Home Effect of P and Ti on the agglomeration behavior of Al2O3 inclusions in Fe–P–Ti alloys
Article Open Access

Effect of P and Ti on the agglomeration behavior of Al2O3 inclusions in Fe–P–Ti alloys

  • Siyue Dong , Rui Wang EMAIL logo , Likui Xie , Yan Kang , Yihong Li , Jing Fan , Zhiqiang Yu and Zhijie Yan
Published/Copyright: November 9, 2023
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 42 Issue 1

Abstract

Nozzle clogging occurs in the interstitial free (IF) steel with high phosphorus (P) more frequently than in IF steel with lower P. To explore the effect of P and Ti on the inclusion behavior in liquid steel, the in situ experiment and theoretical calculations were conducted. High-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy was used in situ to observe the inclusion behavior at the liquid Fe–P–Ti alloy surfaces, and the attractive and capillary forces were also calculated to quantitatively estimate the effect of P and Ti on the inclusion behavior. The results show that the agglomeration of Al2O3 inclusions involves four steps: dispersed Al2O3 particles in liquid alloy; formation of Al2O3 chain structure; bending of the Al2O3 chain, and sintering and densification of the chain structure. The addition of Ti and P in the steel can increase the agglomeration time of inclusions, indicating the impeding effect of P and Ti on the inclusion aggregation. Furthermore, the orientation factor is proposed to estimate the direction of movement of the small inclusion crossing between large inclusions, and the experimental results confirm its validity.

Keywords: inclusions; agglomeration; IF steel with high P; capillary force

1 Introduction

Interstitial free (IF) steel, a typical ultra-low-carbon steel, is widely applied in the automobile industry due to its excellent deep drawability [1,2]. The strength of IF steel can be enhanced by the solution strengthening with phosphorus (P). Additionally, titanium (Ti) is added to the steel to remove interstitial elements (C and N) by formation of Ti(C, N) [3]. However, nozzle clogging frequently occurs during continuous casting in P-containing IF steel production, leading to slag entrapment in liquid steel in the mold, which will deteriorate surface quality during the cold rolling process [4–6]. Our previous work has confirmed that the clogging on the nozzle inner of P-containing IF steel is greater than that of common IF steel due to the presence of P in the molten steel [3]. Bernhard et al. have also found that both elements of Ti and P aggravate nozzle clogging but in different ways [7]. However, it is unclear how the elements of P and Ti affects the behavior of Al2O3 inclusions in the molten steel. Therefore, it is of significance to investigate the aggregation behavior of Al2O3 inclusions in molten steel with various contents of P and Ti, which will contribute to solve the problem of nozzle clogging in the production of ultra-low carbon steel with high P content.

In recent years, the primary technique of high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy (HT-CLSM) is widely applied to the in situ study of inclusion behavior in molten steel or slag [8–13]. Many works have reported the motion behavior of inclusions conducted by HT-CLSM at the steel/argon interface [13–15]. However, less attention has been paid to the interaction of inclusions in molten steel with the different elements, especially some surface-active elements such as Ti and P in the steel. Furthermore, the effects of surface-active elements (Se, Ce, Ti) on the wettability between iron and refractory (inclusions) have been investigated in many publications [16–18], which affects the behavior of inclusions in molten steel, and is crucial for the production of clean steel. In this study, it is of importance to observe Al2O3 inclusions movement and to estimate the interaction force between inclusions in molten steel with various contents of P and Ti.

The attractive force is a key factor that influences the inclusion motion in the molten steel and van der Waals forces, Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) surface forces, and the capillary forces are the main long-range attraction of inclusions [9]. Yin et al. proposed a numerical method for estimating the attraction force between the particles according to the observation of alumina inclusions by HT-CLSM, and capillary forces are considered the dominant forces that affect the agglomeration of inclusions [19,20]. Similarly, many publications have also proved that the capillary force is much larger than the DLVO surface force and the van der Waals force in the long-term interaction of inclusions [21–24].

In the present work, to investigate the effect of P and Ti in the molten steel on the inclusion behavior, the aggregation behavior of the Al2O3 inclusions was observed by HT-CLSM in the Fe–P–Ti alloy with different contents of Ti and P. Gravity and capillary forces between inclusions in the different alloys were calculated by the modified K–P model. The calculation results help us to quantify the attractive forces between inclusions in different molten alloys, which can help to solve the problem of nozzle clogging in the production of IF steel with a high content of P.

