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Effect of substituting fine rutile of the flux with nano TiO2 on the improvement of mass transfer efficiency and the reduction of welding fumes in the stainless steel SMAW electrode

  • Vishnu B. Rajeswari , Sivapirakasam Suthangathan Paramashivan EMAIL logo , Sreejith Mohan , Shaju K Albert and Rahul M
Published/Copyright: May 12, 2020
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High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 39 Issue 1

Keywords: mass transfer; fume formation rate; hexavalent chromium concentration; nano-TiO2

1 Introduction

Austenitic stainless steel SS316LN is the most extensively used base material in the nuclear power industry, boiler industry, petroleum industry etc. due to its excellent resistance property to corrosion and oxidation at high temperatures [1, 2, 3]. The welding consumable commonly employed for the fabrication of components having SS316LN as the base material is E316-L16, where the flux used is of rutile type. The electrode flux and core wire are two integral parts of weldingelectrodes,where flux ingredients decompose at high temperature to serve various functions during welding, while the elements in the core wire are transferred to the weldment [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10].

The properties of the weldment like mechanical strength, deep penetration, smooth finish etc are depended on the efficacy of metal transfer from electrode to weld pool during the welding process with minimum loss [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Nevertheless, welding fumes are formed during such processes by (i) evaporation, followed by the nucleation and rapid condensation of metal vapors and (ii) spatters, which are particles expelled from the agitated molten weld pool during welding [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. The exposures of various welding fumes particulates (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr etc) cause harmful diseases to the welders and other occupants [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Though, few investigations reported on the improvement of mass transfer efficiency by varying the flux compositions, its information on reduction of emissions were scarce [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Therefore, a systematic study on the effect of mass transfer efficiency of elements in the flux coated electrodes on fume emission reduction is required.

Various studies have focussed on the reduction and control strategies of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) emission inwelding fumes by process modification and consumable modification, of which the former was effective on the processes like GMAW, GTAW and the latter was effective on the SMAW process, due to the limitation of providing the factors like shielding gas flow rate, shielding gas compositions, welding speed, filler wire feed rate etc. [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35]. Therefore, the consumable modification process was considered to be at the best possible strategy towards reduction of hazardous constituent emissions at source [5, 36, 37, 38, 39].

In the present investigation, the fine rutile powder in the electrode flux was substituted by nano TiO2 at various weight percentages and subsequently its effect on the Fume Formation Rate (FFR) and Cr (VI) concentration in the welding fumes was experimentally investigated. Even though the alteration in flux composition is a possible way to investigate the Cr(VI) emission, it will exhibit a vast deviation in the welding metallurgy. Therefore, modification of consumable with its respective nanoparticles without significantly altering the flux composition is the strategy adopted in the present work. Thus this way of consumable modification has the following advantages: a) the better deoxidizing property of titanium [40] compared to other elements in the flux would prevent the oxidation of other alloying elements, which leads to reduced emissions, b) the choice of nano sized TiO2 in the flux would probably accelerate the deoxidization characteristics, c) no change in the composition of flux ingredients and c) substantial quantity of the element being replaced distributed uniformly throughout the flux due to its nano size.

2 Materials and Methods

The stainless steel SMAW electrode selected for study was E316L16 with SS316LN core wire of diameter 4mm and rutile type flux formulation. The 460 mm diameter and 10 mm thick SS316LN circular base plate was used for laying bead on plate weld deposit for the purpose of fume collection. The weight percentage of the major elements in the base plate and consumable core wire are listed in Table 1. The experimental electrodes were fabricated incorporating nano TiO2 (50 nm) via substitution for fine rutile in various proportions of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%, and the respective electrodes are denoted as E1, E2, E3, E4 and E5. The conventional E316L16welding electrode is represented as C. Both experimental and conventional electrodes were manufactured with an unaltered flux formulation in an identical manufacturing conditions using the welding electrode extrusion setup (LOGOS EP 50). The flux composition for the tested electrodes is shown in Table 2.

