Home Physical Sciences Integration of traditional medicinal plants with polymeric nanofibers for wound healing
Article Open Access

Integration of traditional medicinal plants with polymeric nanofibers for wound healing

  • Badriyah Shadid Alotaibi , Haya Khader Ahmad Yasin EMAIL logo , Abida Kalsoom Khan , Mizna Javed and Munaza Ijaz EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 5, 2025
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

Chronic wounds pose a significant healthcare challenge, necessitating innovative approaches for improved healing. Traditional medicinal plants have long been used for wound care, and recent advancements in nanotechnology offer new possibilities for enhancing their therapeutic effects. Electrospun nanofibers provide an efficient drug delivery system, improving the bioavailability and stability of bioactive compounds. This review explores the integration of phytochemical-loaded nanofibers for wound healing, highlighting their potential in treating various wounds, including burns, diabetic ulcers, and surgical wounds. Additionally, it discusses the medicinal value of traditional plants, their role in wound care, and the future prospects of combining nanotechnology with artificial intelligence for personalized treatment.

Keywords: wound healing; traditional medicinal plants; nanotechnology; electrospinning nanofibers; chronic wound

Abbreviation

TCM

Traditional Chinese Medicine

CAM

Complementary and alternative medicine

ROS

Reactive oxygen species

ECM

Extracellular matrix

MMPs

Matrix metalloproteinases

DFUs

Diabetic foot ulcers

PAN

Polyacrylonitrile

PCL

Polycaprolactone

PEG

Polyethylene glycol

PV

Polyurethane

PS

Polystyrene

CS

Chitoson

PEO

Polyethylene oxide

HA

Hyaluronic acid

PVA

Polyvinyl alcohol

DMF

Dimethyformamide

1 Introduction

The skin is the human body’s largest and most functional organ, which plays essential functions vital to an organism’s proper functioning [1]. Their primary role is to protect the organism against physical and microbiological aggression from bodily injuries, microbe invasion, chemicals, and radiation. In addition to serving as a barrier, the skin regulates body temperature, fluid balance, touch, pressure, and pain feedback [2]. The skin also has a healing system that is inherent within it, supplied by the immune cells fixed within skin layers; these cells help the body fight skin pathogens that are hazardous to skin health. The body repairs the skin’s defensive coat when a cut injures the skin layer, a burn, or abrasion. According to the skin injury, a wound is any break in the skin’s surface or the underlying tissues, and it can be categorized as acute or chronic [3].

Acute wounds, such as minor cuts and surgical incisions, generally follow a well-organized healing sequence involving four overlapping phases: coagulation, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling of tissues. These wounds usually take a limited time to heal with little or no complications [4]. In contrast, chronic wounds are defined as those that fail to progress through the stages of healing and can take months or unexpectedly long periods to close. As with acute wounds, chronic wounds are generally linked with specific diseases such as diabetes, vascular diseases, and long-term bed confinement, which impairs the usual healing mechanisms of the tissues [5]. Modern chronic wounds can result from enduring inflammation, bacterial colonization, and impaired blood supply. It is defined as wounds that do not heal in 6–8 weeks and may take months or even years to heal fully; patients with chronic wounds remain predisposed to complications like infection, amputation, or widespread loss of conduit quality of life [6].

The National Center for Health Statistics reports that the number of people affected by chronic wounds is significant and growing, impacting between 30 and 45 million people annually globally [7]. In the USA, approximately 41 million people suffer from chronic wounds (e.g., trauma injuries and pressure ulcers) each year, with 3 million hospitalizations and 240,000 deaths. Moreover, the medical expenses associated with treating pressure ulcers and diabetic ulcers worsen the situation in developing nations [8], 9]. In terms of both public health and the economy, chronic skin wounds are a significant and quickly expanding concern, according to the World Health Organization. In order to create more potent treatments that can promote wound healing and enhance afflicted areas while posing fewer side effects, it is imperative that research be conducted continuously and that creativity be applied [10].

Traditional medicine and cultural heritage have always included medicinal plant extracts to treat wound infections [11]. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been a mainstay of healthcare in Eastern Asia for over 4,000 years. Topical treatments are commonly used for various wound infections [12]. Moreover, their bioactive phytochemical content exhibits significant potential in managing inflammatory diseases [13]. These natural compounds, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and polyphenols, possess potent antimicrobial and antioxidant effects and are crucial in promoting skin tissue generation. Furthermore, TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) and their remedies recommend that a significant proportion of wounds be treated to eliminate the wound disease burden in China [14].

Furthermore, scientists possess extensive knowledge records of efficacy and describe more than 1,100 species of plants that can create healing effects beyond the herbs’ physical and chemical composition [15]. In addition, the WHO describes “traditional medicine” as a holistic approach that encompasses several advantages over synthetic medicines and beliefs aimed at well-being [16]. This covers the application of mineral-based medications, plant cell cultures, and herbal plant extracts to treat different ailments. In many Asian and African nations, traditional medicine has grown in appeal and popularity in the technological age, and it now plays a significant role in primary healthcare [17]. When traditional medicine is adopted outside its traditional cultural context, it is often called complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) [18].

Even with the vast array of wound care treatments at hand – which include medication and surgical excision of necrotic tissue – the outcomes are frequently subpar. Innovative, cost-effective, and efficient wound care therapies are desperately needed [19], 20]. The researchers are now focusing on nanofiber membranes in response to this challenge. However, natural plants are an abundant source of bioactive components with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities that can aid in the healing of wounds [21]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce oxidative stress and impede the healing process, can also be harmful to the body and be prevented by these bioactive components [22]. Furthermore, the existence of ROS destroys other normal tissue functions and slows down the process of wound healing. Stress can cause the damaged tissue to distort and negatively impact the extracellular matrix protein layer, which can be fatal to the patient [23], 24].

One of the more promising prospects regarding wound healing management is the utilization of nanotechnology, namely electrospinning for wound dressings [25]. Electrospinning is a convenient method of fabricating ultra-fine fibres with fibre diameters in submicron order. These nanofibers possess features like a large surface area to volume ratio, porosity and the ability to entrap bioactive compounds [26]. Nanofibers can regulate drug release, maintain moisture, and allow gas exchange at the wound site while also mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) to support the attachment, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of cells for tissue engineering and repair applications [27].

Furthermore, combining traditional medicinal plants with electrospun nanofibers presents a novel approach to wound healing. Incorporating these bioactive compounds into electrospun nanofibers was intended to result in improved wound healing dressings besides the physical barrier characteristics [28]. For instance, curcumin is an isolated compound from Curcuma longa (turmeric), showing a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant profile. However, curcumin has low soluble and stability issues that hinder its usage in clinical practice [29]. Curcumin has been encapsulated in electrospun nanofibers to overcome these challenges, preventing degradation and facilitating the wound site’s release. Research evidence also indicates that curcumin nanofibers enhance the four phases of wound healing by limiting inflammation, stimulating collagen deposition, and encouraging tissue remodelling [30], 31].

Medicinal plant-loaded electrospun nanofiber efficiently protects against lethal wound infections [32]. The slow, controlled release of antimicrobial agents allows for continued safety and minimizes the potential of bacterial colonization and subsequent biofilm generation on the catheter’s surface [33]. For instance, silver-doped nanofibers from Morning Oleifera and Aloe vera were demonstrated to prevent bacterial colonization of Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia coli, which are prevalent in wound-infected areas [34]. This physiological function is essential to inhibit infection, which is crucial mainly in chronic wound care because wounds that get infected delay healing, and the infections become fatal [35].

