Home Ameliorating activity of polyphenolic-rich extracts of Basella rubra L. leaves on pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Ameliorating activity of polyphenolic-rich extracts of Basella rubra L. leaves on pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

  • Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Amaka Diayi , Shedrach Oludare Agunbiade , Ayodele Jacob Akinyemi , Olusola Bolaji Adewale and Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 7, 2021
Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine
From the journal Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine Volume 19 Issue 2

Abstract

Objectives

To assess the ameliorative activity of polyphenolic-rich extracts of Basella rubra leaves on β-cell dysfunction in type-II diabetes (T2DM).

Methods

Total phenolic and flavonoid contents; α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory actions and qualitative analysis of the bioactive compounds of the polyphenolic-rich extract of B. rubra leaves were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight) and the rats were orally given bound phenolic (BPE) and free phenolic extracts (FPE) of B. rubra (B.R) leaves at 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w once daily for 14 days. Biochemical analyses were executed for evaluation of serum insulin, serum lipid profile concentrations, liver enzymes activities.

Results

The extracts demonstrated antioxidant potentials and enzymes inhibitory activities in dose dependent manner; and several bioactive compounds as revealed by GC-MS. BPE and FPE considerably (p<0.05) reduced hyperglycemia, improved serum insulin levels, ameliorated the concentration of serum lipid profiles and improved liver antioxidant activities. Additionally, BPE and FPE expressively decreased alanine aminotransferases (ALT), aspartate aminotransferases (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities along with levels of bilirubin and urea when compare to diabetic control rats.

Conclusions

Data acquired exhibited the ability of BPE and FPE to improve pancreatic beta-cell in streptozotocin-induced rats.

Keywords: Basella rubra leaves; gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy; pancreatic β-cell; polyphenolic; type-II diabetes
Corresponding authors: Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, Phytomedicine, Biochemical Toxicology and Biotechnology Research Laboratory, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, 360001, Nigeria; and Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria, Phone: +2347039027683, E-mail: , and Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, Phytomedicine, Natural Products, Drug and Biochemical Toxicology Group, Landmark University, Omu Aran, PMB 1001, Kwara State, Nigeria, Phone: +2347037824647, E-mail:

  1. Research funding: None declared.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  5. Ethical approval: The Institution Ethical Committee approved this study with approval number: ABUAD/SCI/067.

References

1. American Diabetes Association. Comprehensive medical evaluation and assessment of comorbidities: standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2019;42(1 Suppl):S34–45. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-S004.Search in Google Scholar

2. Ajiboye, BO, Oyinloye, BE, Owero-ozeze, OS, Okesola, MA, Ekakitie, IL, Ojo, OA, et al.. Aqueous extract of Solanum macrocarpon Linn leaves abates hyperglycaemia and expression of glucose transporters gene in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2021;44:256–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01280-y.Search in Google Scholar

3. Anuradha, K, Hota, D, Pandhi, P. Investigation of central mechanism of insulin-induced hypoglycemic convulsions in mice. Indian J Exp Biol 2004;42:368–72.Search in Google Scholar

4. Wild, S, Roglic, G, Green, A, Sicree, A, King, H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1047–53. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047.Search in Google Scholar

5. Gagliano, N, Grizzi, F, Annoni, G. Mechanism of aging and liver functions. Dig Dis Sci 2007;25:118–23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000099475.Search in Google Scholar

6. Alli, K, Thirupathi, AT, Rao, KNV, Begum, A, Agey, S, Dutt, R. Antidiabetic activity of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Basella rubra L against alloxan induced diabetes in albino rats. World J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 2017;6:1295–308. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20174-8896.Search in Google Scholar

7. Siriwatanametanon, N, Fiebich, BL, Efferth, T, Prieto, JM, Heinrich, M. Traditionally used Thai medicinal plants: in vitro anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant activities. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;130:196–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.036.Search in Google Scholar

