Startseite Pure-silk fibroin hydrogel with stable aligned micropattern toward peripheral nerve regeneration
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Pure-silk fibroin hydrogel with stable aligned micropattern toward peripheral nerve regeneration

  • Xinyi Gu , Xiaoli Chen , Xiaoxuan Tang , Zhihao Zhou , Tingting Huang , Yumin Yang EMAIL logo und Jue Ling EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 15. Februar 2021
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Nanotechnology Reviews
Aus der Zeitschrift Nanotechnology Reviews Band 10 Heft 1

Abstract

Successful repair of long-distance peripheral nerve injuries remains a challenge in the clinic. Rapid axon growth is a key to accelerate nerve regeneration. Herein, a pure silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel with a combination of high-strength and aligned microgrooved topographic structure is reported. The hydrogels exhibit excellent mechanical properties with high strength. Good biocompatibility also allows the hydrogels to support cell survival. Significantly, the hydrogel with aligned microgrooved structures enables the aligned growth of Schwann cells. Moreover, the hydrogel holds a strong capacity for promoting axon growth and guiding neurite sprouting. Thus, this micropatterned SF hydrogel would have great potential for peripheral nerve regeneration.

Keywords: silk fibroin; hydrogel; micropattern; peripheral nerve regeneration

1 Introduction

Peripheral nerve injury is one of the most common nervous system injuries. Due to trauma, disease, or surgery, there are about 2 million new cases every year globally [1,2,3]. In the past decade, the use of artificial nerve grafts to repair damaged peripheral nerves has been widely studied, and significant progress has been made in the repair of short-distance nerve injury [4]. However, the successful repair of long-distance peripheral nerve injuries (>40 mm) still remains a challenge [5]. Rapid axon growth is a key to accelerate long-distance peripheral nerve regeneration [6]. The topographic structure as a key physical factor of biomedical materials can effectively regulate the microenvironment of nerve regeneration [7]. It has been reported that topographic structure can regulate the growth of nerve cells [8]. However, either the insufficient effect of topographic structures on axon growth or poor biocompatibility limits the application of these biomedical materials with topographic structures for the repair of long-distance peripheral. Moreover, one optimal dimension of aligned topographic structure on nerve repair scaffolds for promoting both rapid axon growth and Schwann cells growth has rarely been found.

Recently, micropatterned materials based on carbon nanotubes can effectively promote nerve cell culture growth [9]. Microstructures on materials created by the electrospinning technique can also potentially mimic extracellular matrix for promoting tissue regeneration [10]. Importantly, it has been found that introducing oriented microstructure into artificial nerve grafts can induce the directional migration and growth of nerve cells [11]. Oriented microstructures can also guide the rapid growth of axons crossing the damaged area, which promotes the repair and functional reconstruction of nerve [12]. Previously, it was also found that anisotropic bridge microstructure can regulate the morphology and biological function of Schwann cells [13]. The synthetic matrix showed extraordinary physical properties to meet microstructural demands [14]. Synthetic hydrogel-based materials with the micro-groove structure on the surface can also effectively regulate the migration and oriented growth of Schwann cells [15]. However, poor biocompatibility usually limits the biomedical applications of these synthetic materials with a topographic structure in vivo [16]. Biocompatible materials, such as collagen [17], silk [18], and chitosan [19], have great potential in biomedical applications [20]. These natural biopolymers have significant advantages, such as long-term safety [21], desirable biocompatibility [22], and biodegradability [23]. However, the weak mechanical strength of most biopolymer-based scaffolds goes against the formation of artificial topographic structures [24]. Therefore, it is necessary to develop biocompatible materials with a stable topographic structure to meet current biomedical demands.

Silk fibroin (SF) has attracted considerable interest in tissue engineering [25]. SF as a natural biopolymer possesses excellent biocompatibility [26]. SF-based biomaterials hold non-immunogenic properties, which are very important for implantation [27]. Biodegradability is one of the important properties of biomaterials [28]. SF also has suitable biodegradation kinetics and solid physical strength with flexibility for biomedical applications in vivo [29]. For tissue repair, SF has also been shown to support cell attachment and cell survival to promote tissue regeneration [30]. For peripheral nerve regeneration, it has been reported that SF can promote the proliferation of Schwann cells [31]. Meanwhile, SF-based hydrogel can also support neuron growth for central nerve repair [32]. Previously, it was found that the direction of neuronal growth could be guided by aligned SF fibers [33]. Although SF-based hydrogel has shown lots of advantages in the field of tissue engineering, the poor mechanical properties of SF hydrogel still tolerate its practical application [34]. The addition of crosslink agents or chemical components can enhance the mechanical strength but most of these agents show potentially toxic to cells [35]. Therefore, generating SF hydrogels with the combination of high strength and desirable biocompatibility remains a challenge. In this study, we developed tough micropatterned pure-SF hydrogel with aligned microgrooved structures with three different width dimensions of 10, 30, and 50 µm, which possesses promising biocompatibility and good mechanical strength. Importantly, micropatterned pure-SF hydrogel with aligned microgrooved structures with a width of 30 µm holds strongest capacity to promote both Schwann cells growth and guide neurite sprouting for peripheral nerve regeneration (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1 Schematic illustration of Topo@TPSF hydrogel with aligned microgrooved structures for promoting cell growth and guiding neurite sprouting.
Scheme 1