2 Materials and experimental procedure

The experimental Fe–P–Ti alloys with different contents of P and Ti were smelted in a 10 kg vacuum furnace. The chemical composition of the alloys is shown in Table 1 and the alloys were marked as N1, N2, N3, M1, M2, and M3. The specimens of Φ7.5 × 3.5 mm were cut from as-cast ingots for in situ tests. After polishing and cleaning, the specimen was placed in a high purity Al2O3 crucible (Φ8 × 4 mm). HT-CLSM (Dataphysics, OCA25-HTV1800) was conducted to observe inclusion aggregation in the molten Fe–P–Ti alloys. To clearly observe the inclusions in the molten alloy, the alcohol solution with Al2O3 (0.1 wt%) was dropped on the surface of the specimen. After the pressure in the chamber decreases to 10−3 Pa, the high purity argon is injected into the chamber to prevent the secondary oxidation of the sample surface. Accordingly, the oxygen pressure can be reduced to 1 × 10−9 Pa by conducting the above operation once more. and the Al2O3 particles would float at the interface between argon and the molten alloy when the alloy was melting. The structure of HT-CLSM can be found in other literature [25], and the temperature control process is illustrated in Figure 1.

Table 1

Chemical composition of Fe–P–Ti alloys (wt%)

P Ti Fe T.O
N1 0.065 — Bal. 0.084
N2 0.128 — Bal. 0.058
N3 0.242 — Bal. 0.072
M1 0.121 0.043 Bal. 0.0059
M2 0.127 0.11 Bal. 0.0025
M3 0.128 0.15 Bal. 0.0022
Figure 1 The temperature control process of the HT-CLSM test.
Figure 1

The temperature control process of the HT-CLSM test.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 In situ observation of inclusion agglomeration at the steel/argon interface

The representative agglomeration behavior of the Al2O3 particles is illustrated in Figure 2. It can be seen from Figure 2(a) that many Al2O3 particles with a size of 10–20 μm are dispersed around a large particle with a size of 150 μm in the molten Fe–P–Ti alloy at the temperature of 1,594°C. With holding, the dispersed Al2O3 particles gradually arrange like a chain as shown in Figure 2(b)–(d). At this stage, more Al2O3 particles are attracted to the chain structure. Thereafter, the chain aggregate tends to bend (Figure 2(e)), and agglomerate (Figure 2(f)). Mu et al. also found the same phenomenon in liquid steel [12,26]. The Al2O3 chain bends and folds in on itself under the effect of shear forces in the liquid alloy to form a denser structure, which is discussed in Section 3.2.

Figure 2 Agglomeration behavior of Al2O3 particles at the steel/argon interface in the M1 specimen: (a)–(c) Al2O3 particles arranged like a chain; (d)–(f) the chain of Al2O3 particles bends and agglomerate; and (g) schematic graph of the formation of Al2O3 agglomeration.
Figure 2

Agglomeration behavior of Al2O3 particles at the steel/argon interface in the M1 specimen: (a)–(c) Al2O3 particles arranged like a chain; (d)–(f) the chain of Al2O3 particles bends and agglomerate; and (g) schematic graph of the formation of Al2O3 agglomeration.

Hence, the formation of dense Al2O3 includes the following steps (Figure 2(g)): (1) dispersing Al2O3 particles in the liquid alloy, (2) formation of the Al2O3 chain structure, (3) bending of the Al2O3 chain, and (4) sintering and densification of the chain structure.

The representative agglomeration process of the Al2O3 chains is presented in Figure 3. The independent Al2O3 chains of A, B, and C are located at the Ar/steel interface at 1,585°C, as shown in Figure 3(a). Next the Al2O3 chain of C gradually moves towards A and merges with it, which is marked as “A + C” in Figure 3(c). Then, the chain B agglomerates with “A + C,” and the agglomeration of “A + B + C” gradually densifies (Figure 3(d)–(f)). The shape parameter G k is used to help us to estimate the time of particle agglomeration, which is expressed as follows:

(1) G k = 4 π A k l k 2 ,

where A k and l k represent the area and perimeter of inclusion, respectively. G k represents the degree of globularity for the project object (G k = 1 represents the complete circular object). The agglomeration time of the specimens is estimated using the value of G k from 0 to 0.5, and the average agglomeration time of chain particles in the specimens is shown in Figure 4. Agglomeration times of five inclusions for each specimen were estimated and the size of the inclusions are from 30∼80 μm. The agglomeration time of the specimens (N1−N3, M1−M3) was ∼1, ∼1, ∼2, ∼5, ∼6, and ∼8 s, respectively. It is obviously seen that the agglomeration time of inclusions increases with the increase in both P and Ti in the liquid alloys. When Ti is added to the Fe–P alloy, the agglomeration time of inclusions increases remarkably, which means that element of Ti can impede the agglomeration of inclusions in the Fe–P alloy. This result agrees with the discoveries by Zhan et al. that the contact angle between liquid steel and alumina decreases with the addition of Ti to the steel, which restrains the collision and growth of inclusions [27].

Figure 3 Agglomeration process of the Al2O3 chain in M3 specimen. (a) A, B and C begin to agglomeration; (b)–(c): C moves towards A to form A+C in (c); (d): B agglomerates with A+C to form A+B+C; and (e)–(f): the agglomeration of A+B+C gradually densifies.
Figure 3

Agglomeration process of the Al2O3 chain in M3 specimen. (a) A, B and C begin to agglomeration; (b)–(c): C moves towards A to form A+C in (c); (d): B agglomerates with A+C to form A+B+C; and (e)–(f): the agglomeration of A+B+C gradually densifies.

