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Behavior of reactive powder concrete containing recycled glass powder reinforced by steel fiber

  • Zainab Ali Hussain EMAIL logo and Nada Mahdi Fawzi Aljalawi
Published/Copyright: June 1, 2022
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Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials
From the journal Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials Volume 31 Issue 1

Abstract

Environmental sustainability is described as one that avoids the depletion or deterioration of natural resources, while also allowing for the preservation of long-term environmental quality. By practicing environmental sustainability, we may assist to guarantee that the requirements of today’s population are satisfied without risking the capacity of future generations to meet their own needs in the future. Engineers in the field of concrete production are becoming increasingly interested in sustainable development, which includes the utilization of the locally available materials in addition to using the agricultural and industrial waste in construction industry as one of the possible solutions to the environmental and economic issues. This study investigated the effect of partial substitution of cement with recycled glass powder (0, 15, 20, and 25%) by weight of cement at various ages (on compressive strength) after determining the optimal ratio of replacement. This optimal ratio is used to study its effect on some mechanical properties (such as flexural strength, absorption, and dry density) of reactive powder concrete containing 1% micro steel fiber (SRPC), and furthermore, utilizing steam curing for 5 h at 90°C after hardening the sample directly. Reactive powder concrete (RPC) has been designed with the use of the local cement, silica fume, and super plasticizer with a water/cement ratio of 0.20 in order to achieve a compressive strength of 137.09 MPa at the age of 28 days. When recycled glass powder replacement (20%) was utilized, the findings revealed that the compressive strength of RPC improved by 4.2%, the flexural strength increased by 15.3%, the dry density increased by 0.61%, and the absorption was reduced by 32% at 28 days after the test results were compared to the reference mix.

Keywords: reactive powder concrete; recycled glass powder; micro steel fiber; flexural; compressive strength

1 Introduction

The reactive powder concrete (RPC) can be defined as one of the modern cement composite materials with high performance and good durability characteristics. Adding fiber to the RPC has resulted in the improvement of its compressive strength characteristics in comparison with the conventional concrete [1]. A major advancement has been made in the development of several types of concrete during the previous few years. In contrast to the conventional concretes, the RPC is characterized by technologies as a form of technological revolution. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and high strength concrete (HSC) are two forms of concrete produced that are particularly noteworthy. In addition to that, high-performance concrete (HPC) that is generated when strength is not the most critical feature may be utilized in many applications. This material, which has just recently been accessible, displays increased durability and strength qualities in comparison with the conventional or high-performance concrete, and is therefore classified as ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC). RPC, as indicated via ref. [2], is the most important enhanced “High Tech” material.

In the creation of RPC, the objective was to use materials with a restricted amount of internal voids in order to increase their load-carrying capacity, while also exhibiting improved structural performance overall. This is accomplished by the use of fine sand rather than large pieces of coarse aggregate in the RPC mix, which also includes a high concentration of cement, SF, and a superplasticizer. Because of the absence of coarse aggregate, the heterogeneity between cement matrix and aggregate was reduced for RPC mix (increased adhesive), resulting in an improvement in both the microstructure and the performance of the concrete mix. Despite the fact that the matrix does not include coarse aggregate, RPC is often referred to as concrete rather than mortar in the industry because of the consistency of the material [3]. In order to make cement, which acts as the primary binder in concrete, a significant quantity of natural resources and energy must be utilized in the process of cement manufacturing. From start to end, the production of 1 t of cement necessitates the use of around 1.5 t of raw materials. Because of the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, it is critical to look for alternative binders to be utilize in concrete. This has sparked interest in alternate materials that may be utilized to partially replace Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), which is now the most extensively utilized cement component due to the need for more cost-effective and environmentally friendly cement ingredients [4]. Iraq’s construction industry has spent the better part of the last decade trying to figure out whether or not local raw materials can be utilized to replace imported commodities that are necessary for specific practical applications. While natural resources are getting more costly, the search for alternative sources of energy is becoming increasingly vital as a result [5].