8. Singh, M, Kumari, R, Kotecha, M. Basella rubra Linn. – a review. Int J Ayurveda Pharm Chem 2016;5:206–23.10.7897/2230-8407.07319Search in Google Scholar

9. Chu, Y, Sun, J, Wu, X, Liu, RH. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of common vegetables. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:6910–6. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020665f.Search in Google Scholar

10. Singleton, VL, Orthofer, R, Lamuela-Raventós, RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. Methods Enzymol 1999;299:52–178.10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1Search in Google Scholar

11. Meda, A, Lamien, CE, Romito, M, Millogo, J, Nacoulma, OG. Determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and praline contents in Burkina Fasan honey, as well as their radical scavenging activity. Food Chem 2005;91:571–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.10.006.Search in Google Scholar

12. Samajdar, S, Becker, FF, Banik, BK. Surface-mediated highly efficient regioselective nitration of aromatic compounds by bismuth nitrate. Tetrahedron Lett 2000;41:8017–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01397-6.Search in Google Scholar

13. Gyamfi, MA, Yonamine, M, Aniya, Y. Free-radical scavenging action of medicinal herbs from Ghana: Thonningia sanguinea on experimentally-induced liver injuries. Gen Pharmacol 1999;32:661–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-3623(98)00238-9.Search in Google Scholar

14. Minotti, G, Aust, SD. An investigation into the mechanism of citrate-Fe2+-dependent lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 1987;3:379–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(87)90016-5.Search in Google Scholar

15. Worthington, V. Alpha amylase. In: Worthington, K, Worthington, VV, editors. Worthington enzyme manual. Freehold, NJ: Worthington Biochemical Corp.; 1993:36–41 pp.Search in Google Scholar

16. Mohammed, A, Koorbanally, NA, Islam, MS. Ethyl acetate fraction of Aframomum melegueta fruit ameliorates pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and major diabetes-related parameters in type 2 diabetes model of rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;175:518–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.011.Search in Google Scholar

17. Friedwald, W, Levy, I, Fredrickson, D. Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the plasma, without the use of preparative ultra-centrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499–502.10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499Search in Google Scholar

18. Arunachalam, N, Saroja, S, Vasanthi, H, Lalitha, G. Hypoglycemic effect of Basella rubra in streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rats. J Pharmacogn Phytotherapy 2009;1:25–30.Search in Google Scholar

19. Liu, CS, Lin, CC, Li, TC. The relation of white blood cell count and atherogenic index ratio of LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol in Taiwan school children. Acta Paediatr Taiwanica 1999;40:319–24.Search in Google Scholar

20. Boers, M, Nurmohamed, MT, Doelman, CJ, Lard, LR, Verhoeven, AC, Voskuyl, AE, et al.. Influence of glucocorticoids and disease activity on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:842–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.62.9.842.Search in Google Scholar

21. Sinha, AK. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem 1972;47:389–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(72)90132-7.Search in Google Scholar

22. Misra, HP, Fridovich, I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 1972;247:3170–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45228-9.Search in Google Scholar

23. Beutler, E, Duren, O, Kelly, BM. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J Lab Clin Med 1963;61:882–8.Search in Google Scholar

24. Shahidi, F, Janitha, PK, Wanasundara, PD. Phenolic antioxidants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1992;32:67–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408399209527581.Search in Google Scholar

25. Ohkawa, H, Ohishi, N, Yagi, K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979;95:351–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3.Search in Google Scholar

26. Reitman, S, Frankel, S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transminases. Am J Clin Pathol 1957;28:56–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

27. Sun, J, Chu, YF, Wu, X, Liu, RH. Antioxidant and antiproliferation activities of common fruit. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:7449–54. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0207530.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Fawcett, JK, Scott, JE. Arapid and precise method for the determination of urea. J Clin Pathol 1960;13:56. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.13.2.156.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

29. Zar, JH. Biostatistical analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1984.Search in Google Scholar

30. Sies, H. Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants. Exp Physiol 1997;82:291–5. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1997.sp004024.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

