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Effect of refining slag compositions on its melting property and desulphurization

  • Shisen Li , Lingzhong Kong EMAIL logo and Zhaolong Xu
Published/Copyright: October 25, 2023
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High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 42 Issue 1

Abstract

To investigate the feasibility of the refining slag with low fluoride, some oxides such as Al2O3, SiO2, B2O3, and Li2O were used to replace CaF2 in refining slag with the equivalent weight replacement method, and then the melting temperature and desulphurization capacity of slag were determined. The results show that the melting temperature of slag (CaF2 < 4 mass% and Al2O3 > 28 mass%) is less than 1,706 K, when CaF2 is substituted by Al2O3. This slag is able to decrease [S] in steel to less than 0.0060 mass%. In the case of substitution of CaF2 by SiO2, the melting temperature increases, while the desulphurization rate decreases. The fluxing action of B2O3 is stronger than that of CaF2, and the melting temperature decreases to 1,561 K when CaF2 is substituted by B2O3. Li2O can not only lower the melting temperature of slag but also improve the desulphurization rate.

Keywords: refining slag; CaF2; melting temperature; desulfurization effect

1 Introduction

Nowadays, the secondary refining process has been widely applied in most of the steelmaking plants around the world since this process has many crucial metallurgical applications, e.g., production of reductive atmosphere, stirring liquid steel by blowing argon, heating, and adjusting the compositions of liquid steel. It is well known that obtaining refining slag with higher basicity and lower melting temperature presents an important role for Al-killed steel grades during the secondary refining process. Therefore, researchers [1–4] are always attempting to find some oxides, halides, or fluorides that are able to lower the melting temperature of refining slag without decreasing slag basicity. It is found that CaF2 can significantly lower the melting temperature and viscosity of slag. Meanwhile, CaF2 is also able to increase the basicity of slag to some extent. Therefore, fluorite (main content: CaF2) is usually used to improve melting properties and flowability of slag in the industry.

However, as slagging flux, the application of fluoride has to be limited due to more environmental requirements. SiF4 and HF would be generated when CaF2 is mixed with SiO2 and H2O in refining slag at steelmaking temperature. SiF4 and HF could cause heavy air and water pollution, which would lead to dramatic negative effects on the safety of plants, animals, and humans [5]. Besides, the slag containing CaF2 has a serious effect on the lining of ladle furnace. This would result in a short life time of ladle and more consumption of refractories and alloy materials.

To meet the demands of the environment and reduce the cost of refractory and alloy materials, a number of studies on refining slag with low CaF2 have been presented by some researchers [4,6,7]. Andersson and Sichen [4] found that the refining slag without CaF2 had an enough capacity for desulphurization but bigger viscosity in their industrial and laboratory experiments. Wang et al. [6,7] studied the variation of melting temperature, viscosity, and desulphurization capacity of refining slag after the substitution of CaF2 by B2O3, and their experimental results showed that the decrease in the melting temperature and viscosity of slag B2O3 had better effects than that of CaF2. In fact, in industry, it is always looking forward to the application of refining slag with low melting temperature, low viscosity, high desulphurization capacity, and low cost when fluorite is not used. However, the reported studies [4,6,7] did not work yet on these aspects.

B2O3 and Li2O have been applied into mold powders widely due to their functions that can evidently lower the melting temperature and viscosity of the powders. But their application in refining slag was not reported too much. In the present work, besides B2O3 and Li2O, conventional oxides such as Al2O3 and SiO2 are also considered to replace CaF2 in refining slag. After the substitution, the melting temperature and desulfurized effect of the slag were determined.

2 Experimental

2.1 Material preparation

The compositions of original slag are presented in Table 1. The slag was prepared from analytical reagents. The CaF2 in the slag was equivalently substituted by Al2O3, SiO2, B2O3, and Li2O (from the conversion of Li2CO3). Table 2 lists the compositions of refining slag after the substitution. Before being used, the reagents were placed in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 350℃ for 12 more hours to eliminate the moisture as much as possible.

