Abstract
Childhood needs diverse nutritional requirements. Poor appetite, lifestyle changes, and poor digestion affects child immunity and make them prone to diseases. Kaumarabhritya, a branch of Ayurveda which deals in child and adolescent health care, has a unique concept of Swarna Prashana (SP) to promote generalized immunity and intellect. SP is commonly recommended to children between 0 and 12 years of age and given as a general health promoter to improve intellect, digestion, strength, immunity, longevity, and complexion. Multiple benefits of SP are mentioned in different Samhitas which needs to be explored on scientific background. Authors have highlighted content variabilities, plausible mechanisms, research tasks and potentials, lacunae, and future prospects about SP. This manuscript is a spotlight on current social, clinical, marketing, and scientific information of Swarna Prashana. SP can be a cost-effective, safe, infrastructure compatible, and prevention-centric approach to improve children’s overall health status and has the potential to serve as a positive health care program for children.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Ethical approval: Not applicable.
References
1. http://supremecourtcases.com Eastern Book Company, 2021.Search in Google Scholar
2. Bhisagacharya, S, editor. Kashyapa Samhita/Vrddhajivakiya Tantra of Vrdhha Jivaka, Sootra Sthana; Lehadhayaya: Chapter 18. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrita Sansthan; 2018:6 p.Search in Google Scholar
3. Bhisagacharya, S, editor. Kashyapa Samhita/Vrddhajivakiya Tantra of Vrdhha Jivaka, Sootra Sthana; Lehadhayaya: Chapter 18. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrita Sansthan; 2018:7–8 pp.Search in Google Scholar
4. Sharma, R, Prajapati, PK. Nanotechnology in medicine: leads from ayurveda. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016;8:80–1. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.171730.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
5. Kapoor, RC. Some observations on the metal-based preparations in the Indian system of medicine. Indian J Tradit Knowl 2010;9:562–75.Search in Google Scholar
6. Shastri, K, editor. Rasatarangini of Sadananda Sharma, Taranga; Suvarnaviganiya: Chapter 15, Verse 69–70, 11th ed. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidas; 2009:375–6 pp.Search in Google Scholar
7. Shastri, KSA, editor. Rasaratna Samuchchaya, Rasaratna Samuchchaya of Vagbhatacharya, chapter 5/11, Chaukhambha Amarabharati Prakashan, Varanasi: Oriental Publishers Reprint; 2015:103 p.Search in Google Scholar
8. Paul, S, Chugh, A. Assessing the role of ayurvedic ̒ bhasms ̓ as ethno-nanomedicine in the metal based nanomedicine patent regime. J Intellect Property Right 2011;16:509–15.Search in Google Scholar
9. Brown, CL, Bushell, G, Whitehouse, MW, Agrawal, DS, Tupe, SG, Paknikar, KM, et al.. Nanogold pharmaceutics. Gold Bull 2007;40:245–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03215588.Search in Google Scholar
10. Singh, P, Pandit, S, Mokkapati, VRRS, Garg, A, Ravikumar, V, Mijakovic, I. Gold nanoparticles in diagnostics and therapeutics for human cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19:3–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071979.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
11. Jahangirian, H, Kalantari, K, Izadiyan, Z, Rafiee-Moghaddam, R, Shameli, K, Webster, TJ. A review of small molecules and drug delivery applications using gold and iron nanoparticles. Int J Nanomed 2019;14:1633–57. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s184723.Search in Google Scholar
12. Dr Sitaram, B, editor. Bhavaprakasa of Acharya bhavamisra, Ghrita Varga: Chapter 18(1), Verse 4–6. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2015:70 p.Search in Google Scholar
13. Shastri, K, editor. Charaka Samhita of Acharya Charaka, Sootrasthana; Snehaadhyaya: Chapter 13, Verse 13. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2008:257 p.Search in Google Scholar
14. Karandikar, YS, Bansude, AS, Angadi, EA. Comparison between the effect of cow ghee and butter on memory and lipid profile of Wistar rats. J Clin Diagn Res 2016;10:11–5. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/19457.8512.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
15. Joshi, KS. Docosahexaenoic acid content is significantly higher in ghrita prepared by traditional Ayurvedic method. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2014;5:85–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.131730.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
16. Huang, Z, Liu, Y, Qi, G, Brand, D, Zheng, SG. Role of vitamin A in the immune system. J Clin Med 2018;7:258. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7090258.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
