Home Feasibility study of cement-stabilized materials using 100% mixed recycled aggregates from perspectives of mechanical properties and microstructure
Article Open Access

Feasibility study of cement-stabilized materials using 100% mixed recycled aggregates from perspectives of mechanical properties and microstructure

  • Tao Meng EMAIL logo , Songsong Lian , Kanjun Ying and Hongming Yu
Published/Copyright: July 20, 2021
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE
From the journal REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE Volume 60 Issue 1

Abstract

The research on the highly efficient reutilization of mixed recycled aggregates (MRA) produced from construction and demolition waste has attracted significant attention globally. In this study, the feasibility of using 100% MRA in cement-stabilized materials was investigated. The mechanical properties and microstructures of cement-stabilized MRA (CSMRA) materials containing 100% MRA were systematically examined through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, indirect tensile strength (ITS) test, drying shrinkage test, X-ray diffraction analysis, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the UCS and ITS of CSMRA materials were significantly enhanced with the increase of cement content and curing age, and there was almost a linear relationship between the UCS and ITS. The failure behavior of CSMRA materials under load showed three typical stages: compaction stage, elastic stage, and yield stage. The increase of the cement content caused the drying shrinkage deformation of CSMRA to increase sharply when the cement content exceeded 4%. The microstructural analysis indicated that cement had both filling and binding effects on CSMRA materials. The strength growth with cement content and curing age was because of the constant hydration of cement minerals, producing more calcium silicate hydrate binders between aggregates. Moreover, the increasing cement content could reduce the porosity and optimize the pore structure distribution of CSMRA materials. The findings of this study demonstrate that the use of 100% MRA in cement-stabilized materials as a road base is feasible, which will significantly enhance the utilization efficiency of MRA.

Keywords: mixed recycled aggregates; cement-stabilized materials; mechanical properties; microstructure

Abbreviations

MRA

mixed recycled aggregates

CSMRA

cement-stabilized MRA

UCS

unconfined compressive strength

ITS

indirect tensile strength

XRD

X-ray diffraction

MIP

mercury intrusion porosimetry

SEM

scanning electron microscopy

C2S&C3S

calcium silicate

CSH

calcium silicate hydrate

Aft

ettringite

1 Introduction

Advancements in urban development have led to the demolition of several old buildings, which resulted in large quantities of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) [1]. Over 10 billion tons of C&DW are generated worldwide each year, among which China produces approximately 2.3 billion tons, the European Union produces over 900 million tons, and the United States produces 500 million tons [2,3]. The generation of such vast amounts of C&DW without adequate management will cause adverse impacts on the environment, including landfill depletion, greenhouse gas emission, and water pollution [4,5,6,7]. Thus, there is an urgent need to dispose and recover C&DW reasonably.

Several studies have been conducted on the reuse and recycling of C&DW in infrastructural construction projects [8,9,10,11]. After crushing and sieving C&DW, the particles can be used as mixed recycled aggregate (MRA), whose composition mainly includes concrete, bricks, mortar, glass, wood chips, and some hazardous impurities [12,13,14]. The mechanical properties of MRA are complex owing to its various components, and the components of MRA from different regions may have significant differences [15,16,17,18]. Therefore, it is difficult to reuse MRA efficiently as a conventional recycled concrete aggregate. Only 20–30% of MRA is recovered globally [19], and the utilization rate of MRA in China is limited to less than 10% [20].

Cement-stabilized aggregate materials, which are compacted mixtures of aggregate, cement, and water, have been widely used as road base and sub-base pavements in many countries [21,22,23]. Recently, several scholars have considered using recycled aggregates as an alternative to natural aggregates in cement-stabilized materials to preserve natural aggregates and reduce environmental pollution from construction waste [24,25,26,27,28,29]. Most previous studies focused on the feasibility and evaluation the mechanical strength of cement-stabilized recycled aggregates. For example, Leite et al. found that the compaction process resulted in partial crushing and disintegration of recycled aggregates, modifying the grain-size distribution through bearing capacity and repeated load triaxial tests. This physical change made the recycled aggregates denser to improve their bearing capacity, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation; thus, they may be utilized as a base layer for low-volume roads [30]. Mohammadinia et al. evaluated the geotechnical properties of cement-treated recycled aggregate materials by the laboratory experiment [31,32]. A numerical model has been developed to simulate the macro- and micro-mechanical properties of lightly cement-stabilized recycled concrete aggregates under unconfined compression [31,32]. Hou et al. investigated the mechanical strengths of cement-stabilized recycled concrete aggregates and established strength development equations and relation models of mechanical indexes [33]. Xuan et al. studied the effects of quality and variation of recycled masonry on cement-stabilized materials [34,35]. They found that the decreasing masonry content and the increasing cement content could increase the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and rebound modulus; in addition, the indirect tensile strength (ITS) of cement-stabilized materials without masonry was twice of that with 100% masonry [34,35]. They also determined the deformation behavior of cement-treated demolition waste with recycled masonry and concrete. Results showed that the masonry content and cement content were the dominating factors affecting drying shrinkage and thermal expansion [36].

Furthermore, several researches focused on the practical engineering applications of cement-stabilized recycled aggregate base. Jia et al. determined the engineering properties of recycled C&DW in the application of low-volume roads in rural areas in China [37]. Agrela et al. utilized cement-stabilized recycled aggregates materials as road base in an actual project in Malaga, Spain. Compared with natural aggregates, recycled aggregates may result in the weakening of workability of cement-stabilized materials due to the high water absorption [38,39].

Although various studies related to the reuse of recycled aggregates in cement-stabilized materials for road base and sub-base pavements have been carried out, most recycled aggregates used in these studies were recycled concrete aggregates or concrete components of MRA. Besides, researchers only used 10–70% MRA to prepare the cement-stabilized materials, and few researchers have studied the feasibility of using 100% MRA in cement-stabilized materials. The lack of systematic research on cement-stabilized MRA (CSMRA) limits the practical application of MRA as road bases.

The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of cement-stabilized materials produced with 100% MRA as road base layer. Hence, the strength, dry shrinkage properties, and failure behavior of CSMRA materials produced with 100% MRA were examined. In addition, microstructural analyses such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the effects of the cement content and curing age on CSMRAs. This article aims to realize the large-scale and high-valuable utilization of MRA in the road foundation, which promotes the utilization of construction demolition waste and alleviates the shortage of construction resources.

