Home Effects of dietary Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) seed meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Effects of dietary Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) seed meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens: A systematic review and meta-analysis

  • Ifeanyichukwu Princewill Ogbuewu EMAIL logo , Henry Ayindoh Alagma , Monnye Mabelebele and Christian Anayo Mbajiorgu
Published/Copyright: July 17, 2024
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Open Agriculture
From the journal Open Agriculture Volume 9 Issue 1

Abstract

The seeds of lesser-known tropical legume trees are currently being promoted as a cost-effective method of increasing broiler productivity, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Several feeding trials have evaluated the effects of baobab seed meal (BSM) on broiler chicken productivity. However, due to differences in experimental conditions among feeding trials, drawing broad conclusions using this large volume of data appears difficult. Thus, the meta-analytic effect of BSM on growth performance [i.e., feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and body weight gain (BWG)] and carcass characteristics of broilers were investigated using 14 peer-reviewed published articles. These articles were retrieved via a systematic search conducted on Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Elicit.com, and PubMed databases. The effect size was calculated via a random effect model, and results were expressed as standardised mean differences (SMD) at 95% confidence intervals. The pooled results showed that broilers fed BSM had significantly lower BWG (SMD = −0.77; −0.19, −0.30; p < 0.001), dressed carcass weight (SMD = −0.84; −1.44, −0.23; p = 0.007), and higher FCR (SMD = 0.55; 0.19, 0.91; p < 0.001) than those fed control diets. However, feed intake, dressing percentage, and weights of breast, thigh, and drumstick were not significantly affected. Subgroup analyses showed that the Marshall strain-fed BSM-based diets had significantly heavier BWG (p < 0.001) than the Hubbard, Ross, and Anak strains. Similarly, results revealed that broilers fed soaked and roasted BSM had significantly better FCR and BWG than broilers fed sundried and fermented BSM. Broilers fed BSM-based diets from days 29–56 (SMD = 0.17; −0.51, 0.84; p = 0.622) and days 1−56 (SMD = −0.89; −1.41, −0.36; p < 0.001) had significantly improved FCR compared to those offered BSM-based diets from days 1–21 (SMD = 2.58; 1.65, 3.51; p < 0.001), days 1–28 (SMD = 0.85; 0.35, 1.34; p < 0.001), and days 22–42 (SMD = 1.82; 1.02, 2.62; p < 0.001). Similarly, broilers fed BSM-based diets from days 29–56 (SMD = 0.21; −0.38, 0.79; p = 0.484) and days 1−56 (SMD = 0.92; 0.16, 1.69; p = 0.018) had significantly higher BWG than those offered BSM-based diets from days 1–21 (SMD = −3.39; −4.41, −2.37; p < 0.001), days 1–28 (SMD = −1.32; −1.91, −0.72; p < 0.001), and days 22–42 (SMD = −2.24; −2.75, 1.73; p < 0.001). Meta-regression revealed a low to moderate effect of processing methods, broiler strains, inclusion level, and feeding duration as covariates, explaining most of the sources of heterogeneity. In conclusion, broilers fed 1–10% of soaked, and roasted BSM from days 1 to 56 had improved growth performance parameters when compared to those on the control.

Keywords: broilers; baobab seeds; growth performance; carcass weight; meta‐analysis

1 Introduction

To meet the animal protein requirement of the ever-growing human population, especially in subtropical and tropical regions, it is vital to increase broiler productivity and enhance food and livelihood security [1]. However, broiler production in developing countries is constrained by the rising prices of high-quality feedstuffs due to expanding livestock industries [2]. Thus, animal nutritionists and feed manufacturers have been compelled to investigate the potential of lesser-known tropical seeds and leaves as alternatives to conventional feedstuffs in broiler production [3,4].

Among the many lesser-known tropical seeds, the potential of baobab (Adansonia digitata L; Family: Malvaceae) seeds as an alternative feedstuff in broiler production needs to be evaluated. The baobab tree is a drought- and fire-resistant tree indigenous to many parts of Africa and other tropical countries [5]. Detailed information on the taxonomic description, phytochemical composition, food, and medicinal uses of baobab (A. digitata) has been documented in the literature [6,7]. Baobab barks, fruits, and leaves are highly valued in some parts of Africa for their food and medicinal values. Methanolic extracts from the leaves, roots, and bark of the baobab plant have been shown to have antiviral and antimicrobial properties [7]. In addition, the bark is abundant in adansonin, an alkaloid that is used in the treatment of malaria and fever [7]. The fruit pulp has a high content of ascorbic acid [8] and is used to make local beverages. The fruit contains several seeds that are embedded in the pulp and shell [9]. Baobab seeds were reported to contain 16.1–24.0% crude fibre, 20.4–48.4% crude protein, 4.0–10.6% ash, 14.8–25.1% crude fat, and 2,988–3,734 kcal/kg metabolisable energy [9,10,11,12]. The seeds also contain some essential amino acids (lysine and methionine), fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic, and palmitic), and minerals such as magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus [13,14,15], reflecting the nutritional quality of the seed for poultry feed. The seeds also contain desirable bioactive compounds such as β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol [16]. Baobab seeds possess antioxidant activity due to the presence of high concentrations of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), provitamin A, and bioflavonoids [16].

Large quantities of baobab seeds are wasted in the wild due to low awareness of their nutritional value [6]. Hence, increased use of baobab seeds in livestock feed may, to a large extent, reduce this wastage and alleviate the problem of the high cost of feed and animal products. Although baobab seeds are rich in important nutrients, their use in chicken feed is limited due to the presence of some anti-nutrient substances such as lecithin, and trypsin inhibitors [17]. Anti-nutrient substances have been reported to inhibit nutrient uptake by several modes of action, including binding to digestive tract mucosa, stopping the activity of enzymes on the brush border of enterocytes, and inhibiting the attachment of beneficial gut bacteria to the intestinal wall [3,18]. These limitations to the use of baobab seeds in poultry diets can be overcome through various processing techniques such as sun drying, boiling, dehulling, toasting, sprouting, and fermentation, or a combination of two or more techniques [9,19,20,21], consequently increasing the bioavailability of important nutrients.

