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UV sensing optode for composite materials environment monitoring

  • P. Miluski EMAIL logo , M. Kochanowicz , J. Zmojda , A.P. Silva , P.N.B. Reis , T. Ragin and D. Dorosz
Published/Copyright: June 15, 2019
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Science and Engineering of Composite Materials
From the journal Science and Engineering of Composite Materials Volume 26 Issue 1

Abstract

The polymeric optical fibre technology can be successfully used for UV spectrum range radiation measurements.Anew type of fluorescent optical fibre optode is presented. The used fluorescent wave-shifter was used for UV-VIS conversion and radiation measurements. The linear characteristic with sensitivity 480 mW−1 is presented for UV range 7.2-13.6 mW. Presented optode construction advantages (small dimensions, low weight, high immunity to electromagnetic fields and distributed sensor architecture possibility) are attractive for numerous composite based engineering applications.

Keywords: composite materials; CFRP; optical fibre sensor; fluorescence; polymeric optical fibre; poly(methyl methacrylate); 1,4-Bis(2-methylstyryl)benzene

1 Introduction

Advantages of polymer matrix based composite materials (flexibility, light weight, and high stiffness) are desired in numerous aerospace, automotive, marine and military applications [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Weight reduction and superior fatigue behaviour are the main reasons to move to composites materials in transportation technology [6]. Growing interest of composites for aircraft, satellites, spaceships, and rockets require stricter monitoring standards for manufacturing and working conditions [7, 8, 9, 10]. There are several mechanisms of degradation of mechanical properties of composite elements (fibres breaking, matrix cracking, debonding, delamination and transverse-ply cracking). The stability of mechanical properties of composite materials depends on the combinations of numerous environmental and service conditions. The most important are: maximum static load, vibrations (fatigue parameters), temperature, moisture, ultraviolet, chemically aggressive environment [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. The monitoring of such parameters is critical especially for testing new materials. Most of them can be monitoring by incorporation sensing structures (electrical or optical) inside of the composite structure. The metallic components damages are typically observed in the form of cracks or corrosion on the surface in opposite to composite materials where the degradation of mechanical properties can be caused by its inner structure defects and is invisible on the element surface. However, the polymeric matrix based composites properties (including moisture resistivity) change after long-term exposition to UV radiation. In general, the solar spectrum at the earth’s surface contains between 280 and 2500 nm. However, the spectrum of solar radiation significantly differs vs. altitude (atmosphere attenuation and clouds scattering effect). The much higher content of UV and VIS spectrum (280–800 nm) is noticeable near to the atmosphere edge [20, 21, 22, 23]. Moreover, solar radiation reflected back from the clouds significantly change the UV irradiation at high-altitude. The UV-A and UV-B range photons (wavelength 280-400 nm) absorbed by polymers result in photo-oxidative reactions. The photo-induced of polymer structures changes (molecular chain scission and crosslinking) is possible due to comparable energies of UV photons to the dissociation energies of covalent bonds [24]. These effects can be minimized by modifying the polymer structures by photostabilizing agents. However, the effect of long-term exposition to UV radiation can’t be omitted for aerospace applications. In such circumstances, the UV sensing elements which can be applied in an aerospace environment is crucial for safety aspects of using composite materials. The optical fibre technology is often used for structural health monitoring of composite materials. Well known optical phenomena (optical radiation scattering, Bragg grating reflectivity, micro and macro-bend losses) can be used for mechanical behaviour monitoring [8, 25, 26, 27, 28]. Additionally, luminescent optical fibres, embedded in the material structure, can be used for temperature monitoring [15]. Optical fibre constructions

offers some specific advantages over electrical sensors since they can operate in the wide temperatures range and high intensity of electromagnetic fields. Moreover, small dimensions and light weight are important for aerospace applications. One of the well-known possibility of UV detection is using wave-shifter complexes which allow conversion UV into the visible spectrum range and observed with the bare eye. Additionally, VIS spectrum range sensitivity of typical silicon p-n photodiodes is significantly higher than observed for UV wavelengths. High optical aperture and flexibility of polymeric optical fibres make them a good candidate for UV sensing optode construction. There are reported numerous organic complexes with efficient fluorescence under UV excitation [29, 30, 31]. However, the excitation spectra of organic fluorophores are very wide and very often overlap visible spectrum range and significantly decrease selectivity of such optodes. One of the wave shifter used in scintillating technology is 1,4-Bis(2-methylstyryl)benzene (Bis-MSB) in liquid and rigid polymeric host. Proposed in the paper (Bis-MSB) doped poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) optode offers well-defined excitation spectrum with sharp edge UV/VIS spectral range.Additionally, characteristic fluorescence spectrum shape can be used for a visible range of solar spectrum shape influence minimization.

