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The effect of dosage nanosilica and the particle size of porcelanite aggregate concrete on mechanical and microstructure properties

  • Sahar I. Ahmed EMAIL logo , Aqeel Sh. Al-Adili and Awham M. Hameed
Published/Copyright: August 2, 2022
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Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials
From the journal Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials Volume 31 Issue 1

Abstract

Several research studies have been conducted on the usage of nanoscale silica particles in concrete, based on the success of employing silica fume as an active pozzolan in concrete. The impact of several doses of nanosilicas (NpSs) in powder having a certain surface area of 160 m2/g and two particle sizes of porcelanite rock on the mechanical characteristics of lightweight porcelanite aggregate concrete was investigated. The addition of NpS particles significantly improved the workability of mixes, according to the results. The compressive strength of samples was influenced by NpS, with higher doses of NpS resulting in greater improvement. Porcelanite aggregate concrete’s compressive strength was unaffected by a modest percentage of different NpSs. NpS had an effect on the samples. Flexural strength also improved at all NpS dosages. The flexural strength of porcelanite aggregate concrete increased by a low percentage of various NpS.

Keywords: porcelanite aggregate; nanosilica; compressive strength; flexural strength; FESEM

1 Introduction

Nanotechnology, introduced about half a century ago, is one of the most active study areas in the last two decades, with both novel science and applications in various fields [1]. Nanoscale particles have considerably improved features as compared to traditional grain-size materials with the same chemical composition. As a result industries may be able to re-engineer themselves with many existing items and to develop new and innovative products that achieve high levels of performance [2]. Research in the field has been expanded to include the use of nanomaterial in concrete to enhance the structure’s performance. It has been discovered that adding a small quantity of nanomaterial to the concrete can change the properties of cement at the nanoscale, making the concrete more suitable. Nanosilica (NpS), among the different nanomaterials, has recently received interest because it provides high specific surface area and greater pozzolanic reactivity than other traditional mineral admixtures [3].

Natural sands, gravels, and crushed rocks make up concrete aggregates. They are called as natural mineral aggregates [4]. The most significant kind of aggregates for the Portland cement concrete is natural mineral aggregates. About two-third of the crushed aggregate is made up of a carbonate rock; the remaining is made up of sandstones, granites, diorites, gabbro, and basalts [5]. The latter, lightweight concrete (LWC), is a lightweight material that is used in construction to reduce the amount of weight that is placed on a structure [6]. Lightweight aggregate concrete is not a new term in the world of concrete; in fact, it has existed since ancient times. The truth that these kinds of constructions are still standing demonstrates the durability of the concrete [6]. Due to its low weight and high strength, LWC has recently been the focus of many studies [7]. Most construction materials, especially concrete (density of 2,400 kg/m3), are hindered by their weight. Fortunately, lightweight aggregates can be used to make concrete with a lower density than normal-weight aggregates because they include vesicles or air voids that give them their large size. When these low-density materials are used and when aggregates are added to a concrete mix, structural grade concrete with a density of 1,850 kg/m3 can be produced [8]. Many research studies have lately been conducted to provide low-density concrete with the best possible mechanical properties [9].

To enhance the durability, strength, as well as permeation of material that has cement as a base, NpS was shown to be far more effective compared to microsilica. Various research studies have indicated widely disparate outcomes, ranging from significant strength gain to significant strength decline. Many investigations looked into the impact of NpS on the compression strength for cementitious mixtures, mortar, as well as concrete [1,10,11]. NpS has a larger surface area due to the small size of its particles, which improves cement hydration and pozzolanic processes, according to recent research [12]. The need to improve early strength is important as this helps to demould formworks/moulds as soon as possible and also makes the composite suitable for applications where higher early strength is desired. It is desirable to have strength [13]. Recent technological advances have created lots of new challenges in the production of environmental-friendly, high-performance concrete. It has been discovered that using nanotechnology to modify the properties of cementitious materials by using NpS as a mineral additive has considerably enhanced the performance of concrete [14].