Researchers have found that birds that are fed with diets including baobab seed meal (BSM) at 15% have better feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body weight gain (BWG) than birds that are fed diets containing 0, 7.75, 23.25, and 31% BSM [9]. Similarly, Akintunde et al. [21] reported increased BWG in broilers fed soaked BSM (7.5 and 15%) and fermented BSM (15 and 22.5%) in comparison with that in broilers fed 0% BSM. However, the same researchers found significantly reduced BWG, feed intake, and poor FCR in broilers at a higher inclusion level of fermented BSM (30%). In a similar study, Shehu et al. [22] found that broilers fed 20% BSM exhibited poor growth performance. The result concerning the effect of BSM on carcass and cut-part weights of broilers yields inconsistent results in the literature [11,12,20,23]. These variable results in broilers fed BSM could be attributed to differences in environmental conditions, processing methods, chicken genetics, feeding duration, and diet composition.

Meta‐analysis is an effective method to combine the findings of various published studies on the same topic with variable outcomes into a single study to reach a valid conclusion [24,25]. Thus, it is important to combine published studies on the effect of BSM on broiler performance to inform policy decisions with a view to promoting the use of BSM in the poultry industry. As a result, this meta-analysis sought to determine the effect of BSM on feed intake, FCR, BWG, carcass yield, and aspects of cut-part weights of broilers.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Literature search

Before the commencement of the literature search, the research question was formulated using the PICO (P = population, I = intervention, C = comparators, and O = outcomes) framework, where PICO stands for population (i.e., broilers), intervention (i.e., diets with BSM), comparators (i.e., diets without BSM), and outcomes (i.e., feed intake, FCR, BWG, carcass, and cut-out part). The included articles were retrieved following a series of systematic searches carried out independently by three authors in the Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Elicit.com, and PubMed databases. Databases were searched using a combination of search queries (AND/OR) and keywords: “broilers,” “broiler chickens,” baobab seeds, Adansonia digitata seeds, growth performance, and carcass characteristics. The reference list of the retrieved article was searched manually for other related articles.

2.2 Eligibility criteria

Studies were selected and used for analysis if they satisfied the following eligibility criteria: (i) studies were published in peer-reviewed journals; (ii) broilers were used as the experimental animal; (iii) studies should at least have one control treatment; and (iv) trials should report at least one of the outcomes of interest with their control and experimental means. Studies were excluded from the analysis if: (i) they appeared in two or more databases; (ii) they used disease-challenged broilers or did not use broilers; (iii) they did not report any of our outcomes of interest; (iv) trials did have control treatments; and (v) the quantity of baobab seeds included in the diet and the number of broilers in each treatment group were not specified. The article selection flow chart is presented in Figure 1. The characteristics of the 14 peer-reviewed journal studies included in the meta-analysis are shown in Table 1.

Figure 1 Article selection flow chart.
Figure 1

Article selection flow chart.

Table 1

Summary of included articles included in the study

References Country Number of treatment group Covariates Outcome measures
Inclusion level of BSM (%) Chicken strains Feeding duration (d) Processing method
Abdulazeez et al. [9] Nigeria 4 0, 7.75–31.0 nr 1–56 Sun drying Feed intake, BWG, FCR
Adamu [11] Nigeria 5 0, 10.0–40.0 Anak 1–56 Sun drying Feed intake, BWG, FCR, CW, DP
Chisoro et al. [12] SA 4 0, 5.0–15.0 Ross 1–28 Sun drying Feed intake, BWG, FCR, CW, DP, TW, DW, BW
Bale et al. [19] Nigeria 5 0, 10.0–50.0 Anak 1–56 * Feed intake, BWG, FCR
Guluwa et al. [20] Nigeria 2 0, 10.0 nr 1–42 ** Feed intake, BWG, FCR, CW, DP, TW, DW, BW
Akintunde et al. [21] Nigeria 5 0, 7.5–30.0 nr 1–28 Fermentation Feed intake, BWG, FCR
Shehu et al. [22] Nigeria 2 0, 20.0 Cobb 1–28 nr Feed intake, BWG, FCR
Sola-Ojo et al. [23] Nigeria 4 0, 2.5–7.5 Arbor acres 1–56 +++ Feed intake, BWG, FCR, CW, DP, TW, DW, BW
Chimvuramahwe et al. [26] Zimbabwe 4 0, 5.0–15.0 Hubbard 1–56 Sun drying Feed intake, BWG, FCR
Saulawa et al. [27] Nigeria 5 0, 5.0–20.0 Anak 1–28 Sun drying Feed intake, BWG, FCR, CW, DP, TW, DW, BW
Rafiu et al. [28] Nigeria 5 0, 10–25 Marshall 1–56 Sun drying Feed intake, BWG, FCR
Adeosun et al. [29] Nigeria 4 0, 4.12–12.36 Marshall 1–56 Toasting Feed intake, BWG, FCR
Gyang et al. [30] Nigeria 2 0, 12.0 Arbor acres 1–21 Fermentation Feed intake, BWG, FCR
Fatima et al. [31] Sudan 6 0, 1.0–5.0 Ross 1–28 Sun drying Feed intake, BWG, FCR

d, day; nr, not reported; SA, South Africa; +++ , soaking/roasting; *, soaking/sun drying; **, raw/cooked/toasted/sprouted/fermented; BSM, baobab seed meal; BWG, body weight gain; FCR, feed conversion ratio; BSM, baobab seed meal; CW, carcass weight; DP, dressing percentage; TW, thigh weight; DW, drumstick weight; BW, breast weight.

2.3 Database development

The measured outcomes were classified as follows: growth (i.e., feed intake, BWG, and FCR), carcass (i.e., carcass weight and dressing percentage), and cut-part (i.e., breast, drumstick, and thigh) parameters. Data on the surname of the first author, the year the study was published, and the number of broilers included in the control and treatment groups was extracted from each article that met the eligibility conditions. Data were also extracted on the study country (Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, and Zimbabwe), processing method (sun drying, fermentation, soaking, cooking, toasting, sprouting, and soaking/roasting), broiler strains (Anak, Ross, Arbor Acres, Hubbard, Marshall, and Cobb), inclusion level of BSM (1–40%), feeding duration (1–56 days). Inclusion levels of BSM were categorised as follows: low (1−10%), moderate (11−20%), and high (21−30 and 31−40%). Feeding duration was also classified as follows: starter phase (1−21 and 1−28 days), finisher phase (days 22−42 and days 29−56), and overall phase (days 1−56). These classifications were based on the values reported by the authors whose studies were used in the meta-analysis. Studies whose results were displayed in graphs were digitalised using WebPlotDigitizer [32].

