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Comparative assessment of high gain boost converters for renewable energy sources and electrical vehicle applications

  • J. Veerabhadra EMAIL logo and Sulake Nagaraja Rao
Published/Copyright: March 9, 2023
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Energy Harvesting and Systems
From the journal Energy Harvesting and Systems Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

Due to greenhouse gas emissions and the energy crisis, the conventional way of generation of electricity using fossil fuels is being substituted with Renewable Energy Sources (RES) like solar photovoltaics (SPV), fuel cells, wind, etc. The voltage produced by RES is very small in magnitude; therefore, the choice of DC–DC converter is critical for regulating and improving the output of RES to its maximum level. To meet the power requirement for the utility grid and electric vehicles (EV), the voltage must be enhanced. So far, various types of high-gain DC–DC boost converter (HG-BC) topologies have been suggested. An overview of HG-BC topologies for RES and EV applications is presented in this paper, which provides a unique, extensive, perceptive, and comparative analysis of HG-BC topologies. The mathematical modeling and operating principles of each converter topology have been analyzed and discussed. The boost factor (B) and component count for various HG-BC are thoroughly compared for a 0.5 duty cycle using the MATLAB/Simulink tool.

Keywords: EV; fuel cell; HG-BC and boost factor; RES; SPV; wind

1 Introduction

The exponential rise in global population results in the rise in energy demand. Because of greenhouse gas emissions, meeting the global energy needs using traditional methods of power generation harms the environment and causes energy shortages (Acar and Dincer 2017; Hossain et al. 2018; Khare et al. 2013; Perera 2018; Reddy 2021; Zhang et al. 2016). As a result, RES like SPV, fuel cells, and wind are replacing the generation of electricity from fossil fuels (Pranupa, Sriram, and Nagaraja Rao 2022). These RES have been expanding quickly and are expected to triple in the near future (Forouzesh et al. 2017; Manikandan and Vadivel 2013; Mumtaz et al. 2021; Purushothaman et al. 2022; Raghavendra et al. 2019; Shahir et al. 2017). RES presently accounts for 25% of electricity generation capacity across the global. RES is not only efficient, but also beneficial to the environment and low-maintenance. To meet the power requirements for the utility grid and EV, the RES system must integrate a suitable HG-BC to boost and vary the output voltage (V out) (Ali et al. 2014; Forouzesh et al. 2017; Kabalo et al. 2010; Navamani et al. 2022; Raghavendra et al. 2019; Radhika and Margaret 2021; Zaid et al. 2021). The various types of HG–BC are investigated in detail (Ahmad et al. 2018; Aihsan et al. 2022; Dawood 2016; Gore et al. 2019; Hasanpour et al. 2022; Mansour et al. 2022; Raveendhra et al. 2022; Radhika and Margaret 2021; Suryoatmojo et al. 2018; Wu et al. 2015). The RES output voltage is low in magnitude; therefore, the choice of DC–DC converter is critical for varying and improving to get the highest V out.

The transition from traditional, depletable energy sources to renewable, sustainable energy sources necessitates adaptive, high-efficiency power electronic converters and energy infrastructure (Alghaythi et al. 2020; Elsayad et al. 2018; Hossain et al. 2018; Meinagh et al. 2019; Mumtaz et al. 2021; Naresh et al. 2021; Rahimi et al. 2021; Wu et al. 2015; Zaid et al. 2021, 2022). The need for high DC voltage necessitates the use of HG-BC. The HG-BC is employed in a wide range of industries, including solar PV, robotics, aerospace, medical equipment, high voltage DC systems, and EVs (Jagadeesh and Indragandhi 2022; Mansour and Zaky 2023; Matam et al. 2018; Navamani et al. 2022; Rehman et al. 2015; Samuel et al. 2020; Sivakumar et al. 2016).

A typical RES incorporated with HG-BC is depicted in Figure 1. The voltage of the SPV and fuel cell is DC, and they are coupled directly to a low-voltage DC bus. The output of a wind turbine is AC, which must be converted into DC and then given to a low-voltage DC bus. The RES system V out is low, and it is required to be converted into high-voltage DC for utility grid and EV applications. Therefore, the use of HG-BC is essential.

Figure 1: A typical RES integrated with HG-BC.
Figure 1:

A typical RES integrated with HG-BC.