17. Dr Sitaram, B, editor. Bhavaprakasa of Acharya bhavamisra, Madhu Varga: Chapter 22(1), Verse 1–5. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi; 2015:550 p.Search in Google Scholar
18. Miguel, MG, Antunes, MD, Falerio, ML. Honey as a complementary medicine. Integr Med Insights 2017;12:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178633717702869.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
19. Nelaturi, P, Nagarajan, P, Sabapathy, SK, Sambandam, R. Swarna bindu prashana-an ancient approach to improve the infant’s immunity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021;199:2145–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02353-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
20. Patil, BT, Patil, S, Wele, AA. Assessment of bioavailability of gold bhasma in human participants – a pilot study. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018;9:294–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2018.04.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
21. Brown, CL, Bushell, G, Whitehouse, MW, Agrawal, DS, Tupe, SG, Paknikar, KM, et al.. Nanogold pharmaceutics. Gold Bull 2007;40:245–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03215588.Search in Google Scholar
22. Jyothy, KB, Sheshagiri, S, Patel, KS, Rajagopala, S. A critical appraisal on Swarnaprashana in children. Ayu 2014;35:361–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.158978.Search in Google Scholar
23. Anonymous. The ayurvedic formulary of India, 2nd ed. 1st Part Sec. 18:20. Delhi: The Controller of Publications Govt. of India; 2003:645 p.Search in Google Scholar
24. Bajaj, S, Ahmad, I, Raisuddin, S, Vohora, SB. Augmentation of nonspecific immunity in mice by gold preparations used in traditional systems of medicine. Indian J Med Res 2001;113:192–6.Search in Google Scholar
25. Shah, ZA, Vohora, SB. Antioxidant/restorative effects of calcined gold preparations used in Indian systems of medicine against global and focal models of ischaemia. Pharmacol Toxicol 2002;90:254–9. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.900505.x.Search in Google Scholar
26. Mitra, A, Chakraborty, S, Auddy, B, Tripathi, P, Sen, S, Saha, AV, et al.. Evaluation of chemical constituents and free-radical scavenging activity of Swarna bhasma (gold ash), an ayurvedic drug. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;80:147–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00008-9.Search in Google Scholar
27. Shah, ZA, Gilani, RA. Attenuation of stress elicited brain catecholamines, serotonin and plasma corticosterone levels by calcined gold preparations used in Indian system of medicine. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2005;96:469–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_96610.x.Search in Google Scholar
28. Warad, VB, Shastri, R, Habbu, P, Katti, P, Jagannath, BA, Kulkarni, HV, et al.. Preparation and screening of Swarnaprashana for nootropic activity. Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis 2014;4:170–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0738.132677.Search in Google Scholar
29. Khan, AY, Sheikh, AA, Tenpe, CR, Patole, AM, Biyani, KR. Neuroprotective efficacy of Swarna bhasma on sleep deprived induced cognitive impairment in rats. Indian Drugs 2018;55:43–8.10.53879/id.55.03.11200Search in Google Scholar
30. Mukherjee, PK, Kumar, V, Mal, M, Houghton, PJ. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus and its main constituents. Planta Med 2007;73:283–5. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-967114.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
31. Malik, J, Karan, M, Vasisht, K. Nootropic, anxiolytic and CNS-depressant studies on different plant sources of shankhpushpi. Pharmaceut Biol 2011;49:1234–42. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2011.584539.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
32. Talpate, KA, Bhosale, UA, Zambare, MR, Soman, RS. Neuroprotective and nootropic activity of Clitorea ternatea Linn. (Fabaceae) leaves on diabetes induced cognitive decline in experimental animals. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2014;6:48–55. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.124317.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
33. Kumar, SM, Rani, SG, Kumar, SSLVVSNK, Astalakshmi, N. Screening of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of Alternanthera sessilis Linn. R.br.ex.dc for nootropic activity. J Pharmaceut Sci Res 2011;3:1294–7.Search in Google Scholar
34. Peth-Nui, T, Wattanathorn, J, Muchimapura, S, Tong-Un, T, Piyavhatkul, N, Rangseekajee, P, et al.. Effects of 12-week Bacopa monnieri consumption on attention, cognitive processing, working memory, and functions of both cholinergic and monoaminergic systems in healthy elderly volunteers. Evid Base Compl Alternative Med 2012;606424:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/606424.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