Schematic illustration of Topo@TPSF hydrogel with aligned microgrooved structures for promoting cell growth and guiding neurite sprouting.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Preparation of hydrogels

For TPSF hydrogels, 50 g of natural silk was boiled in 2 L of 0.2% w/v sodium carbonate solution for 30 min at 100°C, and then washed with ultra-pure water. The degummed SF was dried in the air at room temperature. 20% w/v of SF was dissolved in 9.3 M LiBr solution and stirred at 60°C for 3 h and then dialyzed in ultrapure water for 3 days. Finally, the SF powder can be obtained by lyophilization, 0.45 g lyophilized SF powder was dissolved in 3 mL HFIP and then 2.7 mL ultrapure water was slowly added into the solution. The SF/HFIP/water solution was then transferred into a mold and incubated for 24 h in a sealed environment. After gelation, the hydrogels were washed in ultra-pure water at 80°C to remove HFIP.

For Topo@TPSF hydrogels, the SF/HFIP/water solution was then transferred into a mold with a PDMS stamp with surface ridge/groove microstructure and incubated for 24 h in a sealed environment. After gelation, the PDMS stamp was peeled-off and the hydrogels were washed in ultra-pure water at 80°C to remove HFIP.

2.2 Mechanical evaluation

The compressive-strength evaluation was investigated by an electronic universal testing machine (UTM; TFW-58; Shanghai Tuofeng Instrument Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China). Hydrogel samples were cut into the shape of a solid cylinder with 20 mm diameter and 8 mm thickness and tested at a displacement rate of 5 mm min−1. The stress at 25% strain of each sample was recorded and Young’s modulus was calculated from the slope of stress–strain curve.

2.3 Hydrophilic analysis

The hydrophilicity of hydrogels was evaluated using a contact angle instrument (JYPHa, Chengde, China). A droplet of water was dropped onto the hydrogel surface, and the angle formed between the water and the surface of the hydrogel was measured.

2.4 Evaluation of porosity

Freeze-dried hydrogels were immersed in anhydrous ethanol with a known volume (V 1). Then, the mixture was evacuated at 0.08 kPa and the volume of the ethanol was recorded as V 2, and after removal of the hydrogels, the volume of the remaining ethanol was recorded as V 3. Porosity was calculated, as follows:

P = ( V 1 − V 3 ) / ( V 2 − V 3 ) × 100 % .

2.5 Schwann cells culture

The sterilized hydrogels were placed in a 24-well plate and then Schwann cells from Sprague–Dawley rat pups (1 day old) with a density of 1 × 105 cells/mL in DMEM were seeded onto the hydrogels and incubated at 37°C for 3 days. A live/dead cytotoxicity kit (Molecular Probes, USA) was utilized to visualize the cell behavior. The cytotoxicity of the hydrogels was assessed by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) (Beyotime Biotechnology, China).

2.6 Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) culture

The sterilized hydrogels were placed in a 24-well plate, and DRG obtained from the spinal cord of 1-day-old rats was cultured on the SF hydrogels directly without digestion for 3 days. A live/dead cytotoxicity kit was utilized to visualize the cell behavior.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characterization of hydrogel

Tough pure-silk fibroin hydrogel (TPSF) was prepared by binary-solvent-induced conformation transition strategy [34]. Figure 1a shows that TPSF hydrogel can uniformly fit various shapes after curing. Fine mechanical properties are important for scaffolds to adapt to dynamic movement in vivo [36]. Then, the flexible mechanical properties of TPSF hydrogel in various shapes, even after cutting, bending, and knotting are demonstrated in Figure 1b andc. The SEM image in Figure 1d shows that the TPSF hydrogel exhibits a porous structure, which is critical for hydrogel use as biomaterials [37]. Then, the chemical structures of TPSF hydrogel were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, characteristic peak of SF was observed at 1,624 cm−1, which represented the β-sheet in amide I region [38].

Figure 1 Characterization of TPSF hydrogel: (a) visual image of hydrogels with various 3D structures, (b) scale bar: 0.5 cm, (c) photographs of the cutting, bending, and knotting shapes of hydrogels, (d) SEM image of TPSF hydrogel, and (e) FTIR spectra of TPSF hydrogel.
Figure 1

Characterization of TPSF hydrogel: (a) visual image of hydrogels with various 3D structures, (b) scale bar: 0.5 cm, (c) photographs of the cutting, bending, and knotting shapes of hydrogels, (d) SEM image of TPSF hydrogel, and (e) FTIR spectra of TPSF hydrogel.

3.2 Mechanical property and surface topology

Grooved structures are considered very effective in promoting axonal guidance, as they can provide more sensing targets and appropriate contact areas for the growth cones of neuritis [46]. Micropatterned pure-SF hydrogels (Topo@TPSF) were successfully fabricated by in situ micromolding with PDMS stamps. Topo@TPSF hydrogels demonstrated regular aligned microgrooved structures with a width of 10, 30, and 50 µm, which all had clear edges as shown in Figure 2a and Figure S1. To further investigate the stability of aligned micro-grooved structure on Topo@TPSF hydrogel, the hydrogels were immersed in PBS at 37°C for 24 h. As shown in Figure 2d, micropatterns maintained in good shape with clear edges, indicating that the Topo@TPSF hydrogel had good stability. Appropriate mechanical properties of hydrogels are important for implants used for nerve regeneration [39]. Therefore, the compressive strength was evaluated. The representative stress–strain curves of compressive strength are plotted in Figure S8. As shown in Figure 2b and c, the compressive strength of hydrogels was in the range from 0.15 to 0.2 MPa and the Young’s modulus of TPSF and Topo@TPSF was 2.7 ± 0.7 and 2.4 ± 0.3 MPa, respectively. These results illustrate that these hydrogels hold desirable mechanical properties for potential in vivo applications within the range of Young’s modulus of human tissues (1–100 kPa) [40].