This review centres on the use of herbal-based nano-formulations created by electrospun nanotechnology, a novel approach to drug delivery for wound healing that has attracted much interest lately. Additionally, it discusses the properties of various medicinal plants, the specific plant components utilized, and the comprehensive development process of creating electrospun nanofibrous wound dressings from these plants.

2 Wound healing phases and their challenges

2.1 Wound healing phases

Wound healing is a multifaceted and progressive biological process by which the body repairs itself through several coordinated processes [36]. These phases can be categorized into four overlapping but distinct phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling [37]. It is essential to comprehend these phases to establish specific approaches and treatments regarding wound healing and implement new innovative resources that include nanofibers.

2.1.1 Hemostasis

The hemostasis process starts when an injury occurs and usually takes several hours. It consists of three stages to cease blood loss and facilitate healing (Table 1). It begins with vasoconstriction by activating endothelin, catecholamines, prostaglandins, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) due to blood vessel constriction and decreased blood flow [38]. However, this initial constriction is insufficient to stop bleeding over the longer term, although it can help reduce it. The second coagulation phase is the primary hemostasis, during which the coagulation cascade is activated, and platelet participation is intense [39]. When the endothelial layer is disrupted, platelets rapidly move to the thrombogenic layers, altering their shape and binding to various receptors, including fibrinogen, fibronectin, and collagen. These actions form a platelet plug, essential for growth factors such as PDGF, TGF, EGF, and IGF, which are essential in hemostasis and the following healing process [40].

Table 1:

Phases of wound healing: duration, significant events in healing, important biological factor, and potential complications.

Phases Duration Significant events in healing Important biological factor Potential complications Reference
Haemostasis Immediate Vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, fibrin clot formation Endothelin, catecholamines, prostaglandins, PDGF, clotting factors Excessive bleeding, inadequate clotting [39], 40]
Inflammation Up to a week Immune cell recruitment, debris removal, infection control PDGF, TGF-β, IL, TNF, neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, T cells Chronic inflammation, delayed healing, excessive scarring [47], 48]
Proliferation Days 4–3 weeks Granulation tissue formation, re-epithelialization, angiogenesis PDGF, TGF-β, VEGF, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells Inadequate blood supply, infection, poor wound closure [52], 53]
Remodeling Months to years Collagen fiber rearrangement, tissue maturation MMPs, collagen, hyaluronic acid, fibronectin Excessive scarring, contractures, delayed healing [54]

In the last stage of the coagulation process, secondary hemostasis involves coagulant factors that convert fibrinogen into fibrin, strengthening the platelet plug and forming a thrombus. This thrombus is not only a barrier for forming a stable hemostatic plug but also forms a supportive matrix for tissue repair and subsequent tissue remodeling [41]. However, when the initial clot is too tight or too much fibrin is deposited, the clot can hinder the blood flow. The clot may also act as a barrier to oxygen supply to the wound site and might pose problems in the further healing mechanism, such as scar tissue formation. Moreover, the amount of fibrin increases in the early stages of healing, and the excessive amount can suppress collagen formation in the later healing stages and thus lead to scarring [42] (Figure 1).

Figure 1: The major cellular components involved in the four stages of wound repair are: These are: (1) hemostasis, (2) inflammation, (3) proliferation, and (4) remodeling [53].
Figure 1:

The major cellular components involved in the four stages of wound repair are: These are: (1) hemostasis, (2) inflammation, (3) proliferation, and (4) remodeling [53].

2.1.2 Inflammation

The second phase in wound healing is the inflammatory phase, that starts immediately after hemostasis and lasts up to a week. In this phase, control and eradication of the infection and debris removal are essential, which is instrumental in tissue regeneration in subsequent phases [43]. Several factors, like PDGF, TGF, IL, and TNF, are released, signaling immune cell chemotaxis, which includes neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic and T cells. They first respond by engulfing and killing bacteria and also play a role in tissue remodeling by releasing proteases [44]. These proteases degrade the ECM, promote neutrophil chemotaxis, and induce MMPs required for skin remodeling. Nevertheless, dysregulated MMP activity appears to play a part in the pathogenesis of excessive scarring [45] (Table 1).

During the later ends of the inflammation phase, the macrophage succeeds the neutrophils, which also have a dual role as they work in inflammation resolution and tissue repair. M1 macrophages persist in the antimicrobial processes and contribute to removing neutrophils from the injury site [46]. They then transform into the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages that promote angiogenesis, synthesis of collagen, and tissue remodeling. Irrupted phenotypical characteristics lead to the overproduction of ECM and increase the chances of scar tissue formation. On the one hand, mast cells contribute to early wound contraction and re-epithelialization but, in the wrong case, cause hypertrophic scarring. The new findings show that dendritic cells and T-cells regulate the immune response. T-cells actively regulate the proliferation of keratinocytes and wound closure [47] (Figure 1). Specifically, macrophages, when activated over time, can contribute significantly to increased stores of collagen and blood vessels responsible for forming scar tissue. This shortens their survival period and increases ROS, which causes tissue damage and fibrosis, underlining the necessity of early inflammation resolution [48].

2.1.3 Proliferation

The proliferation phase of wound healing starts at about day four and can take up to three weeks. It serves several essential functions critical to tissue renewal and repair, such as forming granulation tissue, re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and modulation of the immune response [49]. Granulation tissue refers to the tissues formed during the stages of inflammation and is characterized by a temporary structure primarily made up of fibroblasts that extracellular matrix (ECM). These fibroblasts are also involved in the synthesis of the ECM, secretion of cytokines, and immunomodulation abilities. Out of the fibroblasts, myofibroblasts that stain positive for α-SMA are most actively involved in collagen synthesis and wound contraction [50]. However, the activity of these cells exceeds its proper level if they stay active because of insufficient apoptosis or a low level of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) (Table 1).

Concerning re-epithelialization, another characteristic of this phase is that the keratinocytes are responsible for restoring the epidermal covering over the wound [51]. These cells also get a phenotypic shift and are regulated by factors such as TGF-β, VEGF, and cytokines, IL-1, TNF-α. Keratinocytes also interact with fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells for effective healing process orchestration [52]. Interference with this intricate signaling process results in the formation of a scar. Endothelial cells respond to growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), initiating neovasculation to supply oxygen and nutrients for tissue repair and regeneration. This phase is essential for remodeling the wound site, and anything that can upset the ratio between fibroblastic and keratinocyte activity may lead to scarring [53] (Figure 1).

2.1.4 Remodeling

The last or fourth band of the wound repair process, known as the remodeling stage, characterizes the rearrangement of the fibers of the healed tissue. Although it is widely associated with the final stage of the healing process, it may last for several months up to several years [53]. In this stage, the remaining dead cells become necrotized and immune, and the parenchymal cells become dormant. Furthermore, the regenerated or Scarborough skin also adapts the transformation of type III collagen fibers to address the mechanical engineering and amplify the skin shard’s tensile force [4] (Table 1). Concerning the collagen fibers, the prevailing and pre-existing collagen type III network is degraded by MMPs and rebuilt by type I collagen, which is aligned in parallel to the stress linea. In addition, this stage is marked by a decrease in hyaluronic acid and fibronectin, similar to stage 3. Still, if any of these fundamental processes is compromised, the remainder of this stage will be out of alignment, and the probability of scar formation will rise [54] (Figure 1).

2.2 Wound healing: current challenges

Over the last decades, wound healing has been a complex and dynamic process characterized by delayed natural healing [55]. Wound healing requires precise coordination between various tissues and cells, allowing for target intervention in cases of persistent inflammation. At the molecular and cellular level, novel interventions are needed to address the challenges of wound healing [56]. These interventions promote cell migration, proliferation, matrix deposition, and tissue remodeling. Moreover, traumatic wounds (e.g., lacerations, fractures), surgical wounds (amputations, debridement), burns, and diabetic foot ulcer (DFUs) complications pose significant healthcare challenges worldwide [57].

