Home The crystal structure of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)porphyrin-21,23-diido-κ4 N 4-naphthalocyanido-κ4 N 4-neodymium(IV) - chloroform (1/6) C114H90N12Cl18Nd
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The crystal structure of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)porphyrin-21,23-diido-κ4 N 4-naphthalocyanido-κ4 N 4-neodymium(IV) - chloroform (1/6) C114H90N12Cl18Nd

  • Yang Liguo ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Wang Xin , Fu Jiaqi and Ji Xinyu
Published/Copyright: November 1, 2022

Abstract

C114H90N12Cl18Nd, triclinic, P 1 (no. 2), a = 17.3389(7) Å, b = 18.7671(5) Å, c = 19.1454(8) Å, α = 79.600(3)°, β = 68.752(4)°, γ = 68.572(3)°, V = 5396.7(4) Å3, Z = 2, R gt (F) = 0.0722, wR ref (F 2) = 0.1979, T = 298 K.

CCDC no.: 2212926

The molecular structure is shown in two directions in the figure. Table 1 contains crystallographic data and Table 2 contains the list of the atoms including atomic coordinates and displacement parameters.

Table 1:

Data collection and handling.

Crystal: Green block
Size: 0.08 × 0.06 × 0.04 mm
Wavelength: CuKα radiation (1.54184 Å)
μ: 8.21 mm−1
Diffractometer, scan mode: Xcalibur, ω
θ max, completeness: 65.0°, >99%
N(hkl)measured, N(hkl)unique, R int: 32924, 18316, 0.070
Criterion for I obs, N(hkl)gt: I obs > 2 σ(I obs), 15648
N(param)refined: 1346
Programs: Bruker [1], SHELX [2, 3]
Table 2:

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2).