2 Experiment

2.1 Materials

The MRA utilized in this study was produced by Hangzhou Qianjiang New City Municipal Garden Construction Co., Ltd. In the plant, large quantities of CD&W, which were derived from the renovation and demolition of old buildings and structures located in Zhejiang Provinces China, were crushed and sieved to MRA with different particle sizes. As shown in Figure 1, 0–9.5 mm fine size and 9.5–31.5 mm coarse size of MRA were used for the experimental tests.

Figure 1 MRA: (a) 0–9.5 mm fine aggregates and (b) 9.5–31.5 mm coarse aggregates.
Figure 1

MRA: (a) 0–9.5 mm fine aggregates and (b) 9.5–31.5 mm coarse aggregates.

The main composition of MRA with different particle sizes (≥2.36 mm) is displayed in Figure 2. The MRA mainly contained concrete rocks, crushed bricks, ceramic tiles, and wood chips, which accounted for 61.3, 31.7, 6.6, and 0.4% of the total weight, respectively. The particle size distribution of concrete rocks, crushed bricks, ceramic tiles, and wood chips was concentrated into 9.5–31.5 mm, 4.75–26.5 mm, 9.5–26.5 mm, and 2.36–16.0 mm, which meets the difficulty degree of being broken. Figure 3 shows the particle size distribution of MRA. Table 1 presents the main mechanical properties of fine and coarse size MRA. Because of its complex components, MRA had a lower apparent density and significantly higher water absorption, flakiness content, and crushing index than that of conventional natural aggregates required by GB/T 14685-2011.

Figure 2 Main composition of MRA.
Figure 2

Main composition of MRA.

Figure 3 Particle size distribution of MRA.
Figure 3

Particle size distribution of MRA.

Table 1

Mechanical properties of fine and coarse size MRA

Properties Apparent density (kg·m−3) 2 h water absorption (%) 24 h water absorption (%) Flakiness content (%) Crushing index (%)
Fine aggregates 2,560 19 21 8 32
Coarse aggregates 2,469 8.3 8.5 15 33

P O 42.5 cement manufactured by Hangzhou Fuyang Qianchao Cement Co., Ltd. and tap water were used in this study. The chemical and mineral compositions of cement are presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.

Table 2

Chemical composition of cement

Composition Al2O3 SiO2 CaO Fe2O3 SO3 MgO f-CaO
wt% 4.36 22.37 61.08 3.38 2.45 2.43 0.86
Table 3

Mineral composition of cement

Composition C3S C2S C3A C4AF
wt% 56.47 20.72 6.17 10.4

2.2 Mixture

The coarse and fine aggregates were combined at a ratio of 1:1.2 to prepare the cement-stabilized materials gradation as stated in Specifications for Design of Highway Asphalt Pavement (JTG D50-2017) [40]. The final aggregate gradation curves of CSMRA materials are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Aggregate gradation of CSMRA materials.
Figure 4

Aggregate gradation of CSMRA materials.

Cement contents of 0, 3, 4, 5, and 6% of MRA in mass were selected. The water content was determined according to compaction test guidelines specified in the Test Methods of Materials Stabilized with Inorganic Binders for Highway Engineering (JTG E51-2009) [41]. The optimum water content could be estimated from the curve of water content–dry density relationship, as shown in Figure 5, to ensure that the compactness of CSMRA materials was maintained. The mixing ratios of CSMRA materials are listed in Table 4.

Figure 5 Relationship between water content and dry density.
Figure 5

Relationship between water content and dry density.

Table 4

Mixing ratios of CSMRA materials

No. MRA Cement Water
C0 100 0 14.3
C3 100 3 15.3
C4 100 4 15.5
C5 100 5 15.9
C6 100 6 16.1

2.3 Sample prepping and curing

By following the specifications of the Standard JTG E51-2009 [39], the MRA, water, and cement were gradually added into a mixer and mixed thoroughly for 3 min. The mixture was then poured into steel moulds and compacted to form Φ100 ± 2 mm × H100 ± 2 mm cylinder specimens for strength tests and 100 ± 2 mm × 100 ± 2 mm × 400 ± 5 mm cuboid specimens for drying shrinkage tests. The mixture was compacted in three layers with 25 blows per layer with an automatic compactor after placed in the mould. Except for the C0 group, the cylinder specimens were cured for 3, 7, 14, and 28 days, while the cuboid specimens were cured for 7 days under room conditions at 20°C temperature and 95% relative humidity. The specimens of C0 group were cured at 20°C temperature and 60% relative humidity because they could not be formed under high humidity.

2.4 Testing procedures

2.4.1 UCS and ITS

The cylinder specimens were removed from the curing room after curing for the specific ages and wiped using a dried towel. Nine specimens were tested for both UCS and ITS tests according to JTG E51-2009. A hydraulic testing machine with a maximum loading of 100 kN and a minimum range of 0.01 kN was produced by Jinan Meters Testing Technology Co., Ltd. and used for UCS and ITS tests. The loading rate was approximately 1 mm·min−1. During the loading process, the vertical and horizontal displacements of specimens were recorded by extensometer. UCS and ITS in MPa were estimated using the following equation: UCS = 4P/πD 2, ITS = 2P/πhD, where P is the ultimate load (N), h is the sample height (mm), and D is the diameter of the sample (mm).

2.4.2 Drying shrinkage properties

After curing for 7 days, three cuboid specimens for each group (except C0 group) were kept in a room at 20°C temperature and 60% relative humidity for drying shrinkage tests. The drying shrinkage deformation and weight loss of each specimen within 31 days were measured by dial gauge and electronic scale, respectively. The test devices used for the UCS, ITS, and drying shrinkage tests are shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Test devices used for (a) UCS, (b) ITS, and (c) drying shrinkage tests.
Figure 6

Test devices used for (a) UCS, (b) ITS, and (c) drying shrinkage tests.

2.4.3 XRD

The specimens for the XRD analysis were broken into tiny fragments after the UCS tests were performed, and particles of cement mortar were picked and ground to a residue ratio on the 80 μm sieve less than 2% at specific curing time. Bruker D8 ADVACNCE X-ray diffractometer from Bruker company, Germany, was used for the XRD analysis. CuKa radiation source, scanning angles of 10–80°, step length of 0.026°, and acceleration voltage of 40 kV were applied in this experiment.