Figure 2 Surface topology and mechanical property of hydrogels. (a) Microscopic image of aligned micro-grooved structures on the surface of Topo@TPSF hydrogels. Scale Bar: 100 µm. (b) Compressive strengths of hydrogels. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 4). (c) Young’s modulus of hydrogels. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 4). (d) Stability of microstructures. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 7), **p < 0.01.
Figure 2

Surface topology and mechanical property of hydrogels. (a) Microscopic image of aligned micro-grooved structures on the surface of Topo@TPSF hydrogels. Scale Bar: 100 µm. (b) Compressive strengths of hydrogels. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 4). (c) Young’s modulus of hydrogels. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 4). (d) Stability of microstructures. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 7), **p < 0.01.

3.3 Wettablity and porosity

Surface wettability reveals the hydrophilicity of biomaterials, which affects their biocompatibility [41]. Then, the wettability of the hydrogels was evaluated by measuring the contact angle (θ) of water droplets on the surface of hydrogels. It was found that the contact angles were all <90°, indicating that the hydrogels exhibited good hydrophilicity (see Figure 3a and b). The contact angles of water droplets on the surface of Topo@TPSF hydrogel with a groove width of 10, 30, and 50 µm were further measured. It was found that there is no significant difference between hydrogels with three different dimensions, due to the wettability of hydrogels which may mainly depend on the good hydrophilicity of SF (Figure S7). The porosity of a hydrogel also plays a major role in tissue regeneration [42]. As shown in Figure 3c, both TPSF and Topo@TPSF hydrogels held high porosity, which allows the exchange of nutrition and metabolism during tissue growth.

Figure 3 Contact angle and porosity of hydrogels: (a) and (b) contact angle of hydrogels and (c) porosity of hydrogels. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 5).
Figure 3

Contact angle and porosity of hydrogels: (a) and (b) contact angle of hydrogels and (c) porosity of hydrogels. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 5).

3.4 Schwann cell behavior and cytotoxicity

Silk-based materials have shown a promising capability to sustain Schwann cell growth for nerve repair [43]. Previously, it was also found that polyacrylamide hydrogel with a stable and clear surface groove structure of 30 µm pave the way for effectively guiding the cell growth of Schwann cells [22]. Therefore, the behavior of Schwann cells on both TPSF hydrogel and Topo@TPSF hydrogel with a groove width of 30 µm was investigated. As shown in Figure 4a and b, Schwann cells were well attached and exhibited spindle shape morphology on the surface of the hydrogels after 24 h of incubation. Importantly, Schwann cells on Topo@TPSF hydrogel showed alignment growth with a much smaller orientation angle (7.2 ± 2.6°), while those cells on TPSF without micropatterns spread in a random orientation. Additionally, the Schwann cells on Topo@TPSF showed a much larger L/W ratio than those on TPSF, as shown in Figure S2. These results indicate that Topo@TPSF hydrogel possesses a promising capacity to guide the growth of Schwann cells. The ability of biomaterials to allow cells to survive and grow is fundamental to tissue repair and regeneration [44]. To evaluate the biocompatibility of hydrogels with Schwann cell, cck8 assays were performed to evaluate the cell viability. The results showed that both the hydrogels were biocompatible (cell viability: >95%) (Figure 4c). To further confirm the biocompatibility of hydrogels, L929 cells were incubated with hydrogel for 3 days and stained with a live/dead cytotoxicity kit. As shown in Figure S3, very few dead cells were found on hydrogels, indicating the good biocompatibility of these hydrogels.

Figure 4 Schwann cell behavior on hydrogels and in vitro cytotoxicity. (a) Fluorescence images of Schwann cells cultured on hydrogels after 24 h of incubation. (b) Orientation angle of Schwann cells. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 5). ***p < 0.001. (c) Viability of Schwann cells cultured on hydrogels for 3 days. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 3).
Figure 4

Schwann cell behavior on hydrogels and in vitro cytotoxicity. (a) Fluorescence images of Schwann cells cultured on hydrogels after 24 h of incubation. (b) Orientation angle of Schwann cells. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 5). ***p < 0.001. (c) Viability of Schwann cells cultured on hydrogels for 3 days. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 3).

