Startseite The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods
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The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods

  • Zakaria Bouali , Amine Assouguem EMAIL logo , Abdelmalek Boutaleb Joutei , Riaz Ullah , Ali S. Alqahtani und Rachid Lahlali
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 10. Juni 2024
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Open Agriculture
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Agriculture Band 9 Heft 1

Abstract

The almond tree, following the olive tree, holds the distinction of being the fruit species occupying the largest area in Morocco, spanning 128,000 ha and hosting 16 million trees. This sector holds immense socio-economic significance both nationally and globally. Despite its prominence, the almond tree faces severe phytosanitary challenges, prominently among them, the False tiger bug of the almond tree, Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey [Hemiptera: Tingidae]). This polyphagous, sedentary, and gregarious hemipteran, boasting five larval instars and typically generating four generations annually, exhibits a life cycle duration ranging from 2 to 3 months contingent on the season. This pest inflicts notable harm on almond tree leaves by extracting their chlorophyll content through its piercing mouthparts and depositing excrement, impeding respiratory function and adversely impacting fruit development, maturation, and overall production. Diverse control strategies have been implemented to tackle this issue, commencing with prophylaxis involving resistant varieties and sound agricultural practices. Subsequently, biological control methods leveraging natural enemies such as Piocoris luridus and species from families including Coccinellidae, Anthocoridae, Lygaeidae, Miridae, and Nabidae have been employed. Plant-based biopesticides such as azadirachtin (Azadirachta indica), thyme oil (Thymus zygis), Jatropha oil (Jatropha curcas), and concentrated extracts of Artemisia absinthium, as well as mineral-based approaches involving treated kaolin sprays through particle film technology, contribute to the arsenal of control measures. In cases of severe infestations, synthetic active ingredients such as organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, abamectin, and deltamethrin, among others, have proven efficacy in managing this pest.

Keywords: Monosteira unicostata ; almond tree; integrated pest management; biological control; chemical control

1 Introduction

The almond tree Prunus dulcis (sweet almond), Prunus amara (bitter almond), and another group that is a combination of the two previous species [1]. These are a species of tree belonging to the Rosaceae family; in 2021, the world almond production was estimated at 3.9 × 106 tonnes. Asia, America (especially California), and the Mediterranean area are the main zones where the almond industry developed. Currently, California is still the world’s largest almond producer (2.2 × 106 t) due to its beneficial climatic conditions, intensive almond production, and efficient commercial system [2]. In Morocco, after the olive, the almond is the fruit species with the largest surface area. Indeed, this sector plays a very important socio-economic role both nationally and worldwide. Nevertheless, this tree faces a number of phytosanitary problems, including the almond false tiger, Monosteira unicostata [3]. The damage inflicted on fruit trees by attacks from this pest is becoming increasingly severe. It sucks the chlorophyll content from leaves and deposits its excrement, which impedes their respiratory function, leading to a reduction in the quantity and quality of produce [4]. This underlines the need to study this pest, in particular its biology and ecology, and to examine the various control options available [5]. At first glance, chemical control appears to be the most common and effective means of control. However, this exclusively chemical control method poses a number of problems and health risks, such as the development of resistance, the residues in consumables, and impacts on flora and fauna [6,7]. It is therefore important to consider biological control as a safe and healthy alternative to reduce these risks. This approach can be considered exclusively or as part of integrated management, combining different control methods, giving priority to cultural and biological methods, and adopting reasoned chemical control that respects tolerance thresholds. In this way, healthier pest control can be achieved with less risk to the environment and human health [8]. In this general bibliographical study, we will begin by presenting a general overview of M. unicostata, identifying the various morphological and anatomical characteristics of the different developmental instars of this pest, as well as its reproductive parameters such as fecundity and pre-oviposition and oviposition times, and its thermal constant and development thresholds. We will then describe its development cycle, as well as the symptoms and direct and indirect damage caused by this pest. Next, we will provide a summary of the different current and potential methods to control M. unicostata populations and to encourage the implementation of an integrated management approach based on environmentally-friendly techniques, such as the development of new biopesticides, natural enemies, physical control or the use of a genetic approach.

2 Methodology

A systematic methodology was employed to gather information on M. unicostata. Electronic databases, including but not limited to Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science, Semantic Scholar, Academia, and pertinent websites, were systematically queried to comprehensively survey the existing literature.

3 General identification of M. unicostata

3.1 Taxonomy

The Monosteira genus is classified as an Old-World taxon, comprising a total of 11 described species, as documented by Scudder in 2012. One prominent member of this genus is M. unicostata, an insect belonging to the Palearctic region within the order Hemiptera and the Tingidae family [9], as indicated in Table 1. Recognized globally as the “almond tiger” or the “false tiger” in the Old World, this species has garnered attention for its distinctive characteristics [10].

Table 1

Taxonomy of Monosteira unicostata

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta
Order Hemiptera
Family Tingidae
Genus Monosteira
Species Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey, 1852)

3.2 Identification

3.2.1 The egg

2 mm wide by 35 mm long, it consists of two distinct parts: a black, horny cap, 15 mm long at its longest point, with a recessed ornament in the center of its upper surface, and a whitish sac with extremely thin, hyaline walls [11,12].

3.2.2 Larvae: 1st instar

Most common dimensions: length 0.4 mm; width 0.2 mm; color: yellow-gray; body shape: relatively elongated. Piliferous tuft at base of segments composed of two hairs with separate bases.

3.2.3 2nd instar

Most frequent dimensions: length 0.5 mm; width 0.25 mm. Black plates appear. Body widens. The piliferous tuft at the base of the segments has the same composition as in the first instar, but the globular-ended hair is supported by a larger tubercle.

3.2.4 3rd instar

Most frequent dimensions: length 0.7 mm; width 0.35 mm. The piliferous tuft is composed of three cup-shaped swollen hairs and one globose swollen hair borne on a tubercle. In the piliferous tufts at the base of the abdomen, these numbers increase and vary. The second and third segments protrude slightly and laterally. Fourth instar: Most frequent dimensions: length 0.95 mm; width 0.5 mm. The wing stumps reach the base of the fifth segment. Fifth instar: Average dimensions length 1.3 mm; width 0.65 mm. The wing stumps reach the eighth segment.

3.2.5 Adult

The overall body shape is oval; total length, including elytra, is usually 2.5 mm. The greatest width is at the base of the pronotum, usually 0.75 mm. The coloring, which is entirely white at the time of the last molt, first becomes yellowish and then definitively testaceous yellow, transversely marked with dark-brown, and even black spots. The lower part of the pronotum is black, while the abdomen is reddish-brown. The head is small and reddish, with prominent, reddish-brown eyes. The forehead has three spiny protuberances, arranged in a triangle between the insertion of the antennae and the front edge of the eyes. The occiput is adorned with two divergent spines, longer than those on the forehead and pointing forward. The antennae are formed of four articles; the two basilar articles are short and swollen, the third is slender, ten times longer than it is wide; the last is ovoid with an apiculate tip. The limbs are pale yellow with the ends of the tibiae and tarsi padded [11] (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Adult stage of the Monosteira unicostata pest (https://www.biodiversidadvirtual.org/insectarium/Monosteira-unicostata-img910646.html).
Figure 1

Adult stage of the Monosteira unicostata pest (https://www.biodiversidadvirtual.org/insectarium/Monosteira-unicostata-img910646.html).