Table 1

Chemical composition of base metal and Core wire

Elements (wt%)
FeCrNiMoMnSiNPCS
Base MetalBalance16-1810-142-3210.1-0.30.0450.030.03
Core WireBalance15-199-122-51.61.20.2-0.40.0500.020.04
Table 2

Chemical composition of flux

Chemical IngredientsWeight percentage
Rutile sand coarse and fine40-50
Titanium Oxide1-15
Nickel1-10
Ferro Manganese1-3
Chromium15-25
Molybdenum0-4
Calcium Flouride2-10
Cryolite0-5
Calcium Carbonate15-18
Feldspar0-3
Niobium0-3
PottasiumTitanate0-3
Chromium(III) Oxide0-0.5
Pottasium Hydroxide0-0.5
Pottasium Silicate1-5
Ferro Silicon0.1-1
Sodium Silicate1-5

Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the fume collection chamber, which is constructed as per the ISO 15011-1 standard for the analysis of FFR during welding [35, 41]. The base plate was cleaned to remove dirt, rust and other coatings present on it prior to the commencement of welding. The welding was carried out using a constant current DC rectifier (ARC 400 - RILION). The current of 140 A was set during welding. The fumes were deposited on a what-man GF/A filter paper using an extraction blower, which runs at 900 litres per minute for the 150s duration. The professional welder was employed for all welding trials. The filter papers subjected to fume collection were pre weighedand post weighed using a precision weighing balance (Shimadzu AUW220D). Three experimental trials were carried out for measuring fumes from each test electrode.

Figure 1 Schematic Diagram of fume collection chamber
Figure 1

Schematic Diagram of fume collection chamber

The measurements of Cr (VI) in fumes were carried out according to the procedure stated in NIOSH (7604) using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) (GBC 902) [42]. The elements in fumes were analysed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma- Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) (Perkin Elmer – OPTIMA - 5300DV) as per the procedure mentioned in NIOSH (7300) [43]. For welding all experimental electrodes, the major elements viz. Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr in the fumes were measured and compared with the conventional electrodes. The ozone concentrations were measured during the welding process in all experimental trials using an UV-absorption ozone analyzer (BMT 964).

2.1 Mass transfer, weld metal recovery and percentage reduction in constituent emission calculations

The mass transfer coefficient of specific element associated with the welding is defined as the percentage transfer of corresponding element from the consumable electrode towards the weld pool. The mass transfer coefficient denoted by (η) can be calculated from the following equation (1) [12, 13, 14].

(1)η=CdepositCwire+KbCcoat

Where Cdeposit, Cwire and Ccoat represent the weight percentage of the specific element in the weld deposit, core wire and flux respectively, whereas Kb represents the ratio of weight of the flux to the core wire of the welding electrode. Elemental compositions of the weld metal were measured at 5 different locations using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) (TESCAN VEGA).

The weld metal recovery (WMR) of elements in the weldment is evaluated with respect to the mass balance between the consumable and weldment. The weld beads were deposited on the 10mm SS316LN base plates and its geometrical parameters (depth, width and area) were measured using the Image J software. The WMR percentage for the elements were calculated from the following equations (2-6) [5, 10].

Percentage weld metal recovery of the element

(2)E(%)=ZdepositedZwire+Zbm+Zcoating×100

Where,

the quantity of element present in weldment

(3)(Zdeposited)(g)=(Mbmp+Mwm)×Cdeposited100

the quantity of element present in the core metal wire

(4)(Zwire)(g)=1−LaIb×Mfm×Cwire100

the quantity of element present in the base plate

(5)(Zbm)(g)=Mbmp×Cbm100,Mbmp=AP×L×ρ

the quantity of element present in the flux coating

(6)(Zcoating)(g)=1−FaFb×Mfc×Ccoating100

Where,

Lb and La represent the electrode length before and after welding in mm

Fb and Fa represent the flux coating length before and after welding in mm

Mwm represents the mass of the weld laid on the base plate

Mbmp represents the mass of penetration attained in the base plate under the weldment

Mfc and Mfm represent the mass of flux and filler materials involved in the welding

AP, L and ρ represent the penetrated area, bead length and material density

The percentage reduction of the constituent element (E) in welding fumes of experimental electrodes is given in the equation (7).

(7)(%RE)=ES−ECEC×100%

Where, ES and EC are the percentage of element present in fumes of experimental electrode and conventional electrodes respectively.

