Effect of PPy/PEG conducting polymer film on electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 cathode material for Li-ion batteries

[1] Ait Salah, A., Mauger, A., Zaghib, K., Goodenough, J. B., Ravet, N., Gauthier, M., Gendron, F., & Julien, C. M. (2006). Reduction Fe3+ of impurities in LiFePO4 from pyrolysis of organic precursor used for carbon deposition. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 153, A1692–A1701. DOI: 10.1149/1.2213527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.221352710.1149/1.2213527Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Andersson, A. S., Thomas, J. O., Kalska, B., & Häggström, L. (2000). Thermal stability of LiFePO4-based cathodes. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 3, 66–68. DOI: 10.1149/1.1390960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.139096010.1149/1.1390960Suche in Google Scholar

[3] Andersson, A. S., & Thomas, J. O. (2001). The source of first-cycle capacity loss in LiFePO4. Journal of Power Sources, 97–98, 498–502. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7753(01)00633-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00633-410.1016/S0378-7753(01)00633-4Suche in Google Scholar

[4] Armand, M. (1994). The history of polymer electrolytes. Solid State Ionics, 69, 309–319. DOI: 10.1016/0167-2738(94)90419-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(94)90419-710.1016/0167-2738(94)90419-7Suche in Google Scholar

[5] Arnold, G., Garche, J., Hemmer, R., Ströbele, S., Vogler, C., & Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M. (2003). Fine-particle lithium iron phosphate LiFePO4 synthesized by a new low-cost aqueous precipitation technique. Journal of Power Sources, 119-121, 247–251. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7753(03)00241-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00241-610.1016/S0378-7753(03)00241-6Suche in Google Scholar

[6] Baker, J., Saidi, M. Y., & Swoyer, J. L. (2003). Lithium iron(II) phospho-olivines prepared by a novel carbothermal reduction method. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 6, A53–A55. DOI: 10.1149/1.1544211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.154421110.1149/1.1544211Suche in Google Scholar

[7] Burgmayer, P., & Murray, R. W. (1986). Ionic conductivity of polypyrrole. In T. A. Skotheim (Ed.), Handbook of conducting polymers (pp. 507–523). New York, NY, USA: Marcel Dekker. Suche in Google Scholar

[8] Chen, C. H., Liu, J., & Amine, K. (2001). Symmetric cell approach and impedance spectroscopy of high power lithiumion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 96, 321–328. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7753(00)00666-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00666-210.1016/S0378-7753(00)00666-2Suche in Google Scholar

[9] Chen, Z. H., & Dahn, J. R. (2002). Reducing carbon in LiFePO4/C composite electrodes to maximize specific energy, volumetric energy, and tap density. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 149, A1184–A1189. DOI: 10.1149/1.1498255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.149825510.1149/1.1498255Suche in Google Scholar

[10] Cho, T. H., & Chung, H. T. (2004). Synthesis of olivinetype LiFePO4 by emulsion-drying method. Journal of Power Sources, 133, 272–276. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.02.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.02.01510.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.02.015Suche in Google Scholar

[11] Chung, S. Y., Bloking, J. T., & Chiang, Y. M. (2002). Electronically conductive phospho-olivines as lithium storage electrodes. Nature Materials, 1, 123–128. DOI: 10.1038/nmat732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat73210.1038/nmat732Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Croce, F., D’Epifanio, A., Hassoun, J., Deptula, A., Olczac, T., & Scrosati, B. (2002). A novel concept for the synthesis of an improved LiFePO4 lithium battery cathode. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 5, A47–A50. DOI: 10.1149/1.1449302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.144930210.1149/1.1449302Suche in Google Scholar

[13] Croce, F., D’Epifanio, A., Reale, P., Settimi, L., & Scrosati, B. (2003). Ruthenium oxide-added quartz iron phosphate as a new intercalation electrode in rechargeable lithium cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 150, A576–A581. DOI: 10.1149/1.1562933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.156293310.1149/1.1562933Suche in Google Scholar

[14] da Cruz, A. G. B., Wardell, J. L., & Rocco, A. M. (2006). A novel material obtained by electropolymerization of polypyrrole doped with [Sn(dmit)3]2−, [tris(1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolato)-stannate]2−. Synthetic Metals, 156, 396–404. DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.12.026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.12.02610.1016/j.synthmet.2005.12.026Suche in Google Scholar