The aim of this study is to add nanoparticles like NpS to porcelanite aggregate concrete and then investigate their effects on some concrete qualities, for instance, compressive strength, flexural strength, and analysis of microstructure by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). In this study, coarse porcelanite aggregates in two grain sizes (4 and 5 mm) at different percentages of 1, 1.5, and 2% by weight NpS to cement content as aggregates’ substitute in concrete with a mixing ratio of 1:1:1 (cement:sand:porcelanite).

2 Experimental work

2.1 Materials and methods

2.1.1 Materials

Porcelanite is a significant industrial sedimentary rock. Porcelanite was initially restricted to rocks largely constituted of opal-CT by Kastner et al. (cristobalite–tridymite). The State Company of Geological Survey and Mining discovered porcelanite rocks in Iraq’s Western Desert, near Rutba, in 1986 [15].

Porcelanite rocks have a mineral and chemical composition that represent their particular features that make them useful for industry. Many authors have heard of porcelanite [15] (Figure 1). The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) of the porcelanite compound is represented in Table 1.

Figure 1 (a) Iraqi porcelanite rock, (b) porcelanite after mechanical crushing, and (c) porcelanite in concrete at FESEM.
Figure 1

(a) Iraqi porcelanite rock, (b) porcelanite after mechanical crushing, and (c) porcelanite in concrete at FESEM.

Table 1

XRF of porcelanite compound

Chemical composition SiO2 CaO MgO Al2O3 Fe2O3 TiO2 K2O SO3 Na2O Sum
Present test results (%) 85 3 0.5 0.080 0.75 0.070 0.202 0.01 1.62 91.232

Ordinary cement throughout the experiment, the Portland cement type I, made by Krista cement factory, was employed in all combinations. According to the testing outcomes, the chosen cement meets Iraqi specifications (IQS No. 5/1984) [16].

The sand used in this research work is known as Al-Ekhaider, with the ultimate size of 4.75 mm and a grading limited zone ІІ. The results demonstrate that fine aggregate grading and sulfate content were within requirements of IQS No. 45/1984 [17].

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanopowder was also utilized in the current experimentation work. Table 2 shows the properties of the nanomaterials.

Table 2

Properties of silica nanoparticles according data sheet

Product name Color Particle size Surface area Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO
Silica powder nanograde White 20 nm 160 m2/g 0.002% 0.001% 0.002% 0.001%

EUCOBET SUPER VZ is a superplasticizer with a stunting influence that is made from synthetic materials. This complies with BS 5075 1/1974 ASTM-C494Typos G DIN and SIA standards. Table 3 depicts its proprieties.

Table 3

Properties of superplasticizer (EUCOBET SUPER VZ) according data sheet

Product name Color Specific gravity Chloride content Air entraining Compatibility with cement Shelf life
EUCOBET SUPER VZ Brown 1.1 Nil Does not entrain air All types of Portland cement Up to 2 years

2.1.2 Methods

As shown in Table 4, eight mixtures were cast with different mix designs. Mix types A1 Ref., A2, A3, and A4 represented concrete porcelanite aggregate at particle size of 4 mm with different ratios of NpS; and A5 Ref., A6, A7, and A8 concrete porcelanite aggregate at particle size of 5 mm with different ratios of NpS.

Table 4

The mix proportion of specimen

Mix type Cement (kg/m3) Sand (kg/m3) Porcelanite (kg/m3) Water/cement ratio NpS (g) Superplasticizer (mL)
A1 Ref. 550 550 550 0.35 0 18
A2 505 550 550 0.38 45 18
A3 482.5 550 550 0.38 67.5 18
A4 460 550 550 0.38 90 18
A5 Ref. 590 590 590 0.35 0 18
A6 545 590 590 0.38 45 18
A7 522.5 590 590 0.38 67.5 18
A8 500 590 590 0.38 90 18

A rotary mixer was used for mixing. First, nanoparticles were added and then stirred for 2 min at high speed. After that, the rocks of the porcelain were crushed in a mechanical crusher and the granular size was isolated by mechanical sieves. Next, the crushed rocks were soaked for 24 h, and then they were mixed with sand and cement in equal weight ratios, they were dried to ensure homogeneity before adding NpS, plasticizer, and water.