31. Ajiboye, BO, Ojo, OA, Akuboh, OS, Okesola, MA, Idowu, O, Amuzat, AO. Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-inflammatory activities of polyphenolic-rich extract of Syzygium cumini linn leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Evid Based Integr Med 2018;23:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515690X18770630.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

32. Ajiboye, BO, Ojo, OA, Adeyonu, O, Imiere, O, Oyinloye, BE, Ogunmodede, O. Ameliorative activity of ethanolic extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus stem bark on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Adv Pharmaceut Bull 2018;8:141–7. https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2018.017.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

33. Oboh, G, Agunloye, OD, Akinyemi, AJ, Ademiluyi, AO, Adefegha, SA. Comparative study on the inhibitory effect of caffeic and chlorogenic acids on key enzymes linked to Alzheimer’s disease and some pro-oxidant induced oxidative stress in rats’ brain-in vitro. Neurochem Res 2013;38:413–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-012-0935-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

34. Edem, D, Usoh, F. Biochemical changes in Wistar rats on oral doses of Mistletoe (Loranthus micranthus). Am J Pharmacol Toxicol 2009;4:94–7. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajptsp.2009.94.97.Search in Google Scholar

35. Ajiboye, BO, Ojo, OA, Akuboh, OS, Okesola, MA, Idowu, OT, Oyinloye, BE, et al.. The protective effect of polyphenol-rich extract of Syzygium cumini leaves on cholinesterase and brain antioxidant status in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Jordan J Biol Sci 2018;11:163–9.Search in Google Scholar

36. Oboh, G, Puntel, RL, Rocha, JBT. Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum, tepin and Capsicum chinese, Habanero) prevents Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in brain in vitro. Food Chem 2007;102:178–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.048.Search in Google Scholar

37. Ojo, OA, Afon, AA, Ojo, AB, Ajiboye, BO, Oyinloye, BE, Kappo, AP. Inhibitory effects of solvent-partitioned fractions of two Nigerian herbs (Spondias mombin linn. and Mangifera indica L.) on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Antioxidants 2018;7:73. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7060073.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

38. Kwon, YI, Apostolidis, EY, Kim, C, Shetty, K. Health benefits of traditional corn, beans and pumpkin: in vitro studies for hyperglycemia and hypertension management. J Med Food 2007;10:266–75. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.234.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Ajiboye, BO, Ojo, OA, Aganzi, IY, Chikezie, GS, Fadaka, AO, Jaiyesimi, K, et al.. Antihyperanaemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of Artocarpus altilis fruit based-diet on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Int Food Res J 2017;24:2133–9.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2020-09-02
Accepted: 2021-04-04
Published Online: 2021-05-07

