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A downscaling cold model for solid flow behaviour in a top gas recycling-oxygen blast furnace

  • Zhenlong An , Jingbin Wang , Yanjun Liu , Yingli Liu , Xuefeng She EMAIL logo , Jingsong Wang and Qingguo Xue
Published/Copyright: September 17, 2020
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High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 39 Issue 1

Abstract

The top gas recycling-oxygen blast furnace (TGR-OBF) is a reasonable method used to reduce both coke rate and energy consumption in the steel industry. An important feature of this process is shaft gas injection. This article presents an experimental study on the gas–solid flow characteristics in a TGR-OBF using a two-dimensional cold model. The experimental conditions and parameters were determined using a series of similarity criteria. The results showed that the whole flow area in the TGR-OBF can be divided into four distinct flow zones, namely, the stagnant zone, the plug flow zone in the upper part of the shaft, the converging flow zone and the quasi-stagnant flow zone, which is similar to that in a traditional blast furnace. Then the effects of batch weight and the ratio (X) of the shaft injected gas flow rate to the total gas flow rate on solid flow behaviour were investigated in detail. With the increase in batch weight, the shape of the stagnant zone tends to be shorter and thicker. Furthermore, with the increase in X value from 0 to 1, the stagnant zone gradually becomes thinner and higher. The results obtained from the experiments provide fundamental data and a validation for the discrete element method–computational fluid dynamics-coupled mathematical model for TGR-OBFs for future studies.

Keywords: top gas recycling-oxygen blast furnace; cold model; shaft gas injection; solid flow

1 Introduction

According to the International Energy Agency [1], the iron and steel sector accounts for about 5% of the total global CO2 emissions. A reduction in CO2 emissions in the iron and steel industry, especially in the iron-making process, has emerged as a serious subject in slowing down the rate of global warming [2]. The mainstream view [3] of improving the energy efficiency of the iron-making process entails the ideas of low-temperature operation, the development of hydrogen reduction, a decrease in the energy used for reducing iron oxides, the effective use of carbonaceous materials and the development of new processes.

The production of blast furnace (BF) cannot be separated from coke, which is used as a fuel reduction and stock column. However, due to the shortage of coke resources, high price and large production investment, coke is an immediate issue to be solved in the iron and steel industry [4,5]. Therefore, a top gas recycling-oxygen blast furnace (TGR-OBF) is considered to be a favourable way to remarkably decrease the rate of coking [6]. The TGR-OBF replaces the traditional preheating air blast by adopting oxygen blasting [7,8,9]. CO2 is removed and returned to the BF for re-utilization. The TGR-OBF has the advantages of high productivity, low coke ratio and high calorific value of gas.

In this regard, some joint projects have resulted in related industrial experiments, including ultra-low CO2 steelmaking in Europe [10,11,12] and experimental OBFs in Japan [13,14] and Russia [10]. The main characteristics or advantages [11] of OBF-based iron-making processes include top gas recycling, shaft gas injection, a low rate of coking, a high rate of injection of pulverized coal and a high utilization coefficient. However, due to the fact that the BF is a complex multiphase (gases, solids, liquids and powders) flow system [15,16], any improvements in the design must maintain its stable operation. In particular, to further study the improvement in the BF design, it is necessary to investigate the influence of shaft gas injection, decreasing the blast volume in hearth tuyere and increasing the utilization coefficient on the BF design.