3 Results and Discussion

Figure 2 shows the variation of FFR and Cr(VI) concentration for conventional as well as experimental electrodes. The FFR of 0.14 g/min and Cr(VI) concentration of 0.036 mg/m3 were observed for the conventional electrode. From Figure 2, it was observed that the addition of TiO2 nano particles have significantly reduced welding fumes as well as the Cr(VI) concentration compared to conventional electrode and an average reduction was found to be 11% and 36% respectively. It was interestingly noted that, among the experimental electrodes, even at the lowest level of substitution of nano TiO2 (i.e. 20%), 39% of Cr(VI) reduction was observed. This behaviour was due to the enhanced deoxidization offered by the nano Ti particles, and thereby prevented the oxidation of elements having lesser deoxidization strength such as Cr, Ni, Fe and Mn. This improved the mass transfer efficiency and the recovery of the corresponding elements in the weld deposit as presented in the Table 3. Thus, in case of Cr, the element available for ozone enhanced oxidation to its higher valencies became less.

Figure 2 FFR and Cr(VI) concentration
Figure 2

FFR and Cr(VI) concentration

Table 3

Ozone concentration of fumes, mass transfer coefficient and weld metal recovery during welding

ElectrodeOz (ppm)Mass transfer coeffecient- η (%)Weld Metal Recovery (%)
CrFeNiMnCrFeNiMn
C0.3275.2588.8590.2323.9991.9795.886.441.03
E10.2277.5289.2592.5626.5294.595.959142.95
E20.2680.2290.5694.5627.969698.0192.646
E30.2681.5391.2596.253097.99994.249
E40.2882.2692.2397.5631.2510010096.351.06
E50.2081.6790.2595.6229.8898.297.959549.98

With an increase of nano TiO2 content in the flux up to 80% (E4), the FFR decreased drastically, whereas the Cr(VI) concentrations increased. This was due to the fact that the decrease in fumes in the vicinity of the welding arc increased the exposure of UV rays favouring ozone enhanced oxidation of Cr to its higher valency. The ozone concentrations during welding of the electrodes are given in Table 3.

The final experimental electrode E5 showed an increase in FFR with decrease in Cr(VI) as different from the trend exhibited in E1 to E4. This was due to the fact that the higher quantity of nano TiO2 present in the flux increased the reactivity during welding. Even though the improved deoxidization potential of nano sized Ti favoured the reduction of FFR from E1 to E4, it reached the maximum limit of fume suppression at E4 followed by emitting the element Ti in the welding fumes due to the excess reactivity at E5. This was confirmed by the constituent analysis of welding fumes, and the results are shown in Figure 2.

3.1 Mass Transfer and weld metal recovery

Figure 3 shows the variation of mass transfer coefficient (η) and weld metal recovery(WMR) for the experimental and conventional electrodes. The η and the WMR portrayed the same trend in their variations for nano TiO2 additions to the welding electrode. The mass transfer coefficients of the elements Ni,Fe, Cr and Mn were in the range of 90-95%, 88-90%, 75-82% and 23-30% respectively. Whereas, the weld metal recovery of the corresponding elements were in the range of 86-95%, 95-97%, 91-98% and 41-50%. The main factor guiding the transfer of element was the oxygen affinity of the element subjected to oxidation from the welding electrode [44]. Whereas the WMR was the percentage recovery of the elements in the weldment after welding, and the variation of percentage WMR among the elements was due to their melting and boiling points of the corresponding elements taken into consideration [5].

Figure 3 Mass transfer coefficient and weld metal recovery
Figure 3

Mass transfer coefficient and weld metal recovery

Addition of nano TiO2 till 80% gave maximum WMR and η for all the elements among the experimental electrodes. This is due to the higher deoxidization offered by the nano TiO2 at E4 resulting in efficient transfer and deposition of elements during welding. Even though a slender decrease in η and WMR were observed for E5 due to the excess reactivity offered by nano TiO2 compared to E4, all the experimental electrodes showed better η and WMR.

