Startseite Medizin Protective effects of citronellol on Escherichia coli septicemia-derived liver lesions in Wistar rats
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Protective effects of citronellol on Escherichia coli septicemia-derived liver lesions in Wistar rats

  • Seyed Moein Ziaei Sistany , Fatemeh Zahra Gharib ORCID logo EMAIL logo und Seyed Mohammad Hosseini
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 8. Juli 2025
Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine
Aus der Zeitschrift Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine Band 22 Heft 4

Abstract

Objectives

Indiscriminate and widespread use of antibiotics has caused resistance among infectious bacteria. Citronellol (Cit) is a monoterpene that is defined as an essential oil and is found in lemon, rosemary, oranges, and aromatic plants. This experimental study investigated the effects of Cit on the complications caused by E. coli septicemia in liver tissue in rats.

Methods

A total of male Wistar rats with an approximate weight of 220 ± 20 were randomly divided into 7 groups of 30 including 1. Control group, 2. Sham group, 3. Received Cit at a dose of 100 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection, 4. Received Cit at a dose of 200 mg/kg, 5. the E. coli group was administrated enteropathogenic E. coli bacteria O111 with a dose of 1 × 109 Colony-forming unit (CFU), 6. the first treatment group received E. coli and Cit at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 7. the second treatment group received E. coli and Cit at a dose of 200 mg/kg.

Results

Our findings showed that E. coli can cause a significant increase in alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) indices, while in the treatment groups, these indices were significantly reduced. In addition, E. coli septicemia caused oxidative stress in the liver tissue by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and reducing Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, which both were significantly regulated in the treatment groups.

Conclusions

Our results suggested the positive effects of Cit on the septicemia caused by E. coli in the liver tissue by upregulating the antioxidant balance and protective characteristics.

Keywords: septicemia; Escherichia coli ; citronellol; liver; rat
Corresponding author: Prof. Fatemeh Zahra Gharib, Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Bab.C., Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: The Research Ethics Committees of the Islamic Azad University of Babol approved this study with the approval ID of IR.IAU.BABOL.REC.1398.035.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: Not applicable.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

 References

1. Singh, R. Medicinal plants: a review. J Plant Sci 2015;3:50–5.Suche in Google Scholar

2. Petrovska, BB. Historical review of medicinal plants’ usage. Pharmacogn Rev 2012;6:1. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.95849.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

3. Silva, N, Fernandes Júnior, A. Biological properties of medicinal plants: a review of their antimicrobial activity. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2010;16:402–13. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-91992010000300006.Suche in Google Scholar

4. Vashist, H, Jindal, A. Antimicrobial activities of medicinal plants–review. Int J Res Pharm Biomed Sci 2012;3:222–30.Suche in Google Scholar

5. Rios, J-L, Recio, MC. Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;100:80–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.025.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

6. Kola, G, Clifford, CW, Campanaro, CK, Dhingra, RR, Dutschmann, M, Jacono, FJ, et al.. Peritoneal sepsis caused by Escherichia coli triggers brainstem inflammation and alters the function of sympatho-respiratory control circuits. J Neuroinflammation 2024;21:45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-024-03025-7.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

7. Mokady, D, Gophna, U, Ron, EZ. Virulence factors of septicemic Escherichia coli strains. Int J Med Microbiol 2005;295:455–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2005.07.007.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

8. Persadie, RJ, Costescu-Green, D, Gerster, KM. Cervical ectopic pregnancy complicated by Escherichia coli septicemia: a case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2016;38:275–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2015.12.008.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

9. Oter, S, Edremitlioglu, M, Korkmaz, A, Coskun, O, Kilic, D, Kisa, U, et al.. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on liver functions, oxidative status and histology in septic rats. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1262–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-2701-6.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Abraham, E, Singer, M. Mechanisms of sepsis-induced organ dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2007;35:2408–16. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000282072.56245.91.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

11. Mutlu-Ingok, A, Devecioglu, D, Dikmetas, DN, Karbancioglu-Guler, F, Capanoglu, E. Antibacterial, antifungal, antimycotoxigenic, and antioxidant activities of essential oils: an updated review. Molecules 2020;25:4711. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204711.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