Over the past few decades, gas–solid or gas–solid–liquid flows in a traditional blast furnace (TBF) have been extensively investigated using physical modelling, which involved two-dimensional (2D) [17,18,19] or three-dimensional (3D) [17,20,21] downscaling BF or COREX models. These studies have led to various findings, which are briefly summarized here. First, four flow regions were identified in a TBF solid flow [17], namely, the plug flow, the stagnant zone, the quasi-stagnant zone and the converging flow zone. Second, Takahashi and Komatsu [22] and Wright et al. [17] reported that the stagnant zone increased with a decrease in the solid flow rate or an increase in the gas flow rate. The mathematical analysis of solid flow in the BF or COREX is divided into three categories, namely, the continuous model [23], the discrete model [24,25,26] and the discrete−continuous model [27]. Furthermore, Zhang et al. [28] used the unsteady model to demonstrate the typical unsteady analyses of the TGR-OBF processes. They found that under the default condition, it takes about six times for the main gas elements travelling from the tuyere zone to the furnace top, until the unsteady process becomes stable. In addition, the exergy analyses of the TBF and two kinds of TGR-OBF with different oxygen enrichment were carried out [29]. Compared to the TBF process, carbon consumptions by two kinds of TGR-OBF processes decrease by 14.1% and 20.2% based on default conditions. Using numerical simulation, Helle et al. [30] studied the pure oxygen that is used as blast combined with recycling of CO2-stripped top gas. The research results provided a reference for evaluating the feasibility of operating the BF under high top gas recycling rates. However, only a handful of studies [17,22] analysed the influence of shaft gas injection on descending burden behaviours in the TGR-OBF. Furthermore, the gas injection from shaft tuyeres plays an important role in increasing the shaft reduction potential and making up the heat balance in the upper part. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of shaft injected gas (SIG) on the descending burden behaviour in a BF. In this study, the solid flow behaviour in the furnace was investigated using a 2D slot physical model. The effects of different variables, including batch weight and SIG flow rate, were specifically examined. The study is expected to provide basic data for the development of this process and also serves as a good validation case for the future DEM-CFD simulation study

2 Experimental

2.1 Apparatus

Figure 1 shows the schematic of the 2D slot model (in a 1:10 ratio) used in the experiments. The model shape was based on TGR-OBF, which is planned to be constructed in China. The geometrical parameters of TGR-OBF are summarized in Table 1. The model has two transparent organic glass walls, forming the front and rear surfaces with a pitch of 50 mm. The whole model consisted of a gas supply system, the TGR-OBF, a screw discharging system and a closed silo box. Furthermore, three hearth and shaft tuyeres, each 8 mm in inner diameter, were attached to each side wall to ensure uniformity of gas in the model along the direction of the thickness [19]. The tuyeres had a distance of 0 mm from the inner surface of the wall. The coke consumption in the raceway of the BF was simulated by discharging particles from a pipe of 40 mm inner diameter, which was attached to the front surface at an angle of 45° [18]. The extraction rate of particles was controlled using screw discharging installed in the closed silo box, which was connected with a deceleration motor. Nitrogen (N2) was supplied at room temperature from a gas cylinder through a pressure regulator, which ensured that the gas pressure of each tuyere was uniform. Four rotor flow meters were used to control the gas flow rate from each tuyere. N2 ascended through the apparatus, exited from the top of the bed and was released into the atmosphere. Since the discharged particles from the model were stored in a closed particle collector, the gas leakage from the lower part of the model could be avoided. The particles in the model were mung beans and alumina spheres with a uniform diameter, which were simulated coke and ore, respectively. The physical properties of the particles are presented in Table 2.

Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the two-dimensional (2D) cold model.
Figure 1

A schematic diagram of the two-dimensional (2D) cold model.

Table 1

The geometric parameters of this model

Hearth height/mmBosh height/mmBelly height/mmShaft height/mmThroat height/mmHearth diameter/mm
32023980496150320
Belly diameter/mmThroat diameter/mmHearth tuyere height/mmShaft tuyere height/mmStack angle/°Bosh angle/°
40030027227284.380.5
Table 2

The physical properties of the two particles used in this study

MaterialDiameter (dp)/mmBulk density (ρs)/kg m−3Internal angle of friction/°
Mung bean4.581025
Alumina sphere1.560035

2.2 Methodology

At the start of each experiment, the particles were packed to form uniform horizontal layers. The white alumina layers (spherical particles) were alternated with the layers of green mung bean particles, as shown in Figure 2(a). After finishing the packing, N2 was pumped into the system. The particles were discharged at the same time. The solid particles were manually fed to maintain a constant height at the top of the bed. When the amount of exhaust particles equalled with the initial amount of the filling particles, the solid flow attained steady state. Then the boundary between the initial filling particles (stagnant region or dead man) and the added particles (flowing region) was determined. One red ball in burden was set as the tracked particle. The timeline and streamline can be obtained by varying the position at different times. The initial state and steady state are shown in Figure 2. Then the characteristics of the flowing region were analysed, marking the end of the experiment.

Figure 2 The state of the burden: (a) initial state and (b) steady state.
Figure 2

The state of the burden: (a) initial state and (b) steady state.