35. Warad, VB, Shastri, R, Habbu, P, Katti, P, Jagannath, BA, Kulkarni, HV, et al.. Preparation and screening of Swarnaprashana for nootropic activity. Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis 2014;4:170–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0738.132677.Search in Google Scholar
36. Bajaj, S, Ahmad, I, Raisuddin, S, Vohora, SB. Augmentation of non-specific immunity in mice by gold preparations used in traditional systems of medicine. Indian J Med Res 2001;113:192–6.Search in Google Scholar
37. Agarwal, AK, Singh, M, Gupta, N, Saxena, R, Puri, A, Verma, AK, et al.. Management of giardiasis by an immuno-modulatory herbal drug Pippali rasayana. J Ethnopharmacol 1994;44:143–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)01181-8.Search in Google Scholar
38. Sharma, HB, Vyas, S, Kumar, J, Manna, S. Beneficial effect of ghee consumption over mustard oil on lipid profile: a study in North Indian adult population. J Compl Integr Med 2018;15:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2017-0101.Search in Google Scholar
39. Timm, M, Bartelt, S, Hansen, EW. Immunomodulatory effects of honey cannot be distinguished from endotoxin. Cytokine 2008;42:113–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2008.01.005.Search in Google Scholar
40. Yamada, K, Hung, P, Park, TK, Park, PJ, Lim, BO. A comparison of the immunostimulatory effects of the medicinal herbs Echinacea, Ashwagandha and Brahmi. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;137:231–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.017.Search in Google Scholar
41. Taniguchi, M, Kataoka, T, Suzuki, H, Uramoto, M, Ando, M, Arao, K, et al.. Costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone as inhibitors of killing function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1995;59:2064–7. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.59.2064.Search in Google Scholar
42. Ram, SM, Neetu, D, Yogesh, B, Bansal, A, Prasad, D, Pauline, T, et al.. Cyto-protective and immunomodulating properties of Amla (Emblica officinalis) on lymphocytes: an in-vitro study. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;81:5–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00421-4.Search in Google Scholar
43. Manikandan, S, Devi, RS. Antioxidant property of alpha-asarone against noise-stress-induced changes in different regions of rat brain. Pharmacol Res 2005;52:467–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2005.07.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
44. Murugan, SB, Reshma, A, Ramamoorthy, D, Balamurugan, S, Sathishkumar, R. Antioxidant capacities of Amaranthus tristis and Alternanthera sessilis: a comparative study. J Med Plants Res 2013;7:2230–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr.2013.04.023.Search in Google Scholar
45. Roy, S, Pawar, S, Chowdhary, A. Evaluation of in vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of Datura metel Linn. and Cynodon dactylon Linn. extracts. Pharmacogn Res 2016;8:123–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.175610.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
46. Naik, GH, Priyadarsini, KI, Naik, DB, Gangabhagirathi, R, Mohan, H. Studies on the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula as a potent antioxidant and a probable radioprotector. Phytomedicine 2004;11:530–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.08.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
47. Mallikarjuna, B, Nagalakshmi, UR, Gayathri, D, Gopal, RG. In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Holostemma Ada Kodein K Schum an important rare medicinal plants. Int J Pharmaceut Sci Res 2011;2:2413–8.Search in Google Scholar
48. Natarajan, KS, Narasimhan, M, Shanmugasundaram, KR, Shanmugasundaram, ER. Antioxidant activity of a salt-spice-herbal mixture against free radical induction. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;105:76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.09.043.Search in Google Scholar
49. Anila, L, Vijayalakshmi, NR. Antioxidant action of flavonoids from Mangifera indica and Emblica officinalis in hypercholesterolemic rats. Food Chem 2003;83:569–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(03)00155-9.Search in Google Scholar
50. Talpate, KA, Bhosale, UA, Zambare, MR, Somani, R. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of Clitorea ternatea Linn. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ayu 2013;34:433–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.127730.Search in Google Scholar
51. Ahmed, MF, Ahmed, MA, Thayyil, H, Khajazameeruddin, IM. Antioxidative activity of Melia azedarach Linn leaf extract. Iran J Pharmacol Ther 2008;7:31–4.Search in Google Scholar
52. Erejuwa, OO, Sulaiman, SA, Wahab, AMS. Honey: a novel antioxidant. Molecules 2012;17:4400–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17044400.Search in Google Scholar