3.5 DRG behavior

Rapid regeneration of axons along the orientation of scaffolds is key for repairing long-distance nerve defects [45]. To assess the guidance potential of Topo@TPSF hydrogel with a groove width of 10, 30, and 50 µm, DRG neurons were cultured on hydrogels and the neurite extension in vitro on these hydrogels was evaluated. As shown in Figure 5a and Figure S4, neurons adhered to Topo@TPSF hydrogels with a groove width of 10, 30, and 50 µm all exhibit extensive and aligned neurite sprouting along the direction of microgrooves. Especially, the average axon length of neurons on Topo@TPSF hydrogels with a groove width of 30 µm was much longer than those on hydrogels of the other dimensions (Figure S5). Meanwhile, Topo@TPSF hydrogels with a groove width of 30 µm showed the most effective capacity on guiding neurite sprouting with lowest neurites orientation angle (<10°) (Figure S6). In contrast, neurons that adhere to the TPSF hydrogel without micropatterns extend neurite in all directions. In Figure 5b, the orientation angle of aligned neurite on Topo@TPSF was 4.1 ± 1.0°, whereas, neurons cultured on TPSF hydrogels show a much larger neurite orientation angle of 47.0 ± 8.0° with the extremely random state. The average length of axon on the Topo@TPSF hydrogels was much higher than those on the TPSF hydrogel without micropatterns (Figure 5c). As rapid axon growth is a key to accelerate nerve regeneration for the successful repair of long-distance peripheral nerve injuries (>40 mm), the average length of axon Topo@TPSF hydrogel with a groove width of 30 µm was about four-fold longer than that on TPSF hydrogel. These results demonstrate that Topo@TPSF hydrogels hold strong capacity of promoting axon growth and guiding neurite sprouting for potentially applying on repairing long-distance peripheral nerve injuries.

Figure 5 Neurite sprouting on hydrogels: (a) fluorescence images of DRG cultured on hydrogels after 3 days of incubation, (b) orientation angle of neurites, and (c) axon growth of DRG cultured on hydrogels. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 5). ***p < 0.001.
Figure 5

Neurite sprouting on hydrogels: (a) fluorescence images of DRG cultured on hydrogels after 3 days of incubation, (b) orientation angle of neurites, and (c) axon growth of DRG cultured on hydrogels. Data represent the mean ± S.E.M., (n = 5). ***p < 0.001.

4 Conclusion

In summary, a high-strength micropatterned SF hydrogel without a chemical crosslink agent was developed. The hydrogels exhibit excellent mechanical properties of good flexibility and high strength. It terms of biocompatibility, the hydrogels possess good hydrophilicity and support cell attachment and cell survival. Significantly, the hydrogel with aligned microgrooved structures can successfully regulate the growth of Schwann cells, promote axon growth, and guide neurite sprouting. Therefore, the authors believe that this novel SF hydrogel would provide a promising tool for peripheral nerve regeneration.

These authors contributed equally to this work.

  1. Funding information: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1105600).

  2. Author contributions: Xinyi Gu and Xiaoli Chen contributed equally to this work. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2020-12-22
Accepted: 2021-01-12
Published Online: 2021-02-15