2.4 Statistical analysis

OpenMEE software, designed and built by Wallace et al. [33], was used for the analysis. Effect sizes were computed and presented as standardised mean differences (SMDs) at 95% CIs. A random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis. Forest plots were considered significant when the upper and lower 95% CIs did not overlap [34]. Publication bias was assessed using Rosenberg’s failsafe number (Nfs). Publication bias assessment was not conducted in outcomes having <10 studies [35]. Heterogeneity across studies was tested using the Cochrane Q and I 2-statistic [36], with significance set at a 5% probability level. The percentage of heterogeneity explained by the studied covariates (i.e., broiler strains, inclusion level, feeding duration, and processing methods) was determined using a meta-regression method. Subgroup analyses of the studied covariates were also conducted to assess their effect on outcome variables. For subgroup analysis, strata with <3 datasets were not analysed due to poor statistical power. Pooled and subgroup results were considered significant at a 5% probability value.

3 Results

3.1 Dataset characteristics

Table 2 provides an overview of the variables used for the investigation and their frequencies. Most of the articles used for this study were published between 2018 and 2021 and were performed in Nigeria (78.58%). Sun-drying (37.50%) was the common method of processing baobab seeds, followed by fermentation (18.75%) and toasting (12.50%). The majority of the articles included in the meta-analysis used Ross, Anak, Arbor Acres, and Marshall. Most of the studies fed BSM for 1−28 days (40%), followed by 1−56 days (35%), and 29−56 days (15%).

Table 2

Definition of variables and their percentage

Variables Category Frequency (%)
Processing methods Sun drying 37.50
Toasting 12.50
Fermentation 18.75
Cooking 6.25
Soaking/Roasting 6.25
Sprouting 6.25
Soaking 6.25
Not reported 6.25
Chicken strains Anak 21.43
Ross 14.29
Arbor Acres 14.29
Hubbard 7.14
Marshall 14.29
Cobb 7.14
Not reported 21.43
Feeding duration (day) 1–21 5.00
1–28 40.0
22–42 5.00
29–56 15.0
1–56 35.0
Inclusion level (%) 1–10 38.71
11–20 32.26
21–30 16.13
31–40 12.90
Publication year 2011 7.14
2013 14.29
2014 7.14
2017 14.29
2018 21.43
2019 7.14
2021 21.43
2022 7.14
Study country Nigeria 78.58
Zimbabwe 7.14
Sudan 7.14
South Africa 7.14

3.2 Feed intake

The forest plot revealed that feed intake was not significantly affected by BSM-based diets, taking cognizance of significant heterogeneity (SMD = 0.19; 95% CI −0.02, 0.39; I 2 = 92%; p < 0.001; Figure 2). The subgroup analyses of the effects of the studied covariates on feed intake are shown in Table 3. Restricted subgroup analysis by chicken strains revealed that BSM influenced feed intakes, with the Marshall strains having a higher feed intake (p < 0.001) than the Ross strains. Similarly, the Hubbard strains recorded a significantly lower feed intake (p < 0.001) than the Anak strains. Broilers fed high levels of BSM (21–30%) had significantly higher feed intake (p < 0.001) than those who received low to moderate levels of BSM. Likewise, broilers that received a high level of BSM (31–40%) consumed more feed than those fed a low level of BSM. Broilers drawn from studies that fed soaked and roasted BSM had significantly higher feed intake (p = 0.015) than those offered sundried or fermented BSM, but similar to those fed toasted BSM. Results showed that broilers fed BSM from days 1–28 had significantly higher feed intake (p = 0.012) than those offered BSM from days 1–21 and days 22–42, but were comparable to those that received BSM from days 29–56 and days 1–56. Table 4 displays the effect of covariates on feed intake. There are significant linear relationships between the studied covariates and feed intake. Additionally, Rosenberg Nfs showed that there is evidence of publication bias across 14 studies that assessed the effect of BSM on feed intake in broilers, as shown in Table 5.

Figure 2 Feed intake values of broilers fed BSM.
Figure 2

Feed intake values of broilers fed BSM.

Table 3

Subgroup analyses of the effect of BSM on feed intake in broilers

Covariates C+ SMD 95% CI SE p value
Lower Upper
Broiler strains
Anak 18 0.19 −0.16 0.55 0.18 0.292
Ross 7 −0.81 −1.82 0.20 0.52 0.114
Arbor acres 7 −0.05 −0.84 0.74 0.40 0.902
Marshall 7 0.78 0.33 1.23 0.23 <0.001
Hubbard 3 −2.54 −3.67 −1.40 0.58 <0.001
Inclusion level (%)
1–10 27 −0.12 −0.47 0.23 0.178 0.512
11–20 17 0.16 −0.17 0.50 0.17 0.334
21–30 8 0.92 0.51 1.32 0.21 <0.001
31–40 6 0.62 0.41 0.83 0.11 <0.001
Processing method
Sun drying 30 −0.27 −0.65 0.12 0.20 0.173
Toasting 4 −0.02 −0.64 0.60 0.32 0.947
Fermentation 8 −0.90 −1.47 −0.34 0.29 0.002
Soaking/roasting 3 0.98 0.19 1.77 0.40 0.015
Feed duration (days)
1–21 4 −0.83 −1.21 −0.45 0.19 <0.001
1–28 26 0.31 0.07 0.56 0.13 0.012
22–42 5 −1.16 −1.56 −0.75 0.21 <0.001
29–56 12 0.42 0.09 0.74 0.17 0.013
1–56 11 0.63 0.11 1.15 0.26 0.017

BSM, baobab seed meal; C+, number of comparison; SMD, standardised mean differences; CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error; P, probability.

Table 4

Meta-regression of effect of moderators on response variables

Outcomes Moderators Q M p value R 2-index (%)
Feed intake Inclusion level 11.7 0.009 14
Broiler strains 12.6 0.028 15
Feeding duration 30.7 3.54 × 10−6 35
Processing method 33.1 2.51 × 10−5 35
FCR Inclusion level 5.60 0.133 4
Broiler strains 16.4 0.006 20
Feeding duration 27.8 1.39 × 10−5 28
Processing method 10.9 0.143 6
BWG Inclusion level 0.98 0.807 0
Broiler strains 7.42 0.191 5
Feeding duration 20.9 <0.001 22
Processing method 10.5 0.16 6

BWG, body weight gain; FCR, feed conversion ratio; Q M, coefficient of moderator; R 2, amount of heterogeneity accounted for.

Table 5

Publication bias assessment

Outcomes SMD Observed significance Target significance Nfs number n Nfs > (5 × n study + 10)
Feed intake 0.26 <0.0001 0.05 1,191 14 80
FCR 0.25 <0.0001 0.05 1,107 14 80
BWG −0.09 <0.0001 0.05 240 14 80

SMD, standardised mean difference; FI, feed intake; FCR, feed conversion ratio; BWG, body weight gain; n, number of study; Nfs, fail-safe number.