Figure 4 Inclusion agglomeration time in specimens of (a) N1, N2, and N3 and (b) M1, M2, and M3.
Figure 4

Inclusion agglomeration time in specimens of (a) N1, N2, and N3 and (b) M1, M2, and M3.

3.2 Effect of P and Ti on the force between the Al2O3 particles

To estimate the effect of P and Ti on the inclusion agglomeration, the attraction force [20] and the capillary force [9,12] between the inclusions are calculated. The capillary force is usually considered the main extended range force that results in the inclusion agglomeration.

As illustrated in Figure 5, particle A is gradually approaching B, the acceleration of the inclusion can be estimated by analyzing the change in distance between the inclusions with time. The adsorption force (Fa) on the inclusion is calculated as follows:

(2) v i = d t + Δ t − d t Δ t ,

(3) Δ t = t i + 1 − t i ,

(4) a i = v i + 1 − v i Δ t ,

(5) m = ρ ⋅ 4 3 π r 3 ,

(6) F A = m ⋅ a i .

Figure 5 The inclusion agglomeration process in the M2 specimen: (a)–(e) the particle A is gradually approaching the B; (f) the particle A and B agglomerate.
Figure 5

The inclusion agglomeration process in the M2 specimen: (a)–(e) the particle A is gradually approaching the B; (f) the particle A and B agglomerate.

In equations (2)–(5), v i is the average velocity of the inclusions, Δt is the time increment, a i is the acceleration, m is the mass of the inclusions, and F A is the interaction force between the inclusions.

As discussed above, bending of the Al2O3 chain is due to the shear force, and the shear force in the present work is the capillary force, which is confirmed by many research works. Mu et al. reported that when the “branching” particles in the aggregate are close enough, the capillary interaction is the main cause of the bending of the aggregate [26]. Long et al. also found that the agglomeration behavior between the alumina inclusions is driven by the capillary force [28]. Mu et al. also found that linear aggregates bend under the influence of shear forces in the liquid [12]. The K–P model is applied to access the capillary force in the present work, and many researchers have confirmed the accuracy of the model by experiment [11,29]. The capillary interaction energy (W) between the spherical inclusions is calculated as follows:

(7) Δ W = − π γ [ ( Q 1 h 1 − Q 1 ∞ h 1 ∞ ) ( 1 + O ( q 2 R 1 2 ) ) + ( Q 2 h 2 − Q 2 ∞ h 2 ∞ ) ( 1 + O ( q 2 R 2 2 ) ] ,

(8) q = ( ρ steel − ρ gas ) g γ ,

(9) Q i = 1 2 q 2 b i 2 ( R i − 1 3 b i ) − 4 3 D i R i 3 − r i 3 h i ,

(10) b i = R i [ 1 + cos ( α i + ψ i ) ] ,

(11) ψ i = π 2 − α i ,

(12) D i = ρ i ρ m ,

(13) r i = b i ( 2 R i − b i ) ,

(14) h i = r i sin ψ i ln 2 r e q r i − r j sin ψ j ln 2 r e q r j . ( i , j are 1 , 2 , and i ≠ j ) ,

where γ is the surface tension of the liquid steel, Q i is the effective capillary charge of the inclusion i, ∞ represents the corresponding parameter from inclusion distance L in the model. h i represents the meniscus height at the contact line. D i is the density ratio, r e is the Euler–Mascheroni (r e = 1.78), r i is the radius of the capillary meniscus, α i is the contact angle between the melt and inclusion, and ψ i is the meniscus slope at the constant line. The O(x) is the zero function of the approximation. q is the capillary length, which is defined by equation (8). ρ steel and ρ gas are the densities of steel and gas (argon), respectively. Q i and h i can be found elsewhere [14].

For different values of L (distance between inclusions), the capillary force can be calculated as follows:

(15) F = d ( Δ W ) d L .

Mu et al. modified the K–P model, and the capillary force can be calculated by the following equation [12]:

(16) F = 2 π Q 1 Q 2 ( 1 − q 2 L 2 ) L .

In the present work, Al2O3 inclusions with similar size in the N1∼N3, and M1∼M3 alloy were selected, and the attractive and capillary force (L = 30∼35 μm) are calculated according to Eqs (6) and (16). Figure 6 illustrates the attraction force and the capillary force of inclusions in the different alloys (N1∼N3 and M1∼M3). It can be found that the attractive force acting on inclusions increases with the increase in the P content in the alloy, ranging from 10−16 to 10−14 N, and once the Ti is added to the steel, the attractive force ranges from 10−17 to 10−15 N. Furthermore, the capillary force of Fe–P–Ti alloy is smaller than that of Fe–P alloy, as presented in Figure 6(b). This result, combined with the agglomeration time of inclusions (Figure 4), explains the experimental results that element of Ti can slow down the agglomeration of inclusions, leading to the dispersed distribution of inclusions, which easily causes nozzle clogging, especially in ultra-low carbon steel [27].