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Swarna Prashana – faith in the embrace of research
  4. A review on the concept of aging in Ayurveda literature
  5. Ethno-pharmacology of Asaroon (Asarum europaeum L.) with special reference to Unani System of Medicine
  6. Is Trikatu an ayurvedic formulation effective for the management of flu-like illness? A narrative review
  7. The anti-cancer properties of neem (Azadirachta indica) through its antioxidant activity in the liver: its pharmaceutics and toxic dosage forms. A literature review
  8. The role of acupuncture for myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) in interventional pain management
  9. Research Articles
  10. Identification of phenolic compounds in the buds of Algerian Pistacia atlantica desf. Subsp. atlantica by antioxidant activity guided fractionation
  11. Optimization of water-based ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) of bioactive compounds from Garcinia mangostana pericarp
  12. Proximate analysis, HPTLC finger print analysis and multi spectrometric analysis of Strychnos nux-vomica nuts
  13. Amelioration of sodium fluoride induced oxidative stress by Cynometra travancorica Bedd in mice
  14. The effects of saffron petals and damask rose petals on biochemical and inflammatory measurements
  15. Ethanolic extract of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch improves pulmonary function and inflammation in LPS-induced acute lung injury mice
  16. Interaction between properties of commercial Australian honey and saliva: in vitro exploratory study of a potential mechanism in the treatment of oral mucositis
  17. The potential of immature poken (Citrus reticulata) extract in the weight management, lipid and glucose metabolism
  18. Effect of the beta-adrenergic blockade on intestinal lactate production and glycogen concentration in dogs infused with hexoses
  19. Investigating the effect of the Teucrium polium aqueous extract on the liver of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
  20. Synergistic effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and intake of nettle on serum levels of chemerin and beta cells function in type 2 diabetic rats
  21. The effect of Cinnamomum cassia extract on oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats
  22. Protective role of Sterculia tragacantha aqueous extract on pancreatic gene expression and oxidative stress parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
  23. Ameliorating activity of polyphenolic-rich extracts of Basella rubra L. leaves on pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
  24. Amelioration of related complications by the combined usage of Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl and pumpkin seed in type 2 diabetic mice
  25. The effect of Madhumeha Kusumakar Rasa – an Ayurved medicine – in insulin resistance
  26. Anti-obesity effects of the n-butanol fraction of the methanolic leaf extract of Artemisia campestris from Tunisian pharmacopeia in male Wistar rats
  27. Compensatory depression of arterial pressure and reversal of ECG abnormalities by Annona muricata and Curcuma longa in hypertensive Wistar rats
  28. Preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the emergency department by implementing a separate pathway for patients with respiratory conditions
  29. Clinical significance of serum gonadotropin and androgen levels among Egyptian overweight/obese pubertal girls
  30. Preference between serum homocysteine and urinary periostin as early predictive biomarkers of renal dysfunction among uncontrolled diabetics
  31. Mizaj assessment in multiple sclerosis patients based on Persian Medicine
  32. Immediate effects of the practise of Sheethali pranayama on heart rate and blood pressure parameters in healthy volunteers
  33. Effects of 12 sessions of steam bath intervention on spirometry parameters among healthy adult volunteers
  34. The effects of psychological counseling and acupressure based on couple therapy procedure for alleviation of vomiting and nausea in pregnant women in Iran country
  35. “The immediate effect of neutral spinal compress on heart rate variability in hypertensive individuals”
  36. Effect of whole-body vibration after a resistance exercise bout on heart rate variability in hypertensive population
  37. Wet-cupping on calf muscles in polycystic ovary syndrome: a quasi-experimental study
  38. Auricular field nerve stimulation using the NSS-2 BRIDGE® device as an alternative to opioids following kidney donor surgery
  39. Evaluation of general body temperament and uterine dystemperament in amenorrhoea: a cross-sectional analytical study
  40. Short Communication
  41. Isolation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of communic acid from Juniperus phoenicea
  42. Letter to the Editor
  43. Can silymarin ameliorate β-thalassemia major-induced osteopenia/osteoporosis?
  44. Case Reports
  45. Management of psoriasis with Ayurveda Panchakarma and Manibhadragula as Shodhana Rasayana – a case report
  46. Psychogenic pseudo-myasthenic ptosis – management with ayurvedic medicines and Smriti meditation
  47. Education Forum
  48. Tongue stretching: technique and clinical proposal
  49. Simulation-based ventilatory training for the caregivers at primary and rural health care workers in Central India for dealing with COVID-19 pandemic: recommendations
https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2020-0304
Keywords for this article
Basella rubra leaves; gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy; pancreatic β-cell; polyphenolic; type-II diabetes