2.4.4 MIP

The micro pore structures of CSMRA materials were determined through the MIP test. The specimens for MIP were broken into small pieces with a size of 3 mm × 3 mm × 3 mm and dried at 60°C for 24 h after conducting the UCS tests. The mercury analyzer used for this experiment was an AutoPore IV9510 automatic mercury porosimeter manufactured by McMurraytic Instruments Co., Ltd, USA.

2.4.5 SEM

The specimens used for SEM were disintegrated into small pieces, and the hydration process was stopped by pure alcohol at a specific age. Those small pieces were sprayed with gold for 60 s in SBC-12 small particles sputtering apparatus to make specimens conductive. Microscopic structures of specimens under different magnifications were observed with FEG-650 Quanta field emission environment scanning electron microscope produced by ThermoFisher Scientific Company, USA.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Mechanical strength

Figure 7 shows the UCS and ITS results of CSMRA materials with different cement contents at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. It can be found that the UCS values of C0 group at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days were 0.18, 0.20, 0.21, and 0.21 MPa, respectively. The ITS of C0 group was only 0.02 MPa. It indicated that the strength of CSMRA materials was very low and hardly increased with curing ages when no cement stabilizer was present in the specimens. However, the UCS and ITS values for the C3, C4, C5, and C6 groups were significantly higher and increased with age due to the constant hydration of cement. With the increase of cement content, the UCS and ITS values of CSMRA materials increased gradually. For example, compared with the UCS value of 2.88 MPa for C3 group at 7 days, the UCS values for C4, C5, and C6 groups were 3.86, 5.4, and 6.56 MPa, respectively, which signified a corresponding increase of 34.0, 87.5, and 127.8%, respectively. These findings demonstrated that the cement stabilizer was critical for the strength formation of CSMRA materials. Meanwhile, the UCS and ITS values of CSMRA materials exhibited a logarithmic increase trend with age, except for C0 group. Within 7 days, the mechanical strength of CSMRA materials increased significantly, but the rate of strength increase gradually declined after 7 days.

Figure 7 (a) UCS and (b) ITS of CSMRA materials with different cement contents.
Figure 7

(a) UCS and (b) ITS of CSMRA materials with different cement contents.

Figure 8 depicts the relationship between UCS and ITS of CSMRA materials. An almost linear relationship between the UCS (f c) and ITS (f it) of CSMRA materials could be observed. The linear model was established as f it = 0.11f c, indicating that the ITS of CSMRA materials was approximately 1/9 of the UCS. Previous researchers also reported the linear relationship between UCS and ITS of cement-stabilized natural aggregate materials. The model was expressed as f it = af c, where a was an experimental coefficient with an approximate value of 0.1–0.15 [42,43].

Figure 8 Relationship between UCS and ITS of CSMRA materials.
Figure 8

Relationship between UCS and ITS of CSMRA materials.

3.2 Stress–strain curve and failure behavior

Figure 9 shows the stress–strain curve for the unconfined compressive and indirect tensile tests of CSMRA materials at 7 days. Three typical stages were observed during compressive and tensile failure processes: (i) compaction stage, when the stress was at a low level, CSMRA materials were gradually compacted tightly; (ii) elastic stage, the stress and strain increased sharply, showing a linear trend; and (iii) yield stage, the stress increased slowly while the strain increased rapidly, resulting in plastic deformation. Previous literature has also found such similar results [44,45].

Figure 9 Stress–strain curve of (a) unconfined compressive and (b) indirect tensile tests of CSMRA materials at 7 days.
Figure 9

Stress–strain curve of (a) unconfined compressive and (b) indirect tensile tests of CSMRA materials at 7 days.

The ultimate compressive and tensile strains were the vertical and horizontal strains of specimens when the ultimate load was reached. The ultimate compressive strains and tensile strains of C0, C3, C4, C5, and C6 groups were 2.25%, 2.34%, 2.52%, 2.59%, and 2.60% and 0.152%, 0.193%, 0.2%, 0.232%, and 0.235%, respectively. The results indicated that the ultimate compressive and tensile strains of CSMRA materials were gradually increased with the cement content. Because the bonding force between aggregates became stronger with more cement stabilizer content, the CSMRA materials became more deformation resistant when loaded.

Figure 10 depicts a typical failure surface of CSMRA specimens after the indirect tensile test. Tensile failure of CSMRA specimens mainly occurred at the cement mortar attached to aggregates, which was similar to conventional cement-stabilized natural aggregate materials. In particular, parts of brick aggregates and old mortar aggregates were also broken because of tensile damages. This failure occurred because the strengths of some brick aggregates and old mortar aggregates were lower than the overall tensile strength of CSMRA specimens.

Figure 10 Failure surface of CSMRA specimens after indirect tensile test.
Figure 10

Failure surface of CSMRA specimens after indirect tensile test.

3.3 Drying shrinkage

Cement-stabilized materials exhibit drying shrinkage deformation owing to the evaporation of moisture and internal hydration of cement, which may cause shrinkage cracking. Cracks have an adverse effect on cement-stabilized base and severely reduce the service life. In this study, the drying shrinkage deformation and water loss rate of CSMRA materials within 31 days were determined.

Figure 11 shows the drying shrinkage deformation and water loss rate of CSMRA materials with different cement contents. As the age increased, the drying shrinkage deformation and water loss rate increased gradually. The drying shrinkage deformation of C3, C4, C5, and C6 groups at 31 days were 413.5, 444.7, 531.2, and 606.1 με, respectively. When the cement content increased from 3 to 4%, the shrinkage deformation increased by 7.5%. When the cement content increased from 4 to 5%, the shrinkage deformation increased by 19.4%. When the cement content increased from 5 to 6%, the shrinkage deformation increased by 14.1%. It indicated that higher cement content would cause extensive drying shrinkage deformation and the drying shrinkage deformation increased sharply when the cement content exceeded 4%. However, the water loss rate of CSMRA materials decreased with the cement content. The water loss rate of C3, C4, C5, and C6 groups at 31 days were 13.11, 12.78, 12.3, and 11.89%, respectively, possibly because more water was involved in the cement hydration reaction and less water was lost during the drying process when the cement content increased.