[15] Dias, H. V. R., Fianchini, M., & Rajapakse, R. M. G. (2006). Greener method for high-quality polypyrrole. Polymer, 47, 7349–7354. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.03310.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.033Suche in Google Scholar

[16] Fedorková, A., Wiemhöfer, H. D., Oriňáková, R., Oriňák, A., Stan, M. C., Winter, M., Kaniansky, D., & Nacher Alejos, A. (2009). Improved lithium exchange at LiFePO4 cathode particles by coating with composite polypyrrole-polyethylene glycol layers. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 13, 1867–1872. DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0756-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-008-0756-310.1007/s10008-008-0756-3Suche in Google Scholar

[17] Fedorková, A., Nacher-Alejos, A., Gómez-Romero, P., Oriňáková, R., & Kaniansky, D. (2010a). Structural and electrochemical studies of PPy/PEG-LiFePO4 cathode material for Li-ion batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 55, 943–947. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.09.060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.09.06010.1016/j.electacta.2009.09.060Suche in Google Scholar

[18] Fedorková, A., Oriňáková, R., Oriňák, A., Talian, I., Heile, A., Wiemhöfer, H. D., Kaniansky, D., & Arlinghaus, H. F. (2010b). PPy doped PEG conducting polymer films synthesized on LiFePO4 particles. Journal of Power Sources, 195, 3907–3912. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.01.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.01.00310.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.01.003Suche in Google Scholar

[19] Fedorková, A., Oriňáková, R., Oriňák, A., Wiemhöfer, H. D., Kaniansky, D., & Winter, M. (2010c). Surface treatment of LiFePO4 cathode material with PPy/PEG conductive layer. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 14, 2173–2178. DOI: 10.1007/s10008-009-0967-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-009-0967-210.1007/s10008-009-0967-2Suche in Google Scholar

[20] Fedorková, A., Wiemhöfer, H. D., Oriňáková, R., Oriňák, A., & Kaniansky, D. (2010d). Surface modification of FePO4 particles with conductive layer of polypyrrole. Solid State Sciences, 12, 924–928. DOI: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2010.01.030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2010.01.03010.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2010.01.030Suche in Google Scholar

[21] Fedorková, A., Oriňáková, R., Oriňák, A., Heile, A., Wiemhöfer, H. D., & Arlinghaus, H. F. (2011). Electrochemical and TOFSIMS investigation of PPy/PEG modified LiFePO4 composite electrodes for Li-ion batteries. Solid State Sciences, 13, 824–830. DOI: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2011.03.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2011.03.01510.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2011.03.015Suche in Google Scholar

[22] Fedorková, A., Oriňáková, R., Oriňák, A., Kupková, M., Wiemhöfer, H. D., Audinot, J. N., & Guillot, J. (2012a). Electrochemical and XPS study of LiFePO4 cathode nanocomposite with PPy/PEG conductive network. Solid State Sciences, 14, 1238–1243. DOI: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2012.06.010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2012.06.01010.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2012.06.010Suche in Google Scholar

[23] Fedorková, A., Oriňáková, R., Oriňák, A., Wiemhöfer, H. D., Audinot, J. N., & Guillot, J. (2012b). LiFePO4 cathode nanocomposite with PPy/PEG conductive network. ECS Transactions, 40, 107–115. DOI: 10.1149/1.4729093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.472909310.1149/1.4729093Suche in Google Scholar

[24] Franger, S., Le Cras, F., Bourbon, C., & Rouault, H. (2002). LiFePO4 synthesis routes for enhanced electrochemical performance. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 5, A231–A233. DOI: 10.1149/1.1506962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.150696210.1149/1.1506962Suche in Google Scholar

[25] Franger, S., Le Cras, F., Bourbon, C., & Rouault, H. (2003). Comparison between different LiFePO4 synthesis routes and their influence on its physico-chemical properties. Journal of Power Sources, 119-121, 252–257. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7753(03)00242-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00242-810.1016/S0378-7753(03)00242-8Suche in Google Scholar

[26] Gaberscek, M., Moskon, J., Erjavec, B., Dominko, R., & Jamnik, J. (2008). The importance of interphase contacts in Li ion electrodes: The meaning of the high-frequency impedance arc. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 11, A170–A174. DOI: 10.1149/1.2964220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.296422010.1149/1.2964220Suche in Google Scholar