The types of HG-BC for RES and EV applications are depicted in Figure 2. The major focus of this research is on non-isolated HG-BC. The use of passive elements and semiconductor devices, together with regulating the duty cycle of the control circuit, results in a high gain (Dawood 2016; Nagaraja Rao et al. 2022; Radhika and Margaret 2021; Rahimi et al. 2021; Raveendhra et al. 2022; Wu et al. 2015).

Figure 2: Classifications of DC–DC converter for RES and EV applications.
Figure 2:

Classifications of DC–DC converter for RES and EV applications.

In comparison to the input voltage, the voltage in BC is higher (Varanasi, Nagaraja Rao, and Duraiswamy 2023). For a buck-boost converter, the polarity of the converter voltage is inverted, and the magnitude of the V out is increased or decreased. The Cuk converter’s output is also inverted, producing voltages of greater or lesser magnitude. The Cuk and Buck-Boost converters’ gain remains constant (Chandrasekar et al. 2020). The SEPIC converter can be used to raise or lower the V out without reversing the output polarity (Moradpour et al. 2017; Maroti et al. 2019; Sabzali et al. 2015). The Z-Source converter is an efficient converter. The features of this converter is to step up and down the V out (Rao, Veerabhadra, and Kumar 2020; Torkan and Ehsani 2018). The topology of the Zeta converter is also called the power optimizer. The features of this converter are constant output current, non-inverting operation, and controlled output voltage. The ripple content in the V out is low (Hosseini et al. 2015; Keerthana and Chintu 2017).

The conventional BC is shown in Figure 3. The output is too low for utility grid supply, and the boost factor is adjusted to 2. One of the main drawbacks of traditional BC is its low value of B.

Figure 3: Conventional boost converter.
Figure 3:

Conventional boost converter.

The gain of conventional BC is given by

(1) V o u t V P V = 1 ( 1 − D )

For a 0.5 duty cycle, the value of B equals 2. With the use of HG-BC, the limitations of conventional BC can be overcome.

In this paper, the following HG-BC are discussed in detail in terms of operation, mathematical modeling, and comparison, with component count and boost factor (B):

  1. Conventional Boost Converter (BC)

  2. High Gain Quadratic Following Boost Converter(HG-QFBC)

  3. High Gain Quadratic Boost converter (HG-QBC)

  4. High Gain Interleaved Boost Converter (HG-IBC)

  5. High Gain Improved Quadratic Boost Converter (HG-IQBC)

  6. High Gain Cubic Boost Converter (HG-CBC)

Furthermore, simulation of the aforementioned HG-BC topologies has been performed using the MATLAB/Simulink tool. The primary goal of this research is to afford a detailed, perceptive, and comparative analysis of HG-BC topologies.

2 Mode of operation and mathematical analysis of HG-QFBC topology

2.1 Operation of HG-QFBC topology

The suggested HG-QFBC is depicted in Figure 4. It comprises of two semiconductor switches (S 1 and S 2), three diodes (D 1, D 2 and D 3), three capacitors (C 1, C 2 and C 3), two inductors (L 1 and L 2), and at last resistive load (R). The HG-QFBC uses a two switches (S 1 and S 2) to regulate the V out.

Figure 4: HG-QFBC connected to RES.
Figure 4:

HG-QFBC connected to RES.

2.2 Mode of operation – I

The operating mode-1 of HG-QFBC is represented in Figure 5. It comprises of two semiconducting switches (S 1 and S 2) that will be turned on constantly. An open circuit will be formed by the two diodes (D 1 and D 3). The diode (D 2) will be in conduction. The input source charges the L 1, the inductor (L 2) is excited by the capacitors’ (C 1 and C 2) voltage, and the capacitor (C 3) delivers current to the resistive load (R).

Figure 5: Mode of operation-I of HG-QFBC.
Figure 5:

Mode of operation-I of HG-QFBC.

The voltage of (L 1 and L 2) is derived by applying KVL to Figure 5.

(2) V L 1 = V i n

(3) V L 2 = V C 1

2.3 Mode of operation – II

The mode of operation II for HG-QFBC is represented in Figure 6. The two semiconducting switches (S 1 and S 2) will be switched off. The first two diodes (D 1 and D 3) will be in conduction mode, while the third (D 2) will become open. L 1 and L 2 will demagnetize and charge C 1, C 2, and C 3.

Figure 6: Mode – II operation of HG-QFBC.
Figure 6:

Mode – II operation of HG-QFBC.