3.3 FCR

Forest plots of the impact of BSM on the FCR of broilers are displayed in Figure 3. Pooled estimation results revealed that BSM increased FCR in broilers when compared to the control (SMD = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.91; p < 0.001), taking significant heterogeneity into account (p < 0.001; I 2 = 97%). Table 6 presents the results of the influence of covariates on the FCR of broilers fed BSM. Hubbard strain fed BSM-based diets displayed better FCR than the Ross and Arbor Acres strains. On the other hand, the Marshall strains had significantly enhanced FCR (SMD = −0.43; 95% CI: −1.45, 0.60; p = 0.415) compared to the Anak strains (SMD = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.19, 1.29; p = 0.008). Broilers fed BSM at 31–40% had poor FCR compared to broilers fed 1–10% BSM, but similar to those fed BSM at 11–20 and 21–30%. Broilers fed soaked and roasted BSM had better FCR than those fed sundried or fermented BSM, but similar to those fed toasted BSM. Broilers offered BSM from days 1–56 (95% CI: −0.51, 0.84) had improved FCR compared to those offered the same diet from days 1–21 (95% CI: 1.65, 3.51), days 1–28 (95% CI: 0.35, 1.34), and days 22–42 (95% CI: 1.02, 2.62). However, broilers offered BSM from days 29–56 and days 1–56 had similar FCR. Table 4 lists a significant linear association between FCR and the studied covariates (i.e., broiler strains and feed duration). There is evidence of publication bias with Rosenberg’s Nfs value of 1,107 (Table 5).

Figure 3 FCR of broilers fed BSM.
Figure 3

FCR of broilers fed BSM.

Table 6

Subgroup analyses of the effect of BSM on FCR in broilers

Covariates C+ SMD 95% CI SE p value
Lower Upper
Broiler strains
Anak 20 0.72 0.19 1.29 0.28 0.008
Ross 8 0.64 −0.03 1.31 0.34 0.061
Arbor Acres 7 0.94 −0.51 2.40 0.74 0.204
Marshall 7 −0.43 −1.45 0.60 0.52 0.415
Hubbard 3 −1.57 −1.90 −1.25 0.17 <0.001
Inclusion level (%)
1–10 29 0.07 −0.37 0.51 0.23 0.761
11–20 20 0.83 0.04 1.63 0.41 0.041
21–30 9 0.76 −0.05 1.58 0.41 0.066
31–40 6 1.58 1.04 2.12 0.28 <0.001
Processing method
Sun drying 35 0.38 −0.02 0.77 0.20 0.064
Toasting 4 −0.75 −2.47 0.96 0.88 0.389
Fermentation 9 1.38 −0.15 2.90 0.78 0.077
Soaking/Roasting 3 −1.23 −1.43 −1.04 0.10 <0.001
Feed duration (days)
1–21 4 2.58 1.65 3.51 0.47 <0.001
1–28 30 0.85 0.35 1.34 0.25 <0.001
22–42 5 1.82 1.02 2.62 0.41 <0.001
29–56 12 0.17 −0.51 0.84 0.34 0.622
1–56 13 −0.89 −1.41 −0.36 0.27 <0.001

C+, number of comparison; BSM, baobab seed meal; FCR, feed conversion ratio; SMD, standardised mean differences; CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error; P, probability.

3.4 BWG

The BWG value of broilers fed BSM is described in Figure 4. Broilers fed control diets had significantly heavier BWG (SMD = −0.77; 95% CI: −1.19, −0.36; p < 0.001) than those fed BSM diets with evidence of significant heterogeneity (p < 0.001; I 2 = 98%). Restricted subgroup analyses of the influence of studied covariates on BWG in broilers fed BSM are shown in Table 7. Marshall strains fed BSM had significantly heavier BWG (SMD = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.48, 1.78; p < 0.001) than Hubbard (SMD = −0.97; 95% CI: −1.94, 0.03; p = 0.051), Ross (SMD = −1.72; 95% CI: −2.60, −0.83; p < 0.001), and Anak strains (SMD = −0.87; 95% CI: −1.51, −0.26; p = 0.005), whereas Arbor Acres (SMD = −0.94; 95% CI: −3.12, 1.24; p = 0.415) and Marshall strains (SMD = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.48, 1.78; p < 0.001) had similar BWG. Broilers fed soaked and roasted BSM had significantly higher BWG (SMD = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.65, 2.97; p < 0.001) than broilers fed sundried or fermented BSM. In contrast, broilers fed soaked/roasted BSM had a similar BWG to those fed toasted BSM. Broilers fed BSM on days 1–56 had significantly heavier BWG (SMD = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.16, 1.69; p = 0.018) than those offered BSM from days 1–21 (SMD = −3.39; 95% CI: −4.41, −2.37; p < 0.001), days 1–28 (SMD = −1.32; 95% CI: −1.91, −0.72; p < 0.001), and days 22–42 (SMD = −2.24; 95% CI: −2.75, −1.73; p < 0.001). However, broilers fed BSM from days 29–56 and days 1–56 had similar BWG. Table 4 shows a significant linear relationship between BWG and feeding duration. There is a presence of publication bias; however, Rosenberg’s Nfs for the database is 240 (Table 5).

Figure 4 BWG of broilers fed BSM.
Figure 4

BWG of broilers fed BSM.

Table 7

Subgroup analyses of the effect of BSM on BWG of broilers

Covariates C+ SMD 95% CI SE p value
Lower Upper
Broiler strains
Anak 20 −0.87 −1.51 −0.26 0.32 0.005
Ross 8 −1.72 −2.60 −0.83 0.45 <0.001
Arbor acres 7 −0.94 −3.12 1.24 1.11 0.398
Marshall 7 1.13 0.48 1.78 0.33 <0.001
Hubbard 3 −0.97 −1.94 0.03 0.50 0.051
Inclusion level (%)
1–10 29 −0.67 −1.25 −0.09 0.30 0.024
11–20 20 −1.13 −2.06 −0.19 0.48 0.019
21–30 9 −0.07 −0.87 0.73 0.41 0.859
31–40 6 −1.06 −1.96 −0.17 0.46 0.019
Processing method
Sun drying 35 −0.73 −1.17 −0.29 0.22 0.001
Toasting 4 0.69 −1.22 2.59 0.97 0.479
Fermentation 9 −2.01 −3.74 −0.28 0.88 0.023
Soaking/roasting 3 2.31 1.65 2.97 0.34 <0.001
Feed duration (days)
1–21 4 −3.39 −4.41 −2.37 0.52 <0.001
1–28 30 −1.32 −1.91 −0.72 0.30 <0.001
22–42 5 −2.24 −2.75 −1.73 0.26 <0.001
29–56 12 0.21 −0.38 0.79 0.30 0.484
1–56 13 0.92 0.16 1.69 0.39 0.018

C+, number of comparison; BSM, baobab seed meal; BWG, body weight gain; SMD, standardised mean differences; CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error; P, probability.