The two important parameters, namely, the gas and solid flow rates, are determined based on the modified Froude number at the throat region of the BF. The modified Froude number, Fr, is represented using Equations (1) and (2) and relates the inertial forces acting on a phase to the gravitational forces for both the solid and gas phases [20].

(1)Frs=ρgρ¯s−ρg⋅Us2gd¯p
(2)Frg=ρgρ¯s−ρg⋅Ug2gd¯p

where Us is the linear velocity of the particles at the throat of the furnace (m/s), Ug is the gas superficial velocity at the throat of the furnace (m/s), ρ¯s is the average bulk density of the particles (kg/m3), ρg is the gas (nitrogen) density (1.25 kg/m3), g is the local acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s2) and d¯p is the average particle diameter (m).

In the actual BF operation, the Froude number for solid flow is in the order of 10−8 to 10−9 [31], whereas the Froude number for gas flow is in the order of 10−3 to 10−4 [17]. In this study, the Froude number for solid flow is set as 4.5 × 10−9. According to the data in Table 1, ρ¯s, ρg and d¯p, we can obtain the solid descent velocity of around 1.75 cm/min at the throat using Equation (1). In the same method, when the Froude number for gas was set as 7.6 × 10−4, the gas superficial velocity was 0.13 m/s at the top. The details of the experimental conditions in the 2D slot model are listed in Table 3. Nine different cases were designed. Cases 1, 2 and 3 were designed as a basic test to study the influence of interface layer numbers on the movement characteristics of burden. Considering the ore and coke batches in the actual BF, the interfacial layer numbers were set to investigate the gas–solid two-phase flow. In addition, the hearth tuyere flow rate and the shaft tuyere flow rate were investigated to discuss the influence of different blast volumes on the gas–solid movement. The ratio of the SIG flow rate to the total gas flow rate is defined as X.

Table 3

Experimental conditions

CaseInterface layer numbersHearth tuyere flow rate (Nm3/h)Shaft tuyere flow rate (Nm3/h)Throat particle velocity (cm/min)
116001.7–1.8
28001.7–1.8
34001.7–1.8
482001.7–1.8
581461.7–1.8
6810101.7–1.8
780201.7–1.8
8—200—
9—020—

The solid descent driving force in the actual BF is mainly caused by the following factors: coke combustion in the raceway, coke consumption in the direct reduction and carburization process, iron ore melting in the cohesive zone, periodic discharge of iron/slag and the mixing of small particles with bulk particles. Apart from coke combustion and periodic discharge of iron/slag, all other factors are usually insignificant. In this study, the experimental procedure was specifically designed for the iron-making cycle; as a result, there is no need necessity to consider iron/slag discharge. In addition, the melting of iron ore will increase the descent velocity of solid flow above the cohesive region. However, it does not affect the flow pattern below the cohesive region [32]. Therefore, in this study, similar to many other experimental studies [17], only the coke combustion in the raceway is considered as the main driving force for solid.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Internal flow structure in the TGR-OBF

Under different conditions, the movement of the burden reached a steady state after 50 min. Meanwhile, the change in the stagnant zone was not obvious. Figure 3 shows the burden movement region under the TGR-OBF (with a hearth tuyere flow rate of 14 Nm3/h and a shaft tuyere flow rate of 6 Nm3/h) conditions in Case 5 after 50 min. The whole flow area was divided into four distinct flow regions in the TGR-OBF case. The most important flow region was the conical stagnant zone (Zone 3), which was formed in the lower part of the furnace hearth and expanded from the hearth tuyere level. The particles in this area exhibited no obvious flow behaviour, although the shape of this area showed a significant influence on the flow state of other areas. The quasi-stagnant zone (Zone 2) was located at the surface of the stagnant zone. The particles move slowly and disorderly; as a result, the mixing phenomenon of the two kinds of particles is shown in Figure 3. The converging flow zone (Zone 4) was near the wall of the belly and bosh, and above the raceway, and was mainly located between the quasi-stagnant zone and the furnace wall. The particles in this region have the fastest descent velocity because of the extrusion from the stagnant zone. The funnel flow region (Zone 1) refers to the zone between the upper part of the shaft and the stock line. The particles in this region had a similar descent velocity at a certain height, except near the furnace wall, where they descended slowly because of the friction. The particle flow region in the TGR-OBF exhibited four sub-regions, which were similar to the TBF derived from the cold model [17,22]. Some previous studies [33] indicated that the burden descent velocity was basically dependent on the furnace profile and melting zone shape. Compared with the TBF, the solid flow characteristics in TGR-OBF did not change substantially. The stagnant zone obtained from the 2D model was larger than that of the 3D model [17], which was due to the friction between the particles and the front−rear wall. However, the solid flow characteristics in the furnace can still be captured.