[27] Gauthier, M., Michot, C., Ravet, N., Duchesneau, M., Dufour, J., Liang, G., Wontcheu, J., Gauthier, L., & McNeil, D. D. (2010). Melt casting LiFePO4: I. Synthesis and characterization. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 157, A453–A462. DOI: 10.1149/1.3284505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.328450510.1149/1.3284505Suche in Google Scholar

[28] Guo, Z. P., Wang, J. Z., Liu, H. K., & Dou, S. X. (2005). Study of silicon/polypyrrole composite as anode materials for Liion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 146, 448–451. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.11210.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.112Suche in Google Scholar

[29] Huang, H., Yin, S. C., & Nazar, L. F. (2001). Approaching theoretical capacity of LiFePO4 at room temperature at high rates. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 4, A170–A172. DOI: 10.1149/1.1396695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.139669510.1149/1.1396695Suche in Google Scholar

[30] Huang, Y. H., Park, K. S., & Goodenough, J. B. (2006). Improving lithium batteries by tethering carbon-coated LiFePO4 to polypyrrole. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 153, A2282–A2286. DOI: 10.1149/1.2360769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.236076910.1149/1.2360769Suche in Google Scholar

[31] Julien, C. M., Mauger, A., & Zaghib, K. (2011). Surface effects on electrochemical properties of nano-sized LiFePO4. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21, 9955–9968. DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04190d. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm04190d10.1039/c0jm04190dSuche in Google Scholar

[32] Kang, H. C., & Geckeler, K. E. (2000). Enhanced electrical conductivity of polypyrrole prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization: effect of the preparation technique and polymer additive. Polymer, 41, 6931–6934. DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00116-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00116-610.1016/S0032-3861(00)00116-6Suche in Google Scholar

[33] Kang, S. H., Abraham, D. P., Xiao, A., & Lucht, B. L. (2008). Investigating the solid electrolyte interphase using binderfree graphite electrodes. Journal of Power Sources, 175, 526–532. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.08.112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.08.11210.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.08.112Suche in Google Scholar

[34] Kassim, A., Ekarmul Mahmud, H. N. M., Yee, L. M., & Hanipah, N. (2006). Electrochemical preparation and characterization of polypyrrole-polyethylene glycol conducting polymer composite films. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 7, 103–107. Suche in Google Scholar

[35] Kim, D. H., & Kim, J. K. (2006). Synthesis of LiFePO4 nanoparticles in polyol medium and their electrochemical properties. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 9, A439–A442. DOI: 10.1149/1.2218308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.221830810.1149/1.2218308Suche in Google Scholar

[36] Kuwabata, S., Masui, S., & Yoneyama, H. (1999). Charge-discharge properties of composites of LiMn2O4 and polypyrrole as positive electrode materials for 4 V class of rechargeable Li batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 44, 4593–4600. DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(99)00178-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00178-410.1016/S0013-4686(99)00178-4Suche in Google Scholar

[37] Kwon, S. J., Kim, C. W., Jeong, W. T., & Lee, K. S. (2004). Synthesis and electrochemical properties of olivine LiFePO4 as a cathode material prepared by mechanical alloying. Journal of Power Sources, 137, 93–99. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.05.048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.05.04810.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.05.048Suche in Google Scholar

[38] Lai, C. Y., Xu, Q. J., Ge, H. H., Zhou, G. D., & Xie, J. Y. (2008). Improved electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C for lithium-ion batteries with two kinds of carbon sources. Solid State Ionics, 179, 1736–1739. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssi.2008.03.042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2008.03.04210.1016/j.ssi.2008.03.042Suche in Google Scholar

[39] Lepage, D., Michot, C., Liang, G. X., Gauthier, M., & Schougaard, S. B. (2011). A soft chemistry approach to coating of LiFePO4 with a conducting polymer. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 50, 6884–6887. DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.20110166110.1002/anie.201101661Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[40] Li, Z. H., Zhang, D. M., & Yang, F. X. (2009). Developments of lithium-ion batteries and challenges of LiFePO4 as one promising cathode material. Journal of Materials Science, 44, 2435–2443. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-009-3316-z. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3316-z10.1007/s10853-009-3316-zSuche in Google Scholar