4 Bio-ecology

4.1 Distribution

Monosteira unicostata exhibits a cosmopolitan distribution, extending its presence across diverse regions worldwide. It is prevalent in Mediterranean countries, and its range spans from Central Asia to China [13]. The pest has been identified in numerous countries, including Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, area of former Czechoslovakia, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Sardinia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Russia, Armenia, Caucasus, Turkmenistan, and area of former Yugoslavia [13,14]. Its presence was first reported in North America in 2012 [9], and subsequently in South America in 2017, specifically in Argentina [10]. In 2021, the species was identified in the central zone of Chile, marking the second occurrence in South America after Argentina [3].

4.2 Reproduction parameters

Tingidae fertility is moderate, with the number of eggs laid per female ranging from 20 to 100, with some exceptions (up to 400) for the most common species. The Tingidae larvae have a pronounced gregarious instinct, especially in the early instars [15,16].

Females that have overwintered initiate egg laying between 10 and 15 days postharvest emergence, depositing 6–15 eggs daily on a single leaf, resulting in a total fecundity of 70 eggs. The potential occurrence of parthenogenesis in this insect has been proposed, as certain authors observed exclusively female specimens following overwintering recovery. Conversely, other researchers documented mating pairs after overwintering recovery, with males present, albeit in smaller proportions than females [17]. Eggs laid by unmated females fail to hatch, while those laid by the same females after copulation with males are viable and do hatch. Therefore, parthenogenesis does not manifest in M. unicostata [18].

4.2.1 The impact of temperature on M. unicostata

Extreme temperatures had a negative effect on total fecundity and daily fecundity. Male longevity was higher than female longevity. The effect of temperature on the survival, development, and thermal requirements of immature instars of M. unicostata was studied by Sánchez-Ramos et al. [17]. The study showed the following results: Temperature significantly affects the mortality record during the pre-imaginal period. At the temperature extremes examined, namely 16 and 39°C, there is increased mortality in the egg instar, reaching approximately 65 and 71%, respectively. At 16°C, the initial larval instar fails to develop, resulting in 100% mortality. Additionally, at 39°C, the first larval instar experiences a high mortality rate of around 77%, and the second larval instar also undergoes developmental cessation with 100% mortality [19].

The entire development period ranging from 12.1 days at 34°C to 49.3 days at 19°C (Sánchez Ramos et al., 2015). Some results show that the egg instar occupies almost half of the total preimaginal period (45–49%) and requires 114.6-degree days (DD). The total thermal requirements for the egg-to-adult period are 229.2 DD. The optimum temperature for egg development, the five larval instars, and the total pre-imaginal period is between 35.3 and 37.6°C. In addition, the lower and upper development thresholds are 14.8 and 39.1°C, respectively. Temperature significantly affects the development of M. unicostata, which can grow in a wide range of temperatures. As temperature increases, development time decreases [19].

4.3 Development cycle

Monosteira unicostata adults seek refuge during winter on tree bark, wild plants, or beneath fallen leaves [20]. With the onset of spring, typically around April 1, these overwintered adults reengage in activity, resuming their feeding on young leaves [21,22]. Females strategically deposit their eggs within the leaf tissue of almond trees, coating the surface with anal excretions [23]. Upon hatching, the emerging larvae progress through five instars, predominantly feeding on the underside of leaves [24]. The life cycle of M. unicostata exhibits variability depending on the geographical region, manifesting in 2 to 4 generations per year. The latter generations are particularly damaging, given the insect’s heightened abundance during these periods [25]. Concurrent infestations of adults and larvae are common, as the generations tend to overlap [15]. The duration of individual generation times spans from 3 to 7 weeks, contingent on the geographical location [23]. Larvae display a sedentary and gregarious behavior, dispersing and regrouping when disturbed [19]. In the Moroccan context, the life cycle of M. unicostata extends between 2 and 3 months, contingent on the prevailing season. The incubation period exhibits seasonal variation, lasting 22 days in spring and shortening to 13 days in summer [11]. Over their lifetime, M. unicostata larvae undergo five molts. The length of the cycle experiences seasonal fluctuations, and the various instars of larval development can be delineated as follows: Four or five days after the last molt, females lay their eggs in series of 3–4, generally depositing them along the leaf midrib within the parenchyma. The occurrence of four generations concludes with the disappearance of the insects around mid-October [11].

4.4 Host-plant interactions

Monosteira unicostata demonstrates diverse interactions with almond trees (Prunus dulcis) at varying growth stages [26]. Throughout its nymph and adult phases, M. unicostata predominantly feeds on almond tree sap through piercing and sucking plant tissue, causing foliage damage characterized by stippling, discoloration, and leaf distortion [27]. Almond trees are notably susceptible to M. unicostata feeding during their seedling stage, owing to the tender foliage that serves as an abundant food source for the insect [16]. Continuous feeding by nymphs and adults during this phase can impede healthy almond tree development, potentially leading to growth stunting and compromised vigor. As almond trees mature, their foliage toughens, becoming less appealing to M. unicostata [27]. Nevertheless, the insect may still infest mature trees, especially under favorable environmental conditions. Although damage inflicted on mature almond trees is typically less severe compared to seedlings, it can still affect overall tree health and productivity, particularly with high insect populations [12,27].

Moreover, the presence of M. unicostata on almond trees can attract natural predators and parasitoids, aiding in population regulation through biological control mechanisms. Understanding the dynamics of Monosteira unicostata’s interactions with almond trees at different growth stages is crucial for devising effective management strategies to mitigate pest damage and ensure sustainable almond cultivation [3,28] (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Illustration of the M. unicostata cycle.
Figure 2

Illustration of the M. unicostata cycle.

5 Behavioral characteristics and ecological impacts of Monosteira unicostata on almond trees: Insights for sustainable pest management

In terms of feeding habits, M. unicostata primarily engages in piercing and sucking behaviors, extracting sap from host plants such as almond trees. This feeding activity occurs predominantly during the nymph and adult stages, with the insect targeting plant tissues for sustenance. Such feeding behavior often leads to characteristic symptoms in host plants, including stippling, discoloration, and leaf distortion [16,29].

Regarding movement patterns, M. unicostata exhibits both active and passive modes of dispersal. Active movement involves the insect actively searching for suitable host plants, while passive dispersal may occur through wind currents or transportation via agricultural practices. The dispersal patterns of M. unicostata can influence its distribution within almond orchards and surrounding environments [27].

In terms of environmental preferences, M. unicostata demonstrates a preference for conditions conducive to its development and reproduction. These may include moderate temperatures, adequate humidity levels, and the presence of suitable host plants [30]. Additionally, certain environmental factors, such as the availability of plant nutrients and the absence of natural predators, can influence the population dynamics of M. unicostata within agroecosystems. Overall, understanding the behavior of M. unicostata in terms of feeding habits, movement patterns, and environmental preferences is essential for developing effective management strategies to mitigate pest damage and ensure the sustainable cultivation of almond trees [12].

Monosteira unicostata is a severe pest of almond trees in the Mediterranean area, which requires alternative control methods for organic farming. M. unicostata has perforating, sucking mouthparts with which adults and nymphs feed on almond leaves. They suck up the chlorophyll content of the leaves, in particular the abaxial surface (underside), resulting in stippling (scattered whitish spots) on the leaf. The Severely infested leaves become brown, brittle, and eventually fall off the tree [23], reducing fruit development and ripening [31,32] and adversely affecting the following year’s production [32]. In addition, the accumulation of excrement, and the pellicle thus formed, hampers the respiratory function of the leaf organ [11,32]; furthermore, this insect lays its eggs inside leaves, which has the effect of compressing and altering the cells adjacent to the egg, facilitating plant infection by fungi and bacteria [7,33].