Figure 3 The steady state of the particles under TGR-OBF conditions in Case 5 (time: 50 min): (1) the plug flow zone, (2) the quasi-stagnant zone, (3) the stagnant zone and (4) the funnel flow zone.
Figure 3

The steady state of the particles under TGR-OBF conditions in Case 5 (time: 50 min): (1) the plug flow zone, (2) the quasi-stagnant zone, (3) the stagnant zone and (4) the funnel flow zone.

Figure 4 shows the change in the burden flow structure over time in the TGR-OBF in Case 5. The particles in the furnace exhibited the following changes during the descending process: during the 0–10 min period, the particles at the furnace throat were first unstable and did not descend evenly in the radial direction. The particles near the wall descended faster than those at the centre. This was mainly due to the fact that there was no stable stagnant zone at the bottom centre of the furnace. After 10 min into the stabilizing process of the stagnant zone, the descent velocity of the particles in the upper part of the shaft gradually became the same, except those near the wall, which had a slower descent velocity due to friction with the side wall.

Figure 4 The internal flow structure change over time under TGR-OBF conditions in Case 5.
Figure 4

The internal flow structure change over time under TGR-OBF conditions in Case 5.

3.2 Effect of batch weight on solid flow behaviour

In an actual BF, the number of interfacial layers of the burden changes with a change in the charge of the bell-less top. The steady state of the particle motion in the furnace is shown in Figure 5 for Cases 1, 2 and 3. Figure 5(a) shows the experimental results for different cases after 54 min. Figure 5(b) shows the change in timelines and streamlines over time.

Figure 5 The steady state of the burden movement in experiment (a) and the schematic diagram of the timelines and streamlines of the burden (b).
Figure 5

The steady state of the burden movement in experiment (a) and the schematic diagram of the timelines and streamlines of the burden (b).

Figure 5 shows that with the decrease in the number of interfacial layers, the height of the stagnation zone gradually decreases, and the diameter gradually increases. From Cases 1 to 3, the height of the stagnation zone gradually decreased from about 32 to 26 cm. In addition, the diameter of the stagnation zone increased from about 8 to 12 cm at the same time. However, for different cases, the burden motion characteristics in the upper part of the shaft (plug flow zone) barely changed for the same descent velocity. Furthermore, the burden motion characteristics in the bosh (converging flow zone) changed a great deal, while the burden descent velocity decreased with an increase in the initial number of interfacial layers. The quasi-stagnant zone at the surface of the stagnant zone changed with a change in deadman. For example, the 40.5 min timelines showed a tendency to move up, which was mainly due to the difference in the particle sizes between the ore (alumina spheres) and the coke particles (mung beans). During the descending process, two kinds of particles were mixed with each other, which led to an increase in the inner friction and the stacking angle of the mixed particles. The more the batches, the more uniformly mixed were the ore and coke particles and the larger the inner friction. Owing to these features, the particles in the quasi-stagnant zone moved steadily and played a supporting function for the height of the stagnant zone. Finally, the flow characteristics of the funnel flow region changed. The results showed that, in addition to the smelting intensity, the form of the stagnant zone also had a great influence on burden movement. Therefore, the charge pattern exhibited a significant influence on the form of the stagnant zone and the descending pattern of the burden.

3.3 Effect of ratio (X) on solid flow behaviour

It is worth mentioning that there was an additional row of shaft tuyeres at the bottom of the TGR-OBF shaft and that the SIG flow rate differed for different process conditions. Therefore, in this section, the effect of X value on the movement characteristics of the burden was investigated. The results are shown in Figure 6. In the furnace, the total gas flow rate was kept the same under different conditions, whereas the X values varied successively through 0, 0.3, 0.5 and 1. Additionally, the particles’ descent velocities at the furnace throat remained unchanged.