[41] Li, J. L., Daniel, C., & Wood, D. (2011). Materials processing for lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 196, 2452–2460. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.00110.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.001Suche in Google Scholar

[42] Liu, L., Tian, F. H., Wang, X. Y., Yang, Z. H., Zhou, M., & Wang, X. Y. (2012). Porous polythiophene as a cathode material for lithium batteries with high capacity and good cycling stability. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 72, 45–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2011.10.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2011.10.00610.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2011.10.006Suche in Google Scholar

[43] Marco, J. F., Gancedo, J. R., Nguyen Cong, H., del Canto, M., & Gautier, J. L. (2006). Characterization of Cu1.4Mn1.6O4/PPy composite electrodes. Solid State Ionics, 177, 1381–1388. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssi.2006.06.007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2006.06.00710.1016/j.ssi.2006.06.007Suche in Google Scholar

[44] Meetong, N., Huang, H. Y. S., Speakman, S., Carter, W. C., & Chiang, Y. M. (2007). Strain accommodation during phase transformations in olivine-based cathodes as a materials selection criterion for high-power rechargeable batteries. Advanced Functional Materials, 17, 1115–1123. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200600938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20060093810.1002/adfm.200600938Suche in Google Scholar

[45] Nabid, M. R., & Entenzami, A. A. (2003). Enzymatic synthesis and characterization of a water-soluble, conducting poly(otoluidine). European Polymer Journal, 39, 1169–1175. DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(02)00379-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(02)00379-810.1016/S0014-3057(02)00379-8Suche in Google Scholar

[46] Osaka, T., Momma, T., Nishimura, K., Kakuda, S., & Ishii, T. (1994). Application of solid polymer electrolyte to lithium/polypyrrole secondary battery system. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 141, 1994–1998. DOI: 10.1149/1.2055048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.205504810.1149/1.2055048Suche in Google Scholar

[47] Padhi, A. K., Nanjundaswamy, K. S., & Goodenough, J. B. (1997a). Phospho-olivines as positive-electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 144, 1188–1194. DOI: 10.1149/1.1837571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.183757110.1149/1.1837571Suche in Google Scholar

[48] Padhi, A. K., Nanjundaswamy, K. S., Masquelier, C., Okada, S., & Goodenough, J. B. (1997b). Effect of structure on the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple in iron phosphates. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 144, 1609–1613. DOI: 10.1149/1.1837649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.183764910.1149/1.1837649Suche in Google Scholar

[49] Park, K. S., Kang, K. T., Lee, S. B., Kim, G. Y., Park, Y. J., & Kim, H. G. (2004a). Synthesis of LiFePO4 with fine particle by co-precipitation method. Materials Research Bulletin, 39, 1803–1810. DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2004.07.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2004.07.00310.1016/j.materresbull.2004.07.003Suche in Google Scholar

[50] Park, K. S., Son, J. T., Chung, H. T., Kim, S. J., Lee, C. H., Kang, K. T., & Kim, H. G. (2004b). Surface modification by silver coating for improving electrochemical properties of LiFePO4. Solid State Communications, 129, 311–314. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssc.2003.10.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2003.10.01510.1016/j.ssc.2003.10.015Suche in Google Scholar

[51] Prosini, P. P., Zane, D., & Pasquali, M. (2001). Improved electrochemical performance of a LiFePO4-based composite cathode. Electrochimica Acta, 46, 3517–3523. DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(01)00631-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00631-410.1016/S0013-4686(01)00631-4Suche in Google Scholar

[52] Ravet, N., Chouinard, Y., Magnan, J. F., Besner, S., Gauthier, M., & Armand, M. (2001). Electroactivity of natural and synthetic triphylite. Journal of Power Sources, 97–98, 503–507. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7753(01)00727-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00727-310.1016/S0378-7753(01)00727-3Suche in Google Scholar

[53] Ravet, N., Gauthier, M., Zaghib, K., Goodenough, J. B., Mauger, A., Gendron, F., & Julien, C. M. (2007). Mechanism of the Fe3+ reduction at low temperature for LiFePO4 synthesis from a polymeric additive. Chemistry of Materials, 19, 2595–2602. DOI: 10.1021/cm070485r. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm070485r10.1021/cm070485rSuche in Google Scholar