Figure 11 (a) Drying shrinkage deformation and (b) water loss rate of CSMRA materials with different cement contents.
Figure 11

(a) Drying shrinkage deformation and (b) water loss rate of CSMRA materials with different cement contents.

3.4 XRD analysis

Figure 12 depicts the XRD diffraction spectrum of CSMRA materials at 28 days. The major phases of C0 group without cement stabilizer were quartz (SiO2) and limestone (CaCO3), derived from the MRA. While the main phases of C3, C4, C5, and C6 groups contained cement clinker minerals (C2S and C3S) and cement hydration products (CSH and Aft). The peaks at 2θ = 32.2° and 32.6° and 2θ = 29.4° were adopted as the characteristic peaks of C2S and C3S and CaCO3 and CSH, respectively, and the peak intensity was obtained according to the semi-quantitative method.

Figure 12 XRD diffraction spectrum of CSMRA materials at 28 days.
Figure 12

XRD diffraction spectrum of CSMRA materials at 28 days.

Figure 13 shows the intensity of C2S and C3S and CSH (the peak intensity of CaCO3 of C0 group was deducted) of CSMRA materials with different cement contents. It could be seen that the intensity of C2S&C3S gradually decreased with age, while the intensity of CSH gradually increased with age. The cement clinker mineral in CSMRA materials was hydrated and consumed to form more hydration product CSH. Moreover, the intensity of CSH increased faster during the early stage, which was consistent with the developmental trend of mechanical strength.

Figure 13 Intensity of (a) C2S and C3S and (b) CSH of CSMRA materials with different cement contents.
Figure 13

Intensity of (a) C2S and C3S and (b) CSH of CSMRA materials with different cement contents.

3.5 Pore structure analysis

Figure 14 depicts the pore structure distribution of CSMRA materials at 3 days and 28 days. Results indicated that the specimens of C0 group had the largest average pore sizes and 73.6% harmful pores (>200 nm). While the porosity and the average pore size of C3, C4, C5, and C6 groups decreased gradually, the proportion of harmful pores decreased and the proportion of harmless pores (<20 nm) increased. These findings indicated that cement had a filling effect on CSMRA materials, which reduced the porosity and optimized the pore structure distribution. By comparing the pore structure distribution of CSMRA materials at 3 days with those at 28 days, it could be found that the porosity and the average pore size of CSMRA material showed a decreasing trend. CSH gel produced by the hydration of cement could fill the micro-pores between aggregates and optimize the pore distribution of CSMRA materials.

Figure 14 Pore structure distribution of CSMRA materials at (a) 3 days and (b) 28 days.
Figure 14

Pore structure distribution of CSMRA materials at (a) 3 days and (b) 28 days.

3.6 Micromorphology observation

Figure 15 shows the micromorphology comparison of CSMRA materials with different cement contents at the age of 28 days. With the increase of the cement content, more hydration products could be seen. Figure 16 depicts the micromorphology of CSMRA materials at 28 days. Flocculent CSH, needle-shaped Aft, and aggregates attached and wrapped by cement hydration products could be observed. It was consistent with the XRD phase analysis results. Precisely because of the binding force and the filling effect between aggregates of these hydration products, the CSMRA materials can develop certain strength to resist load and deformation.

Figure 15 Micromorphology comparison of CSMRA materials with different cement contents (28 days): (a) C0, (b) C3, (c) C4, and (d) C5.
Figure 15

Micromorphology comparison of CSMRA materials with different cement contents (28 days): (a) C0, (b) C3, (c) C4, and (d) C5.

Figure 16 Micromorphology of CSMRA materials at 28 days (C6 group).
Figure 16

Micromorphology of CSMRA materials at 28 days (C6 group).

4 Conclusion

In this study, 100% MRA was used to prepare cement-stabilized materials as road base. The mechanical properties and microstructures of CSMRA materials were systematically examined through strength tests, drying shrinkage tests, XRD, MIP, and SEM. Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are mainly drawn:

  1. Using 100% MRA to prepare cement-stabilized materials was feasible. Cement-stabilized MRA materials exhibited satisfactory mechanical performance in terms of UCS, ITS, and drying shrinkage deformation.

  2. Cement was the basis for the strength formation of CSMRA materials. The UCS and ITS of the CSMRA materials gradually increased with age owing to the continuous hydration of cement. Due to the low content of cement, the mechanical strength of the CSMRA materials significantly increased within 7 days, but the rate of strength increases gradually declined after 7 days.

  3. The UCS and ITS of CSMRA materials increased with the cement content. An approximately linear relationship between the UCS and ITS of CSMRA materials was established as f it = 0.11 f c.

  4. Three typical stages of CSMRA materials were observed during the compressive and tensile failure processes: (i) compaction stage, (ii) elastic stage, and (iii) yield stage. The ultimate compressive and ultimate tensile strains of CSMRA materials increased with the cement content. In addition, part of the brick aggregates and old mortar aggregates were destroyed by tensile damages.

  5. The use of a higher cement content would result in a larger drying shrinkage deformation and less water loss of CSMRA materials owing to the evaporation of moisture and internal hydration of cement. The drying shrinkage deformation of the CSMRA materials increased sharply when the cement content exceeded 4%. When using 100% MRA to prepare cement-stabilized materials, it is necessary to pay more attention to its drying shrinkage deformation.

  6. Cement has both filling and binding effects on CSMRA materials. The CSH gel produced by the hydration of the cement clinker minerals C2S and C3S acted as a binder for MRA. It could also fill the micropores and optimize the pore structure distribution of CSMRA materials.

The results demonstrate the feasibility of using 100% MRA in cement-stabilized materials, which will significantly enhance the utilization efficiency of MRA in road engineering.

  1. Funding information: This study was supported by the Bilateral Zhejiang-West Flanders Industrial R&D Project of Zhejiang Key Research & Development Program (2020C04013) and Hangzhou Qianjiang New City Municipal Garden Construction Co., Ltd.