Figure 6 The attractive force (a) and capillary force (b) between the inclusions in the different alloys.
Figure 6

The attractive force (a) and capillary force (b) between the inclusions in the different alloys.

3.3 Direction of inclusion motion

The moving direction of inclusions is very important for inclusion collision and agglomeration. So far, most research works have focused on the moving direction between the two inclusions and the preferential adsorption between inclusions with different compositions [9]. In the present work, the force acting on a small inclusion crossing two large inclusions is analyzed, as illustrated in Figure 7. The moving direction of the inclusion depends on its loading state, which is marked in Figure 7 according to the law of universal gravitation.

(17) F i , A = G M m i L i 2 ,

where F i,A is the attraction force acting on the inclusion; G is the gravitational constant; M and m i are the mass of the large and small inclusions, respectively; L i is the distance between the inclusions. The orientation factor, E w , is proposed to estimate the moving direction of inclusions, which could be expressed as follows:

(18) E w = F 1 , a F 2 , a = m 1 L 2 2 m 2 L 1 2 ,

where E w is the orientation factor and when E w > 1, the inclusion moves to inclusion 1; when E w < 1, the small inclusion moves to inclusion 2.

Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the force acting on the inclusions.
Figure 7

Schematic diagram of the force acting on the inclusions.

Representative images of a small inclusion crossing the two large inclusions are presented in Figure 8. A small inclusion floats on the interface of liquid steel and argon between two large inclusions, as shown in Figure 8(a). E w has been calculated as illustrated in Figure 8(a'), the value of E w is 0.76, which predicts that the small inclusion is moving to inclusion 2. And Figure 8(a)–(e) presents that the small inclusion predictably moves to inclusion 2, which confirmed that the orientation factor, E w , could correctly estimate the moving direction.

Figure 8 Estimating the moving direction of the small inclusions by E w : (a)–(e) present the moving process of the small inclusion; (a') indicates the value of E w under the condition of (a).
Figure 8

Estimating the moving direction of the small inclusions by E w : (a)–(e) present the moving process of the small inclusion; (a') indicates the value of E w under the condition of (a).

4 Conclusion

The present work clarifies the agglomeration behavior of inclusions in the Fe–P–Ti alloys and the effect of P and Ti on the inclusion behavior at the interface of liquid alloy and argon. In addition, the orientation factor has been proposed to estimate the moving direction of the small inclusion between the large inclusions. The main results can be summarized as follows:

(1) The agglomeration of Al2O3 inclusions at the liquid alloy/Ar interface is composed of four steps: (i) dispersed Al2O3 particles in liquid alloy, (ii) formation of the Al2O3 chain structure, (iii) bending of the chain of Al2O3, and (iv) sintering and densification of chain structure.

(2) The agglomeration time of the inclusions increases with the increase in both P and Ti in the liquid alloys. When Ti is added to the Fe–P alloy, the agglomeration time of inclusions increases remarkably. This mean that the element of Ti can impede the agglomeration of inclusions in the Fe–P alloy

(3) The motion state of a inclusion is determined by its stress state. The experimental results show that the orientation factor E w can estimate the moving direction of the small inclusion crossing between large inclusions, and the in situ experimental results confirm that the orientation factor is effective.

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos 51904278 and 52071300), the Innovation projects of colleges and universities in Shanxi Province (2019L0577), the Special Funding Projects for Local Science and Technology Development guided by the Central Committee (YDZJSX2021C007 and YDZX20191400004587), the Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province (202102050201004), the Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province (2020C01131), the Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province (20210302123218), and the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, USTB (K22-11).

  1. Funding information: This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51904161).

  2. Author contributions: Siyue Dong: Writing-original draft, preparation. Rui Wang: Writing-review & editing, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Supervision Likui Xie: Formal analysis, Investigation. Yan Kang: Conceptualization, Data curation. Yihong Li: Investigation. Jing Fan: Methodology, Validation. Zhiqiang Yu: Validation. Zhijie Yan: Writing-review & editing, Methodology, Supervision.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Wang, R., Y. H. Li, D. Z. Li, Y. Kang, Y. P. Bao, and Z. J. Yan. Inclusions absorbed by slags in interstitial-free steel production. Steel Research International, Vol. 91, 2020, id. 1900440.10.1002/srin.201900440Search in Google Scholar

[2] Wang, R., Y. P. Bao, Z. J. Yan, D. Z. Li, and Y. Kang. Comparison between the surface defects caused by Al2O3 and TiN inclusions in interstitial-free steel auto sheets. International Journal of Minerals Metallurgy and Materials, Vol. 26, 2019, pp. 178–185.10.1007/s12613-019-1722-zSearch in Google Scholar

[3] Li, Y. H., Y. B. He, Z. H. Ren, Y. P. Bao, and R. Wang. Comparative study of the cleanliness of interstitial‐free steel with low and high phosphorus contents. Steel Research International, Vol. 92, 2021, id. 2000581.10.1002/srin.202000581Search in Google Scholar