Atom x y z U iso*/U eq
Nd1 0.36103 (2) 0.69858 (2) 0.35658 (2) 0.00916 (11)
N1 0.3572 (3) 0.7868 (3) 0.2426 (3) 0.0136 (9)
N2 0.3781 (3) 0.6021 (3) 0.2696 (3) 0.0122 (8)
N3 0.2067 (3) 0.7526 (3) 0.3573 (3) 0.0132 (9)
N4 0.3110 (3) 0.5860 (3) 0.4264 (3) 0.0135 (9)
N5 0.2723 (3) 0.7660 (3) 0.4743 (3) 0.0132 (9)
N6 0.4534 (3) 0.6165 (3) 0.4383 (3) 0.0118 (8)
N7 0.4251 (3) 0.7972 (3) 0.3586 (3) 0.0124 (8)
N8 0.5206 (3) 0.6326 (3) 0.2820 (3) 0.0134 (9)
N9 0.3433 (3) 0.5757 (3) 0.5422 (3) 0.0148 (9)
N10 0.5924 (3) 0.6358 (3) 0.3687 (3) 0.0140 (9)
N11 0.5051 (3) 0.6148 (3) 0.1652 (3) 0.0146 (9)
N12 0.2546 (3) 0.5580 (3) 0.3392 (3) 0.0139 (9)
C1 0.4433 (5) 0.9270 (4) 0.7262 (4) 0.0279 (14)
C2 0.1176 (5) 0.8365 (4) −0.0435 (4) 0.0285 (14)
C3 0.7385 (5) 0.9476 (5) −0.0174 (4) 0.0348 (16)
C4 −0.1792 (5) 0.7260 (5) 0.7447 (4) 0.0382 (17)
C5 0.3126 (4) 0.5654 (3) 0.2023 (3) 0.0152 (10)
C6 0.3891 (4) 0.5790 (3) 0.1508 (3) 0.0139 (10)
C7 0.4676 (4) 0.5958 (3) 0.5568 (3) 0.0147 (10)
C8 0.5849 (4) 0.6201 (3) 0.6101 (3) 0.0170 (11)
C9 0.5139 (4) 0.5949 (3) 0.6606 (3) 0.0158 (11)
C10 0.5982 (4) 0.6285 (3) 0.5319 (3) 0.0156 (11)
H10 0.646268 0.641223 0.498492 0.019*
C11 0.6373 (4) 0.6272 (3) 0.1724 (3) 0.0154 (10)
C12 0.3834 (4) 0.8066 (3) 0.4951 (3) 0.0156 (10)
C13 0.4556 (4) 0.5814 (3) 0.6315 (3) 0.0145 (10)
H13 0.410651 0.563174 0.662862 0.017*
C14 0.5400 (4) 0.6177 (3) 0.5061 (3) 0.0127 (10)
C15 0.6634 (4) 0.6333 (3) 0.2326 (3) 0.0150 (10)
C16 0.5484 (4) 0.6253 (3) 0.2068 (3) 0.0130 (10)
C17 0.5525 (4) 0.8586 (3) 0.1640 (3) 0.0156 (11)
C18 0.2087 (4) 0.5217 (3) 0.4728 (3) 0.0147 (10)
C19 0.2332 (4) 0.5299 (3) 0.5331 (3) 0.0138 (10)
C20 0.2272 (4) 0.7793 (3) 0.2220 (3) 0.0140 (10)
C21 0.3481 (4) 0.8194 (3) 0.1246 (3) 0.0182 (11)
H21 0.328056 0.826648 0.084064 0.022*
C22 0.0663 (4) 0.7469 (4) 0.3955 (3) 0.0185 (11)
H22 0.013124 0.741177 0.426253 0.022*
C23 0.3111 (4) 0.5771 (3) 0.2767 (3) 0.0130 (10)
C24 0.2606 (4) 0.5568 (3) 0.4071 (3) 0.0124 (10)
C25 0.4107 (4) 0.5740 (3) 0.0751 (3) 0.0157 (11)
H25 0.462653 0.580233 0.041824 0.019*
C26 0.4151 (4) 0.5961 (3) 0.5120 (3) 0.0140 (10)
C27 0.2559 (4) 0.5473 (3) 0.1795 (3) 0.0175 (11)
H27 0.207658 0.535709 0.214174 0.021*
C28 0.5175 (4) 0.8309 (3) 0.3978 (3) 0.0192 (11)
H28 0.542684 0.839956 0.429235 0.023*
C29 0.4204 (4) 0.8326 (3) 0.1241 (3) 0.0188 (11)
H29 0.459039 0.850637 0.083345 0.023*
C30 0.2442 (4) 0.7960 (4) 0.5939 (3) 0.0192 (11)
H30 0.251091 0.809727 0.635014 0.023*
C31 0.3006 (4) 0.5664 (3) 0.5013 (3) 0.0123 (10)
C32 0.4031 (4) 0.8350 (3) 0.5531 (3) 0.0171 (11)
C33 0.1751 (4) 0.7791 (4) 0.5938 (3) 0.0202 (12)
H33 0.125815 0.778651 0.634961 0.024*
C34 0.4870 (4) 0.8266 (3) 0.2226 (3) 0.0169 (10)
C35 0.4290 (4) 0.6010 (3) 0.1958 (3) 0.0117 (10)
