Startseite Medizin Alstonia boonei stem bark aqueous extract ameliorates elevated parasitemia levels, normalises blood glucose, modulates inflammatory biomarkers and enhances antioxidant status in Plasmodium berghei-infected/diabetic mice
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Alstonia boonei stem bark aqueous extract ameliorates elevated parasitemia levels, normalises blood glucose, modulates inflammatory biomarkers and enhances antioxidant status in Plasmodium berghei-infected/diabetic mice

  • Odunayo Michael Agunloye ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Opeyemi Francis Akintoye und Ganiyu Oboh
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 29. September 2025
Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine
Aus der Zeitschrift Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine Band 22 Heft 4

Abstract

Objectives

Malaria and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often coexist in sub-Saharan Africa, worsening disease burden and complicating treatment. This study evaluated the protective effects of Alstonia boonei stem bark aqueous extract on Plasmodium berghei-infected diabetic mice.

Methods

Male mice were divided into five groups: normal control, untreated infected/diabetic, chloroquine–metformin treated, and extract-treated groups (40 and 80 mg/kg body weight). Fasting blood glucose, parasitemia, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory markers, and hematological indices were assessed following treatment.

Results

Untreated infected/diabetic mice exhibited significant hyperglycemia, elevated parasitemia, oxidative stress, anemia, and dysregulated inflammatory responses compared with controls. Administration of A. boonei extract produced a dose-dependent reduction in fasting blood glucose and parasitemia, alongside inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The extract enhanced antioxidant status (SOD, catalase, GSH), restored red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume, reduced C-reactive protein levels, and elevated interleukin-10. These effects were more pronounced at 80 mg/kg and comparable to the standard drug group.

Conclusions

A. boonei stem bark aqueous extract demonstrated antihyperglycemic, antiplasmodial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in malaria–diabetes comorbidity. The findings support its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for managing malaria and diabetes co-occurrence.

Keywords: Alstonia boonei ; malaria; diabetes; antioxidant; inflammation; phytomedicine
Corresponding author: Odunayo Michael Agunloye, Department of Biochemistry, Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: The University and Institutional protocol for experimental animals’ welfare and rights were strictly animal with protocol number: FUTA/23/012.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: OMA: Conceptualised, Carry out bioassays, data analysis, proof read and supervised the research. OFA: Carried out bioassay, draft of the manuscript. GO: provide logistic, Final proof reading.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

1. Lopez, AD, Mathers, CD, Ezzati, M, Jamison, DT, Murray, CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006;367:1747–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Danquah, I, Bedu-Addo, G, Mockenhaupt, FP. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and increased risk for malaria infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2021;16:1601. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1610.100399.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

3. Eltahir, EM, ElGhazali, GA, Elgadir, TME, Elbasit, IE, Elbashir, MI, Giha, HA. Raised plasma insulin level and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score in cerebral malaria: evidence for insulin resistance and marker of virulence. Acta Biochim Pol 2010;57:513–20. https://doi.org/10.18388/abp.2010_2437.Suche in Google Scholar

4. Acquah, S, Boampong, JN, Eghan, BA. Increased oxidative stress and inflammation independent of body adiposity in diabetic and nondiabetic controls in falciparum malaria. BioMed Res Int 2016;2016:5216913. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5216913.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

5. Muller, LM, Gorter, KJ, Hak, E, Goudzwaard, WL, Schellevis, FG, Hoepelman, AI, et al.. Increased risk of common infections in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:281–8. https://doi.org/10.1086/431587.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

6. Mills, S, Bone, K. The essential guide to herbal safety. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005.Suche in Google Scholar

7. Sasidharan, S, Chen, Y, Saravanan, D, Sundram, KM, Yoga Latha, L. Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants’ extracts. Afr J Tradit, Complementary Altern Med 2011;8:1–10. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v8i1.60483.Suche in Google Scholar

8. Sofowora, A, Ogunbodede, E, Onayade, A. The role and place of medicinal plants in the strategies for disease prevention. Afr J Tradit, Complementary Altern Med 2013;10:210–9. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v10i5.2.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

9. Burkill, HM. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens; 1985, 1.Suche in Google Scholar

10. Rahman, A-ur. Alkaloids of the apocynaceae. In: Chemistry of the Alkaloids. Springer; 1994:99–244 pp.Suche in Google Scholar

11. Ogbonnia, SO. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Alstonia boonei De Wild: a review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015;5:663–8.Suche in Google Scholar

12. Onyeibor, O, Croft, SL, Dodson, HI, Feiz-Haddad, M, Kendrick, H, Millington, NJ, et al.. Synthesis of some quaternary ammonium salts and evaluation of their antimalarial activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005;15:1511–4.Suche in Google Scholar