12. Guimarães, AC, Meireles, LM, Lemos, MF, Guimarães, MCC, Endringer, DC, Fronza, M, et al.. Antibacterial activity of terpenes and terpenoids present in essential oils. Molecules 2019;24:2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24132471.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Bachir, RG, Benali, M. Antibacterial activity of the essential oils from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:739–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2221-1691.12.60220-2.Suche in Google Scholar

14. Pereira, RLS, Campina, FF, do Socorro Costa, M, da Cruz, RP, de Freitas, TS, Dos Santos, ATL, et al.. Antibacterial and modulatory activities of β-cyclodextrin complexed with (+)-β-citronellol against multidrug-resistant strains. Microb Pathog 2021;156:104928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104928.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Darbre, PD, Harvey, PW. Parabens can enable hallmarks and characteristics of cancer in human breast epithelial cells: a review of the literature with reference to new exposure data and regulatory status. J Appl Toxicol 2014;34:925–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3027.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Wróbel, AM, Gregoraszczuk, EŁ. Actions of methyl-propyl-and butylparaben on estrogen receptor-α and-β and the progesterone receptor in MCF-7 cancer cells and non-cancerous MCF-10A cells. Toxicol Lett 2014;230:375–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.08.012.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Song, P, Wu, L, Guan, W. Dietary nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines intake and the risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Nutrients 2015;7:9872–95. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7125505.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

18. Murbach Teles Andrade, BF, Nunes Barbosa, L, da Silva Probst, I, Fernandes Júnior, A. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils. J Essent Oil Res 2014;26:34–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2013.860409.Suche in Google Scholar

19. Akthar, MS, Degaga, B, Azam, T. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from medicinal plants against the pathogenic microorganisms: a review. J Issues ISSN 2014;2350:1588.Suche in Google Scholar

20. Ghabraie, M, Vu, KD, Tata, L, Salmieri, S, Lacroix, M. Antimicrobial effect of essential oils in combinations against five bacteria and their effect on sensorial quality of ground meat. LWT--Food Sci Technol 2016;66:332–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.10.055.Suche in Google Scholar

21. Álvarez-Martínez, F, Barrajón-Catalán, E, Herranz-López, M, Micol, V. Antibacterial plant compounds, extracts and essential oils: an updated review on their effects and putative mechanisms of action. Phytomedicine 2021;90:153626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153626.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Rosato, A, Vitali, C, De Laurentis, N, Armenise, D, Milillo, MA. Antibacterial effect of some essential oils administered alone or in combination with norfloxacin. Phytomedicine 2007;14:727–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.01.005.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

23. Katsukawa, M, Nakata, R, Koeji, S, Hori, K, Takahashi, S, Inoue, H. Citronellol and geraniol, components of rose oil, activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and γ and suppress cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011;75:1010–2. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.110039.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

24. Salehi, A, Hosseini, SM, Kazemi, S. Antioxidant and anticarcinogenic potentials of propolis for dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in Wistar rats. BioMed Res Int 2022;2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8497562.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

25. Percie du Sert, N, Hurst, V, Ahluwalia, A, Alam, S, Avey, MT, Baker, M, et al.. The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: updated guidelines for reporting animal research. J Cerebr Blood Flow Metabol 2020;40:1769–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X20943823.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

26. Al, H. The effect of experimental Escherichia coli infection on some blood parameters and histological changes in male rats. Iraqi J Veter Med (IJVM). 2011;35:22–7. https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v35i2.571.Suche in Google Scholar

27. Mirnejad, R, Hossein, J, Ardebilli, A, Babavalian, H. Reduction of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization by the oral administration of Lactobacillus casei as a probiotic in a murine model. Afr J Microbiol Res 2010;4:2283–7.Suche in Google Scholar

28. Ballou, M, Cobb, C, Hulbert, L, Carroll, J. Effects of intravenous Escherichia coli dose on the pathophysiological response of colostrum-fed Jersey calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011;141:76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.02.008.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