This insect multiplies to such an extent that it can completely cover the tree, forming at the base of the trunk of It’s easy to understand why, under these conditions, sap extraction becomes so important that the leaves can dry out and fall, resulting in total defoliation of the tree [11]. This multifaceted impact underscores the urgency for the development and implementation of effective organic control measures to mitigate the economic and ecological ramifications of M. unicostata infestations. Further research avenues could delve into the interplay between the pest, plant pathology, and the broader ecosystem to devise holistic and sustainable management strategies.

6 Control methods against Monosteira unicostata

6.1 Prophylactic control

These recommendations present a comprehensive array of preventive measures for the effective management and control of Monosteira unicostata infestations [34].

6.1.1 Periodic ploughing

Regular ploughing between rows is recommended to incorporate weeds and fallen leaves, potential harbors for overwintering individuals. This practice disrupts their habitat, offering a potential reduction in population and limiting the severity of infestations.

6.1.2 Winter oil spraying

Focused winter oil spraying is advised, targeting overwintering individuals, particularly in trunk and branch crevices. This method directly addresses the dormant population, reducing their numbers and hindering their capacity to cause damage during the active season.

6.1.3 Periodic pruning

Ensuring proper tree aeration through periodic pruning is pivotal. This not only enhances air circulation but also eliminates branches growing towards the ground, such as gourmands. Gourmands, by consuming excess water and fostering soil-borne diseases, can weaken the tree. Pruning functions as a preventive measure to uphold tree vitality.

6.1.4 Irrigation management

Emphasis is placed on effective irrigation management to mitigate stress during the tree’s growth period. Stress-free trees are better equipped to resist pest infestations, rendering them less susceptible to associated negative impacts.

6.1.5 Use of resistant varieties

Suggested is the incorporation of resistant varieties, acknowledging that those less susceptible to pests may not always align with other criteria such as commercial interest, productivity, and fruit quality. Striking a balance between resistance and overall agronomic performance is crucial in implementing sustainable pest management strategies.

By collectively adopting these preventive measures, growers can establish a holistic and resilient approach to mitigate the impact of M. unicostata on almond trees. Subsequent research endeavors could delve into evaluating the efficacy of these practices across diverse environmental contexts and their seamless integration into integrated pest management strategies [35].

6.2 Cultural and mechanical control methods

Cultural and mechanical control methods provide effective, non-chemical approaches to managing M. unicostata populations. Cultural control practices, such as pruning, involve the regular removal of infested branches or plant parts where M. unicostata may be present. Pruning not only eliminates potential habitats for the pest but also enhances air circulation and sunlight penetration, creating less hospitable conditions for its survival [23]. Sanitation practices are integral to orchard management, involving the removal of plant debris, fallen leaves, and other organic matter where M. unicostata nymphs or adults may shelter [20,21,36]. This reduces available breeding sites and disrupts the pest’s life cycle, thereby limiting population growth. Additionally, implementing crop rotation by alternating almond crops with non-host plants can effectively disrupt the pest’s life cycle by depriving it of suitable food sources. Furthermore, rotating crops can help mitigate the buildup of pest populations and decrease reliance on chemical pesticides [3,23,36].

6.2.1 Mechanical control by using trapping

Sticky traps or pheromone traps can be utilized to monitor M. unicostata populations and capture adult insects. This method aids in assessing pest abundance and distribution within orchards, facilitating informed decision-making for pest management strategies.

6.2.2 Physical barriers

Installing physical barriers such as netting or mesh around almond trees can prevent M. unicostata from accessing foliage. By physically obstructing the insects, this approach reduces feeding damage to the trees [23,29,36,37].

6.2.3 Mechanical removal

Hand-picking or vacuuming M. unicostata nymphs or adults from almond trees can prove effective, particularly in smaller orchards or localized infestations. This manual removal technique helps diminish pest numbers and prevents further damage to the trees [23,36].

Cultural and mechanical control methods are frequently integrated into pest management strategies, aiming to minimize reliance on chemical pesticides. These approaches are generally more sustainable and environmentally friendly, supporting the long-term health and productivity of almond orchards. However, their efficacy may vary based on factors such as orchard size, pest population density, and environmental conditions. Regular monitoring and adaptation of control measures are vital for successful pest management.

6.3 Biological control

Crop protection in organic farming is based on preventive strategies (well-adapted varieties, balanced fertility, rotations, associated plantings, green manures, functional biodiversity, habitat management, beneficial organisms) and the application of insecticides is limited to products of mineral or plant origin included in the standards, which are used as a last option when prevention has failed [17,38], although other strategies are also recommended, such as populations of their possible natural enemies like anthocorids, cecidomyids, and coccinellids [27,39,40].

6.3.1 Natural enemies

One effective way of controlling these bugs in almond orchards is to use predators. Piocoris luridus Fieber (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) presents an intriguing predatory behavior, preying on both larvae and adults of Monosteira unicostata. The feeding mechanism involves internal consumption as P. luridus pierces and sucks its host [41,42]. While various groups of predators and parasitoids, including Araneae, Forficulidae, Chrysopidae, Miridae, Anthocoridae, Coccinelidae, Carabidae, Thysanoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Mymaridae, have been proposed as potential natural enemies of M. unicostata [43], only Araneae and Anthocoridae have demonstrated evident predatory activity against this pest in natural settings [17,38]. A study carried out by Bolu [26] in almond orchards revealed the presence of several natural enemies of Tingidae, 29 species were recorded at varying frequencies belonging to five families: Coccinellidae, Anthocoridae, Lygaeidae, Miridae, and Nabidae, with the most abundant species being Oenopia conglabata, Scymnus araraticus, Scymnus subvillosus, Scymnus pallipediformis and Coccinella semptempunctata, Hyperaspis quadrimaculata, and Nephus nigricans, followed by other less abundant species such as Anthocoris minki, Orius horvathi, Piocoris luridus, Campyloma lindbergi, Deraeocoris sp., and Nabis pseudoferus.