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization, writing – review & editing, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, T.M.; methodology, formal analysis, writing – original draft, S.L.; validation, K.Y.; investigation, H.Y.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Wu, Z., A. T. W. Yu, L. Shen, and G. Liu. Quantifying construction and demolition waste: An analytical review. Waste Management, Vol. 34, No. 9, 2014, pp. 1683–1692.10.1016/j.wasman.2014.05.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[2] Ajayi, S. O., L. O. Oyedele, O. O. Akinade, M. Bilal, H. A. Owolabi, H. A. Alaka, et al. Reducing waste to landfill: A need for cultural change in the UK construction industry. Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 5, 2016, pp. 185–193.10.1016/j.jobe.2015.12.007Search in Google Scholar

[3] Zheng, L., H. Wu, H. Zhang, H. Duan, J. Wang, W. Jiang, et al. Characterizing the generation and flows of construction and demolition waste in China. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 136, 2017, pp. 405–413.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.055Search in Google Scholar

[4] Silva, R. V., J. de Brito, C. J. Lynn, and R. K. Dhir. Environmental impacts of the use of bottom ashes from municipal solid waste incineration: A review. Resources, Conservation And Recycling, Vol. 140, 2019, pp. 23–35.10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.09.011Search in Google Scholar

[5] Van Praagh, M. and H. Modin. Leaching of chloride, sulphate, heavy metals, dissolved organic carbon and phenolic organic pesticides from contaminated concrete. Waste Management, Vol. 56, 2016, pp. 352–358.10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[6] Lee, J. Y., S. H. Moon, M. J. Yi, and S. T. Yun. Groundwater contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents and high pH: Implications for multiple sources. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2008, pp. 35–47.10.1144/1470-9236/07-021Search in Google Scholar

[7] Vouk, D., D. Nakic, N. Stirmer, and C. R. Cheeseman. Use of sewage sludge ash in cementitious materials. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, Vol. 49, No. 2, 2017, pp. 158–170.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Bravo, M., J. de Brito, J. Pontes, and L. Evangelista. Durability performance of concrete with recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste plants. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 77, 2015, pp. 357–369.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.103Search in Google Scholar

[9] Bravo, M., J. de Brito, J. Pontes, and L. Evangelista. Mechanical performance of concrete made with aggregates from construction and demolition waste recycling plants. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 99, 2015, pp. 59–74.10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.012Search in Google Scholar

[10] Badur, S. and R. Chaudhary. Utilization of hazardous wastes and by-products as a green concrete material through S/S process: A review. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2008, pp. 42–61.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Sormunen, P. and T. Karki. Recycled construction and demolition waste as a possible source of materials for composite manufacturing. Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 24, 2019, id. 100742.10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100742Search in Google Scholar

[12] Kumar, R. Influence of recycled coarse aggregate derived from construction and demolition waste (CDW) on abrasion resistance of pavement concrete. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 142, 2017, pp. 248–255.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.077Search in Google Scholar

[13] Kou, S., C. Poon, and H. Wan. Properties of concrete prepared with low-grade recycled aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 36, 2012, pp. 881–889.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.060Search in Google Scholar

[14] Medina, C., W. Zhu, T. Howind, M. Frias, and M. I. Sanchez De Rojas. Effect of the constituents (asphalt, clay materials, floating particles and fines) of construction and demolition waste on the properties of recycled concretes. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 79, 2015, pp. 22–33.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.070Search in Google Scholar

[15] Li, X. P. Recycling and reuse of waste concrete in China: Part II. Structural behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete and engineering applications. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Vol. 53, No. 3, 2009, pp. 107–112.10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.11.005Search in Google Scholar

[16] Ossa, A., J. L. Garcia, and E. Botero. Use of recycled construction and demolition waste (CDW) aggregates: A sustainable alternative for the pavement construction industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 135, 2016, pp. 379–386.10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.088Search in Google Scholar

[17] Ding, Z., Y. Wang, and P. X. W. Zou. An agent based environmental impact assessment of building demolition waste management: Conventional versus green management. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 133, 2016, pp. 1136–1153.10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.054Search in Google Scholar

[18] Meng, T., J. L. Zhang, H. D. Wei, and J. J. Shen. Effect of nano-strengthening on the properties and microstructure of recycled concrete. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2020, pp. 79–92.10.1515/ntrev-2020-0008Search in Google Scholar

[19] Lopez Ruiz, L. A., X. Roca Ramon, and S. Gasso Domingo. The circular economy in the construction and demolition waste sector – a review and an integrative model approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 248, 2020, id. 119238.10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119238Search in Google Scholar

[20] Wu, H., J. Wang, H. Duan, L. Ouyang, W. Huang, and J. Zuo. An innovative approach to managing demolition waste via GIS (geographic information system): A case study in Shenzhen city, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 112, No. 1, 2016, pp. 494–503.10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.096Search in Google Scholar

[21] Xuan, D. X., L. J. M. Houben, A. A. A. Molenaar, and Z. H. Shui. Mechanical properties of cement-treated aggregate material – a review. Material and Design, Vol. 33, 2012, pp. 496–502.10.1016/j.matdes.2011.04.055Search in Google Scholar

[22] Paria, S. and P.K. Yuet. Solidification-stabilization of organic and inorganic contaminants using portland cement: A literature review. Environmental Reviews, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2006, pp. 217–255. 10.1139/a06-004Search in Google Scholar

[23] Parreira, A. B., A. Kobayashi, and O. B. Silvestre. Influence of portland cement type on unconfined compressive strength and linear expansion of cement-stabilized phosphogypsum. Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 129, No. 10, 2003, pp. 956–960.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2003)129:10(956)Search in Google Scholar

[24] Poon, C. S. and D. Chan. Feasible use of recycled concrete aggregates and crushed clay brick as unbound road sub-base. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 20, No. 8, 2006, pp. 578–585.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.045Search in Google Scholar

[25] Gabr, A. R. and D. A. Cameron. Properties of recycled concrete aggregate for unbound pavement construction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 6, 2012, pp. 754–764.10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000447Search in Google Scholar

[26] Saberian, M., J. Li, M. Boroujeni, D. Law, and C. Q. Li. Application of demolition wastes mixed with crushed glass and crumb rubber in pavement base/subbase. Resources, Conservation And Recycling, Vol. 156, 2020, id. 104722.10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104722Search in Google Scholar

[27] Disfani, M. M., A. Arulrajah, H. Haghighi, A. Mohammadinia, and S. Horpibulsuk. Flexural beam fatigue strength evaluation of crushed brick as a supplementary material in cement stabilized recycled concrete aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 68, 2014, pp. 667–676.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.007Search in Google Scholar