Table 1

Compositions of refining slag (mass%)

CaO Al2O3 SiO2 MgO CaF2
55 22 5 8 10
Table 2

Compositions of slag after substitution of CaF2 (mass%)

No. CaO Al2O3 SiO2 MgO CaF2 B2O3 Li2O
A1 55 24 5 8 8 0 0
A2 55 26 5 8 6 0 0
A3 55 28 5 8 4 0 0
A4 55 30 5 8 2 0 0
A5 55 32 5 8 0 0 0
B1 55 22 7 8 8 0 0
B2 55 22 9 8 6 0 0
B3 55 22 11 8 4 0 0
B4 55 22 13 8 2 0 0
B5 55 22 15 8 0 0 0
C1 55 22 5 8 8 2 0
C2 55 22 5 8 6 4 0
C3 55 22 5 8 4 6 0
C4 55 22 5 8 2 8 0
C5 55 22 5 8 0 10 0
D1 55 22 5 8 8 0 2
D2 55 22 5 8 6 0 4
D3 55 22 5 8 4 0 6
D4 55 22 5 8 2 0 8
D5 55 22 5 8 0 0 10

To check the desulphurization capacity of slag, the desulphurization of the slag with steel was performed. The chemical compositions of the steel in the present experiments are listed in Table 3. The experimental steel was produced in a vacuum furnace.

Table 3

Chemical compositions of steel in present experiments (mass%)

C Si Mn P S
0.18 0.28 0.47 0.37 0.038

2.2 Experimental procedure

2.2.1 Determination of melting temperature

The melting temperature of slag was measured with the melting temperature testing apparatus manufactured by Northeastern University of China (model RDS-05), and the mixtures of prepared slag powders with absolute ethyl alcohol were pressed in a cylindrical mold to attain the testing samples with a size of φ3 mm × 3mm. Hemisphere temperature method was used to define the melting temperature of slag. During the experiments, the testing sample was heated at a rate of 25℃·min−1 [8]. The temperature was regarded as the melting temperature of slag when the height of the testing sample lowered down to half of its initial height. Note that because Li2CO3 was heated to disintegrate, which caused some damage to the testing samples, the melting temperature of the slag was not determined when CaF2 in the slag was substituted by Li2O. Corundum gaskets are used in the current job. To prevent the influence of corundum on the experimental results, a platinum piece was placed on the top of this gasket. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to analyze the composition of the final slag (No. A1). The results indicate a slight decrease in the CaF2 content within the final slag (w(CaF2) = 7.48 mass%), accompanied by a corresponding increase in the MgO content (w(MgO) = 8.52 mass%).

2.2.2 Desulphurization experiments

The desulphurization experiments were carried out in a MoSi2 electric resistance furnace, and the experimental setup is shown in Figure 1. As shown in the figure, to ensure good gas tightness, the Al2O3 reaction tube was sealed with a combination of O-rings and one-way valve. Argon with a high purity (99.999%) was blown into the reaction tube from the gas inlet at the bottom of the tube. Only when the gas pressure in the tube is higher than that on the outside, the one-way valve is opened. For the purpose of air in the reaction tube as little as possible, high-purity argon with a flow rate of 3 NL·min−1 was flashed into the tube and kept for more than 8 h. Before the experiments, a pre-experiment was conducted at 1,600℃ to check the atmosphere in the reaction tube. 100 g steel whose w [Al] is 0.025 mass% was placed in the constant temperature zone of the tube and kept for 120 min. The results showed that the content of Al in the steel measured by an inductive coupled plasma emission spectrometer changed little before and after the pre-experiment. This indicates that the atmosphere in the tube is acceptable. Then the experiments were began. 100 g steel and 15 g slag were put into an MgO crucible (Φ45 mm × 55 mm, purity > 99%), and then the crucible was put into a bigger graphite crucible (as a protection holder). Due to the bad thermal stability of the suspension rod and MgO crucible, the graphite holder was slowly brought down into the reaction tube. The time was set as the beginning of reaction time (t = 0 min) when the holder was located in the hot zone. After 120 min of reaction, the graphite holder was taken out from the tube and then the MgO crucible was quickly quenched with water to obtain more accurate sulfur content in the steel.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of experimental equipment.
Figure 1

Schematic diagram of experimental equipment.