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Swarna Prashana – faith in the embrace of research
  4. A review on the concept of aging in Ayurveda literature
  5. Ethno-pharmacology of Asaroon (Asarum europaeum L.) with special reference to Unani System of Medicine
  6. Is Trikatu an ayurvedic formulation effective for the management of flu-like illness? A narrative review
  7. The anti-cancer properties of neem (Azadirachta indica) through its antioxidant activity in the liver: its pharmaceutics and toxic dosage forms. A literature review
  8. The role of acupuncture for myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) in interventional pain management
  9. Research Articles
  10. Identification of phenolic compounds in the buds of Algerian Pistacia atlantica desf. Subsp. atlantica by antioxidant activity guided fractionation
  11. Optimization of water-based ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) of bioactive compounds from Garcinia mangostana pericarp
  12. Proximate analysis, HPTLC finger print analysis and multi spectrometric analysis of Strychnos nux-vomica nuts
  13. Amelioration of sodium fluoride induced oxidative stress by Cynometra travancorica Bedd in mice
  14. The effects of saffron petals and damask rose petals on biochemical and inflammatory measurements
  15. Ethanolic extract of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch improves pulmonary function and inflammation in LPS-induced acute lung injury mice
  16. Interaction between properties of commercial Australian honey and saliva: in vitro exploratory study of a potential mechanism in the treatment of oral mucositis
  17. The potential of immature poken (Citrus reticulata) extract in the weight management, lipid and glucose metabolism
  18. Effect of the beta-adrenergic blockade on intestinal lactate production and glycogen concentration in dogs infused with hexoses
  19. Investigating the effect of the Teucrium polium aqueous extract on the liver of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
  20. Synergistic effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and intake of nettle on serum levels of chemerin and beta cells function in type 2 diabetic rats
  21. The effect of Cinnamomum cassia extract on oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats
  22. Protective role of Sterculia tragacantha aqueous extract on pancreatic gene expression and oxidative stress parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
  23. Ameliorating activity of polyphenolic-rich extracts of Basella rubra L. leaves on pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
  24. Amelioration of related complications by the combined usage of Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl and pumpkin seed in type 2 diabetic mice
  25. The effect of Madhumeha Kusumakar Rasa – an Ayurved medicine – in insulin resistance
  26. Anti-obesity effects of the n-butanol fraction of the methanolic leaf extract of Artemisia campestris from Tunisian pharmacopeia in male Wistar rats
  27. Compensatory depression of arterial pressure and reversal of ECG abnormalities by Annona muricata and Curcuma longa in hypertensive Wistar rats
  28. Preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the emergency department by implementing a separate pathway for patients with respiratory conditions
  29. Clinical significance of serum gonadotropin and androgen levels among Egyptian overweight/obese pubertal girls
  30. Preference between serum homocysteine and urinary periostin as early predictive biomarkers of renal dysfunction among uncontrolled diabetics
  31. Mizaj assessment in multiple sclerosis patients based on Persian Medicine
  32. Immediate effects of the practise of Sheethali pranayama on heart rate and blood pressure parameters in healthy volunteers
  33. Effects of 12 sessions of steam bath intervention on spirometry parameters among healthy adult volunteers
  34. The effects of psychological counseling and acupressure based on couple therapy procedure for alleviation of vomiting and nausea in pregnant women in Iran country
  35. “The immediate effect of neutral spinal compress on heart rate variability in hypertensive individuals”
  36. Effect of whole-body vibration after a resistance exercise bout on heart rate variability in hypertensive population
  37. Wet-cupping on calf muscles in polycystic ovary syndrome: a quasi-experimental study
  38. Auricular field nerve stimulation using the NSS-2 BRIDGE® device as an alternative to opioids following kidney donor surgery
  39. Evaluation of general body temperament and uterine dystemperament in amenorrhoea: a cross-sectional analytical study
  40. Short Communication
  41. Isolation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of communic acid from Juniperus phoenicea
  42. Letter to the Editor
  43. Can silymarin ameliorate β-thalassemia major-induced osteopenia/osteoporosis?
  44. Case Reports
  45. Management of psoriasis with Ayurveda Panchakarma and Manibhadragula as Shodhana Rasayana – a case report
  46. Psychogenic pseudo-myasthenic ptosis – management with ayurvedic medicines and Smriti meditation
  47. Education Forum
  48. Tongue stretching: technique and clinical proposal
  49. Simulation-based ventilatory training for the caregivers at primary and rural health care workers in Central India for dealing with COVID-19 pandemic: recommendations
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 8.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jcim-2020-0304/html
Scroll to top button