Furthermore, in addition to these classic mineral admixtures, other components such as shattered glass in the form of glass powder have just lately been commercially accessible. In the case where the glass has been utilized as an aggregate, the high alkali content of the glass facilitates formation of an alkali-silica reaction, which can result in harmful stresses and cracking in the concrete. But when it is crushed into fine powder and utilized as a partial cement replacement, the pozzolanic reaction that happens has a positive effect on the fundamental properties of concrete and also has the additional benefit of limiting the expansion of concrete induced by the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). According to the findings of many studies, the presence of glass powder has a beneficial impact on the growth induced by ASR [6,7].

Cracks in a concrete construction are unavoidable during the course of its life. Structures exposed to the external environment are more prone to cracking because they are impacted via shrinkage or expansion in volume and drying, as well as other environmental variables and the overloading factor, in addition to other factors such as temperature fluctuations. These fractures have an impact on the structural strength of the structures via weakening them, and the mechanical characteristics and durability of the structures are lowered as a result of these cracks creating a conduit for damaging elements to get into the core of the structures. Fiber may be utilized to solve this issue [8]. Steel fiber (SF) is the most often utilized form of fiber for concrete reinforcement because of its strength and durability. Steel fibers are first utilized in the concrete industry for the prevention/control of the plastic and drying shrinkage. According to further research and development, adding steel fiber to concrete considerably enhances its flexural toughness, energy absorption capacity, ductile behavior prior to ultimate failure, decreased cracking, and overall durability [9]. The aim of this study is to reduce environmental pollution by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide (Co2) released by the cement industry by replacing part of the cement with recycled materials, as well as recycling glass waste that is difficult to decompose and using it as a partial substitute for cement.

2 Materials to produce RPC

2.1 Cement

Cem I 42.5R, a kind of OPC, was employed in the present investigation, the physical and chemical requirement comply with the requirements of the (IQS 5, 2019) [10].

2.2 Silica fume

During this research, silica fume was employed as a mineral additive that was added to the RPC mixtures. The chemical and physical properties as well as the strength activity index are in accordance with (ASTM C1240) standard [11].

2.3 Fine aggregate (FA)

Fine aggregate should comply with requirements of the (IQS45, 1984) [12].

2.4 SFs

The SFs utilized in this study were a straight type, and have an average tensile strength of 2,600 MPa. The steel fiber properties utilized in this work are shown in Table 1, and in Figure 1, the utilized quantity was 1% by volume of concrete.

Table 1

Steel fiber properties

Description* Specifications
Surface Brass coated
Density 7,860 kg/m3
Tensile strength 2,600 MPa
Form Straight
Average length 13 (mm)
Diameter 0.2 (mm) ± 0.05 (mm)
Aspect ratio (L/D) 65

*Given by the manufacturer.

Figure 1 Steel fibers utilized in this work.
Figure 1

Steel fibers utilized in this work.

2.5 Glass powder (GP)

In the present study, the recycled glass powder available from shops selling window glass was utilized, and because it was difficult to dispose of it, was recycled and ground to the required finesse according to the requirements of (ASTM 311) [13]. The grinding process was carried out via utilizing an industrial grinder. The chemical and physical properties, and strength activity index comply with ref. [14], as shown in Figure 2 and Table 2.

Figure 2 Glass powder utilized in this work.
Figure 2

Glass powder utilized in this work.

Table 2

Physical and chemical properties of glass powder

Oxide composition Test result (%) Limit of specification requirement ASTM
C618-15 class N
Silicon oxide (SiO2) 64.22 9.6 5.2 ( 79.02 ) Min (70)
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
Iron oxide (Fe2O3)
SO3 2.1 Max (4)
Calcium oxide (CaO) 4.26 —
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 1.65 —
Loss of ignition 3.21 Max (10)
% Retained on 45 μm (no. 325), max variation, % age point from average 32% 34%
Strength activity index with Portland cement at 7 days (%) 101.4 Min (75)

2.6 Water

Water utilized in the mix and curing for this research should be clean and free from harmful and should satisfy the requirements of (IQS No. 1703/1992) [15].