[28] Azam, A. M. and D. A. Cameron. Geotechnical properties of blends of recycled clay masonry and recycled concrete aggregates in unbound pavement construction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 25, No. 6, 2013, pp. 788–798.10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000634Search in Google Scholar

[29] Xuan, D. X., A. A. A. Molenaar, and L. J. M. Houben. Evaluation of cement treatment of reclaimed construction and demolition waste as road bases. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 100, 2015, pp. 77–83.10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.033Search in Google Scholar

[30] Leite, F. D. C., R. D. S. Motta, K. L. Vasconcelos, and L. Bernucci. Laboratory evaluation of recycled construction and demolition waste for pavements. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 25, No. 6, 2011, pp. 2972–2979.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.105Search in Google Scholar

[31] Mohammadinia, A., A. Arulrajah, J. Sanjayan, M. M. Disfani, M. W. Bo, and S. Darmawan. Laboratory evaluation of the use of cement-treated construction and demolition materials in pavement base and subbase applications. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 27, 2015, id. 040141866.10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001148Search in Google Scholar

[32] Mohammadinia, A., P. R. Oskooei, and A. Arul. Discrete element modeling of cemented recycled concrete aggregates under unconfined and k0 loading conditions. Transportation Geotechnics, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2020, id. 100450.10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100450Search in Google Scholar

[33] Hou, Y., X. Ji, and X. Su. Mechanical properties and strength criteria of cement-stabilized recycled concrete aggregate. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2019, pp. 339–348.10.1080/10298436.2017.1293266Search in Google Scholar

[34] Xuan, D. X., L. J. M. Houben, A. A. A. Molenaar, and Z. H. Shui. Mixture optimization of cement treated demolition waste with recycled masonry and concrete. Materials and Structures, Vol. 45, No. 1–2, 2012, pp. 143–151.10.1617/s11527-011-9756-3Search in Google Scholar

[35] Xuan, D. X., E. Schlangen, A. A. A. Molenaar, and L. J. M. Houben. Influence of quality and variation of recycled masonry aggregates on failure behavior of cement treated demolition waste. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 71, 2014, pp. 521–527.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.079Search in Google Scholar

[36] Xuan, D. X., A. A. A. Molenaar, and L. J. M. Houben. Deformation behavior of cement treated demolition waste with recycled masonry and concrete subjected to drying and temperature change. Cement and Concrete Composite, Vol. 68, 2016, pp. 27–34.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.02.005Search in Google Scholar

[37] Jia, X., F. Ye, and B. Huang. Utilization of construction and demolition wastes in low-volume roads for rural areas in China. Transportation Research Record, Vol. 2474, 2015, pp. 39–47.10.3141/2474-05Search in Google Scholar

[38] Agrela, F., A. Barbudo, A. Ramirez, J. Ayuso, M. Dolores Carvajal, and J. Ramon Jimenez. Construction of road sections using mixed recycled aggregates treated with cement in Malaga, Spain. Resources, Conservation And Recycling, Vol. 58, 2012, pp. 98–106.10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.11.003Search in Google Scholar

[39] Perez, P., F. Agrela, R. Herrador, and J. Ordonez. Application of cement-treated recycled materials in the construction of a section of road in Malaga, Spain. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 44, 2013, pp. 593–599.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.034Search in Google Scholar

[40] JTG D50. Specifications for design of highway asphalt pavement, China Communication Press Co., Ltd, Beijing, China, 2017.Search in Google Scholar

[41] JTG E51. Test methods of materials stabilized with inorganic binders for highway engineering, China Communication Press Co., Ltd, Beijing, China, 2009.Search in Google Scholar

[42] Kolias, S. and R. I. T. Williams. Relationships between the static and the dynamic moduli of elasticity in cement stabilized materials. Materials Construction, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1980, pp. 99–107.10.1007/BF02473806Search in Google Scholar

[43] Babić, B. Relationships between mechanical properties of cement stabilized materials. Materials and Structures, Vol. 20, No. 6, 1987, pp. 455–460.10.1007/BF02472497Search in Google Scholar

[44] Saberian, M., J. Li, and D. Cameron. Effect of crushed glass on behavior of crushed recycled pavement materials together with crumb rubber for making a clean green base and subbase. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 31, 2019, id. 040191087.10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002765Search in Google Scholar

[45] Arulrajah, A., M. M. Disfani, H. Haghighi, A. Mohammadinia, and S. Horpibulsuk. Modulus of rupture evaluation of cement stabilized recycled glass/recycled concrete aggregate blends. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 84, 2015, pp. 146–155.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.048Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2021-03-08
Accepted: 2021-04-19
Published Online: 2021-07-20