3.2 Mass transfer coefficient and the constituent emission in the welding fumes

The percentage reduction of various elements in the welding fumes with respect to their mass transfer efficiency for all experimental electrodes are shown in Figure 4. As the majority of the welding fumes in the range of 90-95% during welding process were emitted from the consumable electrode [45], it was indispensable to draw a relation between η of the elements in the electrode and the percentage reduction of the corresponding elements in the fumes. The percentage reduction of the elements in the fumes and their corresponding mass transfer efficiency portrayed a same trend for the various combinations of the experimental electrodes. The percentage reductions of the constituents Fe, Ni, Cr and Mn in the welding fumes for the experimental electrodes were (4-16)%, (18-44)%, (8-32)% and (10-28)% respectively. The highest reduction percentage in emission was observed for Ni, which was due to its highest mass transfer efficiency resulting in efficient transfer of element towards weld. The next efficient η was occurred for Fe. However, the percentage reduction of its welding fumes was the least. This was due to the presence of highest weight percentage of the Fe element in the base metal, core wire and flux. In addition, the majority of elements in the flux were in the form of ferro-mixed compounds like ferro silicon, ferro manganese etc.

Figure 4 Mass transfer efficiency of elements during welding versus percentage reduction of constituents in welding fume emissions
Figure 4

Mass transfer efficiency of elements during welding versus percentage reduction of constituents in welding fume emissions

The elements Mn and Cr showed the percentage reduction of welding fumes in the range of (8-32)%, which was due to low mass transfer efficiency of the elements. However, Cr showed a higher reduction percentage compared to Mn due to the inclusion of higher weight percentage in the range of (16-20) in the consumable as well as base metal compared to Mn which is a deoxidiser.

4 Conclusion

A novel welding electrode was developed by replacing the fine rutile particles in the flux with the substitution of TiO2 nano compounds to investigate the mass transfer efficiency and its effect on FFR, Cr(VI) concentration in the welding fumes

The experimental electrodes E4 (80% nano TiO2 substitute) portrayed 21% reduction in FFR with 31% reduction in the Cr(VI) concentration which was the optimum combination of experimental electrodes. Even though, the combination E5 (100% nano substitute) showed the highest reduction of Cr(VI) accounting to 42%, the Ti emission in welding fumes was higher and hence increased the FFR.

The substitution of nano TiO2 in the conventional welding electrodes had significantly increased mass transfer efficiency, favoured weld metal recovery by promoting better deposition/alloying of the major elements such as Fe, Cr, Ni and Mn in the weld metal rather than oxidizing/vaporizing to fumes. The mass transfer efficiencies of the elements were in direct proportions with their percentage reduction in fumes for various combinations of the experimental electrodes. For the experimental electrodes, the percentage reductions of the constituent elements Fe, Ni, Cr and Mn in the welding fumes were in the range of (4-16)%, (18-44)%, (8-32)% and (10-28)% respectively.

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Acknowledgement

The authors thank the Director, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Tiruchirappalli for her continuous encouragement and support to this work. The authors profusely thank the Director, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam for the support to perform this work. The authors also thank Logos weld products for the industrial support in manufacturing welding electrodes to complete this investigation. The this work is also supported by DST-AMT (DST/TDT/AMT/2017/100(G)).

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Received: 2019-03-15
Accepted: 2019-05-24
Published Online: 2020-05-12