C36 0.1883 (4) 0.7924 (3) 0.1616 (3) 0.0151 (10)
C37 0.5464 (4) 0.8364 (4) 0.3217 (4) 0.0199 (12)
H37 0.595119 0.849755 0.291062 0.024*
C38 0.5296 (4) 0.6260 (3) 0.4321 (3) 0.0128 (10)
C39 0.0465 (4) 0.7461 (3) 0.5533 (3) 0.0151 (11)
C40 0.6374 (4) 0.6378 (4) 0.6415 (4) 0.0220 (12)
H40 0.684395 0.653234 0.609931 0.026*
C41 0.7008 (4) 0.8444 (4) 0.0827 (4) 0.0257 (13)
H41 0.759664 0.814709 0.068310 0.031*
C42 0.3515 (4) 0.5591 (3) 0.0492 (3) 0.0180 (11)
C43 0.4398 (4) 0.8083 (3) 0.4209 (3) 0.0150 (10)
C44 0.4050 (4) 0.9100 (3) 0.5459 (3) 0.0213 (12)
H44 0.396663 0.941503 0.504019 0.026*
C45 0.1915 (4) 0.7618 (3) 0.5183 (3) 0.0159 (10)
C46 0.4994 (4) 0.5891 (4) 0.7384 (3) 0.0204 (12)
H46 0.454283 0.571913 0.771173 0.024*
C47 0.4297 (4) 0.8180 (3) 0.6721 (3) 0.0200 (12)
H47 0.437333 0.786761 0.714379 0.024*
C48 0.7457 (4) 0.6357 (3) 0.2208 (3) 0.0181 (11)
H48 0.762732 0.638623 0.260790 0.022*
C49 0.3084 (4) 0.7919 (3) 0.1997 (3) 0.0142 (10)
C50 0.1495 (4) 0.4864 (3) 0.4822 (3) 0.0152 (11)
H50 0.138087 0.477786 0.441139 0.018*
C51 0.1055 (4) 0.4630 (3) 0.5563 (3) 0.0180 (11)
C52 0.1300 (4) 0.7490 (3) 0.4941 (3) 0.0167 (11)
C53 0.4870 (4) 0.8174 (3) 0.2976 (3) 0.0157 (10)
C54 0.1362 (4) 0.7473 (3) 0.4192 (3) 0.0146 (10)
C55 0.4170 (4) 0.7898 (3) 0.6159 (3) 0.0169 (11)
H55 0.417968 0.739296 0.620791 0.020*
C56 0.5877 (4) 0.6349 (3) 0.3008 (3) 0.0115 (10)
C57 0.0933 (4) 0.7566 (4) 0.3195 (3) 0.0202 (12)
H57 0.061743 0.759255 0.288262 0.024*
C58 0.6920 (4) 0.6236 (4) 0.1008 (3) 0.0188 (11)
H58 0.674365 0.618376 0.062077 0.023*
C59 0.1940 (4) 0.5061 (3) 0.6055 (3) 0.0168 (11)
H59 0.211470 0.510254 0.644662 0.020*
C60 0.1262 (4) 0.4749 (3) 0.6187 (3) 0.0179 (11)
C61 0.0764 (4) 0.4571 (4) 0.6922 (4) 0.0231 (12)
H61 0.089003 0.464910 0.732961 0.028*
C62 0.1803 (4) 0.7619 (3) 0.2960 (3) 0.0135 (10)
C63 0.0297 (4) 0.6767 (4) 0.5736 (4) 0.0218 (12)
H63 0.067857 0.633801 0.546609 0.026*
C64 0.5260 (4) 0.9309 (4) 0.1303 (3) 0.0194 (11)
H64 0.467446 0.961322 0.146937 0.023*
C65 0.6746 (4) 0.9150 (4) 0.0463 (3) 0.0220 (12)
C66 0.4310 (4) 0.8935 (4) 0.6651 (4) 0.0218 (12)
C67 0.1362 (4) 0.8226 (4) 0.0314 (4) 0.0227 (12)
C68 0.5854 (4) 0.9589 (4) 0.0721 (4) 0.0235 (12)
H68 0.565886 1.007455 0.049792 0.028*
C69 0.1960 (5) 0.7536 (4) 0.0447 (4) 0.0275 (13)
H69 0.219336 0.715732 0.010445 0.033*
C70 0.2733 (4) 0.5467 (4) 0.1010 (3) 0.0195 (11)
C71 0.3060 (4) 0.7889 (3) 0.5184 (3) 0.0149 (10)
C72 −0.0434 (4) 0.6706 (4) 0.6336 (4) 0.0270 (13)
H72 −0.053327 0.623705 0.645666 0.032*
C73 −0.1016 (4) 0.7328 (4) 0.6755 (4) 0.0275 (14)
C74 0.4254 (4) 0.8134 (3) 0.1990 (3) 0.0154 (10)
C75 0.6403 (4) 0.8170 (4) 0.1410 (4) 0.0230 (12)
H75 0.659835 0.769394 0.164792 0.028*