The properly blended concrete is poured into molds to make cubes of size 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm. In Table 5 the entire blending proportions regarding to compressive testing prepared for each mixture produced two cubic specimens tested on the 28th day for sample numbers A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, and A8 and casting prisms of size 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm × 28 cm for mixtures produced two prisms for each mixture A1, B1, A2, B2, A3, B3, A4, and B4 for flexural testing with the particle size of porcelanite (4 mm) and compressive testing of sample numbers A5, B5, A6, B6, A7, B7, A8, and B8 and prisms of size 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm × 28 cm for mixtures A5, B5, A6, B6, A7, B7, A8, and B8 for flexural testing with the particle size of porcelanite (5 mm). To aid compacting and reduce the number of air bubbles, an exterior vibrator was employed. After being demolded for 24 h, water was utilized to cure the specimens for 28 days and then at room temperature, the specimens were air cured for 21 days.

Table 5

Mechanical properties

No. of series Specimen cubic and prism Compressive strength (MPa) Enhanced range (%) Flexural strength (MPa) Enhanced range (%)
A1. Porcelanite aggregate at size 4 mm (0% NpS) A1 12.5 0 0.5866 0
B1 12.8 0 0.6257 0
A2. Porcelanite aggregate at size 4 mm (1% NpS) A2 13.9 11.2 1.9164 226.6
B2 13.2 5.6 2.2215 278.7
A3. Porcelanite aggregate at size 4 mm (1.5% NpS) A3 13.1 4.8 2.4248 313.3
B3 13.5 8 2.6360 349.3
A4. Porcelanite aggregate at size 4 mm (2% NpS) A4 13.1 4.8 3.6060 514.7
B4 13.9 11.2 2.8081 378.7
A5. Porcelanite aggregate at size 5 mm (0% NpS) A5 10.5 0 0.5866 0
B5 10.2 0 0.5475 0
A6. Porcelanite aggregate at size 5 mm (1% NpS) A6 16.9 60.9 2.5813 340
B6 16.1 53.3 2.5735 338.7
A7. Porcelanite aggregate at size 5 mm (1.5% NpS) A7 10 — 2.4796 322.7
B7 10.1 — 2.6752 356
A8. Porcelanite aggregate at size 5 mm (2% NpS) A8 19.3 83.8 2.6908 358.7
B8 20.1 91.4 2.816 380

By employing a hydraulic mechanic test system with loading control, the strength of the structure was compressively tested on the 28th day. Also on the same day, flexural strength testing was performed using a bend tester under loading control on the long surface of prism samples. The crushed samples were chosen for FESEM testing after the mechanical testing.

3 Results and discussions

3.1 Compressive strength

Table 5 displays the compressive strength of the eight porcelanite concrete mixes. This is done according to BS 1881-116: 1983 [18]. One could see that all compressive strengths of the samples with mixes of A2, B2 A3, B3, A4, and B4 on the 28th day were greater than that of reference A1 and B1 with the same particle size of porcelanite (4 mm). Similarly, one could see that all compressive strengths of the samples with mixes of A6, B6 A7, B7, A8, and B8 on the 28th day were higher than that of reference A5 and B5 with the same particle size of porcelanite (5 mm). The efficiency of the nano-SiO2 increases with the strength.

For the particle size of porcelanite 4 mm, almost no increase in the compressive strength was observed. Furthermore, there was no enhancement in the compressive strength for sample A6 and A8 on the 28th day. According to such findings, under the current dispersing situation, the optimum content of nano-SiO2 for reinforcing concrete applications must be 1 and 2% (by a weight of cement), respectively.

Table 5 presents a comparison of the strength of porcelain concrete without nanosilicate. The table shows that the nanoparticles have better values compared to porcelain concrete without NpS for supplying reinforcement and the importance of the particle size of the porcelain (5 mm) results in high strength.