The voltage of (L 1 and L 2) is obtained by using KVL to Figure 6.

(4) V L 1 = V i n + V C 1

(5) V L 2 = V o u t − V C 1 − V C 2 − V i n

2.4 Mathematical analysis

The voltage of each inductors (L 1 and L 2) is determined using volt-sec balance.

The voltage of L 1 is obtained as

(6) ∫ 0 T V L 1 ( t ) d t = 0

(7) ∫ 0 D T V C 1 d t + ∫ D T T ( V i n + V C 1 ) d t = 0

(8) V i n [ t ] 0 D T + ( V i n + V C 1 ) [ t ] D T T = 0

(9) V i n ( D   T ) + ( V i n + V C 1 ) ( 1 − D ) T = 0

The voltage of C 1 is obtained as

(10) V i n = − V C 1 ( 1 − D )

(11) V C 1 = − V i n ( 1 − D )

The voltage across L 2 is given by

(12) ∫ 0 T V L 2 ( t ) d t = 0

(13) ∫ 0 D T ( V C 1 + V i n ) d t + ∫ D T T ( V o u t − V C 1 − V C 2 − V i n ) d t = 0

(14) ( V C 1 + V i n ) [ t ] 0 D T + ( V o u t − V C 1 − V C 2 − V i n ) [ t ] D T T = 0

The voltage of C 2 is obtained as

(15) V C 2 ( 1 − D ) = V i n

(16) V C 2 = V i n ( 1 − D )

The gain (G) of the HG-IQBC is given as

(17) V o u t V i n = ( 1 − D + D 2 ) ( 1 − D ) 2

The equation (17) represents, G of the HG-QFBC. For 0.5 duty cycle (D), the value of B is 3.

3 Mode of operation and mathematical analysis of HG-QBC topology

3.1 Operation of HG-QBC topology

The topology of HG-QBC is shown in Figure 7. It comprises a switch (S), three diodes (D 1, D 2, and D 3), two capacitors (C 1 and C 2), two inductors (L 1 and L 2), and at last a resistive load (R). The HG-QBC uses only one switch (S) to regulate the V out.

Figure 7: HG-QBC connected to RES.
Figure 7:

HG-QBC connected to RES.

3.2 Mode of operation-I

The operating mode I of HG-QBC is represented in Figure 8. The switch (S) is switched on, and the diode (D 1) will conduct. The diodes (D 2 and D 3) will form an open circuit. The voltage from the input source will charge the inductor (L 1) and capacitor (C 1). The charged capacitor (C 2) helps deliver current to the resistive load (R).

Figure 8: Mode-I operation of HG-QBC.
Figure 8:

Mode-I operation of HG-QBC.

The voltages of (L 1, and L 2) is derived by applying KVL to Figure 8.

(18) V L 1 = V i n

(19) V L 2 = V C 1

3.3 Mode of operation – II

The mode of operation II for HG-QBC is represented in Figure 9. The switch (S) is switched off. The diode (D 1) will be open, and the other two diodes (D 2 and D 3) are in conduction mode. The inductors (L 1 and L 2) will be de-energized, and the capacitors (C 1 and C 2) will get charged.

Figure 9: Mode of operation-II for HG-QBC.
Figure 9:

Mode of operation-II for HG-QBC.

The voltage of (L 1 and L 2) is derived by applying KVL to Figure 9.

(20) V L 1 = V i n − V C 1

(21) V L 2 = V C 1 − V C 2

(22) V L 2 = V C 1 − V o u t

3.4 Mathematical analysis

By using the volt-sec balance, the voltages of (L 1, and L 2) is determined.

The voltage across L 1

(23) ∫ 0 T V L 1 ( t ) d t = 0

(24) ∫ 0 D T V i n d t + ∫ D T T ( V P V − V C 1 ) d t = 0

(25) V i n [ t ] 0 D T + ( V i n − V C 1 ) [ t ] D T T = 0

The capacitor (C 1) voltage is obtained as

(26) V i n = V C 1 ( 1 − D )

(27) V C 1 = V i n ( 1 − D )

The voltage across L 2 is obtained as

(28) ∫ 0 T V L 2 ( t ) d t = 0

(29) ∫ 0 D T V C 1 d t + ∫ D T T ( V C 1 − V o u t ) d t = 0

(30) V C 1 [ t ] 0 D T + ( V C 1 − V o u t ) [ t ] D T T = 0

The capacitor (C 2) voltage is given as

(31) V C 2 = V o u t ( 1 − D )

(32) V o u t = V C 1 ( 1 − D ) = V P V ( 1 − D ) 2

The G of HG-QBC is obtained as

(33) V o u t V i n = 1 ( 1 − D ) 2

The G of HG-QBC is represented by equation (33). The boost factor is 4 for a 0.5 D.