53. Sharma, HB, Vyas, S, Kumar, J, Manna, S. Beneficial effect of ghee consumption over mustard oil on lipid profile: a study in North Indian adult population. J Compl Integr Med 2018;15:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2017-0101.Search in Google Scholar
54. Shah, ZA, Vohora, SB. Antioxidant/restorative effects of calcined gold preparations used in Indian systems of medicine against global and focal models of ischaemia. Pharmacol Toxicol 2002;90:254–9. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.900505.x.Search in Google Scholar
55. Rao, TP, Okamoto, T, Akita, N, Hayashi, T, Kato-Yasuda, N, Suzuki, K. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) extract inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced procoagulant and pro-inflammatory factors in cultured vascular endothelial cells. Br J Nutr 2013;110:2201–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513001669.Search in Google Scholar
56. Cho, JYAB, Baik, KUA, Jung, JHC, Park, MH. In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of cynaropicrin, a sesquiterpene lactone, from Saussurea lappa. Eur J Pharmacol 2000;398:399–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00337-x.Search in Google Scholar
57. Hussein, SZ, Yusoff, MK, Makpol, S, Yusof, MYA. Gelam honey inhibits the production of proinflammatory, mediators NO, PGE (2), TNF-α, and IL-6 in carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in rats. Evid Base Compl Alternative Med 2012;2012:109636. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/109636.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
58. Singh, BK, Pillai, KK, Kohli, K, Haque, SE. Isoproterenol-Induced cardiomyopathy in rats: influence of Acorus calamus Linn. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2011;11:263–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-011-9121-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
59. Saleem, TS, Lokanath, N, Prasanthi, A, Madhavi, M, Mallika, G, Vishnu, MN. Aqueous extract of Saussurea lappa root ameliorate oxidative myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol in rats. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2013;4:94–100. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.111525.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
60. Jayaraman, R, Anitha, T, Joshi, VD. Analgesic and anticonvulsant effects of Acorus calamus roots in mice. Int J PharmTech Res 2010;2:552–5.Search in Google Scholar
61. Ambavade, SD, Mhetre, NA, Muthal, AP, Bodhankar, SL. Pharmacological evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of root extract of Saussurea lappa in mice. Eur J Integr Med 2009;1:131–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2009.08.159.Search in Google Scholar
62. Pal, DK. Determination of brain biogenic amines in Cynodon dactylon Pers. and Cyperus rotundus L. Int J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 2009;1:190–7.Search in Google Scholar
63. Daisy, P, Rajathi, M. Hypoglycemic effects of Clitoria ternatea Linn. (Fabaceae) in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. Trop J Pharmaceut Res 2009;8:393–8. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v8i5.48082.Search in Google Scholar
64. Shirwaikar, A, Punitha, ISR, Upadhye, M, Dhiman, A. Antidiabetic activity of alcohol root extract of Holostemma annulare in NIDDM rats. Pharmaceut Biol 2007;45:440–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200701388989.Search in Google Scholar
65. Chai, TT, Khoo, CS, Tee, CS, Wong, FC. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant potential of antidiabetic herb Alternanthera sessilis: comparative analyses of leaf and callus solvent fractions. Pharmacogn Mag 2016;12:253–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.192202.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
66. Dhingra, D, Valecha, R. Screening for antidepressant like activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis choisy in mice. Pharmacologyonline 2007;1:262–78.Search in Google Scholar
67. Lee, SA, Hwang, JS, Han, XH, Lee, C, Lee, MH, Choe, SG, et al.. Methylpiperate derivatives from Piper longum and their inhibition of monoamine oxidase. Arch Pharm Res 2008;31:679–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-001-1212-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
68. Nithianantham, K, Shyamala, M, Chen, Y, Latha, LY, Jothy, SL, Sasidharan, S. Hepatoprotective potential of Clitoria ternatea leaf extract against paracetamol induced damage in mice. Molecules 2011;16:10134–45. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules161210134.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
69. Choi, MK, Kim, HG, Han, JM, Lee, JS, Lee, JS, Chung, SH, et al.. Hepatoprotective effect of Terminalia chebula against t-BHP-induced acute liver injury in C57/BL6 mice. Evid Base Compl Alternative Med 2015;2015:517350. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/517350.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