© 2021 Xinyi Gu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

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  2. Improved impedance matching by multi-componential metal-hybridized rGO toward high performance of microwave absorption
  3. Pure-silk fibroin hydrogel with stable aligned micropattern toward peripheral nerve regeneration
  4. Effective ion pathways and 3D conductive carbon networks in bentonite host enable stable and high-rate lithium–sulfur batteries
  5. Fabrication and characterization of 3D-printed gellan gum/starch composite scaffold for Schwann cells growth
  6. Synergistic strengthening mechanism of copper matrix composite reinforced with nano-Al2O3 particles and micro-SiC whiskers
  7. Deformation mechanisms and plasticity of ultrafine-grained Al under complex stress state revealed by digital image correlation technique
  8. On the deformation-induced grain rotations in gradient nano-grained copper based on molecular dynamics simulations
  9. Removal of sulfate from aqueous solution using Mg–Al nano-layered double hydroxides synthesized under different dual solvent systems
  10. Microwave-assisted sol–gel synthesis of TiO2-mixed metal oxide nanocatalyst for degradation of organic pollutant
  11. Electrophoretic deposition of graphene on basalt fiber for composite applications
  12. Polyphenylene sulfide-coated wrench composites by nanopinning effect
  13. Thermal conductivity and thermoelectric properties in 3D macroscopic pure carbon nanotube materials
  14. An effective thermal conductivity and thermomechanical homogenization scheme for a multiscale Nb3Sn filaments
  15. Friction stir spot welding of AA5052 with additional carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite interlayer
  16. Improvement of long-term cycling performance of high-nickel cathode materials by ZnO coating
  17. Quantum effects of gas flow in nanochannels
  18. An approach to effectively improve the interfacial bonding of nano-perfused composites by in situ growth of CNTs
  19. Effects of nano-modified polymer cement-based materials on the bending behavior of repaired concrete beams
  20. Effects of the combined usage of nanomaterials and steel fibres on the workability, compressive strength, and microstructure of ultra-high performance concrete
  21. One-pot solvothermal synthesis and characterization of highly stable nickel nanoparticles
  22. Comparative study on mechanisms for improving mechanical properties and microstructure of cement paste modified by different types of nanomaterials
  23. Effect of in situ graphene-doped nano-CeO2 on microstructure and electrical contact properties of Cu30Cr10W contacts
  24. The experimental study of CFRP interlayer of dissimilar joint AA7075-T651/Ti-6Al-4V alloys by friction stir spot welding on mechanical and microstructural properties
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  30. Xanthate-modified nanoTiO2 as a novel vulcanization accelerator enhancing mechanical and antibacterial properties of natural rubber
  31. Effect of steel fiber on impact resistance and durability of concrete containing nano-SiO2
  32. Ultrasound-enhanced biosynthesis of uniform ZnO nanorice using Swietenia macrophylla seed extract and its in vitro anticancer activity
  33. Temperature dependence of hardness prediction for high-temperature structural ceramics and their composites
  34. Study on the frequency of acoustic emission signal during crystal growth of salicylic acid
  35. Controllable modification of helical carbon nanotubes for high-performance microwave absorption
  36. Role of dry ozonization of basalt fibers on interfacial properties and fracture toughness of epoxy matrix composites
  37. Nanosystem’s density functional theory study of the chlorine adsorption on the Fe(100) surface
  38. A rapid nanobiosensing platform based on herceptin-conjugated graphene for ultrasensitive detection of circulating tumor cells in early breast cancer
  39. Improving flexural strength of UHPC with sustainably synthesized graphene oxide
  40. The role of graphene/graphene oxide in cement hydration
  41. Structural characterization of microcrystalline and nanocrystalline cellulose from Ananas comosus L. leaves: Cytocompatibility and molecular docking studies
  42. Evaluation of the nanostructure of calcium silicate hydrate based on atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy experiments
  43. Combined effects of nano-silica and silica fume on the mechanical behavior of recycled aggregate concrete
  44. Safety study of malapposition of the bio-corrodible nitrided iron stent in vivo
  45. Triethanolamine interface modification of crystallized ZnO nanospheres enabling fast photocatalytic hazard-free treatment of Cr(vi) ions
  46. Novel electrodes for precise and accurate droplet dispensing and splitting in digital microfluidics
  47. Construction of Chi(Zn/BMP2)/HA composite coating on AZ31B magnesium alloy surface to improve the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility
  48. Experimental and multiscale numerical investigations on low-velocity impact responses of syntactic foam composites reinforced with modified MWCNTs
  49. Comprehensive performance analysis and optimal design of smart light pole for cooperative vehicle infrastructure system
  50. Room temperature growth of ZnO with highly active exposed facets for photocatalytic application
  51. Influences of poling temperature and elongation ratio on PVDF-HFP piezoelectric films
  52. Large strain hardening of magnesium containing in situ nanoparticles
  53. Super stable water-based magnetic fluid as a dual-mode contrast agent
  54. Photocatalytic activity of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles: In vitro antimicrobial, biocompatibility, and molecular docking studies
  55. Hygrothermal environment effect on the critical buckling load of FGP microbeams with initial curvature integrated by CNT-reinforced skins considering the influence of thickness stretching
  56. Thermal aging behavior characteristics of asphalt binder modified by nano-stabilizer based on DSR and AFM
  57. Building effective core/shell polymer nanoparticles for epoxy composite toughening based on Hansen solubility parameters
  58. Structural characterization and nanoscale strain field analysis of α/β interface layer of a near α titanium alloy
  59. Optimization of thermal and hydrophobic properties of GO-doped epoxy nanocomposite coatings
  60. The properties of nano-CaCO3/nano-ZnO/SBR composite-modified asphalt
  61. Three-dimensional metallic carbon allotropes with superhardness
  62. Physical stability and rheological behavior of Pickering emulsions stabilized by protein–polysaccharide hybrid nanoconjugates
  63. Optimization of volume fraction and microstructure evolution during thermal deformation of nano-SiCp/Al–7Si composites
  64. Phase analysis and corrosion behavior of brazing Cu/Al dissimilar metal joint with BAl88Si filler metal
  65. High-efficiency nano polishing of steel materials