2.3 Analysis

The content of S in the steel after the experiments was determined by the means of combustion and infrared absorption apparatus.

3 Experimental results and discussions

3.1 Melting temperature

As mentioned earlier, as the fluxing agent, CaF2 can lower the melting temperature of slag. Therefore, the melting temperature of slag will be changed after CaF2 in slag is substituted by oxides.

3.1.1 Effect of Al2O3 and SiO2

Figure 2 is employed to present the variation of melting temperature after CaF2 is replaced by Al2O3 and SiO2. As shown in the figure, the melting temperature increases with the increase in the Al2O3 content and the reduction in the CaF2 content when the content of CaF2 >4 mass%, while the temperature decreases when the content of CaF2 <4 mass%. Because CaF2 is an excellent fluxing agent, it is not difficult to understand the increase in the melting temperature of slag with the decrease in CaF2 when the content of CaF2 is more than 4 mass%. In the case of CaF2 less than 4 mass% (Al2O3 > 28 mass%), theoretically, the melting temperature was also supposed to decrease due to the good fluxing effect of CaF2. But the experimental results seem not to agree with this. In fact, the addition of Al2O3 into slag can lower the melting temperature as well. But the effect of Al2O3 decreasing the melting temperature is weaker than that of CaF2. When the content of CaF2 is higher (CaF2 > 4 mass%, Al2O3 < 28 mass%), the fluxing function of CaF2 is dominant. As a result, the melting temperature of slag still increases with the decreases of CaF2 although the content of Al2O3 increases as shown in Figure 2. When less content of CaF2 in slag (CaF2 < 4 mass%, Al2O3 > 28 mass%), the fluxing action of CaF2 becomes weaker, while the fluxing action of Al2O3 becomes stronger. Consequently, in Figure 2, the melting temperature reduces with the decrease of CaF2. To clarify this issue, the beginning melting temperature of slag (55 mass% CaO – 5 mass% SiO2 – 22 mass% Al2O3 – 8 mass% MgO) was calculated by thermodynamic software of FactSage [9] when Al2O3 and CaF2 are added into the slag. The calculation is shown in Figure 3. In the figure, it can be obviously seen that the fluxing effect of CaF2 is much better than that of Al2O3. Importantly, the figure also presents crucial information that the initial temperature to melt when the addition of less than 4 mass% of CaF2 is nearly the same as that when the addition of more than 6 mass% of Al2O3. This can partly explain why the melting temperature of slag would decrease as shown in Figure 3 when CaF2 <4 mass%.

Figure 2 Variation of melting temperature after respective substitution of CaF2 by Al2O3 and SiO2.
Figure 2

Variation of melting temperature after respective substitution of CaF2 by Al2O3 and SiO2.

Figure 3 Beginning melting temperature of slag calculated by FactSage.
Figure 3

Beginning melting temperature of slag calculated by FactSage.

As regards the substitution of CaF2 by SiO2, it can be known that the melting temperature of slag increases with the decrease of CaF2. As stated earlier, CaF2 could significantly lower the melting temperature of slag. This leads to an increasing trend of melting temperature as presented in Figure 2. It is likely that the trend was related to the nature of SiO2. According to the CaO–SiO2 phase diagram [10], high melting temperature compounds (e.g., 3CaO·SiO2, α-2CaO·SiO2, or CaO·SiO2) will be generated when the basicity of slag (w(CaO)/w(SiO2)) is larger than 1. To preferably demonstrate the influence of SiO2 on the melting temperature of slag, Figure 4 shows the liquid phase region calculated by FactSage. Note that the liquid phase regions of 1,400, 1,500, 1,600, and 1,700℃ are denoted by the colors of red, orange, pink, and reseda. As shown, the area of the liquid phase region (especially for 1,400 and 1,500℃) decreases with the increase of SiO2. The calculation indicates that the replacement of CaF2 by SiO2 will result in the rise of melting temperature of slag. This is in agreement with the experimental result as presented in Figure 2.