2.7 Chemical admixtures

Given that adding fiber to the mixture reduces mixture workability and the need to increase water, this is undesirable because it reduces the strength. Therefore, a superplasticizer was added to the mixture to achieve the high strength. With low w/c ratio and high flowablity of the concrete mixtures, this product hyperplast PC600 type G conforms with (ASTM C494)[16], and the manufacturer’s suggested dose varied from 0.50 to 2.50 lL/100 kg of cement, depending on the application.

3 Experimental methods

3.1 RPC design

For the purpose of obtaining RPC with desirable and appropriate properties, a group of the experimental mixes was prepared based upon a group of previous studies and research [17], with a strength of 130 MPa. Table 3 summarized the mix design of RPC containing micro steel fiber of 1% by volume of concrete and utilized dosage superplasticizer (1.8) L/100kg of cement.

Table 3

Details of mix proportion for SRPC

Mix type OPC (kg/m3) Fine aggregate (kg/m3) SF (kg/m3) Glass powder (kg/m3) Water (kg/m3) w (cm)
M.0% 950 1,045 237.5 — 208 0.175
M.15% 807.5 1,045 237.5 142.5 208 0.175
M.20% 760 1,045 237.5 190 208 0.175
M.25% 712.5 1,045 237.5 237.5 208 0.175

3.2 Mixing process

  1. All raw materials were combined in their dry state prior to 2 min.

  2. 80% of the mixing water was added while continuously mixing for another 15 min.

  3. 15% from the water mix with 70% superplasticizer was added to the mix and mixed again for 3 min.

  4. The mixing was stopped for 1 min.

  5. The remaining water and superplasticizer were added and mixed for 4 min, then micro steel fibers were added and mixed for 1 min to ensure that the fiber is uniformly distributed, so the total time required for mixing is 14 min.

3.3 Casting sample

For the purpose of casting samples, the molds were prepared and cleaned, the inner surface was coated with a thin oil layer to prevent the concrete from sticking to the walls of mold according to (ASTM C192/C192M) [18], at the end, the samples were covered with polythene sheet for 24 h.

3.4 Curing sample

After taking out the samples from the molds, they were placed in a steam curing device for 5 h at a temperature of 90°C as shows in Figure 3. After that the samples were taken out from the steam curing device and placed in a normal treatment tank for the age of test.

Figure 3 Cycle of steam curing.
Figure 3

Cycle of steam curing.

4 Results and discussion

4.1 Flow test

Increased percentage replacement resulted in a little rise in mortar flow. As seen in Figure 4, the rising inflow as a result of the small size of the recycled glass powder particles, besides glassy texture and spherical shape, cause increase in the workability and reduce the friction that occurs between the particles. The reasons for the increase are in agreement with ref. [19].

Figure 4 Relationship between the flow and glass powder % for SRPC.
Figure 4

Relationship between the flow and glass powder % for SRPC.

4.2 Compressive strength

The compressive strength values of RPC, at the replacement ratio of 20% recycled glass powder, were higher than the values of the reference mixture (0%) and also higher than the values of the replacement ratio of 15 and 25%. As shown in Figure 5, the reason for the increase in strength at the replacement ratio of 20% by weight of the cement is the pozzolanic reactions caused via the recycled glass powder in the RPC mixture being energetically triggered via the high temperature used for steam curing. This leads to the formation a denser microstructure and a quicker development of strength. Finely dispersed glass powder acts as a supplementary cementitious material micro filler within the concrete matrix and this caused the increase in strength. The reasons for the increase are in agreement with refs. [20–22].

Figure 5 Relationship between compressive strength (MPa) and age (day) for SRPC.
Figure 5

Relationship between compressive strength (MPa) and age (day) for SRPC.

4.3 Flexural strength

The flexural strength values of RPC, at the replacement ratio of 20% recycled glass powder, were higher than the values of the reference mixture (0%). This increase is due to the recycled glass powder having great pozzolanic additives that may play a micro filler function in the concrete matrix RPC mix, and also, the reason for this improvement is to extend the life of the treatment, which causes continued cement hydration as the curing age progressed. The reasons for the increase are in agreement with refs. [23,24]. The results are listed in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Relationship between the flexural strength (MPa) and age (day) for SRPC.
Figure 6

Relationship between the flexural strength (MPa) and age (day) for SRPC.