© 2021 Tao Meng et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Review Articles
  2. A review on filler materials for brazing of carbon-carbon composites
  3. Nanotechnology-based materials as emerging trends for dental applications
  4. A review on allotropes of carbon and natural filler-reinforced thermomechanical properties of upgraded epoxy hybrid composite
  5. High-temperature tribological properties of diamond-like carbon films: A review
  6. A review of current physical techniques for dispersion of cellulose nanomaterials in polymer matrices
  7. Review on structural damage rehabilitation and performance assessment of asphalt pavements
  8. Recent development in graphene-reinforced aluminium matrix composite: A review
  9. Mechanical behaviour of precast prestressed reinforced concrete beam–column joints in elevated station platforms subjected to vertical cyclic loading
  10. Effect of polythiophene thickness on hybrid sensor sensitivity
  11. Investigation on the relationship between CT numbers and marble failure under different confining pressures
  12. Finite element analysis on the bond behavior of steel bar in salt–frost-damaged recycled coarse aggregate concrete
  13. From passive to active sorting in microfluidics: A review
  14. Research Articles
  15. Revealing grain coarsening and detwinning in bimodal Cu under tension
  16. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles functionalized with folic acid for targeted release Cis-Pt to glioblastoma cells
  17. Magnetic behavior of Fe-doped of multicomponent bismuth niobate pyrochlore
  18. Study of surfaces, produced with the use of granite and titanium, for applications with solar thermal collectors
  19. Magnetic moment centers in titanium dioxide photocatalysts loaded on reduced graphene oxide flakes
  20. Mechanical model and contact properties of double row slewing ball bearing for wind turbine
  21. Sandwich panel with in-plane honeycombs in different Poisson's ratio under low to medium impact loads
  22. Effects of load types and critical molar ratios on strength properties and geopolymerization mechanism
  23. Nanoparticles in enhancing microwave imaging and microwave Hyperthermia effect for liver cancer treatment
  24. FEM micromechanical modeling of nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes
  25. Effect of fiber breakage position on the mechanical performance of unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composites
  26. Removal of cadmium and lead from aqueous solutions using iron phosphate-modified pollen microspheres as adsorbents
  27. Load identification and fatigue evaluation via wind-induced attitude decoupling of railway catenary
  28. Residual compression property and response of honeycomb sandwich structures subjected to single and repeated quasi-static indentation
  29. Experimental and modeling investigations of the behaviors of syntactic foam sandwich panels with lattice webs under crushing loads
  30. Effect of storage time and temperature on dissolved state of cellulose in TBAH-based solvents and mechanical property of regenerated films
  31. Thermal analysis of postcured aramid fiber/epoxy composites
  32. The energy absorption behavior of novel composite sandwich structures reinforced with trapezoidal latticed webs
  33. Experimental study on square hollow stainless steel tube trusses with three joint types and different brace widths under vertical loads
  34. Thermally stimulated artificial muscles: Bio-inspired approach to reduce thermal deformation of ball screws based on inner-embedded CFRP
  35. Abnormal structure and properties of copper–silver bar billet by cold casting
  36. Dynamic characteristics of tailings dam with geotextile tubes under seismic load
  37. Study on impact resistance of composite rocket launcher
  38. Effects of TVSR process on the dimensional stability and residual stress of 7075 aluminum alloy parts
  39. Dynamics of a rotating hollow FGM beam in the temperature field
  40. Development and characterization of bioglass incorporated plasma electrolytic oxidation layer on titanium substrate for biomedical application
  41. Effect of laser-assisted ultrasonic vibration dressing parameters of a cubic boron nitride grinding wheel on grinding force, surface quality, and particle morphology
  42. Vibration characteristics analysis of composite floating rafts for marine structure based on modal superposition theory
  43. Trajectory planning of the nursing robot based on the center of gravity for aluminum alloy structure
  44. Effect of scan speed on grain and microstructural morphology for laser additive manufacturing of 304 stainless steel
  45. Influence of coupling effects on analytical solutions of functionally graded (FG) spherical shells of revolution
  46. Improving the precision of micro-EDM for blind holes in titanium alloy by fixed reference axial compensation
  47. Electrolytic production and characterization of nickel–rhenium alloy coatings
  48. DC magnetization of titania supported on reduced graphene oxide flakes
  49. Analytical bond behavior of cold drawn SMA crimped fibers considering embedded length and fiber wave depth
  50. Structural and hydrogen storage characterization of nanocrystalline magnesium synthesized by ECAP and catalyzed by different nanotube additives
  51. Mechanical property of octahedron Ti6Al4V fabricated by selective laser melting
  52. Physical analysis of TiO2 and bentonite nanocomposite as adsorbent materials
  53. The optimization of friction disc gear-shaping process aiming at residual stress and machining deformation
  54. Optimization of EI961 steel spheroidization process for subsequent use in additive manufacturing: Effect of plasma treatment on the properties of EI961 powder
  55. Effect of ultrasonic field on the microstructure and mechanical properties of sand-casting AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy
  56. Influence of different material parameters on nonlinear vibration of the cylindrical skeleton supported prestressed fabric composite membrane
  57. Investigations of polyamide nano-composites containing bentonite and organo-modified clays: Mechanical, thermal, structural and processing performances
  58. Conductive thermoplastic vulcanizates based on carbon black-filled bromo-isobutylene-isoprene rubber (BIIR)/polypropylene (PP)
  59. Effect of bonding time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of graphite/Cu-bonded joints
  60. Study on underwater vibro-acoustic characteristics of carbon/glass hybrid composite laminates
  61. A numerical study on the low-velocity impact behavior of the Twaron® fabric subjected to oblique impact
  62. Erratum
  63. Erratum to “Effect of PVA fiber on mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete”
  64. Topical Issue on Advances in Infrastructure or Construction Materials – Recycled Materials, Wood, and Concrete
  65. Structural performance of textile reinforced concrete sandwich panels under axial and transverse load
  66. An overview of bond behavior of recycled coarse aggregate concrete with steel bar
  67. Development of an innovative composite sandwich matting with GFRP facesheets and wood core
  68. Relationship between percolation mechanism and pore characteristics of recycled permeable bricks based on X-ray computed tomography
  69. Feasibility study of cement-stabilized materials using 100% mixed recycled aggregates from perspectives of mechanical properties and microstructure
  70. Effect of PVA fiber on mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete
  71. Research on nano-concrete-filled steel tubular columns with end plates after lateral impact
  72. Dynamic analysis of multilayer-reinforced concrete frame structures based on NewMark-β method
  73. Experimental study on mechanical properties and microstructures of steel fiber-reinforced fly ash-metakaolin geopolymer-recycled concrete
  74. Fractal characteristic of recycled aggregate and its influence on physical property of recycled aggregate concrete
  75. Properties of wood-based composites manufactured from densified beech wood in viscoelastic and plastic region of the force-deflection diagram (FDD)
  76. Durability of geopolymers and geopolymer concretes: A review
  77. Research progress on mechanical properties of geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete
https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2021-0031
Keywords for this article