Figure 6 The effect of SIG flow rate on the burden steady state in the experiment (a) and the schematic diagram of the timelines and streamlines of the burden (b).
Figure 6

The effect of SIG flow rate on the burden steady state in the experiment (a) and the schematic diagram of the timelines and streamlines of the burden (b).

Figure 6 shows that the airflow had no effect on the particles’ descending behaviours in the plug flow zone in the upper part of the shaft. However, under this flow region, Cases 2 (no gas flow condition) and 4 (TBF condition, with a hearth tuyere gas flow rate of 20 m3/h) were compared. After the hearth tuyere injecting gas, it can be clearly seen that the stagnant zone expanded, which is in accordance with the results reported in previous studies [17]. Then Cases 4, 5, 6 and 7, representing the TGR-OBF conditions with the shaft gas injected, were compared. When the proportion of SIG increased from 0 to 1 from Cases 4 to 7, the stagnant zone gradually became thinner and higher. At the same time, the descending behaviour of particles above the central axis of the stagnant zone became limited. The middle part of the 25 min timeline had an obvious upward trend because of the reduction in descent velocity. On the contrary, with the increase in SIG proportion, the descent velocity of the particles belonging to the funnel flow region (close to the bosh wall) increased. When the proportion increased to 1, the descent velocity of the particles near the upper part of the bosh wall significantly slowed down because of the buoyancy of SIG. The 31.25 min timeline close to the bosh wall became deformed for Case 7. It should be noted that Case 7 cannot appear in the actual TGR-OBF. The shape of the stagnant zone was affected not only by the SIG proportion but also by the shape of the cohesive zone. Some previous studies [34] showed that the position of the cohesive zone became lower, thinner or even disappeared under TGR-OBF conditions. Therefore, through the current cold model and without the consideration of the cohesive zone, it can be considered that the SIG had a more significant effect on the shape of the stagnant zone than the hearth injected gas.

4 Conclusions

In this study, according to the similarity theorem, a downscaling cold model is established for the TGR-OBF. The solid flow behaviour under different conditions was studied, especially in the TGR-OBF. Various influencing factors, such as the batch weight and the SIG flow rate, were studied. The research results can be summarized as follows.

  1. The solid flow characteristics in the TGR-OBF are consistent with those in the TBF and can be divided into four zones, namely, the stagnant zone, the funnel flow zone, the converging flow zone and the quasi-stagnant zone. However, the 2D model cannot eliminate the significant influence of the wall effect on the shape of the stagnant zone and the flow mode of the particles.

  2. Batch weight has a significant influence on the descending burden behaviour. With the increase in batch weight, the shape of the stagnant zone tends to become shorter and thicker. At the same time, under the influence of the changing stagnant zone, the converging flow zone and the quasi-stagnant zone also change. However, it has little impact on the plug flow zone in the upper part of the shaft under different conditions.

  3. By increasing the X value from 0 to 1, the stagnant zone gradually becomes thinner and higher. The SIG has more significant effect on the shape of the stagnant zone than the hearth injected gas under the TGR-OBF condition, which has a thinner cohesive zone.

Acknowledgement

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Key Research and Development Programme (No. 2016YFB0601304) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2018M641195).

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Received: 2019-10-29
Revised: 2020-06-11
Accepted: 2020-07-29
Published Online: 2020-09-17