C76 0.5509 (5) 0.6084 (4) 0.7665 (4) 0.0258 (13)
H76 0.539650 0.605522 0.818035 0.031*
C77 0.8033 (4) 0.6338 (4) 0.1465 (4) 0.0216 (12)
C78 0.4193 (5) 0.9372 (4) 0.6011 (4) 0.0246 (13)
H78 0.421039 0.986964 0.594835 0.030*
C79 −0.0099 (4) 0.4154 (4) 0.6440 (4) 0.0281 (14)
H79 −0.055164 0.396142 0.652800 0.034*
C80 0.0094 (5) 0.4283 (4) 0.7047 (4) 0.0281 (14)
H80 −0.022978 0.417435 0.753539 0.034*
C81 0.3656 (4) 0.5598 (4) −0.0290 (3) 0.0218 (12)
H81 0.416765 0.566342 −0.063680 0.026*
C82 0.0377 (4) 0.4311 (4) 0.5714 (4) 0.0231 (12)
H82 0.025410 0.420625 0.531691 0.028*
C83 0.2220 (5) 0.7391 (4) 0.1074 (4) 0.0260 (13)
H83 0.263347 0.692239 0.113486 0.031*
C84 0.6205 (5) 0.6325 (4) 0.7178 (4) 0.0251 (13)
H84 0.655565 0.645010 0.737299 0.030*
C85 0.3056 (5) 0.5511 (4) −0.0538 (4) 0.0276 (14)
H85 0.315625 0.552807 −0.105105 0.033*
C86 0.1251 (4) 0.8614 (4) 0.1502 (4) 0.0211 (12)
H86 0.099398 0.898170 0.185810 0.025*
C87 0.1002 (4) 0.8757 (4) 0.0865 (4) 0.0239 (13)
H87 0.058186 0.922124 0.080355 0.029*
C88 0.7774 (4) 0.6278 (4) 0.0855 (3) 0.0230 (12)
C89 −0.0146 (4) 0.8097 (4) 0.5927 (4) 0.0272 (14)
H89 −0.006571 0.857306 0.578822 0.033*
C90 0.8887 (4) 0.6394 (4) 0.1288 (4) 0.0299 (14)
H90 0.906686 0.644314 0.167430 0.036*
C91 0.2126 (4) 0.5364 (4) 0.0734 (4) 0.0239 (13)
H91 0.162112 0.527475 0.106791 0.029*
C92 0.2283 (5) 0.5395 (4) −0.0028 (4) 0.0278 (14)
H92 0.187715 0.533974 −0.020709 0.033*
C93 −0.0873 (5) 0.8032 (4) 0.6523 (4) 0.0330 (16)
H93 −0.127386 0.846689 0.677436 0.040*
C94 0.9437 (5) 0.6377 (5) 0.0573 (4) 0.0392 (17)
H94 0.999231 0.640105 0.047780 0.047*
C95 0.8364 (5) 0.6272 (5) 0.0113 (4) 0.0333 (15)
H95 0.819702 0.623154 −0.028481 0.040*
C96 0.9178 (5) 0.6324 (5) −0.0029 (4) 0.0400 (17)
H96 0.955568 0.632378 −0.051924 0.048*
C97 0.1986 (6) 0.6403 (4) 0.7388 (4) 0.0373 (16)
H97 0.223305 0.640618 0.683891 0.045*
C98 0.5341 (5) 0.7194 (4) 0.9747 (4) 0.0366 (17)
H98 0.516253 0.711794 1.029521 0.044*
C99 0.0929 (8) 0.9673 (6) 0.6733 (6) 0.067 (2)
H99 0.118621 0.939022 0.627550 0.080*
C100 0.7741 (6) 0.0564 (5) 0.6224 (6) 0.051 (2)
H100 0.742422 0.111576 0.621289 0.061*
C101 0.1083 (12) 0.1790 (12) 0.7793 (10) 0.111 (4)
H101 0.097594 0.154961 0.743918 0.133*
C102 0.2435 (11) 0.1791 (12) 0.5053 (16) 0.173 (9)
H102 0.241590 0.160395 0.461570 0.208*
C1A 0.5233 (6) 0.9549 (5) 0.6915 (5) 0.0402 (17)
H1A1 0.528536 0.979518 0.728664 0.060*
H1A2 0.515927 0.990730 0.649888 0.060*
H1A3 0.575337 0.911908 0.674474 0.060*
C2A 0.3606 (6) 0.9963 (5) 0.7557 (4) 0.0380 (17)
H2A1 0.310215 0.979608 0.775920 0.057*
H2A2 0.353731 1.033896 0.715179 0.057*
H2A3 0.366382 1.018377 0.794218 0.057*
C3A 0.4555 (6) 0.8710 (5) 0.7911 (4) 0.0402 (18)
H3A1 0.404887 0.854877 0.814039 0.060*