6.3.2 Control using biopesticides

6.3.2.1 Of plant origin

Several methods can be considered to effectively control Monosteira unicostata. Some of these possible alternatives are natural insecticides of plant origin such as azadirachtin or essential oils [25]. Plant essential oils offer an appealing alternative for pest control, harnessing their fumigant effect and acting as contact insecticides with a broad spectrum of pests. Their advantages include low toxicity for mammals, birds, and fish, coupled with easy production. Comprising a complex mixture of molecules, these oils exert their activities through neurotoxic effects involving various mechanisms [25]. Numerous studies have underscored the efficacy of specific essential oils derived from various plants against lace bugs [44]. For instance, azadirachtin, a botanical pesticide extracted from neem tree seeds (Azadirachta indica), has demonstrated effectiveness against numerous insect pests, including certain tingids. Functioning as a growth regulator, azadirachtin interferes with ecdysone activity, thereby disrupting the moulting process [45]. In a 2014 study [25], Sánchez-Ramos confirmed the efficacy of azadirachtin against M. unicostata in the laboratory, resulting in a mortality rate of 98% compared to 13.3% for the negative control. Additionally, the same study highlighted the effectiveness of a combination of potassium soap and thyme essential oil in controlling the same pest, resulting in a substantial mortality rate of 97.6%. The authors also recommend the use of thyme essential oil alone. Azadirachtin is also known to have an anti-appetitive effect on certain insects [46], as well as a variety of different effects: repellent, feeding and oviposition deterrent, reproductive inhibitor, and sterilizing agent. In addition, this product is considered non-toxic to mammals, fish, and pollinators [25]. Previous experience with the application of thyme oil (Thymus zygis) has shown a certain repellent effect. The high volatility of these terpenes may mean that the product’s persistence is not sufficient to exert good control, hence the interest in combining them with other products such as potassium soap [35]. Laboratory evaluation on Monosteira unicostata adults showed that concentrated extracts of Artemisia absinthium produced a significant increase in adult mortality over time, with a value of 82% mortality by day five. Thus, the use of aqueous extracts of the Ruta gravolens plant provides repellency to M. unicostata [47]. Jatropha oil, derived from the Jatropha curcas plant, emerges as a versatile resource with multifaceted properties and substantial insecticidal potential [48]. Different components of J. curcas, including curcin and phorbol ester, encompass toxic alkaloids that act as deterrents, preventing animals from feeding on them [49]. In a 2021 laboratory study conducted by Mksoud, Y., neem and J. curcas oils underwent testing against the false tiger, Monosteira unicostata [3]. The results revealed a high level of efficacy in the tested products, leading to mortality rates exceeding 70%. Notably, the mortality rates demonstrated an increasing trend with higher concentrations of the oils. These oils are therefore complementary to other methods of controlling this pest and can be used against adults as well as overwintering forms, eggs, and nymphs, thus avoiding or reducing adult infestation in spring. It should be stressed that many authors recommend repeated applications with this type of product to achieve effective control of this pest [3].

6.3.2.2 Of mineral origin

Particle film technology, utilizing treated kaolin sprays, serves as an alternative method for pest control. Kaolin, an aluminosilicate mineral, is white, non-porous, non-swelling, fine-grained, and non-abrasive, displaying lamellar characteristics. It readily disperses in water and maintains chemical inertness across a broad pH spectrum. Kaolin particle films are natural products characterized by minimal toxicity to humans, birds, and fish, presenting a negligible environmental risk. When ground and sprayed on plants as an aqueous suspension, forms a thin film of particles on their surface that can prevent insects from recognizing them as hosts or be unpleasant to them [30]. In addition, insect movement, feeding, or oviposition can be severely disrupted by particles attached to arthropod bodies [25]. In laboratory tests carried out on adults by Sánchez-Ramos et al. [25], kaolin significantly increased mortality and reduced female egg-laying, feeding activity (droppings), and damage. This was confirmed in the field by Sánchez-Ramos et al. [17], when kaolin, sprayed on almond leaves, led to a reduction in oviposition, feeding, as well as adult and pupal abundance; although the effect observed was less than in laboratory trials, this is probably due to the difficulty of obtaining good leaf coverage in the field [30], For this, continuous coverage of the plant with kaolin throughout the season is essential for this product to be effective [50], given that M. unicostata is mainly distributed on the underside of leaves, so if the leaf surface is not well covered, the adults, which are highly mobile, can find places free of kaolin particles where they can lay their eggs [30]. Thus, to achieve control efficacy with kaolin, several applications may be required [51].

6.3.2.3 Insecticidal soaps

Insecticidal soaps are advocated as safe pesticides owing to their limited persistence, rapid efficacy in halting pest feeding, and minimal toxicity to mammals. Although the precise mechanism of action remains unclear, it is suggested that their primary mode involves physically disrupting the insect’s cuticle, resulting in dehydration and death. Additionally, they may induce other toxic effects, such as internal cellular damage by breaking down cell membranes, or disturbing cellular metabolism upon entering the insect through the respiratory system. Non-lethal effects on immature stages have also been proposed. These compounds function as contact pesticides before drying out [25].

6.3.2.4 Of microbial origin

Some strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema apuliae) have been reported to be effective on Monosteira unicostata under laboratory conditions, but their application in the field seems rather unlikely, given the extremely dry environmental conditions in which the pest develops [33].

6.4 Integrated pest management

An integral aspect of integrated pest management strategies lies in the judicious utilization of diverse methods to control pests, while simultaneously considering environmental implications, particularly the potential adverse effects on non-target fauna. Accordingly, it becomes imperative to evaluate how control strategies impact beneficial organisms that play a crucial role in maintaining arthropod pest populations below economically significant thresholds [52–55].

It is imperative to identify and know the species present in the agricultural ecosystem. This is done first by observing the damage and by observing the individuals based on the morphological criteria mentioned before.

Next, we need to identify all the organisms present in the orchard and classify them, since many of them serve as auxiliaries, others as useful fauna such as pollinators, while others may act in synergy with the pest, thus favoring its attacks. Threshing is a widely used technique for counting species and determining population sizes and relative abundance of pests and beneficial organisms after sampling.

The next step is to adopt measures that enable the ecosystem to adapt to the IPM strategy under consideration. This involves taking preventive action against the pest, ensuring as far as possible the success of any subsequent control procedures and methods. And appropriate cultural practices, such as irrigation, fertilization, and weed control, can influence the vigour of plant growth and plant pests [56]. In the same vein, Adabi et al. [57] focus on the effect of irrigation frequencies on the development of M. unicostata populations. Given that irrigation significantly influences tree condition, which in turn impacts the pest cycle. Appropriate irrigation management in terms of dosage and frequency is recommended to satisfy the tree’s needs in an optimal way, avoiding excess water leading to the development of the pest.

In addition, a combination of control methods is needed, with priority given to the use of biological solutions over chemical insecticides, and very careful consideration of the timing and procedure of control interventions. Preventive treatments can be applied to target overwintering adults before implantation in trees, to avoid infestation as much as possible. Curative treatments can be applied when the population increases beyond the economic threshold. The use of chemical pesticides is essential in the event of heavy infestations.

6.5 Chemical control

Monosteira unicostata is effectively controlled in conventional production systems with organophosphate, pyrethroid, and carbamate pesticides [3]. Monaco [28] carried out tests on M. unicostata on almond trees to determine the efficacy of several active ingredients: parathion, propoxur, endotion, propoxin, metildemeton, Metiletoato, and antiseptic, he concluded that metildemeton and propoxur, at 50 g of active ingredient per hl, were the most effective. Three other insecticides based on abamectin, Diazinon, and Chemosiden showed mortality rates of over 90%. A 7 day treatment trial under field conditions revealed that abamectin was more effective at a concentration of 0.3% than the others [58]. A study conducted by Mustafa et al. [20] revealed that the active ingredients tested and acting as contact (Alphaclpermethrin, Carbosulfan, Deltamethrin, Es.fenvalerate, and Sumithion) and those acting systemically (Dimethoate and a mixture of Chinalphos and Thiometon) are all useful against M. unicostata on poplar with a greater effect of contact pesticides compared to systemics. Among various insecticides used in M. unicostata control trials in Morocco by Bremond [11], nicotine proved indisputably the most effective.

