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Medicinal plants that are used today have been known by people of ancient cultures around the world and have largely been considered due to their medicinal properties. Cornus mas L. (Cornelian cherry) is one of these medicinal plants with high level of antioxidant activity. Cornelian cherry is an attractive ornamental plant with delicious fruit having nutritional and therapeutic values. The main purpose of this paper is to present and summarize the pharmacological and therapeutic effects from researches done on Cornelian cherry in studies from 2000 to 2016. Information and findings in this review were taken from electronic journals in some websites including PubMed, Elsevier, ISI, Google scholar, SID and relevant books. C. mas L. is important in terms of decoration and is used in traditional medicine to treat diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, cholera, fever, malaria, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, cancer, bleeding and heat stroke. Several studies have shown that Cornelian cherry fruit plays an important role in prevention of atherosclerosis, blood sugar, lipid profiles and reduction of fat accumulation in the liver. Cornelian cherry has antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer effects as well as protecting liver, kidney and cardiovascular system. Using Cornelian cherry in pharmaceutical and food industries has caused fantastic value of this plant. Pharmaceutical properties of Cornelian cherry seeds, fruits, leaves and stems have led the need of further studies to explore the other unknown effects or review mechanism of its pharmacological effects for preparation of new drugs.

Background The medicinal properties of Inula cappa , a perennial shrub, are ascribed to its roots. In this article, we study the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of I. cappa root extracts based on its utilization in traditional medicine-treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, menoxenia, fever, jaundice and many others. Methods Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of I. cappa extracts were studied. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granulation method while the immunomodulatory activity was estimated by phagocytic assay method, hemagglutinating antibody (HA) titer assay, delayed-type hypersensitivity assay method, plaque forming cell assay and determination of immunoprophylatic activity. Results The methanolic extract showed maximum reduction in the rat paw edema and showed significant inhibition of the cotton pellet-induced granulomas in rats. The methanolic extract also showed potential immunomodulatory activity in all the assays performed. Two sesquiterpenes, isoalantolactone and germacranolide were also isolated from the methanolic extract. Conclusions The present study supports the evidence that the roots of I. cappa can be used as a potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent.

Background Immunity and Longevity Methods A water extract of Curcuma longa (L.) [ vern . Turmeric] roots (TurmericImmune™) standardized for a minimum 20 % of turmeric polysaccharides ukonan A, B, C and D was evaluated for its biological properties in in vitro tissue culture studies. Results The water extract of turmeric (TurP) exhibited induced-nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 macrophages. These results suggested the immunomodulatory effects of TurP. In addition, the polysaccharides up-regulated function of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) equally to the phenolic compound from turmeric, curcumin. Conclusions The ukonan family of polysaccharides may assist in promoting cellular immune responses, tissue repair and lifespan by enhancing immune response and telomere function.

Background We reported recently that extracts of seeds of Garcinia kola , a plant with established hypoglycemic properties, prevented the loss of inflammation-sensible neuronal populations like Purkinje cells in a rat model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Here, we assessed G. kola extract ability to prevent the early cognitive and motor dysfunctions observed in this model. Methods Rats made diabetic by single injection of streptozotocin were treated daily with either vehicle solution (diabetic control group), insulin, or G. kola extract from the first to the 6th week post-injection. Then, cognitive and motor functions were assessed using holeboard and vertical pole behavioral tests, and animals were sacrificed. Brains were dissected out, cut, and processed for Nissl staining and immunohistochemistry. Results Hyperglycemia (209.26 %), body weight loss (–12.37 %), and T1DM-like cognitive and motor dysfunctions revealed behavioral tests in diabetic control animals were not observed in insulin and extract-treated animals. Similar, expressions of inflammation markers tumor necrosis factor (TNF), iba1 (CD68), and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as well as decreases of neuronal density in regions involved in cognitive and motor functions (–49.56 % motor cortex, –33.24 % medial septal nucleus, –41.8 % /–37.34 % cerebellar Purkinje /granular cell layers) were observed in diabetic controls but not in animals treated with insulin or G. kola . Conclusions Our results indicate that T1DM-like functional alterations are mediated, at least partly, by neuroinflammation and neuronal loss in this model. The prevention of the development of such alterations by early treatment with G. kola confirms the neuroprotective properties of the plant and warrant further mechanistic studies, considering the potential for human disease.