[4] Srinivas, P. S., A. Singh, J. M. Korath, and A. K. Jana. A water-model experimental study of vortex characteristics due to nozzle clogging in slab caster mould. Ironmaking & Steelmaking, Vol. 44, 2017, pp. 473–485.10.1080/03019233.2016.1215948Search in Google Scholar

[5] Mohammadi-Ghaleni, M., M. A. Zaeem, J. D. Smith, and R. O’Malley. Comparison of CFD simulations with experimental measurements of nozzle clogging in continuous casting of steels. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, Vol. 47, 2016, pp. 3384–3393.10.1007/s11663-016-0798-3Search in Google Scholar

[6] Yu, H. X., C. X. Ji, B. Chen, C. Wang, and Y. H. Zhang. Characteristics and evolution of inclusion induced surface defects of cold rolled IF sheet. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, Vol. 22, 2015, pp. 17–23.10.1016/S1006-706X(15)30132-1Search in Google Scholar

[7] Bernhard, C., G. Xia, A. Karasangabo, M. Egger, A. Pissenberger, and H. H. Jia. Investigating the influence of Ti and P on the clogging of ULC steels in the continuous casting process. World Iron & Steel, Vol. 12, 2012, pp. 19–28.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Xu, C. Y., C. Wang, R. Z. Xu, J. L. Zhang, and K. X. Jiao. Effect of Al2O3 on the viscosity of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-Cr2O3 slags. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, Vol. 28, 2021, pp. 797–803.10.1007/s12613-020-2187-9Search in Google Scholar

[9] Wang, L. Z., S. F. Yang, J. Q. Li, C. Y. Chen, C. R. Li, and X. Li. Study on the capillary interaction between particles on the surface of high-temperature melts. Steel Research International, Vol. 92, 2021, id. 2100013.10.1002/srin.202100013Search in Google Scholar

[10] Qiu Z. L., A. Mannelies, B. B. Blanpain, and M. X. Guo. Behavior of arbitrarily shaped Ce2O3 clusters at the Ar gas/liquid steel interface. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, Vol. 53, 2022, pp. 3896–3908.10.1007/s11663-022-02650-ySearch in Google Scholar

[11] Ren, C. Y., C. D. Huang, L. F. Zhang, and Y. Ren. In-situ observation of the dissolution kinetics of Al2O3 particles in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 slags using laser confocal scanning microscopy. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, Vol. 30, 2023, pp. 345–353.10.1007/s12613-021-2347-6Search in Google Scholar

[12] Mu, W. Z., N. Dogan, and K. S. Coley. Agglomeration of non-metallic inclusions at steel/Ar interface: in situ observation experiments and model validation. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 48, 2017, pp. 2379–2388.10.1007/s11663-017-1027-4Search in Google Scholar

[13] Appelberg, J., K. Nakajima, H. Shibata, A. Tilliander, and P. Jönsson. In-situ studies of misch-metal particle behavior on a molten stainless steel surface. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 495, 2007, pp. 330–334.10.1016/j.msea.2007.12.051Search in Google Scholar

[14] Nakajim, K. and S. Mizoguchi. Capillary interaction between inclusion particles on the 16Cr stainless steel melt surface. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 32, 2001, pp. 629–641.10.1007/s11663-001-0118-3Search in Google Scholar

[15] Kimura, S., K. Nakajima, and S. Mizoguchi. Behavior of alumina-magnesia complex inclusions and magnesia inclusions on the surface of molten low-carbon steels. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 32, 2001, pp. 79–85.10.1007/s11663-001-0010-1Search in Google Scholar

[16] Cheng, L. M., W. Yang, Y. Ren, and L. Zhang. Effect of selenium on the interaction between refractory and steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 50, 2019, pp. 1115–1123.10.1007/s11663-019-01545-9Search in Google Scholar

[17] Wang, Y., W. Yang, and L. F. Zhang. Interaction between Ti-bearing ultra-low carbon solid steel and mold flux at 1400°C. Metallurgical Research & Technology, Vol. 116, 2019, pp. 423–430.10.1051/metal/2019023Search in Google Scholar

[18] Zhang, L. F., L. M. Cheng, Y. Ren, and J. Zhang. Effect of cerium on the wettability between 304 stainless steel and MgO–Al2O3-based lining refractory. Ceramics International, Vol. 46, 2020, pp. 15674–15685.10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.03.118Search in Google Scholar

[19] Yin, H., H. Shibata, T. Emi, and M. Suzuki. “In-situ” observation of collision, agglomeration and cluster formation of alumina inclusion particles on steel melts. ISIJ International, Vol. 37, 1997, pp. 936–945.10.2355/isijinternational.37.936Search in Google Scholar

[20] Yin, H., H. Shibata, T. Emi, and M. Suzuki. Characteristics of agglomeration of various inclusion particles on molten steel surface. ISIJ International, Vol. 37, 1997, pp. 946–955.10.2355/isijinternational.37.946Search in Google Scholar