© 2020 Vishnu B R et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Article
  2. Electrochemical reduction mechanism of several oxides of refractory metals in FClNaKmelts
  3. Study on the Appropriate Production Parameters of a Gas-injection Blast Furnace
  4. Microstructure, phase composition and oxidation behavior of porous Ti-Si-Mo intermetallic compounds fabricated by reactive synthesis
  5. Significant Influence of Welding Heat Input on the Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of the Simulated CGHAZ in High Nitrogen V-Alloyed Steel
  6. Preparation of WC-TiC-Ni3Al-CaF2 functionally graded self-lubricating tool material by microwave sintering and its cutting performance
  7. Research on Electromagnetic Sensitivity Properties of Sodium Chloride during Microwave Heating
  8. Effect of deformation temperature on mechanical properties and microstructure of TWIP steel for expansion tube
  9. Effect of Cooling Rate on Crystallization Behavior of CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3 Based Slag
  10. Effects of metallurgical factors on reticular crack formations in Nb-bearing pipeline steel
  11. Investigation on microstructure and its transformation mechanisms of B2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-CaO brazing flux system
  12. Energy Conservation and CO2 Abatement Potential of a Gas-injection Blast Furnace
  13. Experimental validation of the reaction mechanism models of dechlorination and [Zn] reclaiming in the roasting steelmaking zinc-rich dust process
  14. Effect of substituting fine rutile of the flux with nano TiO2 on the improvement of mass transfer efficiency and the reduction of welding fumes in the stainless steel SMAW electrode
  15. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X alloy produced by Selective Laser Melting
  16. Study on the structure activity relationship of the crystal MOF-5 synthesis, thermal stability and N2 adsorption property
  17. Laser pressure welding of Al-Li alloy 2198: effect of welding parameters on fusion zone characteristics associated with mechanical properties
  18. Microstructural evolution during high-temperature tensile creep at 1,500°C of a MoSiBTiC alloy
  19. Effects of different deoxidization methods on high-temperature physical properties of high-strength low-alloy steels
  20. Solidification pathways and phase equilibria in the Mo–Ti–C ternary system
  21. Influence of normalizing and tempering temperatures on the creep properties of P92 steel
  22. Effect of temperature on matrix multicracking evolution of C/SiC fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites
  23. Improving mechanical properties of ZK60 magnesium alloy by cryogenic treatment before hot extrusion
  24. Temperature-dependent proportional limit stress of SiC/SiC fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites
  25. Effect of 2CaO·SiO2 particles addition on dephosphorization behavior
  26. Influence of processing parameters on slab stickers during continuous casting
  27. Influence of Al deoxidation on the formation of acicular ferrite in steel containing La
  28. The effects of β-Si3N4 on the formation and oxidation of β-SiAlON
  29. Sulphur and vanadium-induced high-temperature corrosion behaviour of different regions of SMAW weldment in ASTM SA 210 GrA1 boiler tube steel
  30. Structural evidence of complex formation in liquid Pb–Te alloys
  31. Microstructure evolution of roll core during the preparation of composite roll by electroslag remelting cladding technology
  32. Improvement of toughness and hardness in BR1500HS steel by ultrafine martensite
  33. Influence mechanism of pulse frequency on the corrosion resistance of Cu–Zn binary alloy
  34. An interpretation on the thermodynamic properties of liquid Pb–Te alloys
  35. Dynamic continuous cooling transformation, microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon carbide-free bainitic steel
  36. Influence of electrode tip diameter on metallurgical and mechanical aspects of spot welded duplex stainless steel
  37. Effect of multi-pass deformation on microstructure evolution of spark plasma sintered TC4 titanium alloy
  38. Corrosion behaviors of 316 stainless steel and Inconel 625 alloy in chloride molten salts for solar energy storage
  39. Determination of chromium valence state in the CaO–SiO2–FeO–MgO–CrOx system by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  40. Electric discharge method of synthesis of carbon and metal–carbon nanomaterials
  41. Effect of high-frequency electromagnetic field on microstructure of mold flux
  42. Effect of hydrothermal coupling on energy evolution, damage, and microscopic characteristics of sandstone
  43. Effect of radiative heat loss on thermal diffusivity evaluated using normalized logarithmic method in laser flash technique
  44. Kinetics of iron removal from quartz under ultrasound-assisted leaching
  45. Oxidizability characterization of slag system on the thermodynamic model of superalloy desulfurization
  46. Influence of polyvinyl alcohol–glutaraldehyde on properties of thermal insulation pipe from blast furnace slag fiber
  47. Evolution of nonmetallic inclusions in pipeline steel during LF and VD refining process