4 Mode of operation and mathematical analysis of HG-IBC topology

4.1 Operation of HG-IBC topology

The suggested HG-IBC is represented in Figure 10. It contains three semiconducting switches (S 1, S 2, and S 3), three diodes (D 1, D 2, and D 3), three capacitors (C 1, C 2, and C 3), three inductors (L 1, L 2, and L 3), and at last a resistive load (R). The suggested HG-IBC uses three switches (S 1, S 2, and S3) to control the V out.

Figure 10: HG-IBC connected to RES.
Figure 10:

HG-IBC connected to RES.

4.2 Mode of operation-I

The operating mode I of HG-IBC is represented in Figure 11. It contains three semiconducting switches (S 1, S 2, and S 3) that will be switched on simultaneously. The three diodes (D 1, D 2, and D 3) will become an open circuit. The input source energizes the L 1, L 2, and L 3. C 1 is disconnected from the input supply and the loading. The voltages of the capacitors (C 2 and C 3) delivers the current to the resistive load (R).

Figure 11: Mode of operation-I for HG-IBC.
Figure 11:

Mode of operation-I for HG-IBC.

4.3 Mode of operation-II

The mode of operation II for HG-IBC is represented in Figure 12. The switches (S 1 and S 3) will be deactivated by being turned off, and the switch (S 2) will be on. The two diodes (D 1 and D 3) will be in conduction, and the third diode (D 2) will be turned off due to an open circuit. The two capacitors (C 1 and C 3) will get charged from the input source. The voltage supplied by the capacitor (C 2) delivers the current to the resistive load (R).

Figure 12: Mode of operation-II for of HG-IBC.
Figure 12:

Mode of operation-II for of HG-IBC.

4.4 Mode of operation-III

The operating mode III of the HG-IBC is represented in Figure 13. This operating mode is just the reverse of mode II operation. The switches (S 1 and S 3) will be on and the other switch (S 2) will be switched off. The two diodes (D 1 and D 3) will be turned off due to the open circuit, and the third diode (D 2) will be in conduction. The capacitor (C 2) will get charged from the input source. The two capacitors (C 1 and C 3) deliver the current to the resistive load (R).

Figure 13: Mode of operation-III for HG-IBC.
Figure 13:

Mode of operation-III for HG-IBC.

4.5 Mathematical analysis

The voltages of L 1, L 2 and L 3 is determined using volt-sec balance.

The voltage of L 1 is given as

(34) V L 1 = V i n ( t 1 − t 2 ) + ( V i n − V C 1 ) ( t 2 − t 1 ) + V i n ( t 3 − t 2 ) + V i n ( t 4 − t 3 ) = 0

The capacitor (C 1) voltage is obtained as

(35) V C 1 = V i n 1 − D

The voltage of L 2 is obtained as

(36) V L 2 = V i n ( t 1 − t 0 ) + V i n ( t 2 − t 1 ) + V i n ( t 3 − t 2 ) + ( V i n + V C 1 − V C 2 ) ( t 4 − t 3 ) = 0

The capacitor (C 2) voltage is given as

(37) V C 2 = V i n 1 − D + V C 1

By substituting the above equation (35) in (37), we get

V C 2 = V i n 1 − D + V i n 1 − D

(38) V C 2 = 2   V i n 1 − D

The voltage of L 3 is obtained as

(39) V L 3 = V i n ( t 1 − t 0 ) + ( V i n − V C 3 ) ( t 2 − t 1 ) + V i n ( t 3 − t 2 ) + V i n ( t 4 − t 3 ) = 0

The capacitor (C 3) voltage is given as

(40) V C 3 = V i n 1 − D

The voltage output of HG-IBC is given as

(41) V 0 = V C 2 + V C 3 − V i n

(42) V 0 = 2   V i n 1 − D + V i n 1 − D − V i n

The G of the HG-IBC is given as

(43) V 0 V i n = 2 + D 1 − D

The G of HG-IBC is represented in equation (43). The value of boost factor is 5 for 0.5 D.