3.2 Flexural strength

The flexural strength on the 28th day is shown in Table 5. It is carried out in accordance with BS 1881-101: 1983 [19]. The inclusion of nano-SiO2 boosts it to new heights. The nanoparticles’ efficiency in enhancing flexural strength increases in the following order: A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, and A8.

The strength of concrete without NpS is low compared to that of concrete with different nanoratios.

3.3 Microstructure and discussion

The microstructure of porcelanite concrete with and without nano-SiO2 is depicted in Figures 2–5, FESEM test was performed on the fractured faces of the control mix and on maximum compressive strength mixes. As shown in Figure 2, the microstructure image of plain concrete at 4 mm particle size of porcelanite without nanoSiO2, C–S–H gel was observed as “stand-alone” clusters, lapping and joined together by many needle hydrates and cracks.

Figure 2 FESEM of reference sample A1 porcelanite concrete magnified 9,000×.
Figure 2

FESEM of reference sample A1 porcelanite concrete magnified 9,000×.

Figure 3 FESEM of sample A4 porcelanite concrete magnified 8,000×.
Figure 3

FESEM of sample A4 porcelanite concrete magnified 8,000×.

Figure 4 FESEM of sample A5 porcelanite concrete magnified 13,000×.
Figure 4

FESEM of sample A5 porcelanite concrete magnified 13,000×.

Figure 5 FESEM of sample A8 porcelanite concrete magnified 13,000×.
Figure 5

FESEM of sample A8 porcelanite concrete magnified 13,000×.

As shown in Figure 3, the microstructure image of the plain concrete at 4 mm particle size of porcelanite having 2% NpS, the microstructures were uniform, compact, and the cracks disappeared.

According to Figure 4 the microstructure image of plain concrete at 5 mm particle size of porcelanite, numerous needle hydrates are seen lapped and joined together.

The microstructures of the mixture A8, which has a greater strength, are shown in Figure 5. They are not the same as the ordinary porcelanite concrete. The microstructures of these combinations are consistent as well as compact, despite slight variances in the porcelanite concrete kinds of patterns.

However, the case is similar to that of lightweight concrete, in that many hydrate productions coexist in various shapes. This microstructure was in line with the related justification. Strength increased by 91.4% as shown in Table 5. The mechanism by which nanoparticles may be able to improve the microstructure and strength of porcelanite concrete can be investigated. The following is the summary of the event. Due to their high surface energy, the cement’s hydrate productions would settle on the nanoparticles throughout the cure procedure since they were spread evenly in the cementitious material. Hydration has grown into a conglomerate that contains the nanoparticles as “nucleus.”

Because of their great activity, the nanoparticles that act as a nucleus in cement will stimulate and accelerate cement hydration even more. In the case of nanoparticles that are uniformly pressed, a good microstructure could be generated in this situation, it is an aggregation with uniform distribution. While, as stated by Wu’s “centroplasm” suggestion, aggregate, sand, as well as different particles represent centroplasm, which serve both as a structure and as a transmitter. The concrete’s strength is influenced by the binding force amid centroplasm with the transmitter material [20]. Several nanoparticles dispersed as “sub-centroplasm” in concrete can form a tight bond with hydrated products near the transition zone between nanoparticles and hydrate products. On the other hand, nanoparticles in the hydrate products, such as CaOH2 and atomic force microscopy, inhibit the crystal from expanding, and such tiny crystals are good for concrete strength [21].

Because nano-SiO2 could engage in the hydration procedure to generate C–S–H by interacting with CaOH2, even if nano-SiO2 is not widely disseminated, a little quantity of aggregating nano-SiO2 would not be a feeble region, and the strength will grow when the content of nano-SiO2 increases. This study revealed that the strength of porcelanite concrete containing nanoparticles improves significantly.