Figure 4 Liquid phase region calculated by FactSage after substitution of CaF2 by SiO2.
Figure 4

Liquid phase region calculated by FactSage after substitution of CaF2 by SiO2.

It is necessary to mention that in industry most attention was focused on the basicity of slag rather than the content of SiO2, because slag basicity plays an important role in desulfurization, the control of steel cleanliness, and service life of ladle refractory.

3.1.2 Effect of B2O3

B2O3 usually was employed to adjust the melting property, crystallization temperature, and viscosity of mold flux, but the application of this oxide in refining slag was rarely reported. According to the phase diagrams [10] of CaO–B2O3, MgO–B2O3, and SiO2–B2O3, the compounds with low melting temperature are generated when some oxides such as CaO, MgO, and SiO2 combined with B2O3. In the present experiments, B2O3 was used to substitute CaF2 in refining slag. Figure 5 shows the melting temperature of slag after CaF2 was substituted by B2O3. As shown, the melting temperature of slag decreases with the reduction of CaF2. This means that B2O3 has a stronger fluxing effect than CaF2. In the figure, it can be seen that the melting temperature was less than 1,380℃, and even the melting temperature was less than 1,300℃ when the content of B2O3 was 10 mass%. It is well known that the slag with low melting temperature is beneficial to the refining process. So, it is practicable to add B2O3 instead of CaF2 into refining slag if only considering melting temperature and environmental conservation. For Al-killed steel, more precaution is needed when B2O3 is added into refining slag because the dissolved Al in liquid steel would react with B2O3 in slag to provide B into liquid steel, and the boron-bearing steel tends to produce corner cracks of slab during the continuous casting process [11,12].

Figure 5 Variation of melting temperature after substitution of CaF2 by B2O3.
Figure 5

Variation of melting temperature after substitution of CaF2 by B2O3.

3.2 Desulfurization

Frankly, the slag with good melting property is supposed to serve the metallurgical functions, e.g., desulphurization and absorption of inclusions in steel. The desulphurization effect of slag is considered in the current experiment. Thermodynamically, the slag with higher basicity and minor FeO is favorable to desulphurization. In the present research, the desulphurization reactions of the slag (Table 2) with steel (Table 3) were thus carried out to check the desulphurization capacity of slag after CaF2 was replaced by some oxides. To evaluate the desulphurization effect quantificationally, the desulphurization rate is introduced, and the desulphurization rate R is expressed by equation (1).

(1) R = w [ S ] initial − w [ S ] end w [ S ] initial ,

where R represents the desulfurization rate, w[S]initial represents the initial sulfur content, and w[S]end represents the final sulfur content.

3.2.1 Effect of Al2O3 and SiO2

Figure 6 shows the content of sulfur in steel and the desulphurization rate after the desulphurization reaction when CaF2 in slag is substituted by Al2O3. As shown in the figure, after the reaction, the content of sulfur in steel increases with the increase of the amount of CaF2 replaced by Al2O3 in slag. This in fact can be explained by thermodynamics and kinetics of the desulfurization reaction. On the one hand, the addition of CaF2 in slag can increase sulfur capacity on the basis of the study by Simeonov et al. [3], which can help the reaction of equation (2) proceed to the right hand. On the other hand, as presented in Figure 2, the melting temperature of slag increased after CaF2 was substituted by Al2O3. This would worsen kinetic conditions of the reaction of equation (2). Thus, as shown in Figure 6, the desulfurization effect of slag would become worse after the substitution of CaF2 by Al2O3. It is necessary to note that the S content in steel could be reduced to about 0.003–0.005 mass% when CaF2 in slag is 2–4 mass%. This desulphurization effect can be accepted by most steel grades. Therefore, to gain good metallurgical functions and little environmental impact, it is recommended that the content of Al2O3 >28 mass% and the content of CaF2 is <4 mass% in industry.