  66. On the rheological properties of multi-walled carbon nano-polyvinylpyrrolidone/silicon-based shear thickening fluid
  67. Fabrication of Ag/ZnO hollow nanospheres and cubic TiO2/ZnO heterojunction photocatalysts for RhB degradation
  68. Fabrication and properties of PLA/nano-HA composite scaffolds with balanced mechanical properties and biological functions for bone tissue engineering application
  69. Investigation of the early-age performance and microstructure of nano-C–S–H blended cement-based materials
  70. Reduced graphene oxide coating on basalt fabric using electrophoretic deposition and its role in the mechanical and tribological performance of epoxy/basalt fiber composites
  71. Effect of nano-silica as cementitious materials-reducing admixtures on the workability, mechanical properties and durability of concrete
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  73. Physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of highly porous polylactic acid/cellulose nanofibre scaffolds prepared by salt leaching technique
  74. A comparative study on characterizations and synthesis of pure lead sulfide (PbS) and Ag-doped PbS for photovoltaic applications
  75. Clean preparation of washable antibacterial polyester fibers by high temperature and high pressure hydrothermal self-assembly
  76. Al 5251-based hybrid nanocomposite by FSP reinforced with graphene nanoplates and boron nitride nanoparticles: Microstructure, wear, and mechanical characterization
  77. Interlaminar fracture toughness properties of hybrid glass fiber-reinforced composite interlayered with carbon nanotube using electrospray deposition
  78. Microstructure and life prediction model of steel slag concrete under freezing-thawing environment
  79. Synthesis of biogenic silver nanoparticles from the seed coat waste of pistachio (Pistacia vera) and their effect on the growth of eggplant
  80. Study on adaptability of rheological index of nano-PUA-modified asphalt based on geometric parameters of parallel plate
  81. Preparation and adsorption properties of nano-graphene oxide/tourmaline composites
  82. A study on interfacial behaviors of epoxy/graphene oxide derived from pitch-based graphite fibers
  83. Multiresponsive carboxylated graphene oxide-grafted aptamer as a multifunctional nanocarrier for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics and bioactive compounds in cancer therapy
  84. Piezoresistive/piezoelectric intrinsic sensing properties of carbon nanotube cement-based smart composite and its electromechanical sensing mechanisms: A review
  85. Smart stimuli-responsive biofunctionalized niosomal nanocarriers for programmed release of bioactive compounds into cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
  86. Photoremediation of methylene blue by biosynthesized ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites using Callistemon viminalis leaves aqueous extract: A comparative study
  87. Study of gold nanoparticles’ preparation through ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and lyophilisation for possible use as markers in LFIA tests
  88. Review Articles
  89. Advance on the dispersion treatment of graphene oxide and the graphene oxide modified cement-based materials
  90. Development of ionic liquid-based electroactive polymer composites using nanotechnology
  91. Nanostructured multifunctional electrocatalysts for efficient energy conversion systems: Recent perspectives
  92. Recent advances on the fabrication methods of nanocomposite yarn-based strain sensor
  93. Review on nanocomposites based on aerospace applications
  94. Overview of nanocellulose as additives in paper processing and paper products
  95. The frontiers of functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites as chemical sensors
  96. Material advancement in tissue-engineered nerve conduit
  97. Carbon nanostructure-based superhydrophobic surfaces and coatings
  98. Functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites for smart optoelectronic applications
  99. Interfacial technology for enhancement in steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite from nano to macroscale
  100. Metal nanoparticles and biomaterials: The multipronged approach for potential diabetic wound therapy
  101. Review on resistive switching mechanisms of bio-organic thin film for non-volatile memory application
  102. Nanotechnology-enabled biomedical engineering: Current trends, future scopes, and perspectives
  103. Research progress on key problems of nanomaterials-modified geopolymer concrete
  104. Smart stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for the cancer therapy – nanomedicine
  105. An overview of methods for production and detection of silver nanoparticles, with emphasis on their fate and toxicological effects on human, soil, and aquatic environment
  106. Effects of chemical modification and nanotechnology on wood properties
  107. Mechanisms, influencing factors, and applications of electrohydrodynamic jet printing
  108. Application of antiviral materials in textiles: A review
  109. Phase transformation and strengthening mechanisms of nanostructured high-entropy alloys
  110. Research progress on individual effect of graphene oxide in cement-based materials and its synergistic effect with other nanomaterials
  111. Catalytic defense against fungal pathogens using nanozymes
  112. A mini-review of three-dimensional network topological structure nanocomposites: Preparation and mechanical properties
  113. Mechanical properties and structural health monitoring performance of carbon nanotube-modified FRP composites: A review
  114. Nano-scale delivery: A comprehensive review of nano-structured devices, preparative techniques, site-specificity designs, biomedical applications, commercial products, and references to safety, cellular uptake, and organ toxicity
  115. Effects of alloying, heat treatment and nanoreinforcement on mechanical properties and damping performances of Cu–Al-based alloys: A review
  116. Recent progress in the synthesis and applications of vertically aligned carbon nanotube materials
  117. Thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of mono and hybrid organic- and synthetic-based nanofluids: A critical review
  118. Recent advances in waste-recycled nanomaterials for biomedical applications: Waste-to-wealth
  119. Layup sequence and interfacial bonding of additively manufactured polymeric composite: A brief review
  120. Quantum dots synthetization and future prospect applications
  121. Approved and marketed nanoparticles for disease targeting and applications in COVID-19
  122. Strategies for improving rechargeable lithium-ion batteries: From active materials to CO2 emissions
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2021-0002
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
silk fibroin; hydrogel; micropattern; peripheral nerve regeneration
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Research Articles
  2. Improved impedance matching by multi-componential metal-hybridized rGO toward high performance of microwave absorption