4 Conclusion

Porcelanite aggregate concrete containing nano-SiO2 has greater compressive and flexural strength than porcelanite aggregate concrete reference. The FESEM examinations demonstrated that the nanoparticles were not only employed to avoid microcracks in the structure, but also can be an activator to speed hydration and enhance the microstructure of the concrete when the nanoparticles were evenly disseminated. The optimum concrete mix of sample A8, with 2% nanoparticles SiO2 resulted in compressive strength of 92% and ultra-high flexural strength of 380%.

  1. Funding information: The researchers declare that there was no financing of any kind provided for this work.

  2. Author contributions: All researchers have agreed to take full responsibility for the content of this article and have given their approval to be submitted.

  3. Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest stated by researchers.

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Received: 2022-03-25
Revised: 2022-04-23
Accepted: 2022-05-09
Published Online: 2022-08-02

© 2022 Sahar I. Ahmed et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0062
Keywords for this article
porcelanite aggregate; nanosilica; compressive strength; flexural strength; FESEM
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  6. Prediction of bearing capacity of driven piles for Basrah governatore using SPT and MATLAB
  7. Investigation on microstructural features and tensile shear fracture properties of resistance spot welded advanced high strength dual phase steel sheets in lap joint configuration for automotive frame applications
  8. Experimental and numerical investigation of drop weight impact of aramid and UHMWPE reinforced epoxy
  9. An experimental study and finite element analysis of the parametric of circular honeycomb core
  10. The study of the particle size effect on the physical properties of TiO2/cellulose acetate composite films
  11. Hybrid material performance assessment for rocket propulsion
  12. Design of ER damper for recoil length minimization: A case study on gun recoil system
  13. Forecasting technical performance and cost estimation of designed rim wheels based on variations of geometrical parameters
  14. Enhancing the machinability of SKD61 die steel in power-mixed EDM process with TGRA-based multi criteria decision making
  15. Effect of boron carbide reinforcement on properties of stainless-steel metal matrix composite for nuclear applications
  16. Energy absorption behaviors of designed metallic square tubes under axial loading: Experiment-based benchmarking and finite element calculation
  17. Synthesis and study of magnesium complexes derived from polyacrylate and polyvinyl alcohol and their applications as superabsorbent polymers
  18. Artificial neural network for predicting the mechanical performance of additive manufacturing thermoset carbon fiber composite materials
  19. Shock and impact reliability of electronic assemblies with perimeter vs full array layouts: A numerical comparative study
  20. Influences of pre-bending load and corrosion degree of reinforcement on the loading capacity of concrete beams
  21. Assessment of ballistic impact damage on aluminum and magnesium alloys against high velocity bullets by dynamic FE simulations
  22. On the applicability of Cu–17Zn–7Al–0.3Ni shape memory alloy particles as reinforcement in aluminium-based composites: Structural and mechanical behaviour considerations
  23. Mechanical properties of laminated bamboo composite as a sustainable green material for fishing vessel: Correlation of layer configuration in various mechanical tests
  24. Singularities at interface corners of piezoelectric-brass unimorphs
  25. Evaluation of the wettability of prepared anti-wetting nanocoating on different construction surfaces
  26. Review Article
  27. An overview of cold spray coating in additive manufacturing, component repairing and other engineering applications
  28. Special Issue: Sustainability and Development in Civil Engineering - Part I
  29. Risk assessment process for the Iraqi petroleum sector
  30. Evaluation of a fire safety risk prediction model for an existing building
  31. The slenderness ratio effect on the response of closed-end pipe piles in liquefied and non-liquefied soil layers under coupled static-seismic loading
  32. Experimental and numerical study of the bulb's location effect on the behavior of under-reamed pile in expansive soil
  33. Procurement challenges analysis of Iraqi construction projects
  34. Deformability of non-prismatic prestressed concrete beams with multiple openings of different configurations
  35. Response of composite steel-concrete cellular beams of different concrete deck types under harmonic loads
  36. The effect of using different fibres on the impact-resistance of slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON)
  37. Effect of microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) on the strength of soil contaminated with lead nitrate