4.4 Dry bulk density

The results of the oven-dry density of hardened test for replacement ratio of 20% recycled glass powder at ages of 7, 28, and 90 days are higher when compared with reference mixtures. The results listed in Figure 7 indicated that the use of pozzolanic material such as glass powder increases the dry density when compared with reference mixtures. This increase due to glass powder has the potential to react with calcium oxide generated from cement hydration and lead to the formation of additional binder material, which is calcium silicate hydrate gel, which contributes to the increase in the density of the mortar via filling the space between cement paste and fine aggregate. The reasons for the increase are in agreement with refs. [25,26].

Figure 7 Relationship between the dry bulk density (kg/m3) and age (day) for SRPC.
Figure 7

Relationship between the dry bulk density (kg/m3) and age (day) for SRPC.

4.5 Water absorption

The findings of the absorption test revealed that the amount of recycled glass powder present is inversely proportional to the amount of absorption present. In those cases when a drop in the values of the absorption ratio for the replacement ratio of 20% was seen when compared to reference mixes, the reason was due to recycled glass powder acting as supplementary cementitious materials and forming of larger amounts of C–S–H gel, that can fill the spaces in the concrete matrix that would be filled with water. The reasons for the decrease in the rate of absorption are compatible with ref. [21]. The results are listed in Figure 8.

Figure 8 Relationship between the absorption (%) and age (day) for SRPC.
Figure 8

Relationship between the absorption (%) and age (day) for SRPC.

5 Conclusion

After conducting experiments in the laboratory and comparing, the values ​​of the reference mixture for RPC with a replacement ratio of 0% of recycled glass powder with mixtures with a replacement ratio of 15, 20, and 25% via weight of cement, it was concluded that:

  • The compressive strength at recycled glass powder replacement at 20% increases about 2.4, 4.2, and 6.2% in ages of 7, 28, and 90 days, respectively.

  • At recycled glass powder replacement at 20% by weight of cement, the flexural strength is increased by about 15.3% at age of 28 days.

  • Water absorption is lowered by 32% approximately compared with the reference mixture at age 28 days at replacement ratio of 20%.

  • When 20% of the cement has been substituted with recycled glass powder, the dry density of SRPC increased somewhat at all ages when compared with reference samples, and the SRPC density attained by this substitution rate was of 2,456, 2,469, and 2,471 kg/m3 at 7, 28, and 90 days, respectively.

  • In this research, recycled glass powder is particularly effective in improving the mechanical characteristics in the presence of micro steel fibers with an optimal replacement percentage of 20%.

  1. Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-02-28
Revised: 2022-03-29
Accepted: 2022-04-03
Published Online: 2022-06-01