H3A2 0.463108 0.894969 0.827239 0.060*
H3A3 0.506382 0.827213 0.773408 0.060*
C1B 0.0531 (6) 0.9166 (5) −0.0506 (5) 0.045 (2)
H1B1 0.078817 0.954420 −0.051790 0.067*
H1B2 0.000332 0.923616 −0.008470 0.067*
H1B3 0.039658 0.922039 −0.096155 0.067*
C2B 0.2034 (6) 0.8312 (5) −0.1080 (4) 0.0422 (18)
H2B1 0.245883 0.781648 −0.104857 0.063*
H2B2 0.225147 0.870214 −0.104510 0.063*
H2B3 0.192934 0.838280 −0.155142 0.063*
C3B 0.0788 (6) 0.7766 (5) −0.0489 (5) 0.0379 (17)
H3B1 0.061853 0.788163 −0.093211 0.057*
H3B2 0.028363 0.777750 −0.005415 0.057*
H3B3 0.121859 0.726496 −0.051251 0.057*
C1C 0.7070 (6) 0.9681 (5) −0.0863 (4) 0.0450 (19)
H1C1 0.647785 1.002500 −0.072515 0.068*
H1C2 0.709642 0.922270 −0.103874 0.068*
H1C3 0.744001 0.992426 −0.125351 0.068*
C2C 0.8306 (6) 0.8894 (6) −0.0402 (5) 0.055 (2)
H2C1 0.867726 0.909946 −0.083137 0.082*
H2C2 0.828480 0.842940 −0.052612 0.082*
H2C3 0.853505 0.878666 0.000648 0.082*
C3C 0.7387 (7) 1.0196 (6) 0.0064 (5) 0.052 (2)
H3C1 0.755002 1.008188 0.051088 0.079*
H3C2 0.681327 1.057027 0.016265 0.079*
H3C3 0.780075 1.039402 −0.032910 0.079*
C1D −0.1714 (6) 0.7550 (7) 0.8116 (5) 0.059 (2)
H1D1 −0.112721 0.731442 0.813390 0.089*
H1D2 −0.211662 0.741982 0.857498 0.089*
H1D3 −0.184887 0.809687 0.805623 0.089*
C2D −0.1800 (6) 0.6436 (6) 0.7642 (6) 0.057 (2)
H2D1 −0.180098 0.623429 0.721607 0.085*
H2D2 −0.231515 0.642830 0.805777 0.085*
H2D3 −0.128860 0.612741 0.777531 0.085*
C3D −0.2648 (5) 0.7778 (6) 0.7309 (5) 0.050 (2)
H3D1 −0.266747 0.830297 0.724746 0.075*
H3D2 −0.313700 0.771933 0.773032 0.075*
H3D3 −0.267605 0.763663 0.686357 0.075*
Cl10 0.23828 (18) 0.69775 (12) 0.76963 (12) 0.0540 (6)
Cl12 0.08488 (19) 0.6757 (2) 0.76265 (19) 0.0853 (10)
Cl14 0.44144 (15) 0.74288 (13) 0.94702 (11) 0.0535 (6)
Cl15 0.5814 (2) 0.79173 (15) 0.94806 (15) 0.0774 (10)
Cl13 0.61161 (12) 0.63215 (10) 0.93565 (9) 0.0351 (4)
Cl18 0.0272 (3) 0.9201 (2) 0.7414 (2) 0.0941 (10)
Cl16 0.1793 (3) 0.9666 (2) 0.7012 (3) 0.0993 (11)
Cl17 0.0323 (2) 1.06064 (19) 0.6517 (2) 0.0919 (10)
Cl4 0.1976 (5) 0.2106 (4) 0.7298 (4) 0.190 (3)
Cl6 0.0117 (2) 0.2522 (2) 0.8195 (2) 0.0840 (9)
Cl7 0.2224 (6) 0.1094 (4) 0.5611 (4) 0.213 (4)
Cl8 0.1775 (3) 0.2567 (4) 0.5000 (4) 0.201 (4)
Cl5 0.1362 (3) 0.1083 (4) 0.8478 (3) 0.158 (2)
Cl11 0.23617 (19) 0.54596 (11) 0.77427 (13) 0.0559 (6)
Cl9 0.3537 (2) 0.1580 (3) 0.4743 (3) 0.1294 (19)
Cl1Aa 0.8046 (4) 0.0302 (2) 0.7032 (2) 0.0873 (16)
Cl2Aa 0.8687 (3) 0.0362 (3) 0.5440 (2) 0.0937 (18)
Cl3Aa 0.7064 (3) 0.0078 (2) 0.6237 (4) 0.105 (2)
Cl1Bb 0.7462 (14) 0.0168 (8) 0.7144 (8) 0.102 (6)
Cl2Bb 0.8740 (10) 0.0502 (8) 0.5845 (13) 0.099 (5)
Cl3Bb 0.7481 (11) 0.0050 (9) 0.5700 (11) 0.087 (4)
  1. aOccupancy: 0.778 (6), bOccupancy: 0.222 (6).