5 Mode of operation and mathematical analysis of HG-IQBC topology

5.1 Operation of HG-IQBC topology

The suggested HG-IQBC is depicted in Figure 14. It contains two semiconductor switches (S 1 and S 2), three diodes (D 1, D 2, and D 3), three capacitors (C 1, C 2, and C 3), two inductors (L 1 and L 2), and, at last, the resistive load (R). The HG-IQBC converter uses two switches (S 1 and S 2) to regulate the V out.

Figure 14: HG-IQBC connected to RES.
Figure 14:

HG-IQBC connected to RES.

5.2 Mode-I operation

The HG-IQBC for mode I of operation is represented in Figure 15. It consists of two semiconducting switches (S 1 and S 2) that will be switched on constantly. The three diodes (D 1, D 2, and D 3) will be switched off and become an open circuit. The inductor (L 1) will get charged from the input source, the voltage supplied by two capacitors (C 1 and C 2) will energize the L 2, and the voltage across C 3 will deliver the current to the resistive load (R).

Figure 15: Mode-I operation of HG-IQBC.
Figure 15:

Mode-I operation of HG-IQBC.

The voltage of (L 1 and L 2) is derived by applying KVL to Figure 15.

(44) V L 1 = V i n

(45) V L 2 = V C 1 + V i n = V C 2 + V i n

5.3 Mode of operation-II

The suggested mode of operation II for HG-IQBC is represented in Figure 16. The two semiconducting switches (S 1 and S 2) will be off. The three diodes (D 1, D 2, and D 3) will be in conduction. The inductors (L 1 and L 2) will be de-energized, and the capacitors (C 1, C 2, and C 3) will get charged.

Figure 16: Mode of operation-II for HG-IQBC.
Figure 16:

Mode of operation-II for HG-IQBC.

The inductors (L 1 and L 2) voltage is derived by applying KVL to Figure 16.

(46) V L 1 = V i n − V C 1 = V i n − V C 2

(47) V L 2 = V C 1 − V o u t

5.4 Mathematical analysis

The voltage of Inductors (L 1 and L 2) is used to determine by applying volt-sec balance.

The voltage across L 1 is obtained as

(48) ∫ 0 T V L 1 ( t ) d t = 0

(49) ∫ 0 D T V i n d t + ∫ D T T ( V i n − V C 1 ) d t = 0

(50) V i n [ t ] 0 D T + ( V i n − V C 1 ) [ t ] D T T = 0

The capacitor (C 1 and C 2) voltage is given as

(51) V i n = V C 1 ( 1 − D )

(52) V C 1 = V C 2 = V i n ( 1 − D )

The voltage of L 2 is given by

(53) ∫ 0 T V L 2 ( t ) d t = 0

(54) ∫ 0 D T ( V C 1 + V i n ) d t + ∫ D T T ( V C 1 − V o u t ) d t = 0

(55) ( V C 1 + V i n ) [ t ] 0 D T + ( V C 1 − V o u t ) [ t ] D T T = 0

The capacitor (C 3) voltage is given as

(56) V C 1 ( 1 + D ) = V o u t ( 1 − D )

(57) V o u t = V C 1 ( 1 + D ) ( 1 − D ) = V i n ( 1 + D ) ( 1 − D ) 2

The gain of the HG-IQBC is obtained as

(58) V o u t V i n = ( 1 + D ) ( 1 − D ) 2

The equation (58) represents the gain of HG-IQBC. The boost factor is 6 for 0.5 duty cycle (D).

6 Mode of operation and mathematical analysis of HG-CBC topology

6.1 Operation of HG-CBC topology

The suggested HG-CBC is shown in Figure 17. It contains one semiconducting switch (S), three inductors (L 1, L 2, and L 3), three capacitors (C 1, C 2, and C 3), five diodes (D 1, D 2, D 3, D4, and D5), and a resistive load (R). The HG-CBC uses only one switch (S) to regulate the V out, and it has two modes of operation.

Figure 17: HG-CBC connected to RES.
Figure 17:

HG-CBC connected to RES.

6.2 Mode of operation-I

The operating mode I of HG-CBC is represented in Figure 18. The semiconducting switch (S) is switched on. The two diodes (D 1 and D 3) will be in conduction mode, and the other three diodes (D 2, D 4, and D 5) will act in open circuit. The input source will charge the inductor (L 1), the inductor (L 2) will get excited from the capacitor (C 1) voltage, and finally the inductor (L 3) will be excited from the capacitor (C 2) voltage. The voltage of capacitor (C 3) delivers the current to the resistive load (R).

