitro antioxidant activity (AOA) of the aqueous and methylene chloride/methanol (CH2Cl2-MeOH) extracts of Mammea africana and isolating the active principle(s). The AOA of the aqueous and CH2Cl2-MeOH extracts (3-1000 µg/ml) as well as compounds isolated (1-300 µg/ml) through bio-guided fractionation of the CH2Cl2-MeOH extract was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) production and beta carotene bleaching tests. The aqueous and CH2Cl2-MeOH extracts exhibited a concentration dependent antiradical activity on DPPH with respective EC50 of 2.00 and 5.24 µg/ml. The purification of the CH2Cl2-MeOH extract yielded two coumarins: 4-phenylcoumarins (1) and 4-n-propylcoumarins (2) that exhibited potent radical scavenging activity with EC50 of 7.61 and 22.92 µg/ml, respectively. Plant extracts, fractions and compounds tested substantially increase NO production at high concentrations and exerted a protective effect against the oxidation of beta carotene at all the concentrations used; with a 400% inhibition obtained with the CH2Cl2 fraction at the concentration of 300µg/ml. The above results demonstrate that aqueous and CH2Cl2-MeOH M. africana possess potent AOA and could improve cardiovascular diseases where an increase in NO bioavailability is required. Compounds 1 and 2 are at least partially responsible for these activities.

Pathology of rheumatoid arthritis suggests autoimmunity linked to inflammation. This study is an attempt to identify targets of inflammation in joints and amelioration of the disease process by a natural product.Wistar rats were immunised with collagen, disease developed after 13±1 days post induction. Nigella sativa Linn. aqueous methanolic extract was given at two diffferent dosages, viz. 400 and 500 mg/kg daily until the 20th day. The analysis of inflammation and associated protease activation was evaluated by myeloperoxidase (MPO) and articular elastase (ELA). Post inflammatory generation of various free radicals was checked by evaluating several enzymatic and non enzymatic parameters (GSH, SOD and catalase), including peroxidation of membranes. Finally, articular nitrite content was estimated as to highlight the tissue injury evidenced by histology caused by autoimmunity.Nigella sativa decreased MPO and associated elastase activity dose dependently (p < 0.001). Moreover, Nigella sativa decreased the lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001) with replenishment of GSH (p < 0.001) confirming their inverse nature. SOD activity increased significantly (p < 0.01), with a parallel increment in catalase activity (p < 0.01). Consistent with these findings, articular nitrite content was reduced (p < 0.01), which was further confirmed by the histological findings. Our study suggests autoimmune stimulation of inflammatory cells and associated oxidative stress as a putative mechanism of RA and possible prevention by N. sativa.

Oxidative stress due to abnormal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is believed to be involved in the etiology of toxicity of many xenobiotics. Evidence suggests that in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, ROS is involved. We studied the nephroprotective effects of ethanol extract of Embelia ribes fruits alone and in combination with vitamin E (?-tocopherol) in cisplatin (12mg/kg i.p)-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. The results of the study indicated that Embelia ribes fruits significantly and dose dependently protected the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The serum urea, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels in cisplatin alone treated groups were significantly elevated (P < 0.01) with respect to control group. The serum urea, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were reduced in the Embelia ribes fruits extract treated (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o), vitamin E (200 mg/kg, p.o), and Embelia ribes fruits (200 mg/kg) with vitamin E (200 mg/kg, p.o) treated groups. The renal levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were declined in cisplatin alone treated groups. The level of GSH was elevated significantly (P < 0.01) in the Embelia ribes fruits (200 and 400 mg/kg) and Embelia ribes fruits (200 mg/kg) with vitamin E (200 mg/kg) treated groups. The results also demonstrated that combination of Embelia ribes fruits (200 mg/kg) with vitamin E (200 mg/kg) showed a better protection compared to their 200 mg/kg alone treated groups.

The in vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of ethanol extracts from whole plant, fresh apical stems and calli from fresh apical stem of Phyllanthus amarus cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with indole-butyric acid (IBA)/benzylaminopurine (BAP) 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:4, IBA/BAP/mannitol 1:1:0.5%, IBA/BAP/mannitol: 2% for three months were evaluated. Results indicated that all ethanol extracts showed an in vitro antiplasmodial activity at different extends. The most active ethanol extract was that from callus cultivated with IBA/BAP/mannitol 1:1:05% (IC50 < 0.19 µg/ml). The ethanol whole plant and intact apical stem extracts exhibited an activity with IC50 values of 2.5 ± 0.4 and 8.2 ± 1.9 µg/ml, respectively. Quercetin, lupeol and ellagic acid displayed an antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 3.2 ± 0.6, 8.3 ± 1.4 and 0.07 ± 0.02 µg/ml, respectively. All ethanol extracts and isolated compounds were considered to be non cytotoxic against MT-4 cell lines growth (CC50 > 32 µg/ml).

Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) known as “Aki-ilu” (meaning bitter kola) is a large economic tree indigenous to southern part of Nigeria. Its seeds have been of interest to researchers because of its use in the treatment of various disease conditions in Nigerian traditional medicine. The influence of the Garcinia hydroxybiflavanonol, GB1 on the membrane of primary cultured rat hepatocytes was studied. This work provides the first concrete evidence on the membrane stabilizing action of the hepatoprotective principle of Garcinia kola nuts. Results demonstrated that at high concentrations, the Garcinia hydroxybiflavanonol, GB1 as well as silibinin interact very strongly with the protein components of the liver cell membrane thereby causing an unspecific inhibition of the different transport systems in the membrane. These findings demonstrate that the hepatoprotective activity of the Garcinia hydroxybiflavanonols could be explained, at least in part, by their ability to stabilize the membrane of hepatocytes. This stabilizing effect may find a beneficial application in the therapy of various hepatic disorders especially those involving abnormal fragility of the hepatocyte membrane.

This paper proposes that psychotherapy has affinities with TCM that may be useful for our understanding of both. These affinities center on the way in which the doctor/patient relationship is viewed and the ways in which treatment is understood. Based on affinities between psychotherapy and TCM the paper further proposes that psychotherapy outcome studies may be applicable to TCM and enhance TCM research and practice. Psychotherapy outcome research studies have consistently demonstrated the significance of common factors associated with the therapeutic alliance in predicting outcomes rather than factors related to therapeutic models or strategies per se.

In 2006 and 2007, the authors visited Siem Reap, Cambodia for eight weeks. To understand the spectrum of Cambodian healthcare, we investigated traditional medical practices and herbal medicines in addition to Western medical practice. Our hosts were English-speaking physicians and translators. At the provincial hospital medicine/surgical wards, government satellite clinics, pharmacies, and street vendors, we inquired about and observed Cambodian traditional medical practices. We supplement these observations with literature review. Traditional Cambodian medical practices are widely used. They share with Chinese medicine three explanatory models of disease: supernaturalistic theory, naturalistic theory, and maintenance of “hot/cold” (“yin/yang”) balance. Four forms of therapy are delivered by medical and “para”-medical personnel: spirit offerings, dermabrasion, maintaining “hot/cold” balance, and herbal medicines. Specific examples include use of tattoos/religious medals; healing ceremonies; dermabrasion; and consumption of “hot” or “cold” foods/medicines. Non-prescription herbal preparations are cheaply available in markets. Specific treatments exist for certain symptoms and conditions, including asthma and pregnancy. Recent studies have demonstrated several promising Cambodian medicinal plants. Future investigations may identify the scientific names and characteristics of additional widely-used herbal medicines. Visiting medical volunteers should learn the importance of indigenous Cambodian medical practices and herbs in the healing process.

A literature search was conducted on Medline for research articles relating guava (Psidium guajava) to cancer, in order to determine any potential anticancer activity. The keyword "guava” was used in combination with cross-referencing (1952 to September, 2010). A total of 373 articles on guava resulted of which 12 were related to cancer. These were then categorized into 1) seven studies on in vitro cancer cell line studies with leaf extracts, 2) five studies on in vitro studies with fruit extract, and 3) one in vivo mouse study. The majority of remaining articles covered chemical constituents and potential bioactives related to anticancer activity found in guava leaves, fruit and bark. Our review revealed that guava extracts (primarily leaf) may have anti-cancer activity, but this is based on a very limited number studies. There was only one study testing guava fruit extract against the proliferation of cancer cell lines. The one in vivo study on mice suggested that a combination bark, leaf and root extract inhibited growth of B16 melanoma cells. Further studies need to confirm the potential antiproliferative activity of guava leaf (or its oil) extracts, but more importantly, if such activity exists in the fruit, which is the part of the plant that is consumed.