[54] Schrebler, R., Cury, P., Gómez, H., Córdova, R., & Gassa, L. M. (2002). Electrochemical behaviour of polypyrrol/polyethylenglycol composites. Boletín de la Sociedad Chilena de Química, 47, 537–545. DOI: 10.4067/s0366-16442002000400026. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0366-1644200200040002610.4067/S0366-16442002000400026Suche in Google Scholar

[55] Swathi, S. K., Jeevananda, T., & Ramamurthy, P. C. (2010). Fabrication of device quality films of high loaded PPy/MWCNT nanocomposites using pulsed laser deposition. Organic Electronics, 11, 1489–1499. DOI: 10.1016/j.orgel.2010.06.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2010.06.01310.1016/j.orgel.2010.06.013Suche in Google Scholar

[56] Takahashi, M., Tobishima, S. i., Takei, K., & Sakurai, Y. (2002). Reaction behavior of LiFePO4 as a cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Solid State Ionics, 148, 283–289. DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2738(02)00064-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00064-410.1016/S0167-2738(02)00064-4Suche in Google Scholar

[57] Tallman, D. E., Vang, C., Wallace, G. G., & Bierwagen, G. P. (2002). Direct electrodeposition of polypyrrole on aluminum and aluminum alloy by electron transfer mediation. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 149, C173–C179. DOI: 10.1149/1.1448820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.144882010.1149/1.1448820Suche in Google Scholar

[58] Toshima, N., & Ihata, O. (1996). Catalytic synthesis of conductive polypyrrole using iron (III) catalyst and molecular oxygen. Synthetic Metals, 79, 165–172. DOI: 10.1016/0379-6779(96)80186-x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(96)80186-X10.1016/0379-6779(96)80186-XSuche in Google Scholar

[59] Wang, G. X., Bewlay, S. L., Konstantinov, K., Liu, H. K., Dou, S. X., & Ahn, J. H. (2004). Physical and electrochemical properties of doped lithium iron phosphate electrodes. Electrochimica Acta, 50, 443–447. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.04.047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2004.04.04710.1016/j.electacta.2004.04.047Suche in Google Scholar

[60] Wang, G. X., Yang, L., Chen, Y., Wang, J. Z., Bewlay, S., & Liu, H. K. (2005). An investigation of polypyrrole-LiFePO4 composite cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 50, 4649–4654. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.02.026 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2005.02.02610.1016/j.electacta.2005.02.026Suche in Google Scholar

[61] Wang, L. N., Zhang, Z. G., & Zhang, K. L. (2007). A simple, cheap soft synthesis routine for LiFePO4 using iron(III) raw material. Journal of Power Sources, 167, 200–205. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.02.00210.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.02.002Suche in Google Scholar

[62] Wang, Y., & Cao, G. Z. (2008). Developments in nanostructured cathode materials for high-performance lithiumion batteries. Advanced Materials, 20, 2251–2269. DOI: 10.1002/adma.200702242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.20070224210.1002/adma.200702242Suche in Google Scholar

[63] Xie, Q. J., Kuwabata, S., & Yoneyama, H. (1997). EQCM studies on polypyrrole in aqueous solutions. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 420, 219–225. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04777-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(96)04777-810.1016/S0022-0728(96)04777-8Suche in Google Scholar

[64] Yamada, A., Chung, S. C., & Hinokuma, K. (2001). Optimized LiFePO4 for lithium battery cathodes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 148, A224–A229. DOI: 10.1149/1.1348257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.134825710.1149/1.1348257Suche in Google Scholar

[65] Yang, S. F., Song, Y. N., Zavalij, P. Y., & Whittingham, M. S. (2002). Reactivity, stability, and electrochemical behavior of lithium iron phosphates. Electrochemistry Communications, 4, 239–244. DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(01)00298-3. 10.1016/S1388-2481(01)00298-3Suche in Google Scholar

[66] Zaghib, K., Mauger, A., Gendron, F., & Julien, C. M. (2008). Surface effects on the physical and electrochemical properties of thin LiFePO4 particles. Chemistry of Materials, 20, 462–469. DOI: 10.1021/cm7027993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm702799310.1021/cm7027993Suche in Google Scholar