  38. The effect of using polyolefin fiber on some properties of slurry-infiltrated fibrous concrete
  39. Typical strength of asphalt mixtures compacted by gyratory compactor
  40. Modeling and simulation sedimentation process using finite difference method
  41. Residual strength and strengthening capacity of reinforced concrete columns subjected to fire exposure by numerical analysis
  42. Effect of magnetization of saline irrigation water of Almasab Alam on some physical properties of soil
  43. Behavior of reactive powder concrete containing recycled glass powder reinforced by steel fiber
  44. Reducing settlement of soft clay using different grouting materials
  45. Sustainability in the design of liquefied petroleum gas systems used in buildings
  46. Utilization of serial tendering to reduce the value project
  47. Time and finance optimization model for multiple construction projects using genetic algorithm
  48. Identification of the main causes of risks in engineering procurement construction projects
  49. Identifying the selection criteria of design consultant for Iraqi construction projects
  50. Calibration and analysis of the potable water network in the Al-Yarmouk region employing WaterGEMS and GIS
  51. Enhancing gypseous soil behavior using casein from milk wastes
  52. Structural behavior of tree-like steel columns subjected to combined axial and lateral loads
  53. Prospect of using geotextile reinforcement within flexible pavement layers to reduce the effects of rutting in the middle and southern parts of Iraq
  54. Ultimate bearing capacity of eccentrically loaded square footing over geogrid-reinforced cohesive soil
  55. Influence of water-absorbent polymer balls on the structural performance of reinforced concrete beam: An experimental investigation
  56. A spherical fuzzy AHP model for contractor assessment during project life cycle
  57. Performance of reinforced concrete non-prismatic beams having multiple openings configurations
  58. Finite element analysis of the soil and foundations of the Al-Kufa Mosque
  59. Flexural behavior of concrete beams with horizontal and vertical openings reinforced by glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars
  60. Studying the effect of shear stud distribution on the behavior of steel–reactive powder concrete composite beams using ABAQUS software
  61. The behavior of piled rafts in soft clay: Numerical investigation
  62. The impact of evaluation and qualification criteria on Iraqi electromechanical power plants in construction contracts
  63. Performance of concrete thrust block at several burial conditions under the influence of thrust forces generated in the water distribution networks
  64. Geotechnical characterization of sustainable geopolymer improved soil
  65. Effect of the covariance matrix type on the CPT based soil stratification utilizing the Gaussian mixture model
  66. Impact of eccentricity and depth-to-breadth ratio on the behavior of skirt foundation rested on dry gypseous soil
  67. Concrete strength development by using magnetized water in normal and self-compacted concrete
  68. The effect of dosage nanosilica and the particle size of porcelanite aggregate concrete on mechanical and microstructure properties
  69. Comparison of time extension provisions between the Joint Contracts Tribunal and Iraqi Standard Bidding Document
  70. Numerical modeling of single closed and open-ended pipe pile embedded in dry soil layers under coupled static and dynamic loadings
  71. Mechanical properties of sustainable reactive powder concrete made with low cement content and high amount of fly ash and silica fume
  72. Deformation of unsaturated collapsible soils under suction control
  73. Mitigation of collapse characteristics of gypseous soils by activated carbon, sodium metasilicate, and cement dust: An experimental study
  74. Behavior of group piles under combined loadings after improvement of liquefiable soil with nanomaterials
  75. Using papyrus fiber ash as a sustainable filler modifier in preparing low moisture sensitivity HMA mixtures
  76. Study of some properties of colored geopolymer concrete consisting of slag
  77. GIS implementation and statistical analysis for significant characteristics of Kirkuk soil
  78. Improving the flexural behavior of RC beams strengthening by near-surface mounting
  79. The effect of materials and curing system on the behavior of self-compacting geopolymer concrete
  80. The temporal rhythm of scenes and the safety in educational space
  81. Numerical simulation to the effect of applying rationing system on the stability of the Earth canal: Birmana canal in Iraq as a case study
  82. Assessing the vibration response of foundation embedment in gypseous soil
  83. Analysis of concrete beams reinforced by GFRP bars with varying parameters
  84. One dimensional normal consolidation line equation
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