[21] Paunov, V. N., P. A. Kralchevsky, N. D. Denkov, I. B. Ivanov, and K. Nagayama. Capillary meniscus interaction between a microparticle and a wall. Colloids and Surfaces, Vol. 67, 1992, pp. 119–138.10.1016/0166-6622(92)80292-ASearch in Google Scholar

[22] Kralchevsky, P. A. and K. Nagayama. Capillary interactions between particles bound to interfaces, liquid films and biomembranes. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 85, 2000, pp. 145–192.10.1016/S0001-8686(99)00016-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[23] Grzybowski, B. A., N. Bowden, F. Arias, H. Yang, and G. M. Whitesides. Modeling of menisci and capillary forces from the millimeter to the micrometer size range. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 105, 2001, pp. 404–412.10.1021/jp0026383Search in Google Scholar

[24] Binks, B. P. Particles as surfactants–similarities and differences. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, Vol. 7, 2002, pp. 21–41.10.1016/S1359-0294(02)00008-0Search in Google Scholar

[25] Liu, L., M. L. Hu, C. G. Bai, X. W. Lü, Y. Z. Xu, and Q. Y. Deng. Effect of cooling rate on the crystallization behavior of perovskite in high titanium-bearing blast furnace slag. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials, Vol. 21, 2014, pp. 1052–1061.10.1007/s12613-014-1009-3Search in Google Scholar

[26] Mu, W. Z., N. Dogan, and K. S. Coley. In-situ observation of deformation behavior of chain aggregate inclusions: a case study for Al2O3 at a liquid steel/argon interface. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 53, 2018, pp. 13203–13215.10.1007/s10853-018-2557-0Search in Google Scholar

[27] Zhan, D. P., G. X. Qiu, Z. H. Jiang, and H. S. Zhang. Effect of yttrium and titanium on inclusions and the mechanical properties of 9Cr RAFM steel fabricated by vacuum melting. Steel Research International, Vol. 88, 2017, id. 1700159.10.1002/srin.201700159Search in Google Scholar

[28] Long, L., W. Wang, and X. Gao. Effect of Al-Ti concentration on the alumina inclusions agglomeration behavior on the surface of molten steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 54, 2023, pp. 2552–2563.10.1007/s11663-023-02856-8Search in Google Scholar

[29] Wang, Y. G. and C. J. Liu. Agglomeration characteristics of various inclusions in Al-killed molten steel containing rare earth element. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 51, 2020, pp. 1–11.10.1007/s11663-020-01938-1Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2023-09-07
Revised: 2023-10-10
Accepted: 2023-10-17
Published Online: 2023-11-09