Herbs and traditional foods have been demonstrated for their effectiveness on lifestyle-related diseases like diabetes, heart diseases, hypertension, arthritis and cancer as well as special health benefits towards body defensive mechanism(s) by strengthening immune system. Some herbs have been identified as important for daily maintenance of immune system and classified as immunotonics, which include immunostimulants, immunomodulators or immunoadjuvants. These immuno agents are known to exert overall balancing effect on immune system and are expected to augment or promote defensive system. The second category of herbs identified is largely useful for the treatment immune disorders or compromised immune system. Herbs or ayurvedic preparations with immunostimulant property have traditionally been used to treat various diseases, viz. AIDS, transplant rejections, etc. Herbs such as Astragalus memebranaceus and Panax are known to stimulate phagocytosis and cytokines production; hence, they are described as immunotonics. The ancient lineage and modern scientific scrutiny of multiple beneficial effects of functional foods and vegetative herbs provides enough opportunity to become therapeutic agents as a natural source of primary health care and rejuvenate immune system by augmenting immune function largely to maintain a healthy body. Botanicals are chemically complex and diverse; therefore, they could be used as cocktails of immuno drugs to restore immunostasis. Some herbs and traditional foods like Echinacea purpurea, Grifola frondosa, Nigella sativa, Panax ginseang, Hydrastis canadensis, Astragalus memebranaceus, Tinospora cardiofolia, Curcuma longa, Andrographis peniculata, Hyreicum perforatum, Wilhania somnifera, and Allium sativum have been identified from immunological and health benefit point of view. Recent documented reports suggest certain phytoconstituents and phytochemicals have the intrinsic ability to maintain better health by boosting the immune system, reducing inflammation and allergies as well as detoxifying contaminants, pollutants and activating enzymes that unbridled cell division. It is also suggested that nutritional intervention with fruits, beverages and vegetables might play an important role in preventing long term effects of oxidative stress on various organs and the aging process as well as improving the immune system.

The present study aims to describe the medicinal plants used as galactagogues in Moroccan traditional medicine. The study is based mainly on the literature, surveys and reports of practitioners and herbalists. Eighteen plants are identified. We have indicated the scientific name of the plant, its family, its other medicinal uses and its toxicity once detected. Galactagogue drugs as opposed to both alternative herbal therapy and the physiological mechanisms of actions of these plants are appropriately discussed.The main galactagogue plants families used in Moroccan pharmacopoeia are: Apiaceae (4 species), Ranunculaceae (3 sp.), Urticaceae (3 sp.) and Fabaceae (2 sp).One quarter of these plants shows some degree of toxicity when the dosage is high: Aristolochia longa, Pimpinella anisum, Nigella sativa, Illium verum, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Carum carvi.

The following are abstracts of oral and poster presentations given at the sixth IN-CAM Research Symposium, Complementary and Integrative Healthcare: Methodological, Theoretical and Practical Issues, held November 19 to 21, 2010 at the Sutton Place Hotel, Vancouver, Canada. The Symposium was held in collaboration with IN-CAM partners PedCAM and HomeoNet. The abstracts are grouped under: IN-CAM, PedCAM, and HomeoNet. For more information, please visit: www.incamresearch.ca.

I read with a great interest the article by Buranruk and colleagues (2010) regarding measurements of cardio-respiratory parameters to assess the intensity of physical exercise in healthy adults practicing Thai Yoga. The authors conclude that a 30 minute long Thai Yoga session is commensurate to a very light to light intensity exercise. It is noteworthy that the measured physiological parameters (e.g., heart rate, VO2 max) are the function of the subtle interplay between relaxation techniques aimed at slowing down the metabolic rate by eliciting parasympathetic effect, and physical stimulation that, on the other hand, result in a strong sympathetic response. That is, it can be deduced that the levels of relaxation that one engaged in throughout the Yoga session mediates the effect of physical activity on the physiological parameters. Thus, taking into account the physiological parameters only while discarding the effect of meditation could result in miscalculation of the actual net value of the physical exercise.

The best way to approach research on Chinese medicine would be one that takes full reference to the methodology being used in modern medicine. This would enable traditional medicine to be elevated to a level of universal acceptance. However, problems lie in difficulties to achieve uniform herb supply; randomization and placebo arrangement in clinical trials; and uncertain chemical structures and pharmacological effects. A detailed account is given on the clinical research on diabetic foot ulcers, in which a strictly evidence-based, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial was conducted, while parallel mechanistic studies were done in the laboratory and the herbs used were adequately authenticated at the same time. The encouraging clinical efficacy supports further studies encouraged by the revealed mechanisms of action of the herbs. Reformulation of the herbal composition could also be planned with the knowledge of their quality and mode of action.