Figure 18: Mode-I operation of HG-CBC.
Figure 18:

Mode-I operation of HG-CBC.

The inductors (L 1, L 2 and L 3) voltage is derived by applying KVL to Figure 18.

(59) V L 1 = V P V

(60) V L 2 = V C 1

(61) V L 3 = V C 2

6.3 Mode of operation-II

The circuit diagram in Figure 19 shows the mode of operation II of the HG-CBC. The switch (S) will be switched off. The two diodes (D 1 and D 3) will function as an open circuit, and the other three diodes (D 2, D 4, and D 5) will be under conduction. The inductors (L 1, L 2, and L 3) will be de-energized, and the capacitors (C 1, C 2, and C 3) will get charged.

Figure 19: Mode of operation-II for HG-CBC.
Figure 19:

Mode of operation-II for HG-CBC.

The voltages of (L 1, L 2 and L 3) is derived by applying KVL to Figure 19.

(62) V L 1 = V P V − V C 1

(63) V L 2 = V C 1 − V C 2

(64) V L 3 = V C 2 − V o u t

6.4 Mathematical analysis

By employing volt-sec balance, the voltage of L 1, L 2 and L 3 is obtained.

The voltage L 1 is obtained as

(65) ∫ 0 T V L 1 ( t ) d t = 0

(66) ∫ 0 D T V P V d t + ∫ D T T ( V P V − V C 1 ) d t = 0

(67) V P V [ t ] 0 D T + ( V P V − V C 1 ) [ t ] D T T = 0

The capacitor (C 1) voltage is given as

(68) V P V = V C 1 ( 1 − D )

(69) V C 1 = V P V ( 1 − D )

The voltage of inductor (L 2) is obtained as

(70) ∫ 0 T V L 2 ( t ) d t = 0

(71) ∫ 0 D T V C 1 d t + ∫ D T T ( V C 1 − V C 2 ) d t = 0

(72) V C 1 [ t ] 0 D T + ( V C 1 − V C 2 ) [ t ] D T T = 0

The capacitor (C 2) voltage is given as

(73) V C 1 = V C 2 ( 1 − D )

(74) V C 2 = V C 1 ( 1 − D ) = V P V ( 1 − D ) 2

The voltage of inductor (L 3) is obtained as

(75) ∫ 0 T V L 3 ( t ) d t = 0

(76) ∫ 0 D T V C 2 d t + ∫ D T T ( V C 2 − V o u t ) d t = 0

(77) V C 2 [ t ] 0 D T + ( V C 2 − V o u t ) [ t ] D T T = 0

The voltage of capacitor C 3 is given by

(78) V C 2 = V o u t ( 1 − D )

(79) V o u t = V C 3 = V C 2 ( 1 − D ) = V P V ( 1 − D ) 3

(80) V o u t V P V = 1 ( 1 − D ) 3

The gain of HG-CBC is represented in equation (80). The boost factor is 8 for 0.5 duty cycle.

7 Comparative analysis of boost factor for various HG-BC

Figure 20 shows the boost factors for different HG-BC with different duty cycles. For a 0.5 duty cycle, the boost factor (B) for a conventional boost converter is 2. For HG-QFBC, B is equal to 3. The value of B is equal to 4 for HG-QBC. The value of B for HG-IBC is 5. The value of B for HG-IQBC is 6. B for HG-CBC is equal to 8. In comparison with all HG-BC, the highest boost factor for HG-CBC is 8 for 0.5 duty cycle.

Figure 20: Boost factors of various HG-BC.
Figure 20:

Boost factors of various HG-BC.

Based on component counts and boost factors for 0.5 duty cycle, Table 1 compares various HG-BCs in detail.

Table 1:

Component count and boost factor comparison of various HG-BC.

Converter type Voltage gain Components B
S D L C Total
Conventional BC 1 1   −   D 1 1 1 1 4 2
HG-QFBC (Veerachary and Kumar 2020) ( 1   −   D   +   D 2 ) ( 1   −   D ) 2 2 3 2 3 10 3
HG-QBC (Veerabhadra and Nagaraja Rao 2022) 1 ( 1   −   D ) 2 1 3 2 2 8 4
HG-IBC (Kumar et al. 2022) 2   +   D 1   −   D 3 3 3 3 12 5
HG-IQBC (Naresh et al. 2021) 1   +   D ( 1   −   D ) 2 2 3 2 3 10 6
HG-CBC (Ahmad et al. 2020) 1 ( 1   −   D ) 3 1 5 3 3 12 8

  1. Switches (S), Diodes (D), Inductance (L), Capacitance (C) and Boost factor (B).

Table 2 shows a comparative analysis of various boost converter configurations with specifications and features.