(2) [ S ] + ( O 2 − ) = ( S 2 − ) + [ O ] .

Figure 6 Desulphurization rate and content of sulfur in steel after desulphurization experiments (substitution of CaF2 by Al2O3).
Figure 6

Desulphurization rate and content of sulfur in steel after desulphurization experiments (substitution of CaF2 by Al2O3).

Because of the increase in the melting temperature and the decrease of basicity (w(CaO)/w(SiO2)) after the substitution of CaF2 by SiO2, the rise of the substitution would also lead to a decrease in the desulphurization rate and an increase of the S content in steel after the reaction. This is distinctly reflected in Figure 7. But it has to be mentioned that the S content in steel after the reaction was less than 0.005 mass% when CaF2 in slag is completely substituted by SiO2. For Al-killed steel, the content of SiO2 in refining slag has to be as low as possible to improve the cleanliness of steel. Therefore, the substitution of CaF2 by SiO2 is not recommended.

Figure 7 Desulphurization rate and content of sulfur in steel after desulphurization experiments (substitution of CaF2 by SiO2).
Figure 7

Desulphurization rate and content of sulfur in steel after desulphurization experiments (substitution of CaF2 by SiO2).

3.2.2 Effect of B2O3

After the substitution of CaF2 by B2O3, the slag was used to react with the steel. The desulphurization rate and the S content in steel after the reaction are presented in Figure 8. As shown, with the decrease of CaF2 and the increase of B2O3, the content of sulfur after the reaction increased. Similar results were also reported in ref. [7]. B2O3, as an acidic oxide, will strongly lower the basicity of slag although B2O3 has a better fluxing effect than CaF2 as shown in Figure 5. The increase of acidic oxide is not helpful for the reaction of equation (2), which might to some extent account for the rising trend of the S content in steel. On the other hand, as described in the experimental part, the reaction time was 120 min in the present. In the case of reaction time, the S content after the reaction of steel with the slag (C1–C5) might not depend on the kinetic condition since all these slags are equipped with low melting temperature and good fluidity. Certainly, there are lack of enough studies for this point, and further investigation should be carried out to draw a clear conclusion in the future. In addition, some researchers [13] found that both B2O3 and CaF2 can accelerate the dissolution of CaO into molten slag, but the effect of B2O3 is weaker than CaF2. This means that the dissolved CaO in molten slag will decrease if CaF2 is substituted by B2O3. This can also explain why the desulphurization capacity of slag decreased after the substitution of CaF2 by B2O3.

Figure 8 Desulphurization rate and content of sulfur in steel after desulphurization experiments (substitution of CaF2 by B2O3).
Figure 8

Desulphurization rate and content of sulfur in steel after desulphurization experiments (substitution of CaF2 by B2O3).

3.2.3 Effect of Li2O

Li2O is widely used as a key component of mold flux since it is able to decrease melting temperature and improve crystallization property of the flux [14,15,16]. Furthermore, as a basic oxide, Li2O can also increase the basicity of slag. This condition is favorable to desulphurization. Therefore, the substitution of CaF2 by Li2O is considered in the present study.

After the desulphurization reaction, the S content in steel and the desulphurization rate are shown in Figure 9. As shown in the figure, after the reaction, the S content decreased from 0.0020 to 0.0010 mass% when the CaF2 in slag was replaced by Li2O. This indicated that Li2O can improve the desulphurization capacity of slag. At the same time, it can be also seen that the S content and the desulphurization rate changed little when Li2O was more than 2 mass%. This was in fact related to the compositions of original slag used in the present experiment. As listed in Table 1, the basicity (w(CaO)/w(SiO2) = 11) of original slag is high enough. Besides, as presented in Figure 2, the melting temperature of original slag is low. In this case, the S content and the desulphurization rate would not be changed much bigger with the rise of Li2O, although Li2O can contribute to a lower temperature and higher basicity of slag. Presumably, the effect of Li2O would be more obvious if this oxide is added into the slag with lower basicity.