  3. Pure-silk fibroin hydrogel with stable aligned micropattern toward peripheral nerve regeneration
  4. Effective ion pathways and 3D conductive carbon networks in bentonite host enable stable and high-rate lithium–sulfur batteries
  5. Fabrication and characterization of 3D-printed gellan gum/starch composite scaffold for Schwann cells growth
  6. Synergistic strengthening mechanism of copper matrix composite reinforced with nano-Al2O3 particles and micro-SiC whiskers
  7. Deformation mechanisms and plasticity of ultrafine-grained Al under complex stress state revealed by digital image correlation technique
  8. On the deformation-induced grain rotations in gradient nano-grained copper based on molecular dynamics simulations
  9. Removal of sulfate from aqueous solution using Mg–Al nano-layered double hydroxides synthesized under different dual solvent systems
  10. Microwave-assisted sol–gel synthesis of TiO2-mixed metal oxide nanocatalyst for degradation of organic pollutant
  11. Electrophoretic deposition of graphene on basalt fiber for composite applications
  12. Polyphenylene sulfide-coated wrench composites by nanopinning effect
  13. Thermal conductivity and thermoelectric properties in 3D macroscopic pure carbon nanotube materials
  14. An effective thermal conductivity and thermomechanical homogenization scheme for a multiscale Nb3Sn filaments
  15. Friction stir spot welding of AA5052 with additional carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite interlayer
  16. Improvement of long-term cycling performance of high-nickel cathode materials by ZnO coating
  17. Quantum effects of gas flow in nanochannels
  18. An approach to effectively improve the interfacial bonding of nano-perfused composites by in situ growth of CNTs
  19. Effects of nano-modified polymer cement-based materials on the bending behavior of repaired concrete beams
  20. Effects of the combined usage of nanomaterials and steel fibres on the workability, compressive strength, and microstructure of ultra-high performance concrete
  21. One-pot solvothermal synthesis and characterization of highly stable nickel nanoparticles
  22. Comparative study on mechanisms for improving mechanical properties and microstructure of cement paste modified by different types of nanomaterials
  23. Effect of in situ graphene-doped nano-CeO2 on microstructure and electrical contact properties of Cu30Cr10W contacts
  24. The experimental study of CFRP interlayer of dissimilar joint AA7075-T651/Ti-6Al-4V alloys by friction stir spot welding on mechanical and microstructural properties
  25. Vibration analysis of a sandwich cylindrical shell in hygrothermal environment
  26. Water barrier and mechanical properties of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites
  27. Strong quadratic acousto-optic coupling in 1D multilayer phoxonic crystal cavity
  28. Three-dimensional shape analysis of peripapillary retinal pigment epithelium-basement membrane layer based on OCT radial images
  29. Solvent regulation synthesis of single-component white emission carbon quantum dots for white light-emitting diodes
  30. Xanthate-modified nanoTiO2 as a novel vulcanization accelerator enhancing mechanical and antibacterial properties of natural rubber
  31. Effect of steel fiber on impact resistance and durability of concrete containing nano-SiO2
  32. Ultrasound-enhanced biosynthesis of uniform ZnO nanorice using Swietenia macrophylla seed extract and its in vitro anticancer activity
  33. Temperature dependence of hardness prediction for high-temperature structural ceramics and their composites
  34. Study on the frequency of acoustic emission signal during crystal growth of salicylic acid
  35. Controllable modification of helical carbon nanotubes for high-performance microwave absorption
  36. Role of dry ozonization of basalt fibers on interfacial properties and fracture toughness of epoxy matrix composites
  37. Nanosystem’s density functional theory study of the chlorine adsorption on the Fe(100) surface
  38. A rapid nanobiosensing platform based on herceptin-conjugated graphene for ultrasensitive detection of circulating tumor cells in early breast cancer
  39. Improving flexural strength of UHPC with sustainably synthesized graphene oxide
  40. The role of graphene/graphene oxide in cement hydration
  41. Structural characterization of microcrystalline and nanocrystalline cellulose from Ananas comosus L. leaves: Cytocompatibility and molecular docking studies
  42. Evaluation of the nanostructure of calcium silicate hydrate based on atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy experiments
  43. Combined effects of nano-silica and silica fume on the mechanical behavior of recycled aggregate concrete
  44. Safety study of malapposition of the bio-corrodible nitrided iron stent in vivo
  45. Triethanolamine interface modification of crystallized ZnO nanospheres enabling fast photocatalytic hazard-free treatment of Cr(vi) ions
  46. Novel electrodes for precise and accurate droplet dispensing and splitting in digital microfluidics
  47. Construction of Chi(Zn/BMP2)/HA composite coating on AZ31B magnesium alloy surface to improve the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility
  48. Experimental and multiscale numerical investigations on low-velocity impact responses of syntactic foam composites reinforced with modified MWCNTs
  49. Comprehensive performance analysis and optimal design of smart light pole for cooperative vehicle infrastructure system
  50. Room temperature growth of ZnO with highly active exposed facets for photocatalytic application
  51. Influences of poling temperature and elongation ratio on PVDF-HFP piezoelectric films
  52. Large strain hardening of magnesium containing in situ nanoparticles
  53. Super stable water-based magnetic fluid as a dual-mode contrast agent
  54. Photocatalytic activity of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles: In vitro antimicrobial, biocompatibility, and molecular docking studies
  55. Hygrothermal environment effect on the critical buckling load of FGP microbeams with initial curvature integrated by CNT-reinforced skins considering the influence of thickness stretching
  56. Thermal aging behavior characteristics of asphalt binder modified by nano-stabilizer based on DSR and AFM
  57. Building effective core/shell polymer nanoparticles for epoxy composite toughening based on Hansen solubility parameters
  58. Structural characterization and nanoscale strain field analysis of α/β interface layer of a near α titanium alloy
  59. Optimization of thermal and hydrophobic properties of GO-doped epoxy nanocomposite coatings
  60. The properties of nano-CaCO3/nano-ZnO/SBR composite-modified asphalt
  61. Three-dimensional metallic carbon allotropes with superhardness
  62. Physical stability and rheological behavior of Pickering emulsions stabilized by protein–polysaccharide hybrid nanoconjugates
  63. Optimization of volume fraction and microstructure evolution during thermal deformation of nano-SiCp/Al–7Si composites