70. Junapudi, S, Krishna, JY, Bramhachari, PV. Hepatoprotective activity hepatoprotective activity of Holostemma ada Kodien shcult, extract against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats. Eur J Med Plants 2015;6:45–54.10.9734/EJMP/2015/12117Search in Google Scholar
71. Bhuyan, B, Baishya, K, Rajak, P. Effects of Alternanthera sessilis on liver function in carbon tetra chloride induced hepatotoxicity in Wister rat model. Indian J Clin Biochem 2018;33:190–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-017-0666-1.Search in Google Scholar
72. Gupta, GL, Sharma, L. Bacopa monnieri abrogates alcohol abstinence-induced anxiety-like behavior by regulating biochemical and Gabra1, Gabra4, Gabra5 gene expression of GABAA receptor signaling pathway in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019;111:1417–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.048.Search in Google Scholar
73. Shah, ZA, Gilani, RA. Attenuation of stress elicited brain catecholamines, serotonin and plasma corticosterone levels by calcined gold preparations used in Indian system of medicine. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2005;96:469–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_96610.x.Search in Google Scholar
74. Kumar, S, Kamboj, J, Suman, SS. Overview for various aspects of the health benefits of Piper longum Linn. fruit. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2011;4:134–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2005-2901(11)60020-4.Search in Google Scholar
75. Sharma, K, Joshi, N, Goyal, C. Critical review of Ayurvedic Varṇya herbs and their tyrosinase inhibition effect. Ancient Sci Life 2015;35:18–25. https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.165627.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
76. Kim, KS, Kim, JA, Eom, SY, Lee, SH, Min, KR, Kim, Y. Inhibitory effect of piperlonguminine on melanin production in melanoma B16 cell line by downregulation of tyrosinase expression. Pigm Cell Res 2006;19:90–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00281.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
77. Variya, BC, Bakrania, AK, Patel, SS. Emblica officinalis (Amla): a review for its phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses and medicinal potentials with respect to molecular mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2016;111:180–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.013.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
78. Srivastava, AK. Biological action of Piper nigrum. Eur J Biol Res 2017;7:223–33.Search in Google Scholar
79. Mahakalkar, A, Kashyap, P, Bawankar, R, Hatwar, B. The versatility of cow ghee- an ayurveda perspective. Am J Drug Deliv Therapeut 2014;1:28–34.Search in Google Scholar
80. Rao, PN, Uppinakudru, S, Malika, KJ, Desai, SS, Debnath, P. Traditional use of Swarnamrita prashana as a preventive measure: evidence based observational study in children. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2012;3:634–8. https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.03510.Search in Google Scholar
81. Ramteke, RD, Gawai, VU, Sharma, MV, Tawalare, KA, Tawalare, KK. To study the effect of Swarna prashan on physical growth parameters of weight and height in children. Int J Ayurvedic Med 2014;5:269–77.Search in Google Scholar
82. Singh, P. A randomized controlled clinical trial on Swarnaprashana and its immunomodulatory activity in neonates. Dissertation IPGT&RA. Jamnagar. Gujarat Ayurved University; 2016.Search in Google Scholar
83. Bharat, JV. Role of Suvarna prashan in children upto five years of age. Int Ayurvedic Med J 2016;4:3305–10.Search in Google Scholar
84. Patil, A, Dindore, P, Arbar, A, Kadam, A, Saroch, V. Clinical effect of Suvarna bindu prashan. J Ayurveda Integrated Med Sci 2017;2:11–8. https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.v2i2.7709.Search in Google Scholar
85. Khawale, D, Patil, A, Taware, S, Patil, A. A clinical study of Suvarnaprashan on physical growth and immunomodulator in children. World J Pharmaceut Life Sci 2017;3:398–5.Search in Google Scholar
86. Rathi, R, Rathi, B. Efficacy of Suvarnaprashan in preterm infants – a comparative pilot study. J Indian Syst Med 2017;5:91–7.Search in Google Scholar
87. Sagar, K, Uppinakudru, S, Raj, AGR, Mohan, K, Narendra, G. Effect of Swarnamritaprashana on growth and development in Indian toddlers. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2018;9:30–5. https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.0917.Search in Google Scholar
88. Joshi, K, Verma, M. A review of Swarnaprashan: a unique traditional way of immunization is the need of the hour. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2018;9:147–50. https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.09380.Search in Google Scholar