3.5 Carcass and cut-part characteristics

The effects of BSM on the dressed carcass, dressing percentage, and cut-part weights of broilers are presented in Table 8. In comparison with the control, the results showed that dietary BSM did not influence the dressing percentage of broilers. However, broilers fed control diets had significantly heavier carcass weight (SMD = −0.77; 95% CI: −1.19, −0.30; p = 0.007) than those fed BSM-based diets. There were no significant differences in the weights of the breast, thigh, and drumstick in broilers fed BSM compared to the controls.

Table 8

Effect of BSM on carcass and cut-part weights of broilers

Covariates C+ SMD 95% CI SE p value Heterogeneity
Lower Upper Q-test % p value
Carcass weight 20 −0.84 −1.44 −0.23 0.31 0.007 676.45 97 <0.001
Dressing percentage 19 0.10 −0.12 0.33 0.12 0.070 101.11 82 <0.001
Breast weight 15 1.25 −0.08 2.58 0.68 0.065 1121.38 99 <0.001
Thigh weight 15 0.08 −1.04 1.21 0.57 0.885 957.50 99 <0.001
Drumstick weight 15 0.22 −0.59 1.03 0.41 0.590 596.06 98 <0.001

C+, number of comparison; BSM, baobab seed meal; SMD, standardised mean differences; CI, confidence interval; Q, Cochran; SE standard error; P, probability.

4 Discussion

The result of the meta-analysis demonstrated that the sun-drying method is the most common method for processing baobab seeds, which may be due to its availability and low cost compared to other processing methods. The fact that fermentation is the second most common method for processing baobab seeds in this study agrees with Omede et al. [37] and Aladi et al. [4], who reported an increasing use of biotechnology in enhancing the quality of non-traditional feedstuffs for use in poultry nutrition. A large number of studies used for the meta-analysis fed BSM for 56 days, despite growing efforts to raise broilers to market weight in 35 days or less. This observation is consistent with the finding of Kpomasse et al. [1], who reported that under tropical climates, broiler production is hampered by multiple challenges, including thermal stress, the high cost of veterinary services, and the scarcity of high-quality feedstuffs, making it hard for broilers to reach their genetic potential. The findings of this study suggest that Anak, Ross, Arbor Acres, and Marshall broilers are the predominant strains utilised in the present meta-analysis.

The results indicate that BSM had adverse effects on the FCR and BWG of broilers, which is consistent with the findings of other researchers who noticed poor growth performance in broilers fed BSM-based diets [20,22,30]. These findings contradict those of Bale et al. [19], who reported similar BWG in broilers fed 0–40% BSM. This discrepancy may be attributed to differences in the quantity of baobab seeds included in the diet, chicken age, and processing methods used. The reduced BWG in broilers fed BSM in this meta-analysis may be due to poor utilisation of the BSM-based diets. This observation was in line with the results of Adeosun et al. [29] who reported poor BWG in broilers as the levels of BSM were increased in the diets.

This study found that feeding BSM-based diets to broilers reduced carcass weight but had no effect on dressing percentage. The results indicate that the incorporation of BSM in broiler diets produced similar results on cut-part characteristics as the control diet. The observed poor growth performance in broilers fed BSM-based diets explained the observed lower carcass weights. The similar cut-part characteristics in broilers fed BSM with the control suggest that inclusion of BSM in the broiler diet supports cut-part yield.

4.1 Explanatory moderator variables

4.1.1 Broiler strains

The present meta-analysis indicated that broiler strains accounted for 15–20% of the sources of variations in feed intake and FCR in broilers fed BSM. The Marshall strain exhibited better BWG than the Anak, Ross, and Hubbard strains, suggesting an improved capacity of the Marshall strain to utilise BSM diets. This finding is consistent with the results of previous researchers [38,39], who reported that genotype affects broiler performance. However, the observed discrepancy among the strains may be also attributed to differences in the rearing environment and management. There are scanty published studies on the effect of dietary BSM on the growth performance of different broiler strains to compare with the results of the present study. Thus, more research should be focused in this direction.

4.1.2 Inclusion levels of BSM

This study revealed that inclusion level explained about 15% of the sources of heterogeneity in feed intake of broilers fed BSM diets. The increased feed intake in broilers from studies that fed high levels of BSM compared to those fed low and moderate levels of BSM may be a response to the birds to satisfy their nutrient requirements that may be diluted by the high fibre contained in BSM [9,11,12]. The improved FCR in broilers fed low to moderate levels of BSM when compared to those fed high levels of BSM could be attributed to better utilisation of diets containing low to moderate levels of BSM, as reported by Chimvuramahwe et al. [26]. Conversely, the poor FCR in broilers fed higher inclusion levels of BSM could be attributed to the adverse impact of increased residual levels of anti-nutritional compounds in the test feedstuff [17], which may have exceeded the threshold the broilers could tolerate.

4.1.3 Processing methods

The addition of baobab seeds to broiler diets is hampered by their high fibre content and the presence of anti-nutritional compounds [17]. However, these anti-nutritional compounds can be removed via different processing techniques. These findings indicate that processing methods are significant predictors of feed intake in broilers fed BSM-based diets and explain about 35% of the treatment effect. This corroborated the recent reports of Ogbuewu et al. [40] that processing methods are predictors of feed intake in broilers. The results showed that a blend of soaking and roasting methods improved the nutritive value of baobab seeds. The improvement in growth performance of broilers fed roasted BSM could be attributed to an increase in ash content due to the loss of dry matter, which led to a reduction in fibre. The improved performance of broilers fed a blend of soaked and roasted baobab seed is consistent with the finding of Obizoba and Amaechi [41], who reported that roasting, appears to be much more beneficial in increasing the nutritive value of baobab seeds than fermentation.