Table 2:

A comparative analysis of various HG-BC configurations with the features.

Sl. No. Type of converter Configuration Specifications Features
1. Conventional BC L = 160 mH

C = 220 μF

R = 100 Ω

Fs = 50 kHz		 The voltage gain of conventional BC is two
2. HG-QFBC (Veerachary and Kumar 2020) L 1 = 1600 μH

L 2 = 800 μH

C 1 = C 2 = 47 μF

C 3 = 100 μF

R = 300 Ω

Fs = 100 kHz		 Enhances the voltage gain and efficiency
3. HG-QBC (Veerabhadra and Nagaraja Rao 2022) L 1 = 0.2 mH

L 2 = 0.5 mH

C 1 = 9 mF

C 2 = 2 mF

R = 100 Ω

Fs = 100 kHz		 Voltage stress is significantly reduced on the switch, diodes, and capacitors.
4. HG-IBC (Kumar et al. 2022) L 1 = 0.2 mH

L 2 = 0.3 mH

L 3 = 5 mH

C 1 = 9 μF

C 2 = 2 μF

C 3 = 1 μF

R = 100 Ω

Fs = 50 kHz		 Obtains smooth output waveforms with less current and voltage ripples and current ripples
5. HG-IQBC (Naresh et al. 2021) L 1 = 0.5 mH

L 2 = 1 mH

C 1= C 2= 24 μF

C 3 = 20 μF

R = 100 Ω

Fs = 50 kHz		 The voltage gain of an HG-IQBC is six. High boosting with suppression of inrush current
6. HG-CBC (Ahmad et al. 2020; Revathi and Prabhakar 2016) L 1 = 0.2 mH

L 2 = 0.3 mH

L 3 = 1 mH

C 1 = 9 mF

C 2 = 2 mF

C 3 = 1 mF

R = 100 Ω

Fs = 100 kHz		 High voltage gain with reduced switch stress

8 Results and discussion

Figure 21 shows the RES voltage output and HG-QFBC. RES’s V out is 25 V, which is very low. It must be improved for grid-connected operation. The conventional BC output is twice the value of the boost factor, resulting in a V out of 50 V. This voltage is insufficient for grid integration. As a result, the X HG-QFBC topology is proposed to improve the output by x three times the boost factor, resulting in a total V out of 75 V.

Figure 21: Output voltage of RES and HG-QFBC.
Figure 21:

Output voltage of RES and HG-QFBC.

The voltage output of RES and HG-QBC is represented in Figure 22. RES’s V out is 25 V, which is very low. It must be improved for grid-connected operation. The V out of conventional BC is twice the value of the boost factor, resulting in a total V out of 50 V. This voltage is insufficient for grid integration. So, the HG-QBC topology is suggested to increase the output by four times, resulting in a V out of 100 V.

Figure 22: Output voltage of RES and HG-QBC.
Figure 22:

Output voltage of RES and HG-QBC.

The V out of RES and HG-IBC is depicted in Figure 23. RES’s V out is 25 V, which is less. It must be improved for grid-connected operation. The V out of conventional BC is two times the boost factor, resulting in a V out of 50 V. This voltage is inadequate for grid integration. So, the HG-IBC topology is suggested to increase the output by five times, resulting in a V out of 125 V.

Figure 23: Output voltage of RES and HG-IBC.
Figure 23:

Output voltage of RES and HG-IBC.

The voltage output of RES and HG-IQBC is shown in Figure 24. RES’s V out is 25 V, which is very low. It must be improved for grid-connected modes of operation. The conventional BC output is two times the boost factor, resulting in a total V out of 50 V. This voltage is insufficient for grid integration. So, the HG-IQBC topology is proposed to improve the output by six times, resulting in a V out of 150 V.

Figure 24: Output voltage of RES and HG-IQBC.
Figure 24:

Output voltage of RES and HG-IQBC.