29. Ouwehand, A, Ten Bruggencate, S, Schonewille, A, Alhoniemi, E, Forssten, S, Bovee-Oudenhoven, I. Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation in human subjects and their resistance to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Br J Nutr 2014;111:465–73. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513002547.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Melo, M, Sena, L, Barreto, F, Bonjardim, L, Almeida, J, Lima, J, et al.. Antinociceptive effect of citronellal in mice. Pharm Biol 2010;48:411–6. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200903150419.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

31. Melo, MS, Guimarães, AG, Santana, MF, Siqueira, RS, De Lima, ADCB, Dias, AS, et al.. Anti-inflammatory and redox-protective activities of citronellal. Biol Res 2011;44:363–8. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0716-97602011000400008.Suche in Google Scholar

32. Shakib Khoob, M, Hosseini, SM, Kazemi, S. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anticancer potentials of royal jelly for dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in Wistar rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022;2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9506026.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

33. Peyron, C, Lecoindre, P, Chevallier, M, Guerret, S, Pagnon, A. Vacuolar hepatopathy in 43 French Scottish terriers: a morphological study. Rev Méd Vét 2015;166:176–84.Suche in Google Scholar

34. Mohamadnejad, M, Tavangar, S, Sotoudeh, M, Kosari, F, Khosravi, M, Geramizadeh, B, et al.. Histopathological study of chronic hepatitis B: a comparative study of Ishak and METAVIR scoring systems. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2010;1:171.Suche in Google Scholar

35. Valaei, A, Azadeh, F, Mostafavi Niaki, ST, Salehi, A, Shakib Khoob, M, Kazemi, S, et al.. Antioxidant and anticancer potentials of the olive and sesame mixture against dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in Wistar rats. BioMed Res Int 2022;2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5440773.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

36. Kavoosian, S, Behzadi, R, Asouri, M, Ahmadi, AA, Nasirikenari, M, Salehi, A. Comparison of rabies cases received by the shomal Pasteur Institute in northern Iran: a 2-year study. Glob Health Epidemiology Genomics 2023;2023.10.1155/2023/3492601Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

37. Salehi, A, Faraji, S, Shafaei, A, Kangarlou, K, Behzadi, A. Potential of natural antioxidants for upregulating apoptosis in cervical cancer cells: a cellular and molecular study. J Chem 2023;2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4926020.Suche in Google Scholar

38. Salehi, A, Rahimi, O, Masoumi, M, Dehghani, M, Mostafavi Niaki, ST, Yazdanpanah, T, et al.. Correlation of the breeds and dental lesions in cattle of northern Iran. Comp Clin Pathol 2023;32:281–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-023-03440-x.Suche in Google Scholar

39. Rahimi, O, Asadi Louie, N, Salehi, A, Faed Maleki, F. Hepatorenal protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of solidago canadensis L. against paracetamol-induced toxicity in mice. J Toxicol 2022;2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9091605.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

40. Platt, H. Septicaemia in the foal. A review of 61 cases. Br Vet J 1973;129:221–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1935.17.36485-0.Suche in Google Scholar

41. Liu, Y, Song, M, Che, T, Almeida, J, Lee, J, Bravo, D, et al.. Dietary plant extracts alleviate diarrhea and alter immune responses of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli. J Anim Sci 2013;91:5294–306. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-6194.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

42. Kotan, R, Kordali, S, Cakir, A. Screening of antibacterial activities of twenty-one oxygenated monoterpenes. Z Naturforsch C Biosci 2007;62:507–13. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2007-7-808.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

43. Pelczar, JMJ, Chan, EC, Krieg, NR. Microbiology: Concepts and Applications. Mc Graw-Hill Inc, New York; 1993. p. 896.Suche in Google Scholar

44. Mulyaningsih, S, Sporer, F, Reichling, J, Wink, M. Antibacterial activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus and of selected components against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Pharm Biol 2011;49:893–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2011.553625.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

45. Park, WB, Lee, KD, Lee, CS, Jang, HC, Kim, HB, Lee, HS, et al.. Production of C-reactive protein in Escherichia coli-infected patients with liver dysfunction due to liver cirrhosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;51:227–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.11.014.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