4.1.4 Feeding duration of BSM

Results showed a moderate effect for feeding duration as a covariate and explained 22–35% of the treatment effect. Results also indicated that the BWG of broilers fed BSM-based diets from days 29–59 and days 1–56 was better than those fed the same diets from days 1–21 to 1–28. The increased BWG recorded in broilers fed BSM from days 29–56 compared to those from days 1–21 and days 1–28 imply the high ability of broilers at the finisher phase to utilise the examined feedstuff, which has been reported to contain varying levels of anti-nutritional compounds [17]. The poor performance of broilers at 1–21 and 1–28 days of age is to be expected, as their gastrointestinal tracts may not be well developed to utilise BSM-based diets. The significant improvement in FCR and BWG of broilers fed BSM diets from days 1 to 56 compared to days 22 to 42 could be attributed to better utilisation of diets. This observation suggests that days 1−56 could be the optimal feeding duration of BSM in broilers. However, more detailed research is required to determine the optimal feeding duration of BSM in broilers.

5 Conclusion

The results showed that most of the studies included in the meta-analysis were performed in Nigeria, with sun drying, fermentation, and toasting being the most prevalent methods of processing baobab seeds. Results also revealed that Ross, Anak, Arbor Acre, and Marshall were the common strains used to evaluate the effect of baobab seeds on broiler performance. Restricted subgroup analysis results found improved growth performance data in Marshall broilers fed BSM at 1–10%. In addition, broilers fed a blend of soaked and roasted BSM from days 29–56 to 1–56 had better growth performance indices than those fed sundried and fermented BSM. Meta-regression analysis showed low to moderate effects of processing methods, broiler strains, inclusion level of BSM, and feeding duration as covariates and explained the observed disparities in performance traits of broilers fed BSM.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. IPO conceived and designed the study. IPO and HAA collected and analysed the data. IPO, HAA, MM, and CAM wrote and edited the draft. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript for publication.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Data were made available as tables and figures.

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Received: 2024-03-09
Revised: 2024-05-09
Accepted: 2024-05-28
Published Online: 2024-07-17