89. Bhaskaran, JK, Patel, KS, Srikrishna, R. Immunomodulatory activity of Swarna Prashana (oral administration of gold as electuary) in infants – a randomized controlled clinical trial. Ayu 2019;44:570–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.ayu_33_19.Search in Google Scholar
90. Rathia, S, Chandravanshi, L, Kori, VK, Patel, K, Gupta, PK. Immunological, biochemical, and infant-toddler quality of life parameter-based study of Swarna Prashana (a herbo-mineral ayurveda preparation) in infants. Pharmacogn Res 2021;13:34–41. https://doi.org/10.4103/pr.pr_69_20.Search in Google Scholar
91. Sinha, N, Ojha, NK. Study of pattern of morbidity in children under 5 years and effect of Swarnaprashan on morbidity status. J Ayurveda 2021;15:170–80.10.4103/joa.joa_105_20Search in Google Scholar
92. Kashani, AS, Kuruvinashetti, K, Beauet, D, Badilescu, S, Piekny, A, Packirisamy, M. Enhanced internalization of Indian ayurvedic Swarna bhasma (gold nanopowder) for effective interaction with human cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2018;18:6791–8. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2018.15503.Search in Google Scholar
93. Mitra, A, Chakraborty, S, Auddy, B, Tripathi, P, Sen, S, Saha, AV, et al.. Evaluation of chemical constituents and free-radical scavenging activity of Swarna bhasma (gold ash), an ayurvedic drug. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;80:147–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00008-9.Search in Google Scholar
94. Biswas, S, Dhumal, R, Selkar, N, Bhagat, S, Chawda, M, Thakur, K, et al.. Physicochemical characterization of Suvarna bhasma, its toxicity profiling in rat and behavioural assessment in zebrafish model. J Ethnopharmacol 2020;249:112388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112388.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
95. Paul, W, Sharma, CP. Blood compatibility studies of Swarna bhasma (gold bhasma), an ayurvedic drug. Int J Ayurveda Res 2011;2:14–22. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7788.83183.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
96. Sharma, V, Hiremath, RR, Patil, PA, Prasad, BS. Safety assessment on chronic administration of Swarna bindu prashana- popular ayurvedic preparation of incinerated gold ash used as immune booster to children in Southern India. Indian J Exp Biol 2017;55:217–24.Search in Google Scholar
Evolution
[1] Paraskara Grihya – Sutra written by Paraskara 1/16/3-4, with five commentaries of Karka Upadhyaya, Jayaram, Harihar Gadadhar, and Vishvanath; edited by Mahadev Gadadhar Bakre; Published by Munshiram Manoharilal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Rani Jhansi Road; edition: 2nd (1982).Search in Google Scholar
[2] Ashwalayana grihya sutra 1/15/1, Textbook of Bal Roga by Dr. Singh BM. Vol 1 Samskara: Chap. 14, Kaumarabhritya, Chaukhambha orientalia Varanasi, reprint edition 2020, P. No. 471.Search in Google Scholar
[3] Manusmriti 2/29, Textbook of Bal Roga by Dr. Singh BM. Vol 1 Samskara: Chap. 14, Kaumarabhritya, Chaukhambha orientalia Varanasi, reprint edition 2020, P. No. 471.Search in Google Scholar
[4] Bhisagacharya S, editor. Kashyapa Samhita/ Vrddhajivikiya Tantra of Vrdhha Jivaka, Sootra Sthana; Lehadhayaya: Chapter 18. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrita Sansthan, 2018; 6.Search in Google Scholar
[5] Kaviraja Shastri K, editor, (14th ed.) Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Sharirasthana; Garbhinivyakarana: Chapter 10, Verse 72–74. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, 2014; 113.Search in Google Scholar
[6] Prof Murthy KR, editor, Ashtanga Samgraha of Vagbhata, Uttarasthana; Balopacharaniyam adhyaya: Chapter 1, Verse 96. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2013; 14.Search in Google Scholar
[7] Dr Tripathi B, editor. Asthanga Hridaya of Vagbhata; Uttarasthana; Balopacharaniya adhyaya: Chapter 1, Verse 47–48. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2014; 885.Search in Google Scholar
[8] Dr Tripathi B, editor. Sharangadhara Samhita of Acharya Sharangadhara; Purvakhanda; Aharadigati Kathanam: Chapter 6, Verse 27. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashan, 2017; 81.Search in Google Scholar
[9] Kaviraj Shastri A, editor. Rasaratna Samuchchaya of Vagbhatacharya; Balaroga: Chapter 22, Verse 136. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Amarabharati Prakashan, 2015; 512.Search in Google Scholar
[10] Dr Sitaram B, editor. Bhavaprakasha of Acharya Bhavamishra; Balarogadhikara, Chapter 71, Verse 185–187. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2012; 726.Search in Google Scholar
[11] Bhishagratna Shastri B, editor. Yogarantnakar of Vaidya Laxmipati Shashtri; Balarogadhikara, Chapter 47, Verse 2–4, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Prakashan, 2014; 444.Search in Google Scholar