6.6 Genetic control

Genetic control methods offer promising avenues for managing populations of pests such as Monosteira unicostata. The following are some practical applications of genetic approaches: Host Plant Resistance: One genetic approach involves identifying genes within almond trees that confer resistance to M. unicostata [59]. By understanding the genetic basis of resistance, breeders can develop almond varieties that are less susceptible to pest damage. For example, researchers may identify genes responsible for producing compounds that deter insect feeding or genes associated with structural traits that make leaves less attractive or accessible to M. unicostata. Genetic Modification: Genetic engineering techniques can be used to introduce novel traits into almond trees or the pest itself. For instance, scientists may introduce genes into almond trees that produce insecticidal proteins specifically targeting M. unicostata. Alternatively, genetic modification can be applied directly to the pest, for example, by developing strains of bacteria or viruses that infect and kill M. unicostata while being harmless to other organisms [37]. RNA Interference (RNAi): RNAi is a technique used to silence specific genes within an organism. By targeting essential genes in M. unicostata, researchers can disrupt crucial biological processes, such as development or reproduction, leading to reduced pest fitness. This approach can be delivered via genetically modified plants that produce RNAi molecules targeting the pest or through direct application of RNAi molecules to the insects in the field [59,60]. Genetic approaches can also enhance biological control methods. For example, researchers may genetically engineer natural enemies of M. unicostata, such as predators or parasitoids, to increase their efficacy in controlling pest populations. Genetic modification could enhance traits such as prey preference, reproductive capacity, or tolerance to environmental conditions, making them more effective biocontrol agents [60]. These examples illustrate the diverse range of genetic tools and techniques that can be applied to manage M. unicostata populations effectively. However, it is important to consider regulatory and ethical considerations associated with the use of genetic control methods and ensure that they are deployed in a safe and environmentally responsible manner.

7 Conclusion

Monosteira unicostata is a major pest that can cause significant damage to almond trees in Mediterranean regions. Attacks by this pest can weaken trees, reduce productivity, and affect the quality of the almonds produced. Developing and implementing monitoring protocols to detect pest populations enables growers to make timely and informed decisions regarding control measures. By regularly monitoring M. unicostata populations using methods such as trapping, visual surveys, or pheromone traps, growers can accurately assess the extent of infestation and population dynamics within almond orchards. This information is invaluable for determining the appropriate timing and intensity of control interventions. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, which integrate cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical control tactics, offer a holistic approach that addresses pest management challenges while minimizing adverse environmental and social impacts. Cultural practices such as pruning, sanitation, and crop rotation promote ecosystem resilience and reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, thereby safeguarding environmental health and biodiversity. Mechanical control methods, including trapping, physical barriers, and mechanical removal, provide targeted interventions that mitigate pest damage while minimizing non-target effects. En outre, les méthodes de lutte biologique, telles que l’augmentation des ennemis naturels ou l’utilisation de pesticides microbiens, offrent des alternatives durables qui exploitent les processus écologiques naturels pour réguler les populations de ravageurs. Furthermore, biological control approaches, such as the augmentation of natural enemies or the use of microbial pesticides, offer sustainable alternatives that harness natural ecological processes to regulate pest populations. Overall, the adoption of integrated pest management strategies tailored to the specific needs and conditions of almond orchards ensures long-term viability and sustainability in pest control efforts. By combining effective monitoring techniques with a diversified and environmentally conscious approach to pest management, growers can mitigate the economic, environmental, and social impacts of M. unicostata infestations while safeguarding the future of almond cultivation.

Acknowledgments

Author wish to thank research Centre College of Pharmacy and Deanship of Scientific Research King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia for financial support.

  1. Funding information: Author wish to thank research Centre College of Pharmacy and Deanship of Scientific Research King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia for financial support.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. AA; data collection, data curation, analysis and methodology, AA; investigation, ZB, RL, ABJ, RU, ASA; writing – original draft preparation, supervision.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-01-14
Revised: 2024-05-15
Accepted: 2024-05-22
Published Online: 2024-06-10