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  120. Revealing the influences of organic amendment-derived dissolved organic matter on growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
  121. Identification of viruses infecting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) in Benin
  122. Assessing the soil physical and chemical properties of long-term pomelo orchard based on tree growth
  123. Investigating access and use of digital tools for agriculture among rural farmers: A case study of Nkomazi Municipality, South Africa
  124. Does sex influence the impact of dietary vitD3 and UVB light on performance parameters and welfare indicators of broilers?
  125. Design of intelligent sprayer control for an autonomous farming drone using a multiclass support vector machine
  126. Deciphering salt-responsive NB-ARC genes in rice transcriptomic data: A bioinformatics approach with gene expression validation
  127. Review Articles
  128. Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives – A review
  129. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review
  130. Climate change and adaptive strategies on viticulture (Vitis spp.)
  131. The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods
  132. A systematic review on potential analogy of phytobiomass and soil carbon evaluation methods: Ethiopia insights
  133. A review of storage temperature and relative humidity effects on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and implications for nutrition insecurity in Ethiopia
  134. Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks
  135. Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review
  136. Corn silk: A promising source of antimicrobial compounds for health and wellness
  137. State and contours of research on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Africa
  138. The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives
  139. Minor millets: Processing techniques and their nutritional and health benefits
  140. Meta-analysis of reproductive performance of improved dairy cattle under Ethiopian environmental conditions
  141. Review on enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer utilization: Strategies for optimal nutrient management
  142. The nutritional, phytochemical composition, and utilisation of different parts of maize: A comparative analysis
  143. Motivations for farmers’ participation in agri-environmental scheme in the EU, literature review
  144. Evolution of climate-smart agriculture research: A science mapping exploration and network analysis
  145. Short Communications
  146. Music enrichment improves the behavior and leukocyte profile of dairy cattle
  147. Effect of pruning height and organic fertilization on the morphological and productive characteristics of Moringa oleifera Lam. in the Peruvian dry tropics
  148. Corrigendum
  149. Corrigendum to “Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance”
  150. Corrigendum to “Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types”
  151. Special issue: Smart Agriculture System for Sustainable Development: Methods and Practices
  152. Construction of a sustainable model to predict the moisture content of porang powder (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) based on pointed-scan visible near-infrared spectroscopy
  153. FruitVision: A deep learning based automatic fruit grading system
  154. Energy harvesting and ANFIS modeling of a PVDF/GO-ZNO piezoelectric nanogenerator on a UAV
  155. Effects of stress hormones on digestibility and performance in cattle: A review
  156. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part II
  157. Assessment of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profiles and ratio of omega-6/omega-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens fed diets enriched with omega-3 rich vegetable oil
  158. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part II
  159. Special Issue on FCEM – International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation: Message from the editor
  160. Fruit and vegetable consumption: Study involving Portuguese and French consumers
  161. Knowledge about consumption of milk: Study involving consumers from two European Countries – France and Portugal
https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0316
Keywords for this article
broilers; baobab seeds; growth performance; carcass weight; meta‐analysis
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Supplementation of P-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris improved soil fertility, P nutrient, growth, and yield of Cucumis melo L.
  3. Yield gap variation in rice cultivation in Indonesia
  4. Effects of co-inoculation of indole-3-acetic acid- and ammonia-producing bacteria on plant growth and nutrition, soil elements, and the relationships of soil microbiomes with soil physicochemical parameters
  5. Impact of mulching and planting time on spring-wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth: A combined field experiment and empirical modeling approach
  6. Morphological diversity, correlation studies, and multiple-traits selection for yield and yield components of local cowpea varieties
  7. Participatory on-farm evaluation of new orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties in Southern Ethiopia
  8. Yield performance and stability analysis of three cultivars of Gayo Arabica coffee across six different environments
  9. Biology of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on different types of plants feeds: Potency as a pest on various agricultural plants
  10. Antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. fruit in alloxan-induced Swiss albino diabetic mice
  11. Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance
  12. Nicotinamide as a biostimulant improves soybean growth and yield
  13. Farmer’s willingness to accept the sustainable zoning-based organic farming development plan: A lesson from Sleman District, Indonesia
  14. Uncovering hidden determinants of millennial farmers’ intentions in running conservation agriculture: An application of the Norm Activation Model
  15. Mediating role of leadership and group capital between human capital component and sustainability of horticultural agribusiness institutions in Indonesia
  16. Biochar technology to increase cassava crop productivity: A study of sustainable agriculture on degraded land
  17. Effect of struvite on the growth of green beans on Mars and Moon regolith simulants
  18. UrbanAgriKG: A knowledge graph on urban agriculture and its embeddings
  19. Provision of loans and credit by cocoa buyers under non-price competition: Cocoa beans market in Ghana
  20. Effectiveness of micro-dosing of lime on selected chemical properties of soil in Banja District, North West, Ethiopia
  21. Effect of weather, nitrogen fertilizer, and biostimulators on the root size and yield components of Hordeum vulgare
  22. Effects of selected biostimulants on qualitative and quantitative parameters of nine cultivars of the genus Capsicum spp.
  23. Growth, yield, and secondary metabolite responses of three shallot cultivars at different watering intervals
  24. Design of drainage channel for effective use of land on fully mechanized sugarcane plantations: A case study at Bone Sugarcane Plantation
  25. Technical feasibility and economic benefit of combined shallot seedlings techniques in Indonesia
  26. Control of Meloidogyne javanica in banana by endophytic bacteria
  27. Comparison of important quality components of red-flesh kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in different locations
  28. Efficiency of rice farming in flood-prone areas of East Java, Indonesia
  29. Comparative analysis of alpine agritourism in Trentino, Tyrol, and South Tyrol: Regional variations and prospects
  30. Detection of Fusarium spp. infection in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) during postharvest storage through visible–near-infrared and shortwave–near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy
  31. Forage yield, seed, and forage qualitative traits evaluation by determining the optimal forage harvesting stage in dual-purpose cultivation in safflower varieties (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
  32. The influence of tourism on the development of urban space: Comparison in Hanoi, Danang, and Ho Chi Minh City
  33. Optimum intra-row spacing and clove size for the economical production of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia
  34. The role of organic rice farm income on farmer household welfare: Evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  35. Exploring innovative food in a developing country: Edible insects as a sustainable option
  36. Genotype by environment interaction and performance stability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown in Dawuro zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
  37. Factors influencing green, environmentally-friendly consumer behaviour
  38. Factors affecting coffee farmers’ access to financial institutions: The case of Bandung Regency, Indonesia
  39. Morphological and yield trait-based evaluation and selection of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes suitable for both summer and winter seasons
  40. Sustainability analysis and decision-making strategy for swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabauesis) conservation in Jambi Province, Indonesia
  41. Understanding factors affecting rice purchasing decisions in Indonesia: Does rice brand matter?
  42. An implementation of an extended theory of planned behavior to investigate consumer behavior on hygiene sanitation-certified livestock food products
  43. Information technology adoption in Indonesia’s small-scale dairy farms
  44. Draft genome of a biological control agent against Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal phytopathogen of spot blotch in wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum): Bacillus inaquosorum TSO22
  45. Assessment of the recurrent mutagenesis efficacy of sesame crosses followed by isolation and evaluation of promising genetic resources for use in future breeding programs
  46. Fostering cocoa industry resilience: A collaborative approach to managing farm gate price fluctuations in West Sulawesi, Indonesia
  47. Field investigation of component failures for selected farm machinery used in small rice farming operations
  48. Near-infrared technology in agriculture: Rapid, simultaneous, and non-destructive determination of inner quality parameters on intact coffee beans
  49. The synergistic application of sucrose and various LED light exposures to enhance the in vitro growth of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)
  50. Weather index-based agricultural insurance for flower farmers: Willingness to pay, sales, and profitability perspectives
  51. Meta-analysis of dietary Bacillus spp. on serum biochemical and antioxidant status and egg quality of laying hens
  52. Biochemical characterization of trypsin from Indonesian skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera
  53. Determination of C-factor for conventional cultivation and soil conservation technique used in hop gardens
  54. Empowering farmers: Unveiling the economic impacts of contract farming on red chilli farmers’ income in Magelang District, Indonesia
  55. Evaluating salt tolerance in fodder crops: A field experiment in the dry land
  56. Labor productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) farmers in Central Java Province, Indonesia
  57. Cropping systems and production assessment in southern Myanmar: Informing strategic interventions
  58. The effect of biostimulants and red mud on the growth and yield of shallots in post-unlicensed gold mining soil
  59. Effects of dietary Adansonia digitata L. (baobab) seed meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  60. Analysis and structural characterization of the vid-pisco market