In developing countries, approximately 20–30 million people often experience worse wound conditions due to trauma, pressure sores or major surgeries [58]. Meanwhile, in the United States, one million people develop an ulcer (vascular pressure) each year. Recent studies estimated that 4.5 individuals per 1,000 are affected by chronic wound complications driven by social and economic factors. Despite this, untreated or poorly managed chronic wounds contribute to a high global mortality rate [59], 60].

The chronic wound environment also hinders the process of epithelization, which is the process by which new skin cells cover the wound, and angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels [61]. Moreover, research on chronic wounds suggests that high MMP levels cause the extracellular matrix (ECM) to break down excessively, which prevents cells from migrating. Defective granulation tissue formation results from an inadequate fibroblast response to growth factors linked to ECM degradation [62], 63] (Figure 2). Biofilms, whether single- or multi-microbial, further complicate wound healing by producing proteases that inhibit keratinocyte migration and skin re-epithelialization. These combined factors create a challenging environment that hinders wound healing and perpetuates the chronic state [64]. The following section will delineate several types of ulcers, each with distinct characteristics and clinical implications.

Figure 2: Challenging in chronic wound healing: pressure ulcer, diabetic ulcer, and vascular ulcer.
Figure 2:

Challenging in chronic wound healing: pressure ulcer, diabetic ulcer, and vascular ulcer.

2.2.1 Vascular ulcer

Vascular ulcers, a common type of chronic wound, can be categorized as either venous or arterial. Venous, most prevalent ulcers stem from chronic venous insufficiency or venous hypertension, often appearing on the lower extremities [65]. These ulcers typically present as shallow wounds and develop due to venous reflex or obstruction. Risk factors for venous ulcers include venous disease, advanced age, obesity, heart disease, arterial disease, insufficiency of leg veins (superficial, perforating, or deep), and deep vein thrombosis [66].

On the other hand, arterial ulcers arise from impaired tissue perfusion, particularly the reduced blood supply to the lower limbs. This reduced perfusion leads to ischemia, hindering nutrient delivery and causing tissue death [67]. The resulting lack of blood flow and subsequent tissue death ultimately lead to the formation of ulcers (Figure 2). Arterial ulcers, often found on the distal extremities, manifest as deep wounds exposing tendons or bones [68]. Atherosclerosis is a significant contributor to arterial ulcers, along with other risk factors such as diabetes, vasculitis, thromboangiitis, hypertension, smoking, advanced age, obesity, and hyperlipidemia [69].

2.2.2 Diabetic ulcer

Diabetic foot ulcers predominantly affect individuals with type 2 diabetes and mainly occur when diabetes is poorly controlled. In the United States, diabetic foot ulcers impact an average of 1.6 million people annually [70]. Various factors increase the risk of developing these ulcers, including peripheral neuropathy, arterial insufficiency, poor glycemic control, foot deformities, calluses, lack of proper foot care, and poor circulation. Peripheral neuropathy and macrovascular disease significantly heighten the risk of prolonged vascular reconstruction and failure of diabetic foot ulcer [71]. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are considered serious complications due to the development of extremity ulcers and gangrene, which can result in death [72] (Figure 2).

2.2.3 Pressure ulcer

Chronic pressure ulcers are a serious and recurring problem, particularly among immobile or weakened patients, such as those with spinal cord injuries [73]. There are four primary mechanisms that contribute to the formation of pressure ulcers: sustained high interphase pressure, loss of elasticity in aged skin, friction causing superficial erosions and blisters, and excess skin moisture due to prolonged exposure to fluids such as urine, sweat, wound drainage, and fecal matter [74]. Several risk factors contribute to the development of pressure ulcers, with limited mobility being a key factor. Limited mobility or impaired sensation makes it difficult for tissues to receive adequate blood flow, increasing the risk of pressure ulcer formation [75].

3 Electrospinning technique for phytochemical-loaded nanofibers

Electrospinning is a fascinating technology that transforms liquid into incredibly thin fibers. It functions by putting a polymer solution under high voltage, which overcomes its inherent stickiness and causes the solution to form a jet [76]. A metal needle to create the jet, a collector to collect the fibers, a syringe containing the polymer solution, an injection pump to regulate the flow, and a high-voltage power source make up the straightforward setup.

A strong electric field is applied between the grounded collector and the needle by the high-voltage power supply to start the process. The needle is connected to the positive electrode, while the negative electrode is connected to the collector. As a result, the polymer solution is pulled out through the needle at a controlled rate [77]. Under the influence of the electrostatic force, various charges act on the solution, causing it to form a stable flow. The solution droplets form a “Taylor cone” when the electrostatic force is greater than the fluid’s surface tension. Long, thin fibers are left behind as the solvent in the solution evaporates as the jet moves through the air. These fibers solidify and are collected on a grounded surface, forming a uniform layer of nanofibers [78], 79] (Figure 2).

In order to achieve a controlled and sustained release of active compounds, the composition of electrospun fibers can be changed, for example, by blending different polymers (natural or synthetic) to alter their hydrophilicity, fiber diameter, and density [80]. Because they encourage cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, these electrospun fibers are perfect for creating tissue scaffolds and dressings for wound healing. In addition to enabling drug molecules to disperse efficiently throughout the matrix to aid in wound healing, they also aid in the diffusion of nutrients into the cellular structure and the elimination of waste products [81].

3.1 Applications of electrospun nanofibers

Electrospun nanofibers are used in many different fields, such as wound dressing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, absorbent membranes, biosensors, packaging, filters, and cosmetics, because of their special qualities [82]. Electrospun fibers are essential in the field of bio-medicine because they can be used as wound dressing materials, scaffolds for cell and tissue culture, and carriers for local, dermal, and transdermal drug delivery [83] (Figure 2. Due to their high encapsulation capacity, they are especially useful for targeted therapy in medical applications, safeguarding loaded drugs like growth factors, proteins, small molecules, bioactive compounds (extracts), DNA, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, or anticancer agents (both in traditional Chinese and Western medicine) [84], 85] (Figures 3 and 4).

Figure 3: Electrospinning nanofiber technology enhances wound healing through high surface area, and porous drug delivery [82].
Figure 3:

Electrospinning nanofiber technology enhances wound healing through high surface area, and porous drug delivery [82].

Figure 4: Medicinal plants for wound healing: Integration with nanofibers.
Figure 4:

Medicinal plants for wound healing: Integration with nanofibers.

4 Electrospun nanofiber wound dressings – phytoextract-based

4.1 Drumstick tree

The healing process of wounds has been demonstrated to be aided by the medicinal plant Drumstick tree (moringa oleifera), which is native to India and is also found in South America, Asia, and Africa. Moreover, researchers have developed electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers loaded and infused with Moringa oleifera extract and tested them for their antimicrobial and wound-healing properties [86] (Table 1). Excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli has been demonstrated by the PAN nanofiber scaffolds containing M. Oleifera extract. S. aureus and E. Coli. Additionally, studies on animals revealed that greater concentrations of M. oleifera extract improved healing results; antibacterial activity was demonstrated by nanofibers loaded with 0.5 g of extract [87].

4.2 Aloe vera

Despite not having suitable mechanical properties or electrospinnability, Aloe vera can be incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol nanofibrous mats. Scientists created a novel scaffold by combining aloe vera with gelatin and PCL nanofibers using a specialized double-nozzle co-electrospinning [88]. The resulting structure exhibited uniform fibre size, small diameter, and excellent biological and mechanical properties. Notably, adding aloe vera to the PCL scaffold significantly boosted fibroblast growth and proliferation, enhancing the wound healing process and skin elasticity [89].