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  30. Detection of Fusarium spp. infection in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) during postharvest storage through visible–near-infrared and shortwave–near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy
  31. Forage yield, seed, and forage qualitative traits evaluation by determining the optimal forage harvesting stage in dual-purpose cultivation in safflower varieties (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
  32. The influence of tourism on the development of urban space: Comparison in Hanoi, Danang, and Ho Chi Minh City
  33. Optimum intra-row spacing and clove size for the economical production of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia
  34. The role of organic rice farm income on farmer household welfare: Evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  35. Exploring innovative food in a developing country: Edible insects as a sustainable option
  36. Genotype by environment interaction and performance stability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown in Dawuro zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
  37. Factors influencing green, environmentally-friendly consumer behaviour
  38. Factors affecting coffee farmers’ access to financial institutions: The case of Bandung Regency, Indonesia
  39. Morphological and yield trait-based evaluation and selection of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes suitable for both summer and winter seasons
  40. Sustainability analysis and decision-making strategy for swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) conservation in Jambi Province, Indonesia
  41. Understanding factors affecting rice purchasing decisions in Indonesia: Does rice brand matter?
  42. An implementation of an extended theory of planned behavior to investigate consumer behavior on hygiene sanitation-certified livestock food products
  43. Information technology adoption in Indonesia’s small-scale dairy farms
  44. Draft genome of a biological control agent against Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal phytopathogen of spot blotch in wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum): Bacillus inaquosorum TSO22
  45. Assessment of the recurrent mutagenesis efficacy of sesame crosses followed by isolation and evaluation of promising genetic resources for use in future breeding programs
  46. Fostering cocoa industry resilience: A collaborative approach to managing farm gate price fluctuations in West Sulawesi, Indonesia
  47. Field investigation of component failures for selected farm machinery used in small rice farming operations
  48. Near-infrared technology in agriculture: Rapid, simultaneous, and non-destructive determination of inner quality parameters on intact coffee beans
  49. The synergistic application of sucrose and various LED light exposures to enhance the in vitro growth of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)
  50. Weather index-based agricultural insurance for flower farmers: Willingness to pay, sales, and profitability perspectives
  51. Meta-analysis of dietary Bacillus spp. on serum biochemical and antioxidant status and egg quality of laying hens
  52. Biochemical characterization of trypsin from Indonesian skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera
  53. Determination of C-factor for conventional cultivation and soil conservation technique used in hop gardens
  54. Empowering farmers: Unveiling the economic impacts of contract farming on red chilli farmers’ income in Magelang District, Indonesia
  55. Evaluating salt tolerance in fodder crops: A field experiment in the dry land
  56. Labor productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) farmers in Central Java Province, Indonesia
  57. Cropping systems and production assessment in southern Myanmar: Informing strategic interventions
  58. The effect of biostimulants and red mud on the growth and yield of shallots in post-unlicensed gold mining soil
  59. Effects of dietary Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) seed meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  60. Analysis and structural characterization of the vid-pisco market
  61. Pseudomonas fluorescens SP007s enhances defense responses against the soybean bacterial pustule caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines
  62. A brief investigation on the prospective of co-composted biochar as a fertilizer for Zucchini plants cultivated in arid sandy soil
  63. Supply chain efficiency of red chilies in the production center of Sleman Indonesia based on performance measurement system
  64. Investment development path for developed economies: Is agriculture different?
  65. Power relations among actors in laying hen business in Indonesia: A MACTOR analysis
  66. High-throughput digital imaging and detection of morpho-physiological traits in tomato plants under drought
  67. Converting compression ignition engine to dual-fuel (diesel + CNG) engine and experimentally investigating its performance and emissions
  68. Structuration, risk management, and institutional dynamics in resolving palm oil conflicts
  69. Spacing strategies for enhancing drought resilience and yield in maize agriculture
  70. Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types
  71. Investigating Spodoptera spp. diversity, percentage of attack, and control strategies in the West Java, Indonesia, corn cultivation
  72. Yield stability of biofertilizer treatments to soybean in the rainy season based on the GGE biplot
  73. Evaluating agricultural yield and economic implications of varied irrigation depths on maize yield in semi-arid environments, at Birfarm, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia
  74. Chemometrics for mapping the spatial nitrate distribution on the leaf lamina of fenugreek grown under varying nitrogenous fertilizer doses
  75. Pomegranate peel ethanolic extract: A promising natural antioxidant, antimicrobial agent, and novel approach to mitigate rancidity in used edible oils
  76. Transformative learning and engagement with organic farming: Lessons learned from Indonesia
  77. Tourism in rural areas as a broader concept: Some insights from the Portuguese reality
  78. Assessment enhancing drought tolerance in henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) ecotypes through sodium nitroprusside foliar application
  79. Edible insects: A survey about perceptions regarding possible beneficial health effects and safety concerns among adult citizens from Portugal and Romania
  80. Phenological stages analysis in peach trees using electronic nose
  81. Harvest date and salicylic acid impact on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) properties under different humidity conditions
  82. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. petal biomass: A green source of nanoparticles of multifarious potential
  83. Use of different vegetation indices for the evaluation of the kinetics of the cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) growth based on multispectral images by UAV
  84. First evidence of microplastic pollution in mangrove sediments and its ingestion by coral reef fish: Case study in Biawak Island, Indonesia
  85. Physical and textural properties and sensory acceptability of wheat bread partially incorporated with unripe non-commercial banana cultivars
  86. Cereibacter sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 were used to solubilize insoluble P forms to improve P uptake, growth, and yield of rice in acidic and extreme saline soil
  87. Avocado peel by-product in cattle diets and supplementation with oregano oil and effects on production, carcass, and meat quality
  88. Optimizing inorganic blended fertilizer application for the maximum grain yield and profitability of bread wheat and food barley in Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
  89. The acceptance of social media as a channel of communication and livestock information for sheep farmers
  90. Adaptation of rice farmers to aging in Thailand
  91. Combined use of improved maize hybrids and nitrogen application increases grain yield of maize, under natural Striga hermonthica infestation
  92. From aquatic to terrestrial: An examination of plant diversity and ecological shifts
  93. Statistical modelling of a tractor tractive performance during ploughing operation on a tropical Alfisol
  94. Participation in artisanal diamond mining and food security: A case study of Kasai Oriental in DR Congo
  95. Assessment and multi-scenario simulation of ecosystem service values in Southwest China’s mountainous and hilly region
  96. Analysis of agricultural emissions and economic growth in Europe in search of ecological balance
  97. Bacillus thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity against insect larvae of the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
  98. Technical efficiency of sugarcane farming in East Java, Indonesia: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis
  99. Comparison between mycobiota diversity and fungi and mycotoxin contamination of maize and wheat
  100. Evaluation of cultivation technology package and corn variety based on agronomy characters and leaf green indices
  101. Exploring the association between the consumption of beverages, fast foods, sweets, fats, and oils and the risk of gastric and pancreatic cancers: Findings from case–control study
  102. Phytochemical composition and insecticidal activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. extract on life span and biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.)
  103. Land use management solutions in response to climate change: Case study in the central coastal areas of Vietnam
  104. Evaluation of coffee pulp as a feed ingredient for ruminants: A meta-analysis
  105. Interannual variations of normalized difference vegetation index and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship in the Baghdad area
  106. Harnessing synthetic microbial communities with nitrogen-fixing activity to promote rice growth
  107. Agronomic and economic benefits of rice–sweetpotato rotation in lowland rice cropping systems in Uganda
  108. Response of potato tuber as an effect of the N-fertilizer and paclobutrazol application in medium altitude
  109. Bridging the gap: The role of geographic proximity in enhancing seed sustainability in Bandung District
  110. Evaluation of Abrams curve in agricultural sector using the NARDL approach
  111. Challenges and opportunities for young farmers in the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2014–2020 of the Republic of Croatia
  112. Yield stability of ten common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes at different sowing dates in Lubumbashi, South-East of DR Congo
  113. Effects of encapsulation and combining probiotics with different nitrate forms on methane emission and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics
  114. Phytochemical analysis of Bienertia sinuspersici extract and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  115. Evaluation of relative drought tolerance of grapevines by leaf fluorescence parameters
  116. Yield assessment of new streak-resistant topcross maize hybrids in Benin
  117. Improvement of cocoa powder properties through ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted alkalization
  118. Potential of ecoenzymes made from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) leaf and pulp waste as bioinsecticides for Periplaneta americana
  119. Analysis of farm performance to realize the sustainability of organic cabbage vegetable farming in Getasan Semarang, Indonesia
  120. Revealing the influences of organic amendment-derived dissolved organic matter on growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