13. David, AF, Philip, JR, Simon, IC, Reto, B, Solomon, N. Antimalarial drug discovery: efficacy models for compound screening. Nat Rev 2004;3:509–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1416.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Cheesbrough, M. District laboratory practice, tropical countries, 2nd ed.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014:480 p.Suche in Google Scholar

15. Worthington Biochemical Corp. Alpha amylase. Worthington enzyme manual. Worthington enzyme and related biochemicals. Freehold, NJ: Worthington Biochemical Corp.; 1993.Suche in Google Scholar

16. Apostolidis, E, Kwon, YI, Shetty, K. Inhibitory potential of herb, fruit, and fungal-enriched cheese against key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2007;8:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2006.06.001.Suche in Google Scholar

17. Misra, HP, Fridovich, I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 1972;247:3170–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45228-9.Suche in Google Scholar

18. Nelson, DP, Kiesow, LA. Enthalpy of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase at 25°C (with molar extinction coefficients of H2O2 solutions in the UV). Anal Biochem 1972;49:474–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(72)90451-4.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

19. Ellman, GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959;82:70–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Boligon, AA, Sagrillo, MR, Machado, LF, de Souza Filho, O, Machado, MM, da Cruz, IB, et al.. Protective effects of extracts and flavonoids isolated from Scutia buxifolia Reissek against chromosome damage in human lymphocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Molecules 2012;17:5757–69. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17055757.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

21. Adjouzem, CF, Gilbert, A, Mbiantcha, M, Yousseu Nana, W, Matah Marthe Mba, V, Djuichou Nguemnang, SF, et al.. Effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of stem bark of Alstonia boonei De Wild. (Apocynaceae) on dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis in Wistar rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020;2020:4918453. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4918453.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

22. White, NJ. Anaemia and malaria. Malar J 2018;17:371. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2509-9.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

23. Visser, BJ, de Vries, SG, Vingerling, R, Gritter, M, Kroon, D, Aguilar, LC, et al.. Serum lipids and lipoproteins during uncomplicated malaria: a cohort study in Lambaréné, Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017;96:1205–14. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0721.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

24. Gomes, PS, Bhardwaj, J, Rivera-Correa, J, Freire-De-Lima, CG, Morrot, A. Immune escape strategies of malaria parasites. Front Microbiol 2016;7:1617. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01617.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

25. Batista, R, De Jesus Silvanior, A, De Oliveira, AB. Plant-derived antimalarial agents: new leads and efficient phytomedicines. Part II. Non-alkaloidal natural products. Molecules 2009;14:3037–72. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14083037.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

26. Carrillo-Larco, RM, Altez-Fernandez, C, Ugarte-Gil, C. Is diabetes associated with malaria and malaria severity? A systematic review of observational studies [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2019;4:136. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15467.3.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

27. Gilson, PR, Crabb, BS. Morphology and kinetics of the three distinct phases of red blood cell invasion by Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Int J Parasitol 2009;39:91–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.09.007.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Rani, GF, Ashwin, H, Brown, N, Hitchcock, IS, Kaye, PM. Hematological consequences of malaria in mice previously treated for visceral leishmaniasis. Wellcome Open Res 2021;6:83. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16629.2.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

29. Olanlokun, JO, Ekundayo, MT, Ebenezer, O, Koorbanally, NA, Olorunsogo, OO. Antimalarial and erythrocyte membrane stability properties of Globimetula braunii (Engle Van Tiegh) growing on cocoa in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Infect Drug Resist 2021;14:3795–808. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S317732.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

30. Prinyakupt, J, Pluempitiwiriyawej, C. Segmentation of white blood cells and comparison of cell morphology by linear and naïve Bayes classifiers. Biomed Eng Online 2015;14:63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-015-0037-1.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

31. Kruger, P, Saffarzadeh, M, Weber, ANR, Rieber, N, Radsak, M, von Bernuth, H, et al.. Neutrophils: between host defence, immune modulation, and tissue injury. PLoS Pathog 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004651.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

32. Ojo, KK, Pfander, C, Mueller, NR, Burström, C, Larson, ET, Bryan, CM, et al.. Transmission of malaria to mosquitoes blocked by bumped kinase inhibitors. J Clin Investig 2012;122:2301–5. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci61822.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

33. Royer, RE, Deck, LM, Campos, NM, Hunsaker, LA, Vander Jagt, DL. Biologically active derivatives of gossypol: synthesis and antimalarial activities of peri-acylated gossylic imides. J Med Chem 1986;29:179–85.10.1021/jm00159a043Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

34. Gomez, MS, Piper, RC, Hunsaker, LA, Royer, RE, Deck, LM, Makler, MT, et al.. Substrate and cofactor specificity and selective inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase from the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997;90:235–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-6851(97)00140-0.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