4.3 Turmeric

Tumeric (Curcumin), a polyphenolic compound, possesses a range of therapeutic properties, including reducing inflammation, neutralizing free radicals, and combating bacterial diseases. It exhibits high biocompatibility and biodegradability, making it an attractive therapeutic agent. However, its limited bioavailability, low water solubility and instability under various conditions, such as pH, temperature and light exposure, hinders its medical applications [90], 91]. To overcome these limitations, alternative carriers like cyclodextrins are used. As an amorphous nano-solid dispersion, curcumin has increased crosslinking, resulting in higher hydrophobicity and lower release rates [92], 93].

However, developed nanofibers loaded with 0.5 wt % curcumin solution into polycaprolactone (PCL) and polycaprolactone/polyethene glycol blends. Incorporating Curcumin (Turmeric), solution reduced the nanofiber diameter and enhanced their antibacterial activity. The PCL/PEG nanofibers exhibited the highest wound closure rate, 98–99 %. This change in the morphology of the nanofibers after adding PEG to PCL could enhance the wound dressing and some advanced therapies for patients [94]. Another study by Shababdoust et al. utilized electrospun nanofibers of polyurethane (PU) loaded with curcumin solution. From their study, they managed to show that the incorporation of PEG led to an increase in the size and hydrophilicity of the curcumin-loaded nanofibers. This modification facilitated a faster release of curcumin solution from the scaffold, and it underlines the feasibility of this system for controlled drug delivery and better wound healing (Table 1) [95].

Fabricated PHBV nanofibers containing the encapsulated suspension of different weight percentages (0. 1, 0. 3, and 0. 5 % w/w) of C. longa for treating ulcers. According to the studies, PHBV nanofibers favourably affected wound healing and skin regeneration. The concentration of Turmeric decreased the mechanical properties, increased the swelling characteristics, and decreased the nanofiber diameter [74].

4.4 Chamomile

The Asteraceae family plant chamomile includes flavonoids, phenolics, and other substances that promote the healing of wounds [84]. Motealleh and associates. Developed PCL/PS (35/65 %) electrospun nanofibers with 15 % chamomile extract, lowering the diameter of the nanofibers from 268 to 175 nm. Nearly 70 % of the extract was released, according to drug release studies, and this helped promote healing. The zone of inhibition for S. aureus was 7.6 mm. In a study using rat wound models, wounds treated with nanofibers loaded with extract closed and healed in 14 days [96], 97].

4.5 Henna tree

Bioactive substances with antimicrobial, immunostimulatory, anticancer, and wound-healing qualities are found in Lawsonia inermis, better known as henna. However, its medicinal potential is limited by Lawsone; its active ingredient is not soluble in water. The prolonged release, stability, solubility, and bioavailability of Lawsone can all be enhanced by encapsulation [98]. PCL nanofibrous mats and lawsone-encapsulated gelatin via coaxial electrospinning. A 1 % lawsone-loaded mat demonstrated notable re-epithelialization after 14 days, and the scaffolds released Lawsone over 20 days [99]. Excellent qualities made this mat ideal for dressing wounds. L. inermis was mixed with PLLA and gelatin. Using an inermis solution, hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds demonstrate antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus.

CS-PEO nanofibers loaded with 1 % (w/w) inermis leaf extract were used to treat second-degree burn wounds in mice. With an average diameter of 80 nm, the homogenous fibres showed a strong healing effect [100]. Avci and companions. Produced L. inermis PVA and PEO nanofibers loaded with inermis leaf extract. Higher L concentrations increased the average diameter. Extract from inermis. The nanofibers demonstrated superior antibacterial activity at a concentration of 2.793 % (w/w), according to the results of antibacterial tests [101].

A significant part of Z is thymol. The antibacterial properties of multiflora essential oil are found in nature. However, However, some biological applications cannot use it because of its low water solubility, high volatility, and limited bioavailability [102]. Miguel, together with others. Fabricated two-layer nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with thymol: a bottom layer of HA, SF, and thymol to speed up healing and stop infection, and a top layer of PCL and SF to serve as a physical barrier. Ardekani and colleagues. Developed Z. Multiflora essential oil (10 %) created nontoxic, highly swelling, biocompatible, and antibacterial electrospun nanofibers loaded with gelatin, PVA, and CS [103]. Pourhakak and associates. Made Z. multiflora extract-loaded CS and PVA electrospun nanofibers, showing that decreased CS increased the antibacterial qualities while reducing the fibre diameter.

4.6 Woad

Woad (Isatis) Root’s strong antibacterial and anti-inflammatory qualities make it useful for treating infectious diseases, particularly skin conditions. Handspun Isatis root fibres and PVP were used to create electrospun scaffolds. Surface ability, air permeability, antibacterial activity, and wound healing were all enhanced by the addition of 10 % (w/w) Isatis [104]. Moreover, researchers used woad herb to treat diabetic foot ulcers and created electrospun nanofibers by blended CS and PEO extract. These fibres demonstrated the ability to accelerate wound healing and deliver drugs effectively [105], 106].

4.7 Fenugreek

Methi or Trigonella Foenum Graecum belongs to the Leguminosae family, which is well-known for its antioxidant properties and helps the wound healing process to a remarkable extent [107]. Fenugreek has been incorporated into silk fibroin, a protein biomaterial derived from silkworms, and has been utilised as nanofibers via electrospinning in the latest analysis. Ethanol vapour treatment significantly influenced the molecular conformation of fibroin from silk I (random coil) to silk II structure [108].

The findings obtained in the present in vivo analyses were that the scaffold prepared with the 3D silk nanofiber incorporating fenugreek exhibited elevated thermal stability, mechanical properties, and the appropriate pore size to be helpful in wound healing. This scaffold also maintained high biocompatibility, eliciting negligible biological responses from tissues. Also, there was increased collagen deposition in the wounds that received the nanofiber scaffold compared to those without due to this extracellular matrix’s critical role in the skin repair process. The scaffold enhances faster healing, supports the biocompatibility of the fabricated construct, and assists in general wound healing and tissue regeneration (Table 1) [109].

4.8 Clove

Eugenol, an essential oil of clove blossom buds, is widely acknowledged for its multiple health benefits – antibacterial, analgesic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, to name but a few [110]. Nonetheless, eugenol has certain drawbacks, such as the decrease of its activity if used in medical applications due to instability in the environment and relatively low aqueous solubility. With these limitations in mind, the researchers have devised the following benchmark solution: electrospun mats containing eugenol but made from biocompatible polymers [111]. They used acetic acid for chitosan, water for polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chloroform, and DMF for polycaprolactone (PCL) to form a stable matrix for the encapsulation of eugenol. This method also increased the stability of eugenol and made the release rate more suitable for wound healing.

The numerous electrospun mats described provided excellent biocompatibility; they posed no threat to biological systems. Furthermore, the developed mats of the present invention displayed excellent antibacterial efficiency, which can be used as antiseptics for infected wounds [112]. The slow and steady release of eugenol from the mats can also have other added benefits for wound treatment and improve the healing process besides continuously giving an antibacterial advantage for a longer period of time. This approach presents a potential route for effectively implementing eugenol in biomedical applications, especially for managing wound healing challenges occasioned by the substance’s poor solubility and stability [113].

4.9 Gurmar

Gurmar (Gymnema sylvestre), a common anti-diabetic treatment, has wound-healing properties. CS nanofiber mats were formulated with Gymnema extract, showing antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory, biocompatibility, stability, and extract release, making them suitable for wound healing. , which improves cell viability, compatibility, and tensile strength and speeds up the healing of wounds [114].