  121. Identification of viruses infecting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) in Benin
  122. Assessing the soil physical and chemical properties of long-term pomelo orchard based on tree growth
  123. Investigating access and use of digital tools for agriculture among rural farmers: A case study of Nkomazi Municipality, South Africa
  124. Does sex influence the impact of dietary vitD3 and UVB light on performance parameters and welfare indicators of broilers?
  125. Design of intelligent sprayer control for an autonomous farming drone using a multiclass support vector machine
  126. Deciphering salt-responsive NB-ARC genes in rice transcriptomic data: A bioinformatics approach with gene expression validation
  127. Review Articles
  128. Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives – A review
  129. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review
  130. Climate change and adaptive strategies on viticulture (Vitis spp.)
  131. The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods
  132. A systematic review on potential analogy of phytobiomass and soil carbon evaluation methods: Ethiopia insights
  133. A review of storage temperature and relative humidity effects on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and implications for nutrition insecurity in Ethiopia
  134. Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks
  135. Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review
  136. Corn silk: A promising source of antimicrobial compounds for health and wellness
  137. State and contours of research on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Africa
  138. The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives
  139. Minor millets: Processing techniques and their nutritional and health benefits
  140. Meta-analysis of reproductive performance of improved dairy cattle under Ethiopian environmental conditions
  141. Review on enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer utilization: Strategies for optimal nutrient management
  142. The nutritional, phytochemical composition, and utilisation of different parts of maize: A comparative analysis
  143. Motivations for farmers’ participation in agri-environmental scheme in the EU, literature review
  144. Evolution of climate-smart agriculture research: A science mapping exploration and network analysis
  145. Short Communications
  146. Music enrichment improves the behavior and leukocyte profile of dairy cattle
  147. Effect of pruning height and organic fertilization on the morphological and productive characteristics of Moringa oleifera Lam. in the Peruvian dry tropics
  148. Corrigendum
  149. Corrigendum to “Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance”
  150. Corrigendum to “Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types”
  151. Special issue: Smart Agriculture System for Sustainable Development: Methods and Practices
  152. Construction of a sustainable model to predict the moisture content of porang powder (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) based on pointed-scan visible near-infrared spectroscopy
  153. FruitVision: A deep learning based automatic fruit grading system
  154. Energy harvesting and ANFIS modeling of a PVDF/GO-ZNO piezoelectric nanogenerator on a UAV
  155. Effects of stress hormones on digestibility and performance in cattle: A review
  156. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part II
  157. Assessment of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profiles and ratio of omega-6/omega-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens fed diets enriched with omega-3 rich vegetable oil
  158. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part II
  159. Special Issue on FCEM – International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation: Message from the editor
  160. Fruit and vegetable consumption: Study involving Portuguese and French consumers
  161. Knowledge about consumption of milk: Study involving consumers from two European Countries – France and Portugal
https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0310
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Monosteira unicostata; almond tree; integrated pest management; biological control; chemical control
Creative Commons
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Supplementation of P-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris improved soil fertility, P nutrient, growth, and yield of Cucumis melo L.
  3. Yield gap variation in rice cultivation in Indonesia
  4. Effects of co-inoculation of indole-3-acetic acid- and ammonia-producing bacteria on plant growth and nutrition, soil elements, and the relationships of soil microbiomes with soil physicochemical parameters
  5. Impact of mulching and planting time on spring-wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth: A combined field experiment and empirical modeling approach
  6. Morphological diversity, correlation studies, and multiple-traits selection for yield and yield components of local cowpea varieties
  7. Participatory on-farm evaluation of new orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties in Southern Ethiopia
  8. Yield performance and stability analysis of three cultivars of Gayo Arabica coffee across six different environments
  9. Biology of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different types of plants feeds: Potency as a pest on various agricultural plants
  10. Antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. fruit in alloxan-induced Swiss albino diabetic mice
  11. Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance
  12. Nicotinamide as a biostimulant improves soybean growth and yield
  13. Farmer’s willingness to accept the sustainable zoning-based organic farming development plan: A lesson from Sleman District, Indonesia
  14. Uncovering hidden determinants of millennial farmers’ intentions in running conservation agriculture: An application of the Norm Activation Model
  15. Mediating role of leadership and group capital between human capital component and sustainability of horticultural agribusiness institutions in Indonesia
  16. Biochar technology to increase cassava crop productivity: A study of sustainable agriculture on degraded land
  17. Effect of struvite on the growth of green beans on Mars and Moon regolith simulants
  18. UrbanAgriKG: A knowledge graph on urban agriculture and its embeddings
  19. Provision of loans and credit by cocoa buyers under non-price competition: Cocoa beans market in Ghana
  20. Effectiveness of micro-dosing of lime on selected chemical properties of soil in Banja District, North West, Ethiopia
  21. Effect of weather, nitrogen fertilizer, and biostimulators on the root size and yield components of Hordeum vulgare
  22. Effects of selected biostimulants on qualitative and quantitative parameters of nine cultivars of the genus Capsicum spp.
  23. Growth, yield, and secondary metabolite responses of three shallot cultivars at different watering intervals
  24. Design of drainage channel for effective use of land on fully mechanized sugarcane plantations: A case study at Bone Sugarcane Plantation
  25. Technical feasibility and economic benefit of combined shallot seedlings techniques in Indonesia
  26. Control of Meloidogyne javanica in banana by endophytic bacteria
  27. Comparison of important quality components of red-flesh kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in different locations
  28. Efficiency of rice farming in flood-prone areas of East Java, Indonesia
  29. Comparative analysis of alpine agritourism in Trentino, Tyrol, and South Tyrol: Regional variations and prospects
  30. Detection of Fusarium spp. infection in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) during postharvest storage through visible–near-infrared and shortwave–near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy
  31. Forage yield, seed, and forage qualitative traits evaluation by determining the optimal forage harvesting stage in dual-purpose cultivation in safflower varieties (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
  32. The influence of tourism on the development of urban space: Comparison in Hanoi, Danang, and Ho Chi Minh City
  33. Optimum intra-row spacing and clove size for the economical production of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia
  34. The role of organic rice farm income on farmer household welfare: Evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  35. Exploring innovative food in a developing country: Edible insects as a sustainable option
  36. Genotype by environment interaction and performance stability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown in Dawuro zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
  37. Factors influencing green, environmentally-friendly consumer behaviour
  38. Factors affecting coffee farmers’ access to financial institutions: The case of Bandung Regency, Indonesia
  39. Morphological and yield trait-based evaluation and selection of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes suitable for both summer and winter seasons
  40. Sustainability analysis and decision-making strategy for swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) conservation in Jambi Province, Indonesia
  41. Understanding factors affecting rice purchasing decisions in Indonesia: Does rice brand matter?
  42. An implementation of an extended theory of planned behavior to investigate consumer behavior on hygiene sanitation-certified livestock food products
  43. Information technology adoption in Indonesia’s small-scale dairy farms
  44. Draft genome of a biological control agent against Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal phytopathogen of spot blotch in wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum): Bacillus inaquosorum TSO22
  45. Assessment of the recurrent mutagenesis efficacy of sesame crosses followed by isolation and evaluation of promising genetic resources for use in future breeding programs
  46. Fostering cocoa industry resilience: A collaborative approach to managing farm gate price fluctuations in West Sulawesi, Indonesia
  47. Field investigation of component failures for selected farm machinery used in small rice farming operations
  48. Near-infrared technology in agriculture: Rapid, simultaneous, and non-destructive determination of inner quality parameters on intact coffee beans
  49. The synergistic application of sucrose and various LED light exposures to enhance the in vitro growth of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)
  50. Weather index-based agricultural insurance for flower farmers: Willingness to pay, sales, and profitability perspectives
  51. Meta-analysis of dietary Bacillus spp. on serum biochemical and antioxidant status and egg quality of laying hens
  52. Biochemical characterization of trypsin from Indonesian skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera
  53. Determination of C-factor for conventional cultivation and soil conservation technique used in hop gardens
  54. Empowering farmers: Unveiling the economic impacts of contract farming on red chilli farmers’ income in Magelang District, Indonesia
  55. Evaluating salt tolerance in fodder crops: A field experiment in the dry land
  56. Labor productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) farmers in Central Java Province, Indonesia
  57. Cropping systems and production assessment in southern Myanmar: Informing strategic interventions
  58. The effect of biostimulants and red mud on the growth and yield of shallots in post-unlicensed gold mining soil
  59. Effects of dietary Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) seed meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  60. Analysis and structural characterization of the vid-pisco market