Background Quail egg is said to heal all sorts of ailments including diabetes and liver diseases, and people have started taking it indiscriminately without verification and standardization. This study investigated some biochemical effects associated with administration of varying concentrations of quail egg solution to alloxanized rats. Methods Thirty (30) adult male albino Wistar rats were assigned to 5 groups of 6 rats each. Groups 2–5 rats were injected with alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally at the dose of 160 mg/kg while rats in group 1 served as normal control. Upon establishment of fasting blood glucose level above 126 mg/dL, the rats in groups 2–4 were administered 30, 15, and 7.5 mg/mL of quail egg solution respectively for 7 days. Rats in groups 1 and 5 received distilled water (10 mL/kg) each. All treatments were through the oral route. At the end of 7 days duration of the study, blood samples for some biochemical (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and blood urea nitrogen [BUN]) analyses were collected. Results Results indicated that the quail egg administration to alloxanized rats especially at the concentration of 30 mg/mL significantly (p<0.5) reduced the elevated levels of ALT and BUN. Conclusions It was concluded that administration of quail egg solution to alloxanized rats mitigated hepatic injury and ameliorated renal lesion that may have resulted from the effect of alloxan monohydrate.

Background In West Africa, the fruit, seed, leaf and stem of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig are commonly used as remedy against a variety of diseases, including diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the ameliorative potential of B. sapida K.D. Koenig stem bark ethanol extract against pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in diabetic rats. Methods Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (65 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days, and orally administered with glibenclamide (5 mg/kg body weight), 50–150 mg/kg body weight of B. sapida stem bark ethanol extract once daily for 21 days. Results The blood glucose levels of rats induced with alloxan were significantly and gradually reduced (p<0.05) in B. sapida stem bark ethanol extract treated animals at the dose of 50–150 mg/kg body weight, and in glibenclamide-treated animals. The significant increase in the lipid peroxidation (malonaldehyde), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance scores (HOMA-IR) and decrease in serum insulin, pancreatic β-cell scores as well as antioxidant marker enzymes in untreated diabetic rats compared to normal control rats were reversed by the B. sapida stem bark ethanol extract and glibenclamide. Similarly, histopathological changes in the pancreas were also reversed by the extract and glibenclamide. However, these effects were most prominent in the animals treated with 150 mg/kg body weight of B. sapida bark. Conclusions These findings indicate that B. sapida stem bark possess anti-hyperglycemic activity and exhibits ameliorative potential in managing diabetes.

Background Anogeissus latifolia Wall. ( A. latifolia ) bark has been traditionally used in the treatment of various diseases which includes diabetes and general debility. The present study was aimed to investigate the comparative hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of various extracts of A. latifolia bark in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Methods Acute toxicity was carried out at 2 g/kg dose of petroleum ether extract of A. latifolia bark (PEALB), chloroform extract of A. latifolia bark (CEALB) and methanol extract of A. latifolia bark (MEALB) in rats. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg, i.p.) and it was confirmed at 72 h. Diabetic rats received above extracts at 100 and 200 mg/kg doses for 28 days. Body weight and blood glucose level were determined at every week after the treatment schedule. Serum biochemical parameters and lipid profile levels were estimated at the end of the study. Results PEALB, CEALB and MEALB were non-toxic and no death was observed at 2 g/kg dose. Administration of MEALB at 100 and 200 mg/kg showed significant (p< 0.01, p< 0.05) improvement in body weight and reduction in blood glucose at third and fourth week of treatment. Altered serum biochemical parameters and lipid profiles level were brought to near normal level significantly (p<0.001) compared to diabetic control rats after the administration of both doses of MEALB. However, PEALB and CEALB did not exhibit significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity. Conclusions Our findings revealed that long-term (28 days) treatment of MEALB possesses significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity compared to PEALB and CEALB in type 1 diabetic rats and given evidence to the traditional use of A. latifolia bark in diabetes.