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. First-principles investigation of phase stability and elastic properties of Laves phase TaCr2 by ruthenium alloying
  3. Improvement and prediction on high temperature melting characteristics of coal ash
  4. First-principles calculations to investigate the thermal response of the ZrC(1−x)Nx ceramics at extreme conditions
  5. Study on the cladding path during the solidification process of multi-layer cladding of large steel ingots
  6. Thermodynamic analysis of vanadium distribution behavior in blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces
  7. Comparison of data-driven prediction methods for comprehensive coke ratio of blast furnace
  8. Effect of different isothermal times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength rebar
  9. Analysis of the evolution law of oxide inclusions in U75V heavy rail steel during the LF–RH refining process
  10. Simultaneous extraction of uranium and niobium from a low-grade natural betafite ore
  11. Transfer and transformation mechanism of chromium in stainless steel slag in pedosphere
  12. Effect of tool traverse speed on joint line remnant and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 2195-T8 Al–Li alloy joints
  13. Technology and analysis of 08Cr9W3Co3VNbCuBN steel large diameter thick wall pipe welding process
  14. Influence of shielding gas on machining and wear aspects of AISI 310–AISI 2205 dissimilar stainless steel joints
  15. Effect of post-weld heat treatment on 6156 aluminum alloy joint formed by electron beam welding
  16. Ash melting behavior and mechanism of high-calcium bituminous coal in the process of blast furnace pulverized coal injection
  17. Effect of high temperature tempering on the phase composition and structure of steelmaking slag
  18. Numerical simulation of shrinkage porosity defect in billet continuous casting
  19. Influence of submerged entry nozzle on funnel mold surface velocity
  20. Effect of cold-rolling deformation and rare earth yttrium on microstructure and texture of oriented silicon steel
  21. Investigation of microstructure, machinability, and mechanical properties of new-generation hybrid lead-free brass alloys
  22. Soft sensor method of multimode BOF steelmaking endpoint carbon content and temperature based on vMF-WSAE dynamic deep learning
  23. Mechanical properties and nugget evolution in resistance spot welding of Zn–Al–Mg galvanized DC51D steel
  24. Research on the behaviour and mechanism of void welding based on multiple scales
  25. Preparation of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 inorganic fibers from melting-separated red mud
  26. Study on diffusion kinetics of chromium and nickel electrochemical co-deposition in a NaCl–KCl–NaF–Cr2O3–NiO molten salt
  27. Enhancing the efficiency of polytetrafluoroethylene-modified silica hydrosols coated solar panels by using artificial neural network and response surface methodology
  28. High-temperature corrosion behaviours of nickel–iron-based alloys with different molybdenum and tungsten contents in a coal ash/flue gas environment
  29. Characteristics and purification of Himalayan salt by high temperature melting
  30. Temperature uniformity optimization with power-frequency coordinated variation in multi-source microwave based on sequential quadratic programming
  31. A novel method for CO2 injection direct smelting vanadium steel: Dephosphorization and vanadium retention
  32. A study of the void surface healing mechanism in 316LN steel
  33. Effect of chemical composition and heat treatment on intergranular corrosion and strength of AlMgSiCu alloys
  34. Soft sensor method for endpoint carbon content and temperature of BOF based on multi-cluster dynamic adaptive selection ensemble learning
  35. Evaluating thermal properties and activation energy of phthalonitrile using sulfur-containing curing agents
  36. Investigation of the liquidus temperature calculation method for medium manganese steel
  37. High-temperature corrosion model of Incoloy 800H alloy connected with Ni-201 in MgCl2–KCl heat transfer fluid
  38. Investigation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–Al–Zn alloy joints formed by different laser welding processes
  39. Effect of refining slag compositions on its melting property and desulphurization
  40. Effect of P and Ti on the agglomeration behavior of Al2O3 inclusions in Fe–P–Ti alloys
  41. Cation-doping effects on the conductivities of the mayenite Ca12Al14O33
  42. Modification of Al2O3 inclusions in SWRH82B steel by La/Y rare-earth element treatment
  43. Possibility of metallic cobalt formation in the oxide scale during high-temperature oxidation of Co-27Cr-6Mo alloy in air
  44. Multi-source microwave heating temperature uniformity study based on adaptive dynamic programming
  45. Round-robin measurement of surface tension of high-temperature liquid platinum free of oxygen adsorption by oscillating droplet method using levitation techniques
  46. High-temperature production of AlN in Mg alloys with ammonia gas
  47. Review Article
  48. Advances in ultrasonic welding of lightweight alloys: A review
  49. Topical Issue on High-temperature Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage
  50. Compositional and thermophysical study of Al–Si- and Zn–Al–Mg-based eutectic alloys for latent heat storage
  51. Corrosion behavior of a Co−Cr−Mo−Si alloy in pure Al and Al−Si melt
  52. Al–Si–Fe alloy-based phase change material for high-temperature thermal energy storage
  53. Density and surface tension measurements of molten Al–Si based alloys
  54. Graphite crucible interaction with Fe–Si–B phase change material in pilot-scale experiments
  55. Topical Issue on Nuclear Energy Application Materials
  56. Dry synthesis of brannerite (UTi2O6) by mechanochemical treatment
  57. Special Issue on Polymer and Composite Materials (PCM) and Graphene and Novel Nanomaterials - Part I
  58. Heat management of LED-based Cu2O deposits on the optimal structure of heat sink
  59. Special Issue on Recent Developments in 3D Printed Carbon Materials - Part I
  60. Porous metal foam flow field and heat evaluation in PEMFC: A review
  61. Special Issue on Advancements in Solar Energy Technologies and Systems
  62. Research on electric energy measurement system based on intelligent sensor data in artificial intelligence environment
  63. Study of photovoltaic integrated prefabricated components for assembled buildings based on sensing technology supported by solar energy
  64. Topical Issue on Focus of Hot Deformation of Metaland High Entropy Alloys - Part I
  65. Performance optimization and investigation of metal-cored filler wires for high-strength steel during gas metal arc welding
  66. Three-dimensional transient heat transfer analysis of micro-plasma arc welding process using volumetric heat source models
https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2022-0294
Keywords for this article
inclusions; agglomeration; IF steel with high P; capillary force