35. Banzouzi, JT, Prado, R, Menan, H, Valentin, A, Roumestan, C, Mallié, M, et al.. Studies on medicinal plants of Ivory Coast: investigation of an antimalarial activity. Phytother Res 2004;18:703–7.Suche in Google Scholar

36. Karou, D, Dicko, MH, Simpore, J, Traore, AS. Antimalarial activity of Sida acuta burm. F. (malvaceae) and pterocarpus erinaceus poir. (Fabaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2003;89:291–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.010.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Arnason, JT, Durst, T, Philogene, BJ. Role of natural products in pest management. In: Chadwick, DJ, Goode, J, editors Novartis Foundation Symposium 223 - Natural Products as Pesticides Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2004. p. 235–44.Suche in Google Scholar

38. Jones, G, Plattner, JJ, Knowles, JR. Antimalarial action of a protease inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:11703–7.Suche in Google Scholar

39. Billker, O, Shaw, MK, Margos, G, Sinden, RE. The roles of temperature, pH and mosquito factors as triggers of male and female gametogenesis of Plasmodium berghei in vitro. Parasitology 2002;124:447–54.Suche in Google Scholar

40. Humeida, H, Pradel, G, Stich, A. The effect of glucose and insulin on in vitro proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum. J Diabetol 2011;2:6. https://doi.org/10.4103/2078-7685.198008.Suche in Google Scholar

41. White, NJ, Pukrittayakamee, S, Hien, TT, Faiz, MA, Mokuolu, OA, Dondorp, AM. Malaria. Lancet 2014;383:723–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60024-0.Suche in Google Scholar

42. Agunloye, OM, Oboh, G. Blood glucose lowering and effect of oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus)- and shiitake (Lentinus subnudus)-supplemented diet on key enzymes linked to diabetes and hypertension in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Front 2021:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.111.Suche in Google Scholar

43. Liljeberg, H, Björck, I. Delayed gastric emptying rate as a potential mechanism for lowered glycemia after eating sourdough bread: studies in humans and rats using test products with added organic acids or an organic salt. Am J Clin 1996;64:886–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/64.6.886.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Tappy, L, Lê, KA. Metabolic effects of fructose and the worldwide increase in obesity. Physiol Rev 2010;90:23–46. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00019.2009.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

45. Sarthou, JL, Angel, G, Arisot, G, Regier, C, Dieye, A, Toure, BA, et al.. Prognostic value of anti-Plasmodium falciparum-specific immunoglobulin G3, cytokines and their soluble receptors in West African patients with severe malaria. Infect Immun 1997;65:3271–6. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.65.8.3271-3276.1997.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

46. Tsalamandris, S, Antonopoulos, AS, Oikonomou, E, Papamikroulis, GA, Vogiatzi, G, Papaioannou, S, et al.. The role of inflammation in diabetes: current concepts and future perspectives. Eur Cardiol 2019;14:50–9. https://doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2018.33.1.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

47. Hurt, N, Smith, T, Tanner, M, Mwankusye, S, Bordmann, G, Weiss, NA, et al.. Evaluation of C-reactive protein and haptoglobin as malaria episode markers in an area of high transmission in Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994;88:182–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(94)90287-9.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Mendonca, VRR, Queiroz, ATL, Lopes, FM, Andrade, BB, Barral-Netto, M. Networking the host immune response in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Malar J 2013;12:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-12-69.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

49. Kwiatkowski, D, Hill, AV, Sambou, I, Twumasi, P, Castracane, J, Manogue, KR, et al.. Brewster DR, Greenwood BM. TNF concentration in fatal cerebral, non-fatal cerebral, and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Lancet 1990;336:1201–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)92827-5.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

50. Iyer, SS, Cheng, G. Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Crit Rev Immunol 2012;32:23–63. https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevimmunol.v32.i1.30.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

51. Adegbola, P, Aderibigbe, I, Hammed, W, Omotayo, T. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory medicinal plants have potential role in the treatment of cardiovascular disease: a review. Am J Cardiovasc Dis 2017;7:19–32.Suche in Google Scholar

52. Gomes, ARQ, Cunha, N, Varela, ELP, Brígido, HPC, Vale, VV, Dolabela, MF, et al.. Oxidative stress in malaria: potential benefits of antioxidant therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:5949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115949.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

53. Akinmoladun, AC, Ibukun, EO, Afor, E, Akinrinlola, BL, Onibon, TR, Akinboboye, AO, et al.. Chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Alstonia boonei. Afr J Biotechnol 2007;6:1197–201.Suche in Google Scholar
Received: 2025-07-17
Accepted: 2025-09-05
Published Online: 2025-09-29