Background Gentiana kuroo Royle is a medicinally important plant of north-western Himalayas used for various ailments. In the present study, the plant extracts were investigated for the antidiabetic effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods The impact of the extracts on serum glucose levels of diabetic rats was compared with reference drug – glibenclamide-treated diabetic rats. Streptozotocin injection was used to induce diabetes in fasted rats. Various biochemical, physiological and histopathological parameters in diabetic rats were observed for assessing the antidiabetic activity. Results The serum glucose concentrations in diabetic rats were significantly lowered by the extracts (methanolic and hydroethanolic at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight). Several related biochemical parameters like creatinine, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase were likewise decreased by the concentrates. The extracts also showed reduction in feed and water consumption of diabetic rats when compared with the diabetic control. The extracts were found to demonstrate regenerative/protective effect on β-cells of pancreas in diabetic rats. The methanolic and hydroethanolic extracts also exhibited hypoglycaemic effect in normal glucose-fed rats (oral glucose tolerance tests). LC-MS characterization of this extract showed the presence of these compounds – Swertiamarin, swertisin, lupeol, etc. Conclusions The current study demonstrated the counter diabetic capability of G. kuroo Royle being powerful in hyperglycaemia and can viably ensure against other metabolic deviations created by diabetes in rats. The possible bioactive principles responsible for the antidiabetic activity of G. kurroo Royle are Swertiamarin, swertisin and lupeol.

Background Cardiac toxicity is one of the life-threatening complications of cancer therapy. Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is an alkylating agent with potent antineoplastic and immunosuppressive properties and possibly the most widely used antineoplastic agent. Chronic cardiotoxicity associated with CYP is characterized by progressive heart failure developing from weeks to years after therapy. Methods In this study, rats were administered with (60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg) alone or in combination with single intraperitoneal (200 mg/kg) administration of CYP for 7 days. CYP was only administered on day 1. Results The administration of CYP led to a significant (p<0.05) increase in cardiac and renal malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) generation. Also, the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly (p<0.05) reduced following CYP treatment. A significant (p<0.05) increase in serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was recorded in rats administered CYP only. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in heart rate (HR) accompanied by transient decrease in QRS duration. Histologic examination revealed architectural anarchy of both heart and kidney of rats that received only CYP. Conclusions In this study, treatment with gallic acid (60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg) restored the enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants and also attenuated cardiotoxic and nephrotoxic effect of CYP through free radical scavenging activity, anti-inflammatory and improvement of antioxidant defence system.

Background Parkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease, affects motor and nonmotor functions, leading to severe debility and poor quality of life. Studies have reported the beneficial role of yoga in alleviating the symptoms of PD; however, a validated yoga module for PD is unavailable. This study developed and validated an integrated yoga module(IYM) for PD. Methods The IYM was prepared after a thorough review of classical yoga texts and previous findings. Twenty experienced yoga experts, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, were selected validating the content of the IYM. A total of 28 practices were included in the IYM, and each practice was discussed and rated as (i) not essential, (ii) useful but not essential, and (iii) essential; the content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated using Lawshe’s formula. Results Data analysis revealed that of the 28 IYM practices, 21 exhibited significant content validity (cut-off value: 0.42, as calculated by applying Lawshe’s formula for the CVR). Conclusions The IYM is valid for PD, with good content validity. However, future studies must determine the feasibility and efficacy of the developed module.

Background This study shows the efficacy of treating complex cases neurobiologically using Self-Regulation Therapy (SRT®) within the context of return to work goals. Case presentation This is a single case study of a 32-year-old white female. This case study follows a client with concurrent diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar disorder I and substance abuse over the course of 2 years of treatment with SRT®. Using SRT® as primary modality and Likert Scale self-report on the Zettl Scale of Dysregulation, psychiatric medication monitoring and pharmaceutical tracking, this study shows session summaries and progress. Results After six sessions the client was cleared by her psychiatrist for return to work. Her medications were reduced and her post-traumatic symptoms abated. She no longer met diagnostic criteria for PTSD or substance abuse after nine sessions. She returned to work successfully and maintained sobriety and continued symptom reduction. Follow up over a 2-year time period showed consistency and continued improvements in both her professional and her personal life. Conclusions Clients with complex traumatic history with concurrent diagnosis are typically difficult to treat in traditional psychotherapy with limited long-term success. This creates challenges in therapy because the traumas occur during key developmental periods of life. This study shows the efficacy of treating complex cases neurobiologically using SRT®. Using SRT®, clinicians are able to address both developmental and complex trauma to reduce sympathetic arousal in the nervous system providing symptom reduction and even resolution of previous clinical diagnoses.