Figure 9 Desulphurization rate and content of sulfur in steel after desulphurization experiments (substitution of CaF2 by Li2O).
Figure 9

Desulphurization rate and content of sulfur in steel after desulphurization experiments (substitution of CaF2 by Li2O).

3.3 Considerations for industrial application

As mentioned earlier, CaF2 is widely added into refining slag since it can decrease the melting temperature and viscosity of slag. But at the same time, the application of CaF2 also brings bad erosion of ladle lining refractory and environmental contamination. Based on the results of the present experiment, it is confirmed that CaF2 in slag can be replaced by Al2O3, SiO2, and B2O3, although the desulphurization capacity of slag decreases to some extent. Furthermore, Li2O is able to result in both higher basicity and lower melting temperature of slag, which is beneficial to the desulphurization capacity and absorption of inclusions. If only considering the desulphurization capacity, it seems that the whole oxides(Al2O3, SiO2, B2O3, and Li2O) applied in the present study can be used to substitute for CaF2 because the content of S in steel can be controlled under 0.00060 mass% (Figures 6–9) after the reaction. However, according to the studies of the present authors [17] and other researchers [18,19,20,21], the ladle glaze (from the refining slag adhered to ladle lining) with a high content of SiO2 has a bad effect of steel cleanliness. Therefore, the substitution of CaF2 by SiO2 should not be recommended in the industry. As presented in Figure 6, the desulphurization capacity of slag is acceptable when the contents of Al2O3 and CaF2 are, respectively, more than 30 mass% and less than 2 mass%. In this case, the slag has a good capacity of inclusion absorption as well [22,23]. Moreover, the bauxite usually acts as a source of Al2O3 and added to slag in the steelmaking industry, and it also takes low cost. As a result, refining slag that contains low and even no CaF2 can be obtained by the addition of Al2O3. According to Figure 5, it is confirmed that the fluxing effect of B2O3 is better than CaF2. The bad influence of B element on the environment and humans has not been reported. So, the substitution of CaF2 in refining slag by B2O3 can be considered in the view of the fluxing effect and friendly environment. But B2O3 is used with more precautions for the steel with the low content of B. Figure 9 and the previous study [24] indicate that Li2O can lead to an increasing desulphurization capacity and lower melting temperature of the slag. But Li2O is sourced from spodumene whose storage is not too much on earth. The cost of steelmaking will increase if much Li2O is used in refining slag. Furthermore, Li2O may potentially facilitate corrosion in refractory materials. As a result, the use of Li2O in the secondary refining process for the low value-added steel grades is not recommended.

4 Conclusions

To investigate the feasibility of the refining slag with low fluoride during the secondary refining process, the melting temperature of the slag was determined, and some laboratory experiments on the desulphurization reaction of refining slag with steel were also carried out. It is found that the slag still has a low melting temperature and high desulphurization rate when CaF2 in slag is substituted by Al2O3 (CaF2 < 4 mass%, Al2O3 > 28 mass%). While SiO2 is used to replace CaF2, the melting temperature continually increases and the desulphurization rate decreases as well due to the decrease of basicity. As a result, SiO2 is not recommended to substitute CaF2. When B2O3 is used, the slag has a lower melting temperature (1,288–1,376℃), and it is drawn a conclusion that the fluxing action of B2O3 is better than that CaF2. Meanwhile, the desulphurization rate of the slag is favorable. After the replacement of CaF2 by Li2O, the desulphurization rate of the slag increased. Given the production cost, Li2O is preferably applied to the production of the steel grades with high-added value instead of low-added value.

Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52274337).