4.10 Tea tree

Green tea, high in polyphenols, especially catechins, has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Green tea polyphenol-loaded CS-PVA nanofibrous mats were developed, showing improved cell proliferation, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial action, suitable for wound healing [90], 115].

Researchers developed nanofibers incorporating Camellia sinensis extract into CS and PEO matrices. The C’s catechins. Sinensis, well-known for its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant qualities, helped the nanofibers’ advantageous effects on wound healing. These nanofibers maintained wound moisture, reduced inflammation, and accelerated healing, showcasing excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antibacterial activity [116].

4.11 Spadeleaf

Centella asiatica extract was incorporated into electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers at concentrations of 0.5, 2.5, 5, and 10 % (w/w). They discovered that adding the extract produced consistent, bead-free nanofibers and lowered the average fiber diameter. For example, pure PCL nanofibers decreased in diameter from 415 nm to 344 nm at a weight percentage of 10 % C. asiatica extract addition, probably as a result of the polymer’s viscosity decreasing. Furthermore, the extract considerably raised the nanofibers’ maximum tensile stress from 3.36 MPa to 8.70 MPa, which may have something to do with the smaller fiber diameter. With inhibition zones of 8 mm for Micrococcus luteus and 11 mm for Bacillus cereus, the nanofibers also demonstrated antibacterial activity [117].

4.12 St. John’s wort

PCL nanofibers were loaded with an extract from Hypericum perforatum for use as wound dressings. Perforatum has long been used as a burn and wound remedy [118]. The electrospun nanofibers demonstrated Strong antioxidant activity, with diameters ranging from 100 to 400 nm. PCL/PLA nanofibers loaded with thymol showed more effective antibacterial properties than against S. aureus and E. coli. Investigations on animals demonstrated their substantial influence on wound closure and healing [119].

4.13 Catnip

Nepeta dschuparensis (Catnip), rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and essential oils, has been traditionally used for its antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. PVA, CS, and honey nanofibrous multi-layered scaffolds loaded with N. dschuparensis nectar for burn therapy to cover the clinical need. These scaffolds promoted wound healing, leveraging the plant’s medicinal properties and fulfill the challenging requirements [120].

4.14 Guanabana

Composite nanofibers that were electrospun and infused with leaf extract from soursop (Annona muricata) recognized for its antimicrobial qualities, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferation properties. Skin conditions are treated with muricata nanoparticle-coated which have antibacterial and skin regeneration property [121]. The antibacterial activity of the nanofiber mats against S. aureus was significant, and the inhibition zones increased with higher extract concentrations [122]. The mats’ mean diameters ranged from 121 to 137 nm.

4.15 Sorghum

Sorghum contains polyphenols and flavonoids, and sorghum bicolour extract-loaded electrospun zein nanofibers exhibit notable antibacterial and antioxidant qualities due to their tannin content. When tested against K. pneumoniae, the nanofibers with higher concentrations of sorghum extract demonstrated enhanced antibacterial effectiveness against S. aureus and K. pneumonia by significantly reducing the number of bacteria [123].

4.16 Lavender

The essential oil of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) possesses antibacterial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory qualities that make it worthwhile for treating burns and wounds – moreover, lavender essential oil-imbedded sodium alginate nanofiber dressings to treat skin burns caused by UV light. On animals the treated animals recovered fast and had no skin inflammation. The treated animals also had significantly lower levels of anti-inflammatory cytotoxins, up to 10 times lower than untreated animals, 24 h after treatment [124], 125].

4.17 Aleppo oak

Querqus infectoria (Aleppo oak) is high in tannins, which make up 50–70 % of its composition and have strong antimicrobial properties. Q-infused PVA nanofibers. extract from infectoria methanol. With an average diameter of 500 nm, the nanofibers outperformed PVA films in terms of antimicrobial activity. The electrospun nanofibers showed enhanced absorption of moisture, enhanced antimicrobial activity, and regulated release, rendering them useful for wound healing purposes. The zones of inhibition for the nanofibers were 20 mm against P. aeruginosa and 18 mm against S. Aureus [126].

4.18 European wine grape

Extracted from Vitis vinifera, which has potent antioxidant qualities, with efficacy that is 20–50 times higher than that of vitamins C or E. V-loaded silk fibroin nanofibers were produced using the wine extract. Silk fibroin is recognized for its biocompatibility and biodegradability, enhancing collagen production and promoting wound healing [127]. The study found that adding PEO to the fibroin solution improved the nanofibers’ mechanical properties. V. vinifera nanofiber extract (3 %) showed remarkable potential for skin protection, tissue regeneration, and wound healing due to its superior biocompatibility and increased cell attachment [128].

4.19 Chinese juniper

Chinese juniperus L., also called Juniperus chinensis, is a native of East Asia and is frequently grown for aesthetic purposes. Flavones, lignans, and terpenes are the three main chemical constituents that give it strong antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer effects [129]. PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) mixed with chinensis extract for electrospinning. The resultant nanofibers showed significant antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae and S. aureus [130].

4.20 Beet

Nylon 66 skin scaffolds loaded with Beta vulgaris (beetroot) extract. Beetroot is rich in polysaccharides, particularly pectin, which has been traditionally used in Iranian medicine for healing skin wounds. The resulting nanofiber scaffold had a tiny pore size and high porosity, ideal for skin tissue engineering. Cell proliferation tests confirmed the scaffold’s effectiveness in promoting skin tissue growth and healing [131].

4.21 Little tree plant or mukkooti

Biophytum sensitivum is recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and anti-diabetic properties. Antimicrobial wound dressings were developed using PCL nanofibers loaded with 10 % (w/w) B. sensitivum extract. These nanofibers showed good water absorption, cell compatibility, and water vapour transmission. The hybrid membrane effectively inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli, with inhibition zones measuring 47 mm and 27 mm, respectively [132] (Table 2).

Table 2:

Traditional medicinal plants and polymers used in electrospinning for skin wound healing, each offering unique properties and benefits.

Traditional medicinal plant Polymer used Properties Wound healing effects References
Drumstick tree Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Antimicrobial Enhance wound healing process [87]
Aloe vera Polyvinyl alcohol Antibacterial, anti-inflammation Enhance wound healing, improve skin elasticity [89]
Turmeric Polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethylene glycol (PEG) Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant Reduce inflammation, enhance wound contraction skin regeneration [91]
Chamomile Polycaprolactone (PCL) Antibacterial Promote wound healing [96]
Henna tree Polycaprolactone (PCL), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) Antimicrobial, anti-inflammation, anticancer Accelerate re-epithelization, enhance wound healing by modulation immune response [102]
Woad Chitosan, polyethylene oxide (PEO) Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, Inhibit bacterial growth, tissue regeneration [105]
Fenugreek Polyethylene oxide (PEO) Antioxidant, anti-inflammation Enhance wound healing, accelerates re-epithelization and collagen deposition [108]
Clove Polycaprolactone (PCL), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory Reduce inflammation, reduce infection, accelerate wound healing [111], 112]
Gurmar Chitosan Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetic Improve cell viability, compatibility, accelerate wound healing [114]
Tea tree Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, Reduce bacterial infection and promote skin repair [90], 115]
Spade leaf Polycaprolactone (PCL) Anti-bacterial Improve cell proliferation [117]
St. John work Polycaprolactone (PCL) Anti-bacterial, antioxidant Reduce pain, and promote wound healing [118]
Catnip Chitosan, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory Reduce inflammation, enhance blood vessel and improve skin repair [120]
Guanabana Muricata Antimicrobial, anti-proliferation, anti-inflammatory Inhibit bacterial infection, skin regeneration [122]
Sorghum Polyphenols, flavonoids Antibacterial, antioxidant Promote skin repair [123]
Lavender Oil-imbedded sodium alginate Antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory Support rapid wound closure [125]
Aleppo oak Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) Antimicrobial Skin regeneration, accelerate healing process [126]
European wine grape Polyethylene oxide (PEO) Antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory Tissue regeneration, reduce inflammation, promote wound healing, reduce oxidant stress [128]
Chinese juniper Flavones, lignans, and terpenes Antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer Inhibit microbial growth, reduce pain and promote skin repair [130]
Beet Polysaccharides Antibacterial, Enhance wound healing [131]
Little tree plant or mukkooti Polycaprolactone (PCL) Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and anti-diabetic Inhibit bacterial growth, reduce inflammation and promote healing [132]