© 2020 Zhenlong An et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Article
  2. Electrochemical reduction mechanism of several oxides of refractory metals in FClNaKmelts
  3. Study on the Appropriate Production Parameters of a Gas-injection Blast Furnace
  4. Microstructure, phase composition and oxidation behavior of porous Ti-Si-Mo intermetallic compounds fabricated by reactive synthesis
  5. Significant Influence of Welding Heat Input on the Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of the Simulated CGHAZ in High Nitrogen V-Alloyed Steel
  6. Preparation of WC-TiC-Ni3Al-CaF2 functionally graded self-lubricating tool material by microwave sintering and its cutting performance
  7. Research on Electromagnetic Sensitivity Properties of Sodium Chloride during Microwave Heating
  8. Effect of deformation temperature on mechanical properties and microstructure of TWIP steel for expansion tube
  9. Effect of Cooling Rate on Crystallization Behavior of CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3 Based Slag
  10. Effects of metallurgical factors on reticular crack formations in Nb-bearing pipeline steel
  11. Investigation on microstructure and its transformation mechanisms of B2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-CaO brazing flux system
  12. Energy Conservation and CO2 Abatement Potential of a Gas-injection Blast Furnace
  13. Experimental validation of the reaction mechanism models of dechlorination and [Zn] reclaiming in the roasting steelmaking zinc-rich dust process
  14. Effect of substituting fine rutile of the flux with nano TiO2 on the improvement of mass transfer efficiency and the reduction of welding fumes in the stainless steel SMAW electrode
  15. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X alloy produced by Selective Laser Melting
  16. Study on the structure activity relationship of the crystal MOF-5 synthesis, thermal stability and N2 adsorption property
  17. Laser pressure welding of Al-Li alloy 2198: effect of welding parameters on fusion zone characteristics associated with mechanical properties
  18. Microstructural evolution during high-temperature tensile creep at 1,500°C of a MoSiBTiC alloy
  19. Effects of different deoxidization methods on high-temperature physical properties of high-strength low-alloy steels
  20. Solidification pathways and phase equilibria in the Mo–Ti–C ternary system
  21. Influence of normalizing and tempering temperatures on the creep properties of P92 steel
  22. Effect of temperature on matrix multicracking evolution of C/SiC fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites
  23. Improving mechanical properties of ZK60 magnesium alloy by cryogenic treatment before hot extrusion
  24. Temperature-dependent proportional limit stress of SiC/SiC fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites
  25. Effect of 2CaO·SiO2 particles addition on dephosphorization behavior
  26. Influence of processing parameters on slab stickers during continuous casting
  27. Influence of Al deoxidation on the formation of acicular ferrite in steel containing La
  28. The effects of β-Si3N4 on the formation and oxidation of β-SiAlON
  29. Sulphur and vanadium-induced high-temperature corrosion behaviour of different regions of SMAW weldment in ASTM SA 210 GrA1 boiler tube steel
  30. Structural evidence of complex formation in liquid Pb–Te alloys
  31. Microstructure evolution of roll core during the preparation of composite roll by electroslag remelting cladding technology
  32. Improvement of toughness and hardness in BR1500HS steel by ultrafine martensite
  33. Influence mechanism of pulse frequency on the corrosion resistance of Cu–Zn binary alloy
  34. An interpretation on the thermodynamic properties of liquid Pb–Te alloys
  35. Dynamic continuous cooling transformation, microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon carbide-free bainitic steel
  36. Influence of electrode tip diameter on metallurgical and mechanical aspects of spot welded duplex stainless steel
  37. Effect of multi-pass deformation on microstructure evolution of spark plasma sintered TC4 titanium alloy
  38. Corrosion behaviors of 316 stainless steel and Inconel 625 alloy in chloride molten salts for solar energy storage
  39. Determination of chromium valence state in the CaO–SiO2–FeO–MgO–CrOx system by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  40. Electric discharge method of synthesis of carbon and metal–carbon nanomaterials
  41. Effect of high-frequency electromagnetic field on microstructure of mold flux
  42. Effect of hydrothermal coupling on energy evolution, damage, and microscopic characteristics of sandstone
  43. Effect of radiative heat loss on thermal diffusivity evaluated using normalized logarithmic method in laser flash technique
  44. Kinetics of iron removal from quartz under ultrasound-assisted leaching
  45. Oxidizability characterization of slag system on the thermodynamic model of superalloy desulfurization
  46. Influence of polyvinyl alcohol–glutaraldehyde on properties of thermal insulation pipe from blast furnace slag fiber
  47. Evolution of nonmetallic inclusions in pipeline steel during LF and VD refining process