  48. Development and experimental research of a low-thermal asphalt material for grouting leakage blocking
  49. A downscaling cold model for solid flow behaviour in a top gas recycling-oxygen blast furnace
  50. Microstructure evolution of TC4 powder by spark plasma sintering after hot deformation
  51. The effect of M (M = Ce, Zr, Ce–Zr) on rolling microstructure and mechanical properties of FH40
  52. Phase evolution and oxidation characteristics of the Nd–Fe–B and Ce–Fe–B magnet scrap powder during the roasting process
  53. Assessment of impact mechanical behaviors of rock-like materials heated at 1,000°C
  54. Effects of solution and aging treatment parameters on the microstructure evolution of Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al alloy
  55. Effect of adding yttrium on precipitation behaviors of inclusions in E690 ultra high strength offshore platform steel
  56. Dephosphorization of hot metal using rare earth oxide-containing slags
  57. Kinetic analysis of CO2 gasification of biochar and anthracite based on integral isoconversional nonlinear method
  58. Optimization of heat treatment of glass-ceramics made from blast furnace slag
  59. Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of P92 steel after high-temperature long-term aging at 650°C
  60. Effects of rotational speed on the Al0.3CoCrCu0.3FeNi high-entropy alloy by friction stir welding
  61. The investigation on the middle period dephosphorization in 70t converter
  62. Effect of cerium on the initiation of pitting corrosion of 444-type heat-resistant ferritic stainless steel
  63. Effects of quenching and partitioning (Q&P) technology on microstructure and mechanical properties of VC particulate reinforced wear-resistant alloy
  64. Study on the erosion of Mo/ZrO2 alloys in glass melting process
  65. Effect of Nb addition on the solidification structure of Fe–Mn–C–Al twin-induced plasticity steel
  66. Damage accumulation and lifetime prediction of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites under thermomechanical fatigue loading
  67. Morphology evolution and quantitative analysis of β-MoO3 and α-MoO3
  68. Microstructure of metatitanic acid and its transformation to rutile titanium dioxide
  69. Numerical simulation of nickel-based alloys’ welding transient stress using various cooling techniques
  70. The local structure around Ge atoms in Ge-doped magnetite thin films
  71. Friction stir lap welding thin aluminum alloy sheets
  72. Review Article
  73. A review of end-point carbon prediction for BOF steelmaking process
https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2020-0030
Keywords for this article
mass transfer; fume formation rate; hexavalent chromium concentration; nano-TiO2
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Article
  2. Electrochemical reduction mechanism of several oxides of refractory metals in FClNaKmelts
  3. Study on the Appropriate Production Parameters of a Gas-injection Blast Furnace
  4. Microstructure, phase composition and oxidation behavior of porous Ti-Si-Mo intermetallic compounds fabricated by reactive synthesis
  5. Significant Influence of Welding Heat Input on the Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of the Simulated CGHAZ in High Nitrogen V-Alloyed Steel
  6. Preparation of WC-TiC-Ni3Al-CaF2 functionally graded self-lubricating tool material by microwave sintering and its cutting performance
  7. Research on Electromagnetic Sensitivity Properties of Sodium Chloride during Microwave Heating
  8. Effect of deformation temperature on mechanical properties and microstructure of TWIP steel for expansion tube
  9. Effect of Cooling Rate on Crystallization Behavior of CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3 Based Slag
  10. Effects of metallurgical factors on reticular crack formations in Nb-bearing pipeline steel
  11. Investigation on microstructure and its transformation mechanisms of B2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-CaO brazing flux system
  12. Energy Conservation and CO2 Abatement Potential of a Gas-injection Blast Furnace
  13. Experimental validation of the reaction mechanism models of dechlorination and [Zn] reclaiming in the roasting steelmaking zinc-rich dust process
  14. Effect of substituting fine rutile of the flux with nano TiO2 on the improvement of mass transfer efficiency and the reduction of welding fumes in the stainless steel SMAW electrode
  15. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X alloy produced by Selective Laser Melting
  16. Study on the structure activity relationship of the crystal MOF-5 synthesis, thermal stability and N2 adsorption property
  17. Laser pressure welding of Al-Li alloy 2198: effect of welding parameters on fusion zone characteristics associated with mechanical properties
  18. Microstructural evolution during high-temperature tensile creep at 1,500°C of a MoSiBTiC alloy
  19. Effects of different deoxidization methods on high-temperature physical properties of high-strength low-alloy steels
  20. Solidification pathways and phase equilibria in the Mo–Ti–C ternary system
  21. Influence of normalizing and tempering temperatures on the creep properties of P92 steel
  22. Effect of temperature on matrix multicracking evolution of C/SiC fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites
  23. Improving mechanical properties of ZK60 magnesium alloy by cryogenic treatment before hot extrusion
  24. Temperature-dependent proportional limit stress of SiC/SiC fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites
  25. Effect of 2CaO·SiO2 particles addition on dephosphorization behavior
  26. Influence of processing parameters on slab stickers during continuous casting
  27. Influence of Al deoxidation on the formation of acicular ferrite in steel containing La
  28. The effects of β-Si3N4 on the formation and oxidation of β-SiAlON
  29. Sulphur and vanadium-induced high-temperature corrosion behaviour of different regions of SMAW weldment in ASTM SA 210 GrA1 boiler tube steel
  30. Structural evidence of complex formation in liquid Pb–Te alloys
  31. Microstructure evolution of roll core during the preparation of composite roll by electroslag remelting cladding technology
  32. Improvement of toughness and hardness in BR1500HS steel by ultrafine martensite
  33. Influence mechanism of pulse frequency on the corrosion resistance of Cu–Zn binary alloy
  34. An interpretation on the thermodynamic properties of liquid Pb–Te alloys
  35. Dynamic continuous cooling transformation, microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon carbide-free bainitic steel
  36. Influence of electrode tip diameter on metallurgical and mechanical aspects of spot welded duplex stainless steel
  37. Effect of multi-pass deformation on microstructure evolution of spark plasma sintered TC4 titanium alloy
  38. Corrosion behaviors of 316 stainless steel and Inconel 625 alloy in chloride molten salts for solar energy storage
  39. Determination of chromium valence state in the CaO–SiO2–FeO–MgO–CrOx system by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  40. Electric discharge method of synthesis of carbon and metal–carbon nanomaterials
  41. Effect of high-frequency electromagnetic field on microstructure of mold flux
  42. Effect of hydrothermal coupling on energy evolution, damage, and microscopic characteristics of sandstone
  43. Effect of radiative heat loss on thermal diffusivity evaluated using normalized logarithmic method in laser flash technique
  44. Kinetics of iron removal from quartz under ultrasound-assisted leaching
  45. Oxidizability characterization of slag system on the thermodynamic model of superalloy desulfurization
  46. Influence of polyvinyl alcohol–glutaraldehyde on properties of thermal insulation pipe from blast furnace slag fiber
  47. Evolution of nonmetallic inclusions in pipeline steel during LF and VD refining process
  48. Development and experimental research of a low-thermal asphalt material for grouting leakage blocking
  49. A downscaling cold model for solid flow behaviour in a top gas recycling-oxygen blast furnace
  50. Microstructure evolution of TC4 powder by spark plasma sintering after hot deformation
  51. The effect of M (M = Ce, Zr, Ce–Zr) on rolling microstructure and mechanical properties of FH40
  52. Phase evolution and oxidation characteristics of the Nd–Fe–B and Ce–Fe–B magnet scrap powder during the roasting process
  53. Assessment of impact mechanical behaviors of rock-like materials heated at 1,000°C
  54. Effects of solution and aging treatment parameters on the microstructure evolution of Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al alloy
  55. Effect of adding yttrium on precipitation behaviors of inclusions in E690 ultra high strength offshore platform steel
  56. Dephosphorization of hot metal using rare earth oxide-containing slags
  57. Kinetic analysis of CO2 gasification of biochar and anthracite based on integral isoconversional nonlinear method
  58. Optimization of heat treatment of glass-ceramics made from blast furnace slag
  59. Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of P92 steel after high-temperature long-term aging at 650°C
  60. Effects of rotational speed on the Al0.3CoCrCu0.3FeNi high-entropy alloy by friction stir welding
  61. The investigation on the middle period dephosphorization in 70t converter
  62. Effect of cerium on the initiation of pitting corrosion of 444-type heat-resistant ferritic stainless steel
  63. Effects of quenching and partitioning (Q&P) technology on microstructure and mechanical properties of VC particulate reinforced wear-resistant alloy
  64. Study on the erosion of Mo/ZrO2 alloys in glass melting process
  65. Effect of Nb addition on the solidification structure of Fe–Mn–C–Al twin-induced plasticity steel
  66. Damage accumulation and lifetime prediction of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites under thermomechanical fatigue loading
  67. Morphology evolution and quantitative analysis of β-MoO3 and α-MoO3
  68. Microstructure of metatitanic acid and its transformation to rutile titanium dioxide
  69. Numerical simulation of nickel-based alloys’ welding transient stress using various cooling techniques
  70. The local structure around Ge atoms in Ge-doped magnetite thin films
  71. Friction stir lap welding thin aluminum alloy sheets
  72. Review Article
  73. A review of end-point carbon prediction for BOF steelmaking process
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