  1. Funding information: National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52274337).

  2. Author contributions: Shisen Li: data analyses and writing of the first manuscript; Lingzhong Kong: methodology, review, and supervision; Zhaolong Xu: data calculation.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2023-07-11
Revised: 2023-09-22
Accepted: 2023-10-04
Published Online: 2023-10-25

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  1. Research Articles
  2. First-principles investigation of phase stability and elastic properties of Laves phase TaCr2 by ruthenium alloying
  3. Improvement and prediction on high temperature melting characteristics of coal ash
  4. First-principles calculations to investigate the thermal response of the ZrC(1−x)Nx ceramics at extreme conditions
  5. Study on the cladding path during the solidification process of multi-layer cladding of large steel ingots
  6. Thermodynamic analysis of vanadium distribution behavior in blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces
  7. Comparison of data-driven prediction methods for comprehensive coke ratio of blast furnace
  8. Effect of different isothermal times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength rebar
  9. Analysis of the evolution law of oxide inclusions in U75V heavy rail steel during the LF–RH refining process
  10. Simultaneous extraction of uranium and niobium from a low-grade natural betafite ore
  11. Transfer and transformation mechanism of chromium in stainless steel slag in pedosphere
  12. Effect of tool traverse speed on joint line remnant and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 2195-T8 Al–Li alloy joints
  13. Technology and analysis of 08Cr9W3Co3VNbCuBN steel large diameter thick wall pipe welding process
  14. Influence of shielding gas on machining and wear aspects of AISI 310–AISI 2205 dissimilar stainless steel joints
  15. Effect of post-weld heat treatment on 6156 aluminum alloy joint formed by electron beam welding
  16. Ash melting behavior and mechanism of high-calcium bituminous coal in the process of blast furnace pulverized coal injection
  17. Effect of high temperature tempering on the phase composition and structure of steelmaking slag
  18. Numerical simulation of shrinkage porosity defect in billet continuous casting
  19. Influence of submerged entry nozzle on funnel mold surface velocity
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https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2022-0293
Keywords for this article
refining slag; CaF2; melting temperature; desulfurization effect
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. First-principles investigation of phase stability and elastic properties of Laves phase TaCr2 by ruthenium alloying
  3. Improvement and prediction on high temperature melting characteristics of coal ash
  4. First-principles calculations to investigate the thermal response of the ZrC(1−x)Nx ceramics at extreme conditions
  5. Study on the cladding path during the solidification process of multi-layer cladding of large steel ingots
  6. Thermodynamic analysis of vanadium distribution behavior in blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces
  7. Comparison of data-driven prediction methods for comprehensive coke ratio of blast furnace
  8. Effect of different isothermal times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength rebar
  9. Analysis of the evolution law of oxide inclusions in U75V heavy rail steel during the LF–RH refining process
  10. Simultaneous extraction of uranium and niobium from a low-grade natural betafite ore
  11. Transfer and transformation mechanism of chromium in stainless steel slag in pedosphere
  12. Effect of tool traverse speed on joint line remnant and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 2195-T8 Al–Li alloy joints
  13. Technology and analysis of 08Cr9W3Co3VNbCuBN steel large diameter thick wall pipe welding process
  14. Influence of shielding gas on machining and wear aspects of AISI 310–AISI 2205 dissimilar stainless steel joints
  15. Effect of post-weld heat treatment on 6156 aluminum alloy joint formed by electron beam welding
  16. Ash melting behavior and mechanism of high-calcium bituminous coal in the process of blast furnace pulverized coal injection
  17. Effect of high temperature tempering on the phase composition and structure of steelmaking slag
  18. Numerical simulation of shrinkage porosity defect in billet continuous casting
  19. Influence of submerged entry nozzle on funnel mold surface velocity
  20. Effect of cold-rolling deformation and rare earth yttrium on microstructure and texture of oriented silicon steel
  21. Investigation of microstructure, machinability, and mechanical properties of new-generation hybrid lead-free brass alloys