46. Taylor, NJ, Nishtala, A, Manakkat Vijay, GK, Abeles, RD, Auzinger, G, Bernal, W, et al.. Circulating neutrophil dysfunction in acute liver failure. Hepatology 2013;57:1142–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26102.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

47. O’Farrelly, C, Doherty, DG. Innate immune mechanisms in the liver. In: Liver Immunology: Principles and Practice. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2007:41–8 pp.10.1007/978-1-59745-518-3_4Suche in Google Scholar

48. Matuschak, GM, Henry, KA, Johanns, CA, Lechner, AJ. Liver–lung interactions following Escherichia coli bacteremic sepsis and secondary hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1002–9. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.163.4.2003020.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Papet, I, Ruot, B, Breuille, D, Walrand, S, Farges, M-C, Vasson, M-P, et al.. Bacterial infection affects protein synthesis in primary lymphoid tissues and circulating lymphocytes of rats. J Nutr 2002;132:2028–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.7.2028.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

50. Kaufman, BS, Rackow, EC, Falk, JL. The relationship between oxygen delivery and consumption during fluid resuscitation of hypovolemic and septic shock. Chest 1984;85:336–40. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.85.3.336.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

51. Victoria, FN, Radatz, CS, Sachini, M, Jacob, RG, Alves, D, Savegnago, L, et al.. Further analysis of the antimicrobial activity of α-phenylseleno citronellal and α-phenylseleno citronellol. Food Control 2012;23:95–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.06.017.Suche in Google Scholar

52. Gochev, V, Dobreva, A, Girova, T, Stoyanova, A. Antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Rosa Alba. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 2010;24:512–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2010.10817892.Suche in Google Scholar

53. Andoğan, BC, Baydar, H, Kaya, S, Demirci, M, Özbaşar, D, Mumcu, E. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of some essential oils. Arch Pharm Res (Seoul) 2002;25:860–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02977005.Suche in Google Scholar

54. Sharma, V, Jakhar, K, Nehra, V, Kumar, S. Biochemical studies in experimentally Escherichia coli infected broiler chicken supplemented with neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract. Vet World 2015;8:1340. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2015.1340-1345.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

55. Andrades, ME, Ritter, C, Dal-Pizzol, F. The role of free radicals in sepsis development. Front Biosci Elite 2009;1:277–87. https://doi.org/10.2741/E27.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Gaweł, S, Wardas, M, Niedworok, E, Wardas, P. Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation marker. Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland: 1960) 2004;57:453–5.Suche in Google Scholar

57. Nazemiyeh, H, Lotfipoor, F, Delazar, A, Razavi, SM, Asnaashari, S, Kasebi, N, et al.. Chemical composition, and antibacterial and free-radical-scavenging activities of the essential oils of a citronellol producing new chemotype of Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak. Record Nat Prod 2011;5:184.Suche in Google Scholar

58. Rajendran, J, Pachaiappan, P, Subramaniyan, S. Dose‐dependent chemopreventive effects of citronellol in DMBA‐induced breast cancer among rats. Drug Dev Res 2019;80:867–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21570.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Kaur, S, Rana, S, Singh, HP, Batish, DR, Kohli, RK. Citronellol disrupts membrane integrity by inducing free radical generation. Z Naturforsch C Biosci 2011;66:260–6. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2011-5-609.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2025-04-17
Accepted: 2025-06-23
Published Online: 2025-07-08