5 Future perspectives

In recent times, nanotechnology in chronic wound care has been on the cusp of revolutionary innovations and transformative advancements. This field still has a lot of potential with the development of nanotechnologies in this branch and future progress waiting to revolutionize wound healing. For example, the construction of Nanoengineered scaffolds which form a three-dimensional structure resembling the ECM to support cells involved in wound healing is in itself a very archive [132]. Continuing developments in nanotechnology for wound healing involve new designs as well as fabrication methods that promote new therapeutic approaches that are believed to change paradigms soon. The increasing progression of nanomedicine as a field, it can only open newer avenues of treatment against different diseases and help in advancing the quality of patient care [133].

Currently, there are advancements in the use of nanotechnology along with artificial intelligence and personalized medicine in the healthcare field. The use of big data can also be used to transform nanoparticle-based therapies since AI algorithms can determine how patients are likely to respond to such treatments thus a customized approach to treatment. This section offers an effective approach to chronic wound management and paves the way for future directions that will significantly improve the landscape of patient outcomes.

6 Conclusions

The complexity of wound healing is compounded by the rapidly increasing number of different types of wounds, posing a significant global challenge. Traditional herbal medicines have identified numerous plant extracts and phytoconstituents known for their effective wound-healing properties. These herbal plant phytochemical constituents have potential properties, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents. To overcome current limitations of traditional herbal medicine, emerging nanotechnologies and the development of electrospinning nanofibers and potential breakthroughs.

To address patient’s needs, exploring nanotechnology in chronic wound care reveals a vast domain of opportunities, including the development of electrospinning nanofibers. The introduction highlights the pressing need for advanced therapeutic strategies in managing chronic wounds, setting the stage for further investigation and discovery. Recently, electrospinning nanofibers have demonstrated significant promise in chronic wound healing and their treatments. These nanofibers assess an ideal environment for cell adhesion, reducing inflammation and re-epithelization, thereby facilitating skin repair and promoting long-term implications. In modern research, there is growing interest in integrating AI and nanoengineered nanofibers, which provides a glimpse of revolutionizing chronic wound management through innovative technologies.

Corresponding authors: Haya Khader Ahmad Yasin, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates, E-mail: ; and Munaza Ijaz, Department of Microbiology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, E-mail:

Funding source: Deanship of Scientific Research, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University

Award Identifier / Grant number: PNURSP2025R73

Research funding and acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2025R73), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. We extend our appreciation to the Deanship of Graduate Studies at Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates, for their support for publication charges.

  1. Conflict of Interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  2. Data Availability Statement: All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

  3. Author contribution: Badriyah Shadid Alotaibi, Haya Yasin, Abida Kalsoom Khan, Mizna Javed, and Munaza Ijaz: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Formal Analysis; Badriyah Shadid Alotaibi, Haya Yasin, Abida Kalsoom Khan, Mizna Javed, and Munaza Ijaz: Writing – original draft, Formal Analysis, Visualization; and Munaza Ijaz: Resources, Project administration, Supervision.

References

1. Palani, N, Vijayakumar, P, Monisha, P, Ayyadurai, S, Rajadesingu, S. Electrospun nanofibers synthesized from polymers incorporated with bioactive compounds for wound healing. J. Nanobiotechnol 2024;22:211. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-024-02491-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

2. Sharma, A, Dheer, D, Singh, I, Puri, V, Kumar, P. Phytoconstituent-loaded nanofibrous meshes as wound dressings: a concise review. Pharma 2023;15:1058. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041058.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

3. Zhou, HS, Luo, QM, Lin, XB, Zhu, CS, Li, P, Gao, W. Screening the synergistic components of acetylcholinesterase inhibition from phellodendron bark based on fingerprint-activity relationship modeling. World J Tradit Chin Med 2023;9:461–8.10.4103/2311-8571.376066Search in Google Scholar

4. Wang, PH, Huang, B-S, Horng, H-C, Yeh, C-C, Chen, Y-J. Wound healing. J Chin Med Assoc 2018;81:94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2017.11.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Adamu, BF, Gao, J, Jhatial, AK, Kumelachew, DM. A review of medicinal plant-based bioactive electrospun nano fibrous wound dressings. Mater Des 2021;209:109942, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109942.Search in Google Scholar

6. Kumar, R, Keshamma, E, Kumari, B, Kumar, A, Kumar, V, Janjua, DB, et al.. Burn injury management, pathophysiology and its future prospectives. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. 2022;1:78–89. https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.4.10.Search in Google Scholar

7. Garg, A, Naik, A, Chakraborty, M, Chauhan, N, Chakraborty, S, Das, S, et al.. Nanofibers: promising wound-healing material with modifiable flexibility. In: Biomed Pro and Materi E. London, UK: Elsevier; 2022:95–134 pp.10.1016/B978-0-12-823966-7.00028-1Search in Google Scholar

8. Günyaktı, A, Demirtaş, TT, Karakecili, A. Layered fibrous scaffolds/membranes in wound healing. In: Electrospun Nanofibers: Fabric & Biomedical App. London,UK: Springer International Publishing; 2022:425–68 pp.10.1007/12_2022_124Search in Google Scholar

9. Scalamandré, A, Bogie, KM. Smart technologies in wound prevention and care. In: Inno and emer tech in wound care. London, UK: Academic Press; 2020:225–44 pp.10.1016/B978-0-12-815028-3.00013-4Search in Google Scholar

10. Patil, P, Pawar, SH. Wound dressing applications of nano-biofilms. BNF 2021:247–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-823381-8.00013-2.Search in Google Scholar

11. Yang, LM, Zhou, WM, Guo, QR, Fan, XY, Huang, DY, Sun, XF, et al.. Brusatol inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of nonsmall cell lung cancer PC-9 cells. World J Tradit Chin Med 2023;9:454–60. https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.353662.Search in Google Scholar

12. Zhang, YL, Wang, YL, Yan, K, Deng, QQ, Li, F, Liang, XJ, et al.. Nanostructures in Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) for potential therapy. Nano Hori 2023;8:976–90. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3nh00120b.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

13. Wang, W, Lu, KJ, Yu, CH, Huang, QL, Du, YZ. Nano-drug delivery systems in wound treatment and skin regeneration. J Nanobiotechnol 2019;17:82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-019-0514-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

14. Zheng, XY, Zhang, YH, Song, WT, Chang, D, Liu, JX. Research progress on the pharmacological mechanisms of Chinese medicines that tonify Qi and activate blood against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:225–35. https://doi.org/10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_21_21.Search in Google Scholar

15. Yuan, H, Ma, Q, Ye, L, Piao, G. The traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products. Mol 2016;21:559. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050559.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