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Efficacy of mangosteen as local drug delivery for improving periodontal health in adults with periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  4. Catechins in cancer therapy: integrating traditional and complementary approaches
  5. Phytochemical innovations in oral cancer therapy: targeting oncogenic pathways with natural compounds
  6. Opinion Paper
  7. Naturopathy and the Ottawa Charter: a synergistic model for community health promotion in rural India
  8. Research Articles
  9. Investigating the therapeutic potential of medical leech and leech saliva extract in flap survival: an in vivo study using rats
  10. Alstonia boonei stem bark aqueous extract ameliorates elevated parasitemia levels, normalises blood glucose, modulates inflammatory biomarkers and enhances antioxidant status in Plasmodium berghei-infected/diabetic mice
  11. Nutritional, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and toxicity assessments of an herbal formulation using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo approaches
  12. Molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and ADME analysis of Moringa oleifera phytochemicals targeting NS5 protein: towards the development of novel anti-dengue therapeutics
  13. Impact of licorice supplementation on cardiac biomarkers and histomorphological changes in rats
  14. Effects of minas frescal cheese enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05 on bone health in a preclinical model of chronic kidney disease
  15. Teratogenic effect of unregistered traditional Chinese medicine containing Atractylodis lancea radix, Glycyrrhiza glabra radix, Rheum officinale rhizome, and Angelica dahurica radix on fetal morphology of BALB/c mice
  16. Network pharmacology based investigation of the multi target mechanisms of Murraya koenigii (curry leaves) in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
  17. Protective effects of citronellol on Escherichia coli septicemia-derived liver lesions in Wistar rats
  18. The effects of spilanthol (SA3X) supplementation on muscle size and strength in healthy men – a randomized parallel-group placebo-controlled trial
  19. Navigating complementary and alternative medicine use, medication adherence, and herb–drug interaction risks among gout patients: a multicenter cross-sectional study in indonesia
  20. Evaluation of photobiomodulation for modulating peripheral inflammation via the lumbosacral medullary region
  21. Traditional alternative and complementary medicine: a review of undergraduate courses and curricula in Peru
  22. Congress Abstracts
  23. Natural Health Products Research Society of Canada Natural Health Products and Cancer Mini-Symposium 2025
https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2025-0256
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Alstonia boonei; malaria; diabetes; antioxidant; inflammation; phytomedicine

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Efficacy of mangosteen as local drug delivery for improving periodontal health in adults with periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  4. Catechins in cancer therapy: integrating traditional and complementary approaches
  5. Phytochemical innovations in oral cancer therapy: targeting oncogenic pathways with natural compounds
  6. Opinion Paper
  7. Naturopathy and the Ottawa Charter: a synergistic model for community health promotion in rural India
  8. Research Articles
  9. Investigating the therapeutic potential of medical leech and leech saliva extract in flap survival: an in vivo study using rats
  10. Alstonia boonei stem bark aqueous extract ameliorates elevated parasitemia levels, normalises blood glucose, modulates inflammatory biomarkers and enhances antioxidant status in Plasmodium berghei-infected/diabetic mice
  11. Nutritional, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and toxicity assessments of an herbal formulation using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo approaches
  12. Molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and ADME analysis of Moringa oleifera phytochemicals targeting NS5 protein: towards the development of novel anti-dengue therapeutics
  13. Impact of licorice supplementation on cardiac biomarkers and histomorphological changes in rats
  14. Effects of minas frescal cheese enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05 on bone health in a preclinical model of chronic kidney disease
  15. Teratogenic effect of unregistered traditional Chinese medicine containing Atractylodis lancea radix, Glycyrrhiza glabra radix, Rheum officinale rhizome, and Angelica dahurica radix on fetal morphology of BALB/c mice
  16. Network pharmacology based investigation of the multi target mechanisms of Murraya koenigii (curry leaves) in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
  17. Protective effects of citronellol on Escherichia coli septicemia-derived liver lesions in Wistar rats
  18. The effects of spilanthol (SA3X) supplementation on muscle size and strength in healthy men – a randomized parallel-group placebo-controlled trial
  19. Navigating complementary and alternative medicine use, medication adherence, and herb–drug interaction risks among gout patients: a multicenter cross-sectional study in indonesia
  20. Evaluation of photobiomodulation for modulating peripheral inflammation via the lumbosacral medullary region
  21. Traditional alternative and complementary medicine: a review of undergraduate courses and curricula in Peru
  22. Congress Abstracts
  23. Natural Health Products Research Society of Canada Natural Health Products and Cancer Mini-Symposium 2025
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2026 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 10.1.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jcim-2025-0256/pdf
Button zum nach oben scrollen