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Efficacy of mangosteen as local drug delivery for improving periodontal health in adults with periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  4. Catechins in cancer therapy: integrating traditional and complementary approaches
  5. Phytochemical innovations in oral cancer therapy: targeting oncogenic pathways with natural compounds
  6. Opinion Paper
  7. Naturopathy and the Ottawa Charter: a synergistic model for community health promotion in rural India
  8. Research Articles
  9. Investigating the therapeutic potential of medical leech and leech saliva extract in flap survival: an in vivo study using rats
  10. Alstonia boonei stem bark aqueous extract ameliorates elevated parasitemia levels, normalises blood glucose, modulates inflammatory biomarkers and enhances antioxidant status in Plasmodium berghei-infected/diabetic mice
  11. Nutritional, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and toxicity assessments of an herbal formulation using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo approaches
  12. Molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and ADME analysis of Moringa oleifera phytochemicals targeting NS5 protein: towards the development of novel anti-dengue therapeutics
  13. Impact of licorice supplementation on cardiac biomarkers and histomorphological changes in rats
  14. Effects of minas frescal cheese enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05 on bone health in a preclinical model of chronic kidney disease
  15. Teratogenic effect of unregistered traditional Chinese medicine containing Atractylodis lancea radix, Glycyrrhiza glabra radix, Rheum officinale rhizome, and Angelica dahurica radix on fetal morphology of BALB/c mice
  16. Network pharmacology based investigation of the multi target mechanisms of Murraya koenigii (curry leaves) in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
  17. Protective effects of citronellol on Escherichia coli septicemia-derived liver lesions in Wistar rats
  18. The effects of spilanthol (SA3X) supplementation on muscle size and strength in healthy men – a randomized parallel-group placebo-controlled trial
  19. Navigating complementary and alternative medicine use, medication adherence, and herb–drug interaction risks among gout patients: a multicenter cross-sectional study in indonesia
  20. Evaluation of photobiomodulation for modulating peripheral inflammation via the lumbosacral medullary region
  21. Traditional alternative and complementary medicine: a review of undergraduate courses and curricula in Peru
  22. Congress Abstracts
  23. Natural Health Products Research Society of Canada Natural Health Products and Cancer Mini-Symposium 2025
https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2025-0131
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
septicemia; Escherichia coli; citronellol; liver; rat

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Efficacy of mangosteen as local drug delivery for improving periodontal health in adults with periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  4. Catechins in cancer therapy: integrating traditional and complementary approaches
  5. Phytochemical innovations in oral cancer therapy: targeting oncogenic pathways with natural compounds
  6. Opinion Paper
  7. Naturopathy and the Ottawa Charter: a synergistic model for community health promotion in rural India
  8. Research Articles
  9. Investigating the therapeutic potential of medical leech and leech saliva extract in flap survival: an in vivo study using rats
  10. Alstonia boonei stem bark aqueous extract ameliorates elevated parasitemia levels, normalises blood glucose, modulates inflammatory biomarkers and enhances antioxidant status in Plasmodium berghei-infected/diabetic mice
  11. Nutritional, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and toxicity assessments of an herbal formulation using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo approaches
  12. Molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and ADME analysis of Moringa oleifera phytochemicals targeting NS5 protein: towards the development of novel anti-dengue therapeutics
  13. Impact of licorice supplementation on cardiac biomarkers and histomorphological changes in rats
  14. Effects of minas frescal cheese enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05 on bone health in a preclinical model of chronic kidney disease
  15. Teratogenic effect of unregistered traditional Chinese medicine containing Atractylodis lancea radix, Glycyrrhiza glabra radix, Rheum officinale rhizome, and Angelica dahurica radix on fetal morphology of BALB/c mice
  16. Network pharmacology based investigation of the multi target mechanisms of Murraya koenigii (curry leaves) in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
  17. Protective effects of citronellol on Escherichia coli septicemia-derived liver lesions in Wistar rats
  18. The effects of spilanthol (SA3X) supplementation on muscle size and strength in healthy men – a randomized parallel-group placebo-controlled trial
  19. Navigating complementary and alternative medicine use, medication adherence, and herb–drug interaction risks among gout patients: a multicenter cross-sectional study in indonesia
  20. Evaluation of photobiomodulation for modulating peripheral inflammation via the lumbosacral medullary region
  21. Traditional alternative and complementary medicine: a review of undergraduate courses and curricula in Peru
  22. Congress Abstracts
  23. Natural Health Products Research Society of Canada Natural Health Products and Cancer Mini-Symposium 2025
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2026 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 10.1.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jcim-2025-0131/pdf
Button zum nach oben scrollen