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. First-principles investigation of phase stability and elastic properties of Laves phase TaCr2 by ruthenium alloying
  3. Improvement and prediction on high temperature melting characteristics of coal ash
  4. First-principles calculations to investigate the thermal response of the ZrC(1−x)Nx ceramics at extreme conditions
  5. Study on the cladding path during the solidification process of multi-layer cladding of large steel ingots
  6. Thermodynamic analysis of vanadium distribution behavior in blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces
  7. Comparison of data-driven prediction methods for comprehensive coke ratio of blast furnace
  8. Effect of different isothermal times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength rebar
  9. Analysis of the evolution law of oxide inclusions in U75V heavy rail steel during the LF–RH refining process
  10. Simultaneous extraction of uranium and niobium from a low-grade natural betafite ore
  11. Transfer and transformation mechanism of chromium in stainless steel slag in pedosphere
  12. Effect of tool traverse speed on joint line remnant and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 2195-T8 Al–Li alloy joints
  13. Technology and analysis of 08Cr9W3Co3VNbCuBN steel large diameter thick wall pipe welding process
  14. Influence of shielding gas on machining and wear aspects of AISI 310–AISI 2205 dissimilar stainless steel joints
  15. Effect of post-weld heat treatment on 6156 aluminum alloy joint formed by electron beam welding
  16. Ash melting behavior and mechanism of high-calcium bituminous coal in the process of blast furnace pulverized coal injection
  17. Effect of high temperature tempering on the phase composition and structure of steelmaking slag
  18. Numerical simulation of shrinkage porosity defect in billet continuous casting
  19. Influence of submerged entry nozzle on funnel mold surface velocity
  20. Effect of cold-rolling deformation and rare earth yttrium on microstructure and texture of oriented silicon steel
  21. Investigation of microstructure, machinability, and mechanical properties of new-generation hybrid lead-free brass alloys
  22. Soft sensor method of multimode BOF steelmaking endpoint carbon content and temperature based on vMF-WSAE dynamic deep learning
  23. Mechanical properties and nugget evolution in resistance spot welding of Zn–Al–Mg galvanized DC51D steel
  24. Research on the behaviour and mechanism of void welding based on multiple scales
  25. Preparation of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 inorganic fibers from melting-separated red mud
  26. Study on diffusion kinetics of chromium and nickel electrochemical co-deposition in a NaCl–KCl–NaF–Cr2O3–NiO molten salt
  27. Enhancing the efficiency of polytetrafluoroethylene-modified silica hydrosols coated solar panels by using artificial neural network and response surface methodology
  28. High-temperature corrosion behaviours of nickel–iron-based alloys with different molybdenum and tungsten contents in a coal ash/flue gas environment
  29. Characteristics and purification of Himalayan salt by high temperature melting
  30. Temperature uniformity optimization with power-frequency coordinated variation in multi-source microwave based on sequential quadratic programming
  31. A novel method for CO2 injection direct smelting vanadium steel: Dephosphorization and vanadium retention
  32. A study of the void surface healing mechanism in 316LN steel
  33. Effect of chemical composition and heat treatment on intergranular corrosion and strength of AlMgSiCu alloys
  34. Soft sensor method for endpoint carbon content and temperature of BOF based on multi-cluster dynamic adaptive selection ensemble learning
  35. Evaluating thermal properties and activation energy of phthalonitrile using sulfur-containing curing agents
  36. Investigation of the liquidus temperature calculation method for medium manganese steel
  37. High-temperature corrosion model of Incoloy 800H alloy connected with Ni-201 in MgCl2–KCl heat transfer fluid
  38. Investigation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–Al–Zn alloy joints formed by different laser welding processes
  39. Effect of refining slag compositions on its melting property and desulphurization
  40. Effect of P and Ti on the agglomeration behavior of Al2O3 inclusions in Fe–P–Ti alloys
  41. Cation-doping effects on the conductivities of the mayenite Ca12Al14O33
  42. Modification of Al2O3 inclusions in SWRH82B steel by La/Y rare-earth element treatment
  43. Possibility of metallic cobalt formation in the oxide scale during high-temperature oxidation of Co-27Cr-6Mo alloy in air
  44. Multi-source microwave heating temperature uniformity study based on adaptive dynamic programming
  45. Round-robin measurement of surface tension of high-temperature liquid platinum free of oxygen adsorption by oscillating droplet method using levitation techniques
  46. High-temperature production of AlN in Mg alloys with ammonia gas
  47. Review Article
  48. Advances in ultrasonic welding of lightweight alloys: A review
  49. Topical Issue on High-temperature Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage
  50. Compositional and thermophysical study of Al–Si- and Zn–Al–Mg-based eutectic alloys for latent heat storage
  51. Corrosion behavior of a Co−Cr−Mo−Si alloy in pure Al and Al−Si melt
  52. Al–Si–Fe alloy-based phase change material for high-temperature thermal energy storage
  53. Density and surface tension measurements of molten Al–Si based alloys
  54. Graphite crucible interaction with Fe–Si–B phase change material in pilot-scale experiments
  55. Topical Issue on Nuclear Energy Application Materials
  56. Dry synthesis of brannerite (UTi2O6) by mechanochemical treatment
  57. Special Issue on Polymer and Composite Materials (PCM) and Graphene and Novel Nanomaterials - Part I
  58. Heat management of LED-based Cu2O deposits on the optimal structure of heat sink
  59. Special Issue on Recent Developments in 3D Printed Carbon Materials - Part I
  60. Porous metal foam flow field and heat evaluation in PEMFC: A review
  61. Special Issue on Advancements in Solar Energy Technologies and Systems
  62. Research on electric energy measurement system based on intelligent sensor data in artificial intelligence environment
  63. Study of photovoltaic integrated prefabricated components for assembled buildings based on sensing technology supported by solar energy
  64. Topical Issue on Focus of Hot Deformation of Metaland High Entropy Alloys - Part I
  65. Performance optimization and investigation of metal-cored filler wires for high-strength steel during gas metal arc welding
  66. Three-dimensional transient heat transfer analysis of micro-plasma arc welding process using volumetric heat source models
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 14.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/htmp-2022-0294/html
Scroll to top button