  64. Phase analysis and corrosion behavior of brazing Cu/Al dissimilar metal joint with BAl88Si filler metal
  65. High-efficiency nano polishing of steel materials
  66. On the rheological properties of multi-walled carbon nano-polyvinylpyrrolidone/silicon-based shear thickening fluid
  67. Fabrication of Ag/ZnO hollow nanospheres and cubic TiO2/ZnO heterojunction photocatalysts for RhB degradation
  68. Fabrication and properties of PLA/nano-HA composite scaffolds with balanced mechanical properties and biological functions for bone tissue engineering application
  69. Investigation of the early-age performance and microstructure of nano-C–S–H blended cement-based materials
  70. Reduced graphene oxide coating on basalt fabric using electrophoretic deposition and its role in the mechanical and tribological performance of epoxy/basalt fiber composites
  71. Effect of nano-silica as cementitious materials-reducing admixtures on the workability, mechanical properties and durability of concrete
  72. Machine-learning-assisted microstructure–property linkages of carbon nanotube-reinforced aluminum matrix nanocomposites produced by laser powder bed fusion
  73. Physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of highly porous polylactic acid/cellulose nanofibre scaffolds prepared by salt leaching technique
  74. A comparative study on characterizations and synthesis of pure lead sulfide (PbS) and Ag-doped PbS for photovoltaic applications
  75. Clean preparation of washable antibacterial polyester fibers by high temperature and high pressure hydrothermal self-assembly
  76. Al 5251-based hybrid nanocomposite by FSP reinforced with graphene nanoplates and boron nitride nanoparticles: Microstructure, wear, and mechanical characterization
  77. Interlaminar fracture toughness properties of hybrid glass fiber-reinforced composite interlayered with carbon nanotube using electrospray deposition
  78. Microstructure and life prediction model of steel slag concrete under freezing-thawing environment
  79. Synthesis of biogenic silver nanoparticles from the seed coat waste of pistachio (Pistacia vera) and their effect on the growth of eggplant
  80. Study on adaptability of rheological index of nano-PUA-modified asphalt based on geometric parameters of parallel plate
  81. Preparation and adsorption properties of nano-graphene oxide/tourmaline composites
  82. A study on interfacial behaviors of epoxy/graphene oxide derived from pitch-based graphite fibers
  83. Multiresponsive carboxylated graphene oxide-grafted aptamer as a multifunctional nanocarrier for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics and bioactive compounds in cancer therapy
  84. Piezoresistive/piezoelectric intrinsic sensing properties of carbon nanotube cement-based smart composite and its electromechanical sensing mechanisms: A review
  85. Smart stimuli-responsive biofunctionalized niosomal nanocarriers for programmed release of bioactive compounds into cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
  86. Photoremediation of methylene blue by biosynthesized ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites using Callistemon viminalis leaves aqueous extract: A comparative study
  87. Study of gold nanoparticles’ preparation through ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and lyophilisation for possible use as markers in LFIA tests
  88. Review Articles
  89. Advance on the dispersion treatment of graphene oxide and the graphene oxide modified cement-based materials
  90. Development of ionic liquid-based electroactive polymer composites using nanotechnology
  91. Nanostructured multifunctional electrocatalysts for efficient energy conversion systems: Recent perspectives
  92. Recent advances on the fabrication methods of nanocomposite yarn-based strain sensor
  93. Review on nanocomposites based on aerospace applications
  94. Overview of nanocellulose as additives in paper processing and paper products
  95. The frontiers of functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites as chemical sensors
  96. Material advancement in tissue-engineered nerve conduit
  97. Carbon nanostructure-based superhydrophobic surfaces and coatings
  98. Functionalized graphene-based nanocomposites for smart optoelectronic applications
  99. Interfacial technology for enhancement in steel fiber reinforced cementitious composite from nano to macroscale
  100. Metal nanoparticles and biomaterials: The multipronged approach for potential diabetic wound therapy
  101. Review on resistive switching mechanisms of bio-organic thin film for non-volatile memory application
  102. Nanotechnology-enabled biomedical engineering: Current trends, future scopes, and perspectives
  103. Research progress on key problems of nanomaterials-modified geopolymer concrete
  104. Smart stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for the cancer therapy – nanomedicine
  105. An overview of methods for production and detection of silver nanoparticles, with emphasis on their fate and toxicological effects on human, soil, and aquatic environment
  106. Effects of chemical modification and nanotechnology on wood properties
  107. Mechanisms, influencing factors, and applications of electrohydrodynamic jet printing
  108. Application of antiviral materials in textiles: A review
  109. Phase transformation and strengthening mechanisms of nanostructured high-entropy alloys
  110. Research progress on individual effect of graphene oxide in cement-based materials and its synergistic effect with other nanomaterials
  111. Catalytic defense against fungal pathogens using nanozymes
  112. A mini-review of three-dimensional network topological structure nanocomposites: Preparation and mechanical properties
  113. Mechanical properties and structural health monitoring performance of carbon nanotube-modified FRP composites: A review
  114. Nano-scale delivery: A comprehensive review of nano-structured devices, preparative techniques, site-specificity designs, biomedical applications, commercial products, and references to safety, cellular uptake, and organ toxicity
  115. Effects of alloying, heat treatment and nanoreinforcement on mechanical properties and damping performances of Cu–Al-based alloys: A review
  116. Recent progress in the synthesis and applications of vertically aligned carbon nanotube materials
  117. Thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of mono and hybrid organic- and synthetic-based nanofluids: A critical review
  118. Recent advances in waste-recycled nanomaterials for biomedical applications: Waste-to-wealth
  119. Layup sequence and interfacial bonding of additively manufactured polymeric composite: A brief review
  120. Quantum dots synthetization and future prospect applications
  121. Approved and marketed nanoparticles for disease targeting and applications in COVID-19
  122. Strategies for improving rechargeable lithium-ion batteries: From active materials to CO2 emissions
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