  22. Soft sensor method of multimode BOF steelmaking endpoint carbon content and temperature based on vMF-WSAE dynamic deep learning
  23. Mechanical properties and nugget evolution in resistance spot welding of Zn–Al–Mg galvanized DC51D steel
  24. Research on the behaviour and mechanism of void welding based on multiple scales
  25. Preparation of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 inorganic fibers from melting-separated red mud
  26. Study on diffusion kinetics of chromium and nickel electrochemical co-deposition in a NaCl–KCl–NaF–Cr2O3–NiO molten salt
  27. Enhancing the efficiency of polytetrafluoroethylene-modified silica hydrosols coated solar panels by using artificial neural network and response surface methodology
  28. High-temperature corrosion behaviours of nickel–iron-based alloys with different molybdenum and tungsten contents in a coal ash/flue gas environment
  29. Characteristics and purification of Himalayan salt by high temperature melting
  30. Temperature uniformity optimization with power-frequency coordinated variation in multi-source microwave based on sequential quadratic programming
  31. A novel method for CO2 injection direct smelting vanadium steel: Dephosphorization and vanadium retention
  32. A study of the void surface healing mechanism in 316LN steel
  33. Effect of chemical composition and heat treatment on intergranular corrosion and strength of AlMgSiCu alloys
  34. Soft sensor method for endpoint carbon content and temperature of BOF based on multi-cluster dynamic adaptive selection ensemble learning
  35. Evaluating thermal properties and activation energy of phthalonitrile using sulfur-containing curing agents
  36. Investigation of the liquidus temperature calculation method for medium manganese steel
  37. High-temperature corrosion model of Incoloy 800H alloy connected with Ni-201 in MgCl2–KCl heat transfer fluid
  38. Investigation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–Al–Zn alloy joints formed by different laser welding processes
  39. Effect of refining slag compositions on its melting property and desulphurization
  40. Effect of P and Ti on the agglomeration behavior of Al2O3 inclusions in Fe–P–Ti alloys
  41. Cation-doping effects on the conductivities of the mayenite Ca12Al14O33
  42. Modification of Al2O3 inclusions in SWRH82B steel by La/Y rare-earth element treatment
  43. Possibility of metallic cobalt formation in the oxide scale during high-temperature oxidation of Co-27Cr-6Mo alloy in air
  44. Multi-source microwave heating temperature uniformity study based on adaptive dynamic programming
  45. Round-robin measurement of surface tension of high-temperature liquid platinum free of oxygen adsorption by oscillating droplet method using levitation techniques
  46. High-temperature production of AlN in Mg alloys with ammonia gas
  47. Review Article
  48. Advances in ultrasonic welding of lightweight alloys: A review
  49. Topical Issue on High-temperature Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage
  50. Compositional and thermophysical study of Al–Si- and Zn–Al–Mg-based eutectic alloys for latent heat storage
  51. Corrosion behavior of a Co−Cr−Mo−Si alloy in pure Al and Al−Si melt
  52. Al–Si–Fe alloy-based phase change material for high-temperature thermal energy storage
  53. Density and surface tension measurements of molten Al–Si based alloys
  54. Graphite crucible interaction with Fe–Si–B phase change material in pilot-scale experiments
  55. Topical Issue on Nuclear Energy Application Materials
  56. Dry synthesis of brannerite (UTi2O6) by mechanochemical treatment
  57. Special Issue on Polymer and Composite Materials (PCM) and Graphene and Novel Nanomaterials - Part I
  58. Heat management of LED-based Cu2O deposits on the optimal structure of heat sink
  59. Special Issue on Recent Developments in 3D Printed Carbon Materials - Part I
  60. Porous metal foam flow field and heat evaluation in PEMFC: A review
  61. Special Issue on Advancements in Solar Energy Technologies and Systems
  62. Research on electric energy measurement system based on intelligent sensor data in artificial intelligence environment
  63. Study of photovoltaic integrated prefabricated components for assembled buildings based on sensing technology supported by solar energy
  64. Topical Issue on Focus of Hot Deformation of Metaland High Entropy Alloys - Part I
  65. Performance optimization and investigation of metal-cored filler wires for high-strength steel during gas metal arc welding
  66. Three-dimensional transient heat transfer analysis of micro-plasma arc welding process using volumetric heat source models
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