16. Hebron, C, Mehta, K, Stewart, B, Price, P, Potokar, T. Implementation of the world Health Organization global burn registry: lessons learned. Ann Glob Health 2022;88:34. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3669.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

17. Liu, H, Bai, Y, Huang, C, Wang, Y, Ji, Y, Du, Y, et al.. Recent progress of electrospun herbal medicine nanofibers. Biomol 2023;13:184. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13010184.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

18. Fu, S, Qin, SL, Rausch, WD. Chinese herb formulae inhibit the proliferation of human colon cancer SW480 cells by inducing cell apoptosis. World J Tradit Chin Med 2023;9:348–54. https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.369650.Search in Google Scholar

19. Kumari, S, Goyal, A, Sönmez Gürer, E, Algın Yapar, E, Garg, M, Sood, M, et al.. Bioactive loaded novel nano-formulations for targeted drug delivery and their therapeutic potential. Pharma 2022;14:1091. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14051091.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

20. Souto, EB, Ribeiro, AF, Ferreira, MI, Teixeira, MC, Shimojo, AA, Soriano, JL, et al.. New nanotechnologies for the treatment and repair of skin burns infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020393.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

21. Qadir, A, Jahan, S, Aqil, M, Warsi, MH, Alhakamy, NA, Alfaleh, MA, et al.. Phytochemical-based nano-pharmacotherapeutics for management of burn wound healing. Gels 2021;7:209. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7040209.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

22. Fidan, O, Ren, J, Zhan, J. Engineered production of bioactive natural products from medicinal plants. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:59–76. https://doi.org/10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_66_21.Search in Google Scholar

23. Sharifi, M, Bahrami, SH, Nejad, NH, Milan, PB. Electrospun PCL and PLA hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds containing Nigella sativa herbal extract for effective wound healing. J Appl Polym Sci 2020;137:49528. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49528.Search in Google Scholar

24. Song, L, Zhang, W, Tang, SY, Luo, SM, Xiong, PY, Liu, JY, et al.. Natural products in traditional Chinese medicine: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets of renal fibrosis and state-of-the-art drug delivery systems. Biomed Pharmacother 2024;170:116039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116039.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

25. Hana, HK, Qian, C, Song, MY, Zhang, T, Yang, CM, Gu, RJ, et al.. The mechanism of total ginseng extracts in the treatment of lung cancer progression based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. World J Tradit Chin Med 2023;9:284–96. https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.385513.Search in Google Scholar

26. Singh, V, Marimuthu, T, Makatini, MM, Choonara, YE. Biopolymer-based wound dressings with biochemical cues for cell-instructive wound repair. Poly 2022;14:5371. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14245371.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

27. Bjorklund, G, Shanaida, M, Lysiuk, R, Butnariu, M, Peana, M, Sarac, I, et al.. Natural compounds and products from an anti-aging perspective. Mol 2022;27:7084. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27207084.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

28. Nandhini, J, Karthikeyan, E, Rajeshkumar, S. Nanomaterials for wound healing: current status and futuristic Frontier. Biomed Tech 2024;6:26–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmt.2023.10.001.Search in Google Scholar

29. Hu, YX, Zhang, ZQ, Zhou, QJ, Liao, JY, Chai, XL. Mechanism exploration of the classical traditional Chinese medicine formula huoluo xiaoling pill in clinical treatment and the traditional Chinese medicine theory “treating different diseases with the same method”: a network pharmacology study and molecular docking verification. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:131–40, https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.336838.Search in Google Scholar

30. Liu, T, Lu, Y, Zhan, R, Qian, W, Luo, G. Nanomaterials and nanomaterials-based drug delivery to promote cutaneous wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023;193:114670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2022.114670.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

31. Napagoda, M, Madhushanthi, P, Witharana, S. Nanomaterials for wound healing and tissue regeneration. NBM 2022:109–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8050-3_5.Search in Google Scholar

32. Naskar, A, Kim, KS. Recent advances in nanomaterial-based wound-healing therapeutics. Pharma 2020;12:499. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12060499.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

33. Sachdeva, S, Kaur, J, Mehta, S, Saharan, R, Nain, P. Formulation of ayurvedic medicines and extracts of medicinal plants as an alternative therapeutic treatment option for nephrolithiasis. World J Tradit Chin Med 2023;9:278–83. https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.351512.Search in Google Scholar

34. Xu, Z, Dong, M, Yin, S, Dong, J, Zhang, M, Tian, R, et al.. Why traditional herbal medicine promotes wound healing: research from immune response, wound microbiome to controlled delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023;195:114764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2023.114764.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

35. Zhang, H, Lin, X, Cao, X, Wang, Y, Wang, J, Zhao, Y. Developing natural polymers for skin wound healing. Bioact Mater 2024;33:355–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.11.012.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

36. Guo, S, Wang, P, Song, P, Li, N. Electrospinning of botanicals for skin wound healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022;10:1006129. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.1006129.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

37. Wilkinson, HN, Hardman, MJ. Wound healing: cellular mechanisms and pathological outcomes. Open bio 2020;10:200223. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.200223.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

38. Rodrigues, M, Kosaric, N, Bonham, CA, Gurtner, GC. Wound healing: a cellular perspective. Physiol Rev 2019;99:665–706. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00067.2017.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

39. Zaidi, A, Green, L. Physiology of haemostasis. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019;20:152–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2019.01.005.Search in Google Scholar

40. Scully, D, Sfyri, P, Wilkinson, HN, Acebes-Huerta, A, Verpoorten, S, Muñoz-Turrillas, MC, et al.. Optimising platelet secretomes to deliver robust tissue-specific regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020;14:82–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/term.2965.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

41. Cañedo-Dorantes, L, Cañedo-Ayala, M. Skin acute wound healing: a comprehensive review. J Inflamm 2019:3706315.10.1155/2019/3706315Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

42. El Ayadi, A, Jay, JW, Prasai, A. Current approaches targeting the wound healing phases to attenuate fibrosis and scarring. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031105.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

43. Visha, MG, Karunagaran, M. A review on wound healing. Int J Clin Correl 2019;3:50. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcpc.ijcpc_13_19.Search in Google Scholar

44. Diller, RB, Tabor, AJ. The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in wound healing: a review. Biomimetics 2022;7:87. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7030087.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

45. Tottoli, EM, Dorati, R, Genta, I, Chiesa, E, Pisani, S, Conti, B. Skin wound healing process and new emerging technologies for skin wound care and regeneration. Pharma 2020;12:735. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12080735.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

46. Chouhan, D, Dey, N, Bhardwaj, N, Mandal, BB. Emerging and innovative approaches for wound healing and skin regeneration: current status and advances. Biomaterials 2019;216:119267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119267.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

47. Wang, G, Yang, F, Zhou, W, Xiao, N, Luo, M, Tang, Z. The initiation of oxidative stress and therapeutic strategies in wound healing. Biomed Pharmacother 2023;157:114004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Sorg, H, Sorg, CG. Skin wound healing: of players, patterns, and processes. Eur Surg Res 2023;64:141–57. https://doi.org/10.1159/000528271.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Patrick, A, Chen-Charpentier, B. Ready to rebuild: modeling proliferation and remodeling stages of the wound healing process. Authorea 2023. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.169890581.14162708/v1.Search in Google Scholar

50. DesJardins-Park, HE, Gurtner, GC, Wan, DC, Longaker, MT. From chronic wounds to scarring: the growing health care burden of under-and over-healing wounds. Adv Wound Care 2022;11:496–510. https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2021.0039.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

51. Panayi, AC, Reitblat, C, Orgill, DP. Wound healing and scarring. Total Scar Manag From Lasers Surg Scars, Keloids, Scar Contractures 2020;3:3–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9791-3_1.Search in Google Scholar