  61. Pseudomonas fluorescens SP007s enhances defense responses against the soybean bacterial pustule caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines
  62. A brief investigation on the prospective of co-composted biochar as a fertilizer for Zucchini plants cultivated in arid sandy soil
  63. Supply chain efficiency of red chilies in the production center of Sleman Indonesia based on performance measurement system
  64. Investment development path for developed economies: Is agriculture different?
  65. Power relations among actors in laying hen business in Indonesia: A MACTOR analysis
  66. High-throughput digital imaging and detection of morpho-physiological traits in tomato plants under drought
  67. Converting compression ignition engine to dual-fuel (diesel + CNG) engine and experimentally investigating its performance and emissions
  68. Structuration, risk management, and institutional dynamics in resolving palm oil conflicts
  69. Spacing strategies for enhancing drought resilience and yield in maize agriculture
  70. Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types
  71. Investigating Spodoptera spp. diversity, percentage of attack, and control strategies in the West Java, Indonesia, corn cultivation
  72. Yield stability of biofertilizer treatments to soybean in the rainy season based on the GGE biplot
  73. Evaluating agricultural yield and economic implications of varied irrigation depths on maize yield in semi-arid environments, at Birfarm, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia
  74. Chemometrics for mapping the spatial nitrate distribution on the leaf lamina of fenugreek grown under varying nitrogenous fertilizer doses
  75. Pomegranate peel ethanolic extract: A promising natural antioxidant, antimicrobial agent, and novel approach to mitigate rancidity in used edible oils
  76. Transformative learning and engagement with organic farming: Lessons learned from Indonesia
  77. Tourism in rural areas as a broader concept: Some insights from the Portuguese reality
  78. Assessment enhancing drought tolerance in henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) ecotypes through sodium nitroprusside foliar application
  79. Edible insects: A survey about perceptions regarding possible beneficial health effects and safety concerns among adult citizens from Portugal and Romania
  80. Phenological stages analysis in peach trees using electronic nose
  81. Harvest date and salicylic acid impact on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) properties under different humidity conditions
  82. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. petal biomass: A green source of nanoparticles of multifarious potential
  83. Use of different vegetation indices for the evaluation of the kinetics of the cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) growth based on multispectral images by UAV
  84. First evidence of microplastic pollution in mangrove sediments and its ingestion by coral reef fish: Case study in Biawak Island, Indonesia
  85. Physical and textural properties and sensory acceptability of wheat bread partially incorporated with unripe non-commercial banana cultivars
  86. Cereibacter sphaeroides ST16 and ST26 were used to solubilize insoluble P forms to improve P uptake, growth, and yield of rice in acidic and extreme saline soil
  87. Avocado peel by-product in cattle diets and supplementation with oregano oil and effects on production, carcass, and meat quality
  88. Optimizing inorganic blended fertilizer application for the maximum grain yield and profitability of bread wheat and food barley in Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
  89. The acceptance of social media as a channel of communication and livestock information for sheep farmers
  90. Adaptation of rice farmers to aging in Thailand
  91. Combined use of improved maize hybrids and nitrogen application increases grain yield of maize, under natural Striga hermonthica infestation
  92. From aquatic to terrestrial: An examination of plant diversity and ecological shifts
  93. Statistical modelling of a tractor tractive performance during ploughing operation on a tropical Alfisol
  94. Participation in artisanal diamond mining and food security: A case study of Kasai Oriental in DR Congo
  95. Assessment and multi-scenario simulation of ecosystem service values in Southwest China’s mountainous and hilly region
  96. Analysis of agricultural emissions and economic growth in Europe in search of ecological balance
  97. Bacillus thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity against insect larvae of the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
  98. Technical efficiency of sugarcane farming in East Java, Indonesia: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis
  99. Comparison between mycobiota diversity and fungi and mycotoxin contamination of maize and wheat
  100. Evaluation of cultivation technology package and corn variety based on agronomy characters and leaf green indices
  101. Exploring the association between the consumption of beverages, fast foods, sweets, fats, and oils and the risk of gastric and pancreatic cancers: Findings from case–control study
  102. Phytochemical composition and insecticidal activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. extract on life span and biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.)
  103. Land use management solutions in response to climate change: Case study in the central coastal areas of Vietnam
  104. Evaluation of coffee pulp as a feed ingredient for ruminants: A meta-analysis
  105. Interannual variations of normalized difference vegetation index and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship in the Baghdad area
  106. Harnessing synthetic microbial communities with nitrogen-fixing activity to promote rice growth
  107. Agronomic and economic benefits of rice–sweetpotato rotation in lowland rice cropping systems in Uganda
  108. Response of potato tuber as an effect of the N-fertilizer and paclobutrazol application in medium altitude
  109. Bridging the gap: The role of geographic proximity in enhancing seed sustainability in Bandung District
  110. Evaluation of Abrams curve in agricultural sector using the NARDL approach
  111. Challenges and opportunities for young farmers in the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2014–2020 of the Republic of Croatia
  112. Yield stability of ten common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes at different sowing dates in Lubumbashi, South-East of DR Congo
  113. Effects of encapsulation and combining probiotics with different nitrate forms on methane emission and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics
  114. Phytochemical analysis of Bienertia sinuspersici extract and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  115. Evaluation of relative drought tolerance of grapevines by leaf fluorescence parameters
  116. Yield assessment of new streak-resistant topcross maize hybrids in Benin
  117. Improvement of cocoa powder properties through ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted alkalization
  118. Potential of ecoenzymes made from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) leaf and pulp waste as bioinsecticides for Periplaneta americana
  119. Analysis of farm performance to realize the sustainability of organic cabbage vegetable farming in Getasan Semarang, Indonesia
  120. Revealing the influences of organic amendment-derived dissolved organic matter on growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
  121. Identification of viruses infecting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) in Benin
  122. Assessing the soil physical and chemical properties of long-term pomelo orchard based on tree growth
  123. Investigating access and use of digital tools for agriculture among rural farmers: A case study of Nkomazi Municipality, South Africa
  124. Does sex influence the impact of dietary vitD3 and UVB light on performance parameters and welfare indicators of broilers?
  125. Design of intelligent sprayer control for an autonomous farming drone using a multiclass support vector machine
  126. Deciphering salt-responsive NB-ARC genes in rice transcriptomic data: A bioinformatics approach with gene expression validation
  127. Review Articles
  128. Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives – A review
  129. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review
  130. Climate change and adaptive strategies on viticulture (Vitis spp.)
  131. The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods
  132. A systematic review on potential analogy of phytobiomass and soil carbon evaluation methods: Ethiopia insights
  133. A review of storage temperature and relative humidity effects on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and implications for nutrition insecurity in Ethiopia
  134. Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks
  135. Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review
  136. Corn silk: A promising source of antimicrobial compounds for health and wellness
  137. State and contours of research on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Africa
  138. The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives
  139. Minor millets: Processing techniques and their nutritional and health benefits
  140. Meta-analysis of reproductive performance of improved dairy cattle under Ethiopian environmental conditions
  141. Review on enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer utilization: Strategies for optimal nutrient management
  142. The nutritional, phytochemical composition, and utilisation of different parts of maize: A comparative analysis
  143. Motivations for farmers’ participation in agri-environmental scheme in the EU, literature review
  144. Evolution of climate-smart agriculture research: A science mapping exploration and network analysis
  145. Short Communications
  146. Music enrichment improves the behavior and leukocyte profile of dairy cattle
  147. Effect of pruning height and organic fertilization on the morphological and productive characteristics of Moringa oleifera Lam. in the Peruvian dry tropics
  148. Corrigendum
  149. Corrigendum to “Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance”
  150. Corrigendum to “Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types”
  151. Special issue: Smart Agriculture System for Sustainable Development: Methods and Practices
  152. Construction of a sustainable model to predict the moisture content of porang powder (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) based on pointed-scan visible near-infrared spectroscopy
  153. FruitVision: A deep learning based automatic fruit grading system
  154. Energy harvesting and ANFIS modeling of a PVDF/GO-ZNO piezoelectric nanogenerator on a UAV
  155. Effects of stress hormones on digestibility and performance in cattle: A review
  156. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part II
  157. Assessment of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profiles and ratio of omega-6/omega-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens fed diets enriched with omega-3 rich vegetable oil
  158. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part II
  159. Special Issue on FCEM – International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation: Message from the editor
  160. Fruit and vegetable consumption: Study involving Portuguese and French consumers
  161. Knowledge about consumption of milk: Study involving consumers from two European Countries – France and Portugal
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