[12] Shastri RD, editor. Bhaishajya Ratnavali of Kaviraj Ambikadatta Shastri; Balarogachikitsa; Chapter 71, Verse 8, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan 2007; 745.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Swarna Prashana – faith in the embrace of research
- A review on the concept of aging in Ayurveda literature
- Ethno-pharmacology of Asaroon (Asarum europaeum L.) with special reference to Unani System of Medicine
- Is Trikatu an ayurvedic formulation effective for the management of flu-like illness? A narrative review
- The anti-cancer properties of neem (Azadirachta indica) through its antioxidant activity in the liver: its pharmaceutics and toxic dosage forms. A literature review
- The role of acupuncture for myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) in interventional pain management
- Research Articles
- Identification of phenolic compounds in the buds of Algerian Pistacia atlantica desf. Subsp. atlantica by antioxidant activity guided fractionation
- Optimization of water-based ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) of bioactive compounds from Garcinia mangostana pericarp
- Proximate analysis, HPTLC finger print analysis and multi spectrometric analysis of Strychnos nux-vomica nuts
- Amelioration of sodium fluoride induced oxidative stress by Cynometra travancorica Bedd in mice
- The effects of saffron petals and damask rose petals on biochemical and inflammatory measurements
- Ethanolic extract of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch improves pulmonary function and inflammation in LPS-induced acute lung injury mice
- Interaction between properties of commercial Australian honey and saliva: in vitro exploratory study of a potential mechanism in the treatment of oral mucositis
- The potential of immature poken (Citrus reticulata) extract in the weight management, lipid and glucose metabolism
- Effect of the beta-adrenergic blockade on intestinal lactate production and glycogen concentration in dogs infused with hexoses
- Investigating the effect of the Teucrium polium aqueous extract on the liver of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
- Synergistic effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and intake of nettle on serum levels of chemerin and beta cells function in type 2 diabetic rats
- The effect of Cinnamomum cassia extract on oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats
- Protective role of Sterculia tragacantha aqueous extract on pancreatic gene expression and oxidative stress parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
- Ameliorating activity of polyphenolic-rich extracts of Basella rubra L. leaves on pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
- Amelioration of related complications by the combined usage of Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl and pumpkin seed in type 2 diabetic mice
- The effect of Madhumeha Kusumakar Rasa – an Ayurved medicine – in insulin resistance
- Anti-obesity effects of the n-butanol fraction of the methanolic leaf extract of Artemisia campestris from Tunisian pharmacopeia in male Wistar rats
- Compensatory depression of arterial pressure and reversal of ECG abnormalities by Annona muricata and Curcuma longa in hypertensive Wistar rats
- Preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the emergency department by implementing a separate pathway for patients with respiratory conditions
- Clinical significance of serum gonadotropin and androgen levels among Egyptian overweight/obese pubertal girls
- Preference between serum homocysteine and urinary periostin as early predictive biomarkers of renal dysfunction among uncontrolled diabetics
- Mizaj assessment in multiple sclerosis patients based on Persian Medicine
- Immediate effects of the practise of Sheethali pranayama on heart rate and blood pressure parameters in healthy volunteers
- Effects of 12 sessions of steam bath intervention on spirometry parameters among healthy adult volunteers
- The effects of psychological counseling and acupressure based on couple therapy procedure for alleviation of vomiting and nausea in pregnant women in Iran country
- “The immediate effect of neutral spinal compress on heart rate variability in hypertensive individuals”
- Effect of whole-body vibration after a resistance exercise bout on heart rate variability in hypertensive population
- Wet-cupping on calf muscles in polycystic ovary syndrome: a quasi-experimental study
- Auricular field nerve stimulation using the NSS-2 BRIDGE® device as an alternative to opioids following kidney donor surgery
- Evaluation of general body temperament and uterine dystemperament in amenorrhoea: a cross-sectional analytical study
- Short Communication
- Isolation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of communic acid from Juniperus phoenicea
- Letter to the Editor
- Can silymarin ameliorate β-thalassemia major-induced osteopenia/osteoporosis?