2 UV optode construction

Organic dye doped fibre preform was fabricated using free radical polymerization process of Methyl Methacrylate (MMA). The Methyl Methacrylate and Benzoyl Peroxide (BP), were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. Inhibitor of the monomer has been removed before polymerization process. The 1,4-Bis(2-methylstyryl)benzene 99% was purchased from TCI and used as received. The process was performed by 24 h (precisely controlled temperature profile 60–80∘C). No visible polymerization defects (intrusion, cracking or bubbles) were observed in the fabricated preform. The PMMA preform was then drawn into the fibre using computer controlled drawing tower. The 1,4-Bis(2-methylstyryl)benzene doped PMMA bare fibre (Bis-MSB concentration 7·10−4 mol/l, diameter 2.0 mm and 20 mm length) was attached to the commercial step index profile PMMA fibre with fluorinated polymer cladding (0.75 mm outer diameter, approx. attenuation 200 dB/km, 1.6 m length) by using dissolved by acetone PMMA. The Bis-MSB concentration was chosen to obtain efficient fluorescence under UV radiation. The resulted UV sensing optode is shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1 The manufactured UV sensing optode.
Figure 1

The manufactured UV sensing optode.

3 Experimental procedure

The excitation spectra of a bulk specimen of 2 mm thick slice of Bis-MSB doped PMMA preform was measured using xenon lamp (450 W) and fluorescence spectrometer (Horiba Fluorolog 3). Recorded excitation spectrum (Fig. 2) shows good uniformity (0.8-1.0) in the 300–400 nm range and overlaps the UV-A and UV-B solar radiation spectrum range.

Figure 2 Excitation spectrum of Bis-MSB in PMMA (monitoring at 422 nm).
Figure 2

Excitation spectrum of Bis-MSB in PMMA (monitoring at 422 nm).

The fluorescence signal (Fig. 3) was recorded using Stellarnet Green Wave spectrometer. The PM-100 optical power meter equipped with S121B silicone diode detector was used for laser diode power measurements. Optode characteristic (Fig. 4) was determined using laser diode MDL-III-397 nm (1–100 mW). Solar radiation (Fig. 5) was measured using photovoltaic digital multimeter Voltcraft PL-110SM.

Figure 3 Fluorescence spectra of UV optode measured using 397 nm laser diode.
Figure 3

Fluorescence spectra of UV optode measured using 397 nm laser diode.

Figure 4 Maximum fluorescence intensity vs. UV radiation power.
Figure 4

Maximum fluorescence intensity vs. UV radiation power.

Figure 5 Measurements of UV under high solar radiation using proposed UV optode, solar irradiance 650 W/m2.
Figure 5

Measurements of UV under high solar radiation using proposed UV optode, solar irradiance 650 W/m2.

The evolution of fluorescence signal versus UV radiation range 7.2–13.6 mW was obtained by a linear function fitting with a correlation coefficient (Ra, adjusted r-square value) of 0.955.

The UV sensitivity of the luminescence signal (S) can be defined by the equation:

(1)S=ΔIΔIUV

where ΔI represent the increment in terms of signal and ΔIUV the increments of UV radiation. For the measured UV (at 397 nm) range, an average sensitivity of slope 480 mW−1, was obtained. In fact, composite materials are very sensitive to environment conditions (humidity, temperature, UV). Therefore, proposed sensor can be used for UV exposition measurements the CFRP laminate based constructions, especially for high-level UV radiation. Moreover, obtained high sensitivity and response linearity is useful in numerous applications.

High flexibility, low-cost production and easy coupling of numerous sensor to the single detector are attractive for array distributed sensor constructions as schematic presented in Fig. 6.

Figure 6 Aircraft UV sensor distributed system.
Figure 6

Aircraft UV sensor distributed system.

4 Conclusions

An optical fibre based UV sensor for composite materials environment monitoring was presented. The 1,4-Bis(2-methylstyryl)benzene fluorescent wave-shifter was used for UV to VIS range conversion. The linear characteristic with sensitivity 480 mW−1 and Ra = 0.955 was presented for UV range 7.2–13.6 mW. It is possible to conclude that linear UV optode function, small dimensions, flexibility are demanded by constructors of composite elements. Low weight, high immunity to electromagnetic fields and distributed sensor architecture are especially attractive for aircraft constructions.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Science Centre (Poland) project no. DEC-2017/01/X/ST8/00595, and under EU COST Action MP1401 "Advanced fibre laser and coherent source as tools for society, manufacturing and life science".

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Received: 2018-02-28
Accepted: 2019-01-26
Published Online: 2019-06-15
Published in Print: 2019-01-28

© 2019 P. Miluski et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0008
Keywords for this article
composite materials; CFRP; optical fibre sensor; fluorescence; polymeric optical fibre; poly(methyl methacrylate); 1,4-Bis(2-methylstyryl)benzene
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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