mixed recycled aggregates; cement-stabilized materials; mechanical properties; microstructure
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Review Articles
  2. A review on filler materials for brazing of carbon-carbon composites
  3. Nanotechnology-based materials as emerging trends for dental applications
  4. A review on allotropes of carbon and natural filler-reinforced thermomechanical properties of upgraded epoxy hybrid composite
  5. High-temperature tribological properties of diamond-like carbon films: A review
  6. A review of current physical techniques for dispersion of cellulose nanomaterials in polymer matrices
  7. Review on structural damage rehabilitation and performance assessment of asphalt pavements
  8. Recent development in graphene-reinforced aluminium matrix composite: A review
  9. Mechanical behaviour of precast prestressed reinforced concrete beam–column joints in elevated station platforms subjected to vertical cyclic loading
  10. Effect of polythiophene thickness on hybrid sensor sensitivity
  11. Investigation on the relationship between CT numbers and marble failure under different confining pressures
  12. Finite element analysis on the bond behavior of steel bar in salt–frost-damaged recycled coarse aggregate concrete
  13. From passive to active sorting in microfluidics: A review
  14. Research Articles
  15. Revealing grain coarsening and detwinning in bimodal Cu under tension
  16. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles functionalized with folic acid for targeted release Cis-Pt to glioblastoma cells
  17. Magnetic behavior of Fe-doped of multicomponent bismuth niobate pyrochlore
  18. Study of surfaces, produced with the use of granite and titanium, for applications with solar thermal collectors
  19. Magnetic moment centers in titanium dioxide photocatalysts loaded on reduced graphene oxide flakes
  20. Mechanical model and contact properties of double row slewing ball bearing for wind turbine
  21. Sandwich panel with in-plane honeycombs in different Poisson's ratio under low to medium impact loads
  22. Effects of load types and critical molar ratios on strength properties and geopolymerization mechanism
  23. Nanoparticles in enhancing microwave imaging and microwave Hyperthermia effect for liver cancer treatment
  24. FEM micromechanical modeling of nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes
  25. Effect of fiber breakage position on the mechanical performance of unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composites
  26. Removal of cadmium and lead from aqueous solutions using iron phosphate-modified pollen microspheres as adsorbents
  27. Load identification and fatigue evaluation via wind-induced attitude decoupling of railway catenary
  28. Residual compression property and response of honeycomb sandwich structures subjected to single and repeated quasi-static indentation
  29. Experimental and modeling investigations of the behaviors of syntactic foam sandwich panels with lattice webs under crushing loads
  30. Effect of storage time and temperature on dissolved state of cellulose in TBAH-based solvents and mechanical property of regenerated films
  31. Thermal analysis of postcured aramid fiber/epoxy composites
  32. The energy absorption behavior of novel composite sandwich structures reinforced with trapezoidal latticed webs
  33. Experimental study on square hollow stainless steel tube trusses with three joint types and different brace widths under vertical loads
  34. Thermally stimulated artificial muscles: Bio-inspired approach to reduce thermal deformation of ball screws based on inner-embedded CFRP
  35. Abnormal structure and properties of copper–silver bar billet by cold casting
  36. Dynamic characteristics of tailings dam with geotextile tubes under seismic load
  37. Study on impact resistance of composite rocket launcher
  38. Effects of TVSR process on the dimensional stability and residual stress of 7075 aluminum alloy parts
  39. Dynamics of a rotating hollow FGM beam in the temperature field
  40. Development and characterization of bioglass incorporated plasma electrolytic oxidation layer on titanium substrate for biomedical application
  41. Effect of laser-assisted ultrasonic vibration dressing parameters of a cubic boron nitride grinding wheel on grinding force, surface quality, and particle morphology
  42. Vibration characteristics analysis of composite floating rafts for marine structure based on modal superposition theory
  43. Trajectory planning of the nursing robot based on the center of gravity for aluminum alloy structure
  44. Effect of scan speed on grain and microstructural morphology for laser additive manufacturing of 304 stainless steel
  45. Influence of coupling effects on analytical solutions of functionally graded (FG) spherical shells of revolution
  46. Improving the precision of micro-EDM for blind holes in titanium alloy by fixed reference axial compensation
  47. Electrolytic production and characterization of nickel–rhenium alloy coatings
  48. DC magnetization of titania supported on reduced graphene oxide flakes
  49. Analytical bond behavior of cold drawn SMA crimped fibers considering embedded length and fiber wave depth
  50. Structural and hydrogen storage characterization of nanocrystalline magnesium synthesized by ECAP and catalyzed by different nanotube additives
  51. Mechanical property of octahedron Ti6Al4V fabricated by selective laser melting
  52. Physical analysis of TiO2 and bentonite nanocomposite as adsorbent materials
  53. The optimization of friction disc gear-shaping process aiming at residual stress and machining deformation
  54. Optimization of EI961 steel spheroidization process for subsequent use in additive manufacturing: Effect of plasma treatment on the properties of EI961 powder
  55. Effect of ultrasonic field on the microstructure and mechanical properties of sand-casting AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy
  56. Influence of different material parameters on nonlinear vibration of the cylindrical skeleton supported prestressed fabric composite membrane
  57. Investigations of polyamide nano-composites containing bentonite and organo-modified clays: Mechanical, thermal, structural and processing performances
  58. Conductive thermoplastic vulcanizates based on carbon black-filled bromo-isobutylene-isoprene rubber (BIIR)/polypropylene (PP)
  59. Effect of bonding time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of graphite/Cu-bonded joints
  60. Study on underwater vibro-acoustic characteristics of carbon/glass hybrid composite laminates
  61. A numerical study on the low-velocity impact behavior of the Twaron® fabric subjected to oblique impact
  62. Erratum
  63. Erratum to “Effect of PVA fiber on mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete”
  64. Topical Issue on Advances in Infrastructure or Construction Materials – Recycled Materials, Wood, and Concrete
  65. Structural performance of textile reinforced concrete sandwich panels under axial and transverse load
  66. An overview of bond behavior of recycled coarse aggregate concrete with steel bar
  67. Development of an innovative composite sandwich matting with GFRP facesheets and wood core
  68. Relationship between percolation mechanism and pore characteristics of recycled permeable bricks based on X-ray computed tomography
  69. Feasibility study of cement-stabilized materials using 100% mixed recycled aggregates from perspectives of mechanical properties and microstructure
  70. Effect of PVA fiber on mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete
  71. Research on nano-concrete-filled steel tubular columns with end plates after lateral impact
  72. Dynamic analysis of multilayer-reinforced concrete frame structures based on NewMark-β method
  73. Experimental study on mechanical properties and microstructures of steel fiber-reinforced fly ash-metakaolin geopolymer-recycled concrete
  74. Fractal characteristic of recycled aggregate and its influence on physical property of recycled aggregate concrete
  75. Properties of wood-based composites manufactured from densified beech wood in viscoelastic and plastic region of the force-deflection diagram (FDD)
  76. Durability of geopolymers and geopolymer concretes: A review
  77. Research progress on mechanical properties of geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 16.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/rams-2021-0031/html
Scroll to top button