  48. Development and experimental research of a low-thermal asphalt material for grouting leakage blocking
  49. A downscaling cold model for solid flow behaviour in a top gas recycling-oxygen blast furnace
  50. Microstructure evolution of TC4 powder by spark plasma sintering after hot deformation
  51. The effect of M (M = Ce, Zr, Ce–Zr) on rolling microstructure and mechanical properties of FH40
  52. Phase evolution and oxidation characteristics of the Nd–Fe–B and Ce–Fe–B magnet scrap powder during the roasting process
  53. Assessment of impact mechanical behaviors of rock-like materials heated at 1,000°C
  54. Effects of solution and aging treatment parameters on the microstructure evolution of Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al alloy
  55. Effect of adding yttrium on precipitation behaviors of inclusions in E690 ultra high strength offshore platform steel
  56. Dephosphorization of hot metal using rare earth oxide-containing slags
  57. Kinetic analysis of CO2 gasification of biochar and anthracite based on integral isoconversional nonlinear method
  58. Optimization of heat treatment of glass-ceramics made from blast furnace slag
  59. Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of P92 steel after high-temperature long-term aging at 650°C
  60. Effects of rotational speed on the Al0.3CoCrCu0.3FeNi high-entropy alloy by friction stir welding
  61. The investigation on the middle period dephosphorization in 70t converter
  62. Effect of cerium on the initiation of pitting corrosion of 444-type heat-resistant ferritic stainless steel
  63. Effects of quenching and partitioning (Q&P) technology on microstructure and mechanical properties of VC particulate reinforced wear-resistant alloy
  64. Study on the erosion of Mo/ZrO2 alloys in glass melting process
  65. Effect of Nb addition on the solidification structure of Fe–Mn–C–Al twin-induced plasticity steel
  66. Damage accumulation and lifetime prediction of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites under thermomechanical fatigue loading
  67. Morphology evolution and quantitative analysis of β-MoO3 and α-MoO3
  68. Microstructure of metatitanic acid and its transformation to rutile titanium dioxide
  69. Numerical simulation of nickel-based alloys’ welding transient stress using various cooling techniques
  70. The local structure around Ge atoms in Ge-doped magnetite thin films
  71. Friction stir lap welding thin aluminum alloy sheets
  72. Review Article
  73. A review of end-point carbon prediction for BOF steelmaking process
https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2020-0083
Keywords for this article
top gas recycling-oxygen blast furnace; cold model; shaft gas injection; solid flow
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Article
  2. Electrochemical reduction mechanism of several oxides of refractory metals in FClNaKmelts
  3. Study on the Appropriate Production Parameters of a Gas-injection Blast Furnace
  4. Microstructure, phase composition and oxidation behavior of porous Ti-Si-Mo intermetallic compounds fabricated by reactive synthesis
  5. Significant Influence of Welding Heat Input on the Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of the Simulated CGHAZ in High Nitrogen V-Alloyed Steel
  6. Preparation of WC-TiC-Ni3Al-CaF2 functionally graded self-lubricating tool material by microwave sintering and its cutting performance
  7. Research on Electromagnetic Sensitivity Properties of Sodium Chloride during Microwave Heating
  8. Effect of deformation temperature on mechanical properties and microstructure of TWIP steel for expansion tube
  9. Effect of Cooling Rate on Crystallization Behavior of CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3 Based Slag
  10. Effects of metallurgical factors on reticular crack formations in Nb-bearing pipeline steel
  11. Investigation on microstructure and its transformation mechanisms of B2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-CaO brazing flux system
  12. Energy Conservation and CO2 Abatement Potential of a Gas-injection Blast Furnace
  13. Experimental validation of the reaction mechanism models of dechlorination and [Zn] reclaiming in the roasting steelmaking zinc-rich dust process
  14. Effect of substituting fine rutile of the flux with nano TiO2 on the improvement of mass transfer efficiency and the reduction of welding fumes in the stainless steel SMAW electrode
  15. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X alloy produced by Selective Laser Melting
  16. Study on the structure activity relationship of the crystal MOF-5 synthesis, thermal stability and N2 adsorption property
  17. Laser pressure welding of Al-Li alloy 2198: effect of welding parameters on fusion zone characteristics associated with mechanical properties
  18. Microstructural evolution during high-temperature tensile creep at 1,500°C of a MoSiBTiC alloy
  19. Effects of different deoxidization methods on high-temperature physical properties of high-strength low-alloy steels
  20. Solidification pathways and phase equilibria in the Mo–Ti–C ternary system
  21. Influence of normalizing and tempering temperatures on the creep properties of P92 steel
  22. Effect of temperature on matrix multicracking evolution of C/SiC fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites
  23. Improving mechanical properties of ZK60 magnesium alloy by cryogenic treatment before hot extrusion
  24. Temperature-dependent proportional limit stress of SiC/SiC fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites
  25. Effect of 2CaO·SiO2 particles addition on dephosphorization behavior
  26. Influence of processing parameters on slab stickers during continuous casting
  27. Influence of Al deoxidation on the formation of acicular ferrite in steel containing La
  28. The effects of β-Si3N4 on the formation and oxidation of β-SiAlON
  29. Sulphur and vanadium-induced high-temperature corrosion behaviour of different regions of SMAW weldment in ASTM SA 210 GrA1 boiler tube steel
  30. Structural evidence of complex formation in liquid Pb–Te alloys
  31. Microstructure evolution of roll core during the preparation of composite roll by electroslag remelting cladding technology
  32. Improvement of toughness and hardness in BR1500HS steel by ultrafine martensite
  33. Influence mechanism of pulse frequency on the corrosion resistance of Cu–Zn binary alloy
  34. An interpretation on the thermodynamic properties of liquid Pb–Te alloys
  35. Dynamic continuous cooling transformation, microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon carbide-free bainitic steel
  36. Influence of electrode tip diameter on metallurgical and mechanical aspects of spot welded duplex stainless steel
  37. Effect of multi-pass deformation on microstructure evolution of spark plasma sintered TC4 titanium alloy
  38. Corrosion behaviors of 316 stainless steel and Inconel 625 alloy in chloride molten salts for solar energy storage
  39. Determination of chromium valence state in the CaO–SiO2–FeO–MgO–CrOx system by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  40. Electric discharge method of synthesis of carbon and metal–carbon nanomaterials
  41. Effect of high-frequency electromagnetic field on microstructure of mold flux
  42. Effect of hydrothermal coupling on energy evolution, damage, and microscopic characteristics of sandstone
  43. Effect of radiative heat loss on thermal diffusivity evaluated using normalized logarithmic method in laser flash technique
  44. Kinetics of iron removal from quartz under ultrasound-assisted leaching
  45. Oxidizability characterization of slag system on the thermodynamic model of superalloy desulfurization
  46. Influence of polyvinyl alcohol–glutaraldehyde on properties of thermal insulation pipe from blast furnace slag fiber
  47. Evolution of nonmetallic inclusions in pipeline steel during LF and VD refining process
  48. Development and experimental research of a low-thermal asphalt material for grouting leakage blocking
  49. A downscaling cold model for solid flow behaviour in a top gas recycling-oxygen blast furnace
  50. Microstructure evolution of TC4 powder by spark plasma sintering after hot deformation
  51. The effect of M (M = Ce, Zr, Ce–Zr) on rolling microstructure and mechanical properties of FH40
  52. Phase evolution and oxidation characteristics of the Nd–Fe–B and Ce–Fe–B magnet scrap powder during the roasting process
  53. Assessment of impact mechanical behaviors of rock-like materials heated at 1,000°C
  54. Effects of solution and aging treatment parameters on the microstructure evolution of Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al alloy
  55. Effect of adding yttrium on precipitation behaviors of inclusions in E690 ultra high strength offshore platform steel
  56. Dephosphorization of hot metal using rare earth oxide-containing slags
  57. Kinetic analysis of CO2 gasification of biochar and anthracite based on integral isoconversional nonlinear method
  58. Optimization of heat treatment of glass-ceramics made from blast furnace slag
  59. Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of P92 steel after high-temperature long-term aging at 650°C
  60. Effects of rotational speed on the Al0.3CoCrCu0.3FeNi high-entropy alloy by friction stir welding
  61. The investigation on the middle period dephosphorization in 70t converter
  62. Effect of cerium on the initiation of pitting corrosion of 444-type heat-resistant ferritic stainless steel
  63. Effects of quenching and partitioning (Q&P) technology on microstructure and mechanical properties of VC particulate reinforced wear-resistant alloy
  64. Study on the erosion of Mo/ZrO2 alloys in glass melting process
  65. Effect of Nb addition on the solidification structure of Fe–Mn–C–Al twin-induced plasticity steel
  66. Damage accumulation and lifetime prediction of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites under thermomechanical fatigue loading
  67. Morphology evolution and quantitative analysis of β-MoO3 and α-MoO3
  68. Microstructure of metatitanic acid and its transformation to rutile titanium dioxide
  69. Numerical simulation of nickel-based alloys’ welding transient stress using various cooling techniques
  70. The local structure around Ge atoms in Ge-doped magnetite thin films
  71. Friction stir lap welding thin aluminum alloy sheets
  72. Review Article
  73. A review of end-point carbon prediction for BOF steelmaking process
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