© 2022 Zainab Ali Hussain and Nada Mahdi Fawzi Aljalawi, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0025
Keywords for this article
reactive powder concrete; recycled glass powder; micro steel fiber; flexural; compressive strength
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  28. Special Issue: Sustainability and Development in Civil Engineering - Part I
  29. Risk assessment process for the Iraqi petroleum sector
  30. Evaluation of a fire safety risk prediction model for an existing building
  31. The slenderness ratio effect on the response of closed-end pipe piles in liquefied and non-liquefied soil layers under coupled static-seismic loading
  32. Experimental and numerical study of the bulb's location effect on the behavior of under-reamed pile in expansive soil
  33. Procurement challenges analysis of Iraqi construction projects
  34. Deformability of non-prismatic prestressed concrete beams with multiple openings of different configurations
  35. Response of composite steel-concrete cellular beams of different concrete deck types under harmonic loads
  36. The effect of using different fibres on the impact-resistance of slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON)
  37. Effect of microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) on the strength of soil contaminated with lead nitrate
  38. The effect of using polyolefin fiber on some properties of slurry-infiltrated fibrous concrete
  39. Typical strength of asphalt mixtures compacted by gyratory compactor
  40. Modeling and simulation sedimentation process using finite difference method
  41. Residual strength and strengthening capacity of reinforced concrete columns subjected to fire exposure by numerical analysis
  42. Effect of magnetization of saline irrigation water of Almasab Alam on some physical properties of soil
  43. Behavior of reactive powder concrete containing recycled glass powder reinforced by steel fiber
  44. Reducing settlement of soft clay using different grouting materials
  45. Sustainability in the design of liquefied petroleum gas systems used in buildings
  46. Utilization of serial tendering to reduce the value project
  47. Time and finance optimization model for multiple construction projects using genetic algorithm
  48. Identification of the main causes of risks in engineering procurement construction projects
  49. Identifying the selection criteria of design consultant for Iraqi construction projects
  50. Calibration and analysis of the potable water network in the Al-Yarmouk region employing WaterGEMS and GIS
  51. Enhancing gypseous soil behavior using casein from milk wastes
  52. Structural behavior of tree-like steel columns subjected to combined axial and lateral loads
  53. Prospect of using geotextile reinforcement within flexible pavement layers to reduce the effects of rutting in the middle and southern parts of Iraq
  54. Ultimate bearing capacity of eccentrically loaded square footing over geogrid-reinforced cohesive soil
  55. Influence of water-absorbent polymer balls on the structural performance of reinforced concrete beam: An experimental investigation
  56. A spherical fuzzy AHP model for contractor assessment during project life cycle
  57. Performance of reinforced concrete non-prismatic beams having multiple openings configurations
  58. Finite element analysis of the soil and foundations of the Al-Kufa Mosque
  59. Flexural behavior of concrete beams with horizontal and vertical openings reinforced by glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars
  60. Studying the effect of shear stud distribution on the behavior of steel–reactive powder concrete composite beams using ABAQUS software
  61. The behavior of piled rafts in soft clay: Numerical investigation
  62. The impact of evaluation and qualification criteria on Iraqi electromechanical power plants in construction contracts
  63. Performance of concrete thrust block at several burial conditions under the influence of thrust forces generated in the water distribution networks
  64. Geotechnical characterization of sustainable geopolymer improved soil
  65. Effect of the covariance matrix type on the CPT based soil stratification utilizing the Gaussian mixture model
  66. Impact of eccentricity and depth-to-breadth ratio on the behavior of skirt foundation rested on dry gypseous soil
  67. Concrete strength development by using magnetized water in normal and self-compacted concrete
  68. The effect of dosage nanosilica and the particle size of porcelanite aggregate concrete on mechanical and microstructure properties
  69. Comparison of time extension provisions between the Joint Contracts Tribunal and Iraqi Standard Bidding Document
  70. Numerical modeling of single closed and open-ended pipe pile embedded in dry soil layers under coupled static and dynamic loadings
  71. Mechanical properties of sustainable reactive powder concrete made with low cement content and high amount of fly ash and silica fume
  72. Deformation of unsaturated collapsible soils under suction control
  73. Mitigation of collapse characteristics of gypseous soils by activated carbon, sodium metasilicate, and cement dust: An experimental study
  74. Behavior of group piles under combined loadings after improvement of liquefiable soil with nanomaterials
  75. Using papyrus fiber ash as a sustainable filler modifier in preparing low moisture sensitivity HMA mixtures
  76. Study of some properties of colored geopolymer concrete consisting of slag
  77. GIS implementation and statistical analysis for significant characteristics of Kirkuk soil
  78. Improving the flexural behavior of RC beams strengthening by near-surface mounting
  79. The effect of materials and curing system on the behavior of self-compacting geopolymer concrete
  80. The temporal rhythm of scenes and the safety in educational space
  81. Numerical simulation to the effect of applying rationing system on the stability of the Earth canal: Birmana canal in Iraq as a case study
  82. Assessing the vibration response of foundation embedment in gypseous soil
  83. Analysis of concrete beams reinforced by GFRP bars with varying parameters
  84. One dimensional normal consolidation line equation
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