  61. Pseudomonas fluorescens SP007s enhances defense responses against the soybean bacterial pustule caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines
  62. A brief investigation on the prospective of co-composted biochar as a fertilizer for Zucchini plants cultivated in arid sandy soil
  63. Supply chain efficiency of red chilies in the production center of Sleman Indonesia based on performance measurement system
  64. Investment development path for developed economies: Is agriculture different?
  65. Power relations among actors in laying hen business in Indonesia: A MACTOR analysis
  66. High-throughput digital imaging and detection of morpho-physiological traits in tomato plants under drought
  67. Converting compression ignition engine to dual-fuel (diesel + CNG) engine and experimentally investigating its performance and emissions
  68. Structuration, risk management, and institutional dynamics in resolving palm oil conflicts
  69. Spacing strategies for enhancing drought resilience and yield in maize agriculture
  70. Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types
  71. Investigating Spodoptera spp. diversity, percentage of attack, and control strategies in the West Java, Indonesia, corn cultivation
  72. Yield stability of biofertilizer treatments to soybean in the rainy season based on the GGE biplot
  73. Evaluating agricultural yield and economic implications of varied irrigation depths on maize yield in semi-arid environments, at Birfarm, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia
  74. Chemometrics for mapping the spatial nitrate distribution on the leaf lamina of fenugreek grown under varying nitrogenous fertilizer doses
  75. Pomegranate peel ethanolic extract: A promising natural antioxidant, antimicrobial agent, and novel approach to mitigate rancidity in used edible oils
  76. Transformative learning and engagement with organic farming: Lessons learned from Indonesia
  77. Tourism in rural areas as a broader concept: Some insights from the Portuguese reality
  78. Assessment enhancing drought tolerance in henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) ecotypes through sodium nitroprusside foliar application
  79. Edible insects: A survey about perceptions regarding possible beneficial health effects and safety concerns among adult citizens from Portugal and Romania
  80. Phenological stages analysis in peach trees using electronic nose
  81. Harvest date and salicylic acid impact on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) properties under different humidity conditions
  82. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. petal biomass: A green source of nanoparticles of multifarious potential
  83. Use of different vegetation indices for the evaluation of the kinetics of the cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) growth based on multispectral images by UAV
  84. First evidence of microplastic pollution in mangrove sediments and its ingestion by coral reef fish: Case study in Biawak Island, Indonesia
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  87. Avocado peel by-product in cattle diets and supplementation with oregano oil and effects on production, carcass, and meat quality
  88. Optimizing inorganic blended fertilizer application for the maximum grain yield and profitability of bread wheat and food barley in Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
  89. The acceptance of social media as a channel of communication and livestock information for sheep farmers
  90. Adaptation of rice farmers to aging in Thailand
  91. Combined use of improved maize hybrids and nitrogen application increases grain yield of maize, under natural Striga hermonthica infestation
  92. From aquatic to terrestrial: An examination of plant diversity and ecological shifts
  93. Statistical modelling of a tractor tractive performance during ploughing operation on a tropical Alfisol
  94. Participation in artisanal diamond mining and food security: A case study of Kasai Oriental in DR Congo
  95. Assessment and multi-scenario simulation of ecosystem service values in Southwest China’s mountainous and hilly region
  96. Analysis of agricultural emissions and economic growth in Europe in search of ecological balance
  97. Bacillus thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activity against insect larvae of the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera
  98. Technical efficiency of sugarcane farming in East Java, Indonesia: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis
  99. Comparison between mycobiota diversity and fungi and mycotoxin contamination of maize and wheat
  100. Evaluation of cultivation technology package and corn variety based on agronomy characters and leaf green indices
  101. Exploring the association between the consumption of beverages, fast foods, sweets, fats, and oils and the risk of gastric and pancreatic cancers: Findings from case–control study
  102. Phytochemical composition and insecticidal activity of Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Benth & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. extract on life span and biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.)
  103. Land use management solutions in response to climate change: Case study in the central coastal areas of Vietnam
  104. Evaluation of coffee pulp as a feed ingredient for ruminants: A meta-analysis
  105. Interannual variations of normalized difference vegetation index and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship in the Baghdad area
  106. Harnessing synthetic microbial communities with nitrogen-fixing activity to promote rice growth
  107. Agronomic and economic benefits of rice–sweetpotato rotation in lowland rice cropping systems in Uganda
  108. Response of potato tuber as an effect of the N-fertilizer and paclobutrazol application in medium altitude
  109. Bridging the gap: The role of geographic proximity in enhancing seed sustainability in Bandung District
  110. Evaluation of Abrams curve in agricultural sector using the NARDL approach
  111. Challenges and opportunities for young farmers in the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2014–2020 of the Republic of Croatia
  112. Yield stability of ten common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes at different sowing dates in Lubumbashi, South-East of DR Congo
  113. Effects of encapsulation and combining probiotics with different nitrate forms on methane emission and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics
  114. Phytochemical analysis of Bienertia sinuspersici extract and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  115. Evaluation of relative drought tolerance of grapevines by leaf fluorescence parameters
  116. Yield assessment of new streak-resistant topcross maize hybrids in Benin
  117. Improvement of cocoa powder properties through ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted alkalization
  118. Potential of ecoenzymes made from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) leaf and pulp waste as bioinsecticides for Periplaneta americana
  119. Analysis of farm performance to realize the sustainability of organic cabbage vegetable farming in Getasan Semarang, Indonesia
  120. Revealing the influences of organic amendment-derived dissolved organic matter on growth and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.)
  121. Identification of viruses infecting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) in Benin
  122. Assessing the soil physical and chemical properties of long-term pomelo orchard based on tree growth
  123. Investigating access and use of digital tools for agriculture among rural farmers: A case study of Nkomazi Municipality, South Africa
  124. Does sex influence the impact of dietary vitD3 and UVB light on performance parameters and welfare indicators of broilers?
  125. Design of intelligent sprayer control for an autonomous farming drone using a multiclass support vector machine
  126. Deciphering salt-responsive NB-ARC genes in rice transcriptomic data: A bioinformatics approach with gene expression validation
  127. Review Articles
  128. Impact of nematode infestation in livestock production and the role of natural feed additives – A review
  129. Role of dietary fats in reproductive, health, and nutritional benefits in farm animals: A review
  130. Climate change and adaptive strategies on viticulture (Vitis spp.)
  131. The false tiger of almond, Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae): Biology, ecology, and control methods
  132. A systematic review on potential analogy of phytobiomass and soil carbon evaluation methods: Ethiopia insights
  133. A review of storage temperature and relative humidity effects on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and implications for nutrition insecurity in Ethiopia
  134. Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks
  135. Potential influence of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of carrot (Dacus carota L.) in Ethiopia: Systematic review
  136. Corn silk: A promising source of antimicrobial compounds for health and wellness
  137. State and contours of research on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Africa
  138. The potential of phosphorus-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria in agriculture: Present and future perspectives
  139. Minor millets: Processing techniques and their nutritional and health benefits
  140. Meta-analysis of reproductive performance of improved dairy cattle under Ethiopian environmental conditions
  141. Review on enhancing the efficiency of fertilizer utilization: Strategies for optimal nutrient management
  142. The nutritional, phytochemical composition, and utilisation of different parts of maize: A comparative analysis
  143. Motivations for farmers’ participation in agri-environmental scheme in the EU, literature review
  144. Evolution of climate-smart agriculture research: A science mapping exploration and network analysis
  145. Short Communications
  146. Music enrichment improves the behavior and leukocyte profile of dairy cattle
  147. Effect of pruning height and organic fertilization on the morphological and productive characteristics of Moringa oleifera Lam. in the Peruvian dry tropics
  148. Corrigendum
  149. Corrigendum to “Bioinformatics investigation of the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds of rhizobacteria in inhibiting late embryogenesis abundant protein that induces drought tolerance”
  150. Corrigendum to “Composition and quality of winter annual agrestal and ruderal herbages of two different land-use types”
  151. Special issue: Smart Agriculture System for Sustainable Development: Methods and Practices
  152. Construction of a sustainable model to predict the moisture content of porang powder (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) based on pointed-scan visible near-infrared spectroscopy
  153. FruitVision: A deep learning based automatic fruit grading system
  154. Energy harvesting and ANFIS modeling of a PVDF/GO-ZNO piezoelectric nanogenerator on a UAV
  155. Effects of stress hormones on digestibility and performance in cattle: A review
  156. Special Issue of The 4th International Conference on Food Science and Engineering (ICFSE) 2022 - Part II
  157. Assessment of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profiles and ratio of omega-6/omega-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens fed diets enriched with omega-3 rich vegetable oil
  158. Special Issue on FCEM - International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation - Part II
  159. Special Issue on FCEM – International Web Conference on Food Choice & Eating Motivation: Message from the editor
  160. Fruit and vegetable consumption: Study involving Portuguese and French consumers
  161. Knowledge about consumption of milk: Study involving consumers from two European Countries – France and Portugal
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