- Case Reports
- Management of psoriasis with Ayurveda Panchakarma and Manibhadragula as Shodhana Rasayana – a case report
- Psychogenic pseudo-myasthenic ptosis – management with ayurvedic medicines and Smriti meditation
- Education Forum
- Tongue stretching: technique and clinical proposal
- Simulation-based ventilatory training for the caregivers at primary and rural health care workers in Central India for dealing with COVID-19 pandemic: recommendations
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Swarna Prashana – faith in the embrace of research
- A review on the concept of aging in Ayurveda literature
- Ethno-pharmacology of Asaroon (Asarum europaeum L.) with special reference to Unani System of Medicine
- Is Trikatu an ayurvedic formulation effective for the management of flu-like illness? A narrative review
- The anti-cancer properties of neem (Azadirachta indica) through its antioxidant activity in the liver: its pharmaceutics and toxic dosage forms. A literature review
- The role of acupuncture for myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) in interventional pain management
- Research Articles
- Identification of phenolic compounds in the buds of Algerian Pistacia atlantica desf. Subsp. atlantica by antioxidant activity guided fractionation
- Optimization of water-based ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) of bioactive compounds from Garcinia mangostana pericarp
- Proximate analysis, HPTLC finger print analysis and multi spectrometric analysis of Strychnos nux-vomica nuts
- Amelioration of sodium fluoride induced oxidative stress by Cynometra travancorica Bedd in mice
- The effects of saffron petals and damask rose petals on biochemical and inflammatory measurements
- Ethanolic extract of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch improves pulmonary function and inflammation in LPS-induced acute lung injury mice
- Interaction between properties of commercial Australian honey and saliva: in vitro exploratory study of a potential mechanism in the treatment of oral mucositis
- The potential of immature poken (Citrus reticulata) extract in the weight management, lipid and glucose metabolism
- Effect of the beta-adrenergic blockade on intestinal lactate production and glycogen concentration in dogs infused with hexoses
- Investigating the effect of the Teucrium polium aqueous extract on the liver of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
- Synergistic effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and intake of nettle on serum levels of chemerin and beta cells function in type 2 diabetic rats
- The effect of Cinnamomum cassia extract on oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats
- Protective role of Sterculia tragacantha aqueous extract on pancreatic gene expression and oxidative stress parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
- Ameliorating activity of polyphenolic-rich extracts of Basella rubra L. leaves on pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
- Amelioration of related complications by the combined usage of Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl and pumpkin seed in type 2 diabetic mice
- The effect of Madhumeha Kusumakar Rasa – an Ayurved medicine – in insulin resistance
- Anti-obesity effects of the n-butanol fraction of the methanolic leaf extract of Artemisia campestris from Tunisian pharmacopeia in male Wistar rats
- Compensatory depression of arterial pressure and reversal of ECG abnormalities by Annona muricata and Curcuma longa in hypertensive Wistar rats
- Preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the emergency department by implementing a separate pathway for patients with respiratory conditions
- Clinical significance of serum gonadotropin and androgen levels among Egyptian overweight/obese pubertal girls
- Preference between serum homocysteine and urinary periostin as early predictive biomarkers of renal dysfunction among uncontrolled diabetics
- Mizaj assessment in multiple sclerosis patients based on Persian Medicine
- Immediate effects of the practise of Sheethali pranayama on heart rate and blood pressure parameters in healthy volunteers
- Effects of 12 sessions of steam bath intervention on spirometry parameters among healthy adult volunteers
- The effects of psychological counseling and acupressure based on couple therapy procedure for alleviation of vomiting and nausea in pregnant women in Iran country
- “The immediate effect of neutral spinal compress on heart rate variability in hypertensive individuals”
- Effect of whole-body vibration after a resistance exercise bout on heart rate variability in hypertensive population
- Wet-cupping on calf muscles in polycystic ovary syndrome: a quasi-experimental study
- Auricular field nerve stimulation using the NSS-2 BRIDGE® device as an alternative to opioids following kidney donor surgery
- Evaluation of general body temperament and uterine dystemperament in amenorrhoea: a cross-sectional analytical study
- Short Communication
- Isolation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of communic acid from Juniperus phoenicea
- Letter to the Editor
- Can silymarin ameliorate β-thalassemia major-induced osteopenia/osteoporosis?
- Case Reports
- Management of psoriasis with Ayurveda Panchakarma and Manibhadragula as Shodhana Rasayana – a case report
- Psychogenic pseudo-myasthenic ptosis – management with ayurvedic medicines and Smriti meditation
- Education Forum
- Tongue stretching: technique and clinical proposal
- Simulation-based ventilatory training for the caregivers at primary and rural health care workers in Central India for dealing with COVID-19 pandemic: recommendations