Figure 25 depicts the voltage output of the RES and HG-CBC. RES’s V out is 25 V, which is less. It must be improved for grid-connected modes of operation. The conventional BC output is two times the boost factor, resulting in a V out of 50 V. This voltage is insufficient for grid integration. So, the HG-CBC topology is proposed to improve the output by eight times, resulting in a V out of 200 V.

Figure 25: Output voltage of RES and HG-CBC.
Figure 25:

Output voltage of RES and HG-CBC.

9 Conclusions

The goal of this research is to afford a unique, extensive, perceptive, and comparative analysis of various HG-BC configurations for RES and EV applications. The operating principle and mathematical modeling of the HG-QFBC, HG-QBC, HG-IBC, HG-IQBC, and HG-CBC topologies have been reviewed, analyzed, and discussed. For a 0.5 duty cycle, a detailed comparison of various HG-BC is made in terms of B and component count.

Furthermore, for the above-mentioned HG-BC topologies, simulation has been carried out by employing the MATLAB/Simulink tool. The evaluation is done based on theoretical comparisons of performance traits like voltage gain, boost factor, and number of components.

Corresponding author: J. Veerabhadra, Department of Electrical Engineering, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India, E-mail:

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: None declared.

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

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Received: 2022-11-10
Accepted: 2023-02-19
Published Online: 2023-03-09

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/ehs-2022-0144
Keywords for this article
EV; fuel cell; HG-BC and boost factor; RES; SPV; wind
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  30. Experimental investigation of heat transfer characteristics for a shell and tube heat exchanger
  31. Fuzzy induced controller for optimal power quality improvement with PVA connected UPQC
  32. Impact of using a predictive neural network of multi-term zenith angle function on energy management of solar-harvesting sensor nodes
  33. An analytical study of wireless power transmission system with metamaterials
  34. Hydrogen energy horizon: balancing opportunities and challenges
  35. Development of renewable energy-based power system for the irrigation support: case studies
  36. Maximum power point tracking techniques using improved incremental conductance and particle swarm optimizer for solar power generation systems
  37. Experimental and numerical study on energy harvesting performance thermoelectric generator applied to a screw compressor
  38. Study on the effectiveness of a solar cell with a holographic concentrator
  39. Non-transient optimum design of nonlinear electromagnetic vibration-based energy harvester using homotopy perturbation method
  40. Industrial gas turbine performance prediction and improvement – a case study
  41. An electric-field high energy harvester from medium or high voltage power line with parallel line
  42. FPGA based telecommand system for balloon-borne scientific payloads
  43. Improved design of advanced controller for a step up converter used in photovoltaic system
  44. Techno-economic assessment of battery storage with photovoltaics for maximum self-consumption
  45. Analysis of 1-year energy data of a 5 kW and a 122 kW rooftop photovoltaic installation in Dhaka
  46. Shading impact on the electricity generated by a photovoltaic installation using “Solar Shadow-Mask”
  47. Investigations on the performance of bottle blade overshot water wheel in very low head resources for pico hydropower
  48. Solar photovoltaic-integrated energy storage system with a power electronic interface for operating a brushless DC drive-coupled agricultural load
  49. Numerical investigation of smart material-based structures for vibration energy-harvesting applications
  50. A system-level study of indoor light energy harvesting integrating commercially available power management circuitry
  51. Enhancing the wireless power transfer system performance and output voltage of electric scooters
  52. Harvesting energy from a soldier's gait using the piezoelectric effect
  53. Study of technical means for heat generation, its application, flow control, and conversion of other types of energy into thermal energy
  54. Theoretical analysis of piezoceramic ultrasonic energy harvester applicable in biomedical implanted devices
  55. Corrigendum
  56. Corrigendum to: A numerical investigation of optimum angles for solar energy receivers in the eastern part of Algeria
  57. Special Issue: Recent Trends in Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Materials for Hybrid Transportation Systems
  58. Typical fault prediction method for wind turbines based on an improved stacked autoencoder network
  59. Power data integrity verification method based on chameleon authentication tree algorithm and missing tendency value
  60. Fault diagnosis of automobile drive based on a novel deep neural network
  61. Research on the development and intelligent application of power environmental protection platform based on big data
  62. Diffusion induced thermal effect and stress in layered Li(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)O2 cathode materials for button lithium-ion battery electrode plates
  63. Improving power plant technology to increase energy efficiency of autonomous consumers using geothermal sources
  64. Energy-saving analysis of desalination equipment based on a machine-learning sequence modeling
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