Source of material

A mixture of naphthalocyanide (298 mg, 0.72 mmol), Nd(acac)3 (45 mg, 0.11 mmol), tetrakis(4-tert-butylphenyl)-porphyrin and DBU (0.4 ml, 2.50 mmol) in n-pentanol (2 ml) was refluxed under a blanket of nitrogen for 9 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool in air and then methanol (20 ml) was added. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h and filtered. The residue was washed with methanol and then dried. The crude product was purified by column chromatography with CHCl3/MeOH (90:10) as eluent and the blue band containing the title complex was collected. Repeat chromatography followed by recrystallization from CHCl3 and MeOH gave the pure target compound Nd(por) (napc)] as a black powder with the yield of 120 mg, 42%.

Experimental details

The C-bound H atoms were geometrically placed (C—H = 0.95–0.98 Å) and refined as riding with U iso(H) = 1.2–1.5 U eq(C) [1], [2], [3].

Comment

Porphyrins (pors) and phthalocyanines (pcs) are π-conjugated systems with cyclic tetrapyrrole skelecton, which can accommodate metal ions in the central cavity forming various complexes. In particular, rare earth metal ions can bind two tetrapyrrole ligands together via octa-coordination producing a unique family of sandwich-type complexes. The typical molecular characters include the free rotation of the adjacent macrocycles, the strong intramolecular interactions, multi-reversible and stable oxidation states. The ligand field with C4 symmetry as well as the ease in the chemical modification in the molecular structure, render these advanced molecular materials as proto-type molecules in the field of molecular machines, spectroscopy and electrochemistry, single-molecule magnets, chirality, field effect transistor, and liquid crystals [4], [5], [6], [7], [8].

As shown in Figure 1, the compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with two formula units in the unit cell. Complex 1 is composed of one porphyrin ligand, one naphthalocyanide ligand and one Nd metal atom. The neodymium center is octahedrally coordinated by four isoindole nitrogen atoms of the Pc ring and four pyrrole nitrogen atoms of the porphyrin ring. The twist angle between the prophyrin ring and napc ring was found to be 43.17°, which is similar than that of (pc)Dy(tclpp) (tclpp = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis- (4-chlorophenyl)porphyrinate), showing that the coordination polyhedron is essentially a square antiprism in these neutral double-decker complexes. The Nd center lies at 1.358 and 1.595 Å to the N4 mean planes of pc and por respectively, giving a ring-to-ring seperation of 2.953 Å. Bond lengths and angles are all in the expected ranges [9, 10].


Corresponding author: Yang Liguo, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, Henan, P.R. China, E-mail:

Funding source: Nature Science Foundation of Henan Province http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006407

Award Identifier / Grant number: 202300410010

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: This work was funded by Nature Science Foundation of Henan Province (202300410010).

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

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Received: 2022-08-08
Accepted: 2022-10-14
Published Online: 2022-11-01
Published in Print: 2023-01-27

© 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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