52. Zlobina, K, Malekos, E, Chen, H, Gomez, M. Robust classification of wound healing stages in both mice and humans for acute and burn wounds based on transcriptomic data. BMC Bioinform 2023;24:166. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-023-05295-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

53. Rosyid, F. Wounds: physiological mechanisms and factors affecting healing. Int J Res Med Sci 2022;10:1001–6. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20221000.Search in Google Scholar

54. Man, E, Hoskins, C. Towards advanced wound regeneration. Eur J Pharmaceut Sci 2020;149:105360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105360.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Tomic-Canic, M, Wong, L, Smola, H. The epithelialisation phase in wound healing: options to enhance wound closure. J Wound Care 2018;27:646–58. https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2018.27.10.646.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Erickson, JR, Echeverri, K. Learning from regeneration research organisms: the circuitous road to scar free wound healing. Dev Bio 2018;433:144–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.025.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

57. Zhou, S, Xie, M, Su, J, Cai, B, Li, J, Zhang, K. New insights into balancing wound healing and scarless skin repair. J Tissue Eng 2023;14. https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314231185848.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

58. Sharifi, S, Hajipour, MJ, Gould, L, Mahmoudi, M. Nanomedicine in healing chronic wounds: opportunities and challenges. Mol pharma 2020;18:550–75. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00346.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Darwin, E, Tomic-Canic, M. Healing chronic wounds: current challenges and potential solutions. Curr Derma Rep 2018;7:296–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13671-018-0239-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

60. Wei, MM, Wang, SS, Zheng, JL, Chen, L, Peng, X, Chen, JF, et al.. Herbal medicine teng-long-bu-zhong-tang inhibits the growth of human RKO colorectal cancer by regulating apoptosis, senescence, and angiogenesis. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:110–14. https://doi.org/10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_42_21.Search in Google Scholar

61. Jiang, X, Zeng, YE, Li, C, Wang, K, Yu, DG. Enhancing diabetic wound healing: advances in electrospun scaffolds from pathogenesis to therapeutic applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024;12:1354286. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2024.1354286.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

62. Lim, HW, Collins, SA, Resneck, JSJr, Bolognia, JL, Hodge, JA, Rohrer, TA, et al.. The burden of skin disease in the United States. JAAD 2017;76:958–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.12.043.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

63. Yan, ZH, Shi, XY, Jiang, H. Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical applications of Centella asiatica (L.) urban. World J Tradit Chin Med 2023;9:369–98.10.4103/2311-8571.376900Search in Google Scholar

64. Armstrong, DG, Wrobel, J, Robbins, JM. Guest editorial: are diabetes-related wounds and amputations worse than cancer? Int Wound J 2007;4:286–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-481x.2007.00392.x.Search in Google Scholar

65. Zhang, SX, Wang, YH, Long, HP, Liu, J, Zhaoa, HQ, Yi, J, et al.. Network pharmacology-based and pharmacological evaluation of the effects of curcumae radix on cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury. World J Tradit Chin Med 2023;9:201–11. https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.370154.Search in Google Scholar

66. Zheng, Q, Xi, Y, Weng, Y. Functional electrospun nanofibers: fabrication, properties, and applications in wound-healing process. RSC Adv 2024;14:3359–78. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra07075a.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

67. Trøstrup, H, Bjarnsholt, T, Kirketerp-Møller, K, Høiby, N, Moser, C. What is new in the understanding of non healing wounds epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapies. Ulcers 2013:625934.10.1155/2013/625934Search in Google Scholar

68. Kumar, V, Kaur, N, Wadhwa, P. Clinical evidence on the effects of saffron (crocus sativus L.) in anxiety and depression. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:181–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_35_21.Search in Google Scholar

69. Peng, Y, He, D, Ge, X, Lu, Y, Chai, Y, Zhang, Y, et al.. Construction of heparin-based hydrogel incorporated with Cu5. 4O ultrasmall nanozymes for wound healing and inflammation inhibition. Bioact Mater 2021;6:3109–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.02.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

70. Ning, S, Zang, J, Zhang, B, Feng, X, Qiu, F. Botanical drugs in traditional Chinese medicine with wound healing properties. Front Pharmacol 2022;13:885484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.885484.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

71. Sanjarnia, P, Picchio, ML, Solis, ANP, Schuhladen, K, Fliss, PM, Politakos, N, et al.. Bringing innovative wound care polymer materials to the market: challenges, developments, and new trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024;207:115217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2024.115217.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

72. Xia, TY, Wang, Y, Yang, YN, Wang, WJ, Ding, ZH, Zhong, RX, et al.. Extraction, purification, and anti-inflammatory activity of steroid fraction from physalis Alkekengi L. Var. Franchetii (Mast.) makino. World J Tradit Chin Med 2023;9:167–77. https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.372143.Search in Google Scholar

73. Shi, L, Song, D, Meng, C, Cheng, Y, Wang, B, Yang, Z. Opportunities and challenges of engineered exosomes for diabetic wound healing. Giant 2024;18:100251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giant.2024.100251.Search in Google Scholar

74. Zhang, ZJ, Li, X, Cheng, YX, Jorigori, A, Renqing, D, Pan, LP, et al.. The psychosomatic thought of tibetan medicine and its treatment methods. World J Tradit Chin Med 2023;9:330–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.373598.Search in Google Scholar

75. Han, G, Ceilley, R. Chronic wound healing: a review of current management and treatments. Adv Ther 2017;34:599–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-017-0478-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

76. Xiong, Y, Feng, Q, Lu, L, Qiu, X, Knoedler, S, Panayi, AC, et al.. Metal–organic frameworks and their composites for chronic wound healing: from bench to bedside. Adv Mater 2024;36:2302587. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202302587.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

77. Gao, Z, Liu, YY, Chen, YM, Dong, JC. Traditional Chinese medicine pattern classification and herbal medicine for COVID-19: a comparative study of data from different sources. World J Tradit Chin Med 2023;9:81–93. https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.351792.Search in Google Scholar

78. Bombin, ADJ, Dunne, NJ, McCarthy, HO. Electrospinning of natural polymers for the production of nanofibres for wound healing applications. MSE 2020;114:110994.10.1016/j.msec.2020.110994Search in Google Scholar PubMed

79. Pant, B, Park, M, Park, SJ. Drug delivery applications of core-sheath nanofibers prepared by coaxial electrospinning: a review. Pharma 2019;11:305. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11070305.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

80. Yang, XR, Jiang, S, Gan, CL, Huang, J, Wei, FS, Wang, ZY, et al.. Developing a novel single-marker-based method for the quantitative evaluation of the multiple active components in Corydalis yanhusuo WT Wang. World J Tradit Chin Med 2023;9:43–52. https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.364415.Search in Google Scholar

81. Pant, B, Park, M, Kim, AA. Electrospun nanofibers for dura mater regeneration: a mini review on current progress. Pharma 2023;15:1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051347.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

82. Wang, M, Wang, K, Yang, Y, Liu, Y, Yu, DG. Electrospun environment remediation nanofibers using unspinnable liquids as the sheath fluids: a review. Polymers. 2020;12:103. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010103.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

83. Wan, SY, Hu, JG, Zhang, Y, Yu, BY, Kou, JP, Li, F. Recent advances of traditional Chinese medicine in the regulation of myocardial mitochondrial function. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:50–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_78_20.Search in Google Scholar

84. Yao, CH, Yeh, JY, Chen, YS, Li, MH, Huang, CH. Wound-healing effect of electrospun gelatin nanofibres containing Centella asiatica extract in a rat model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2027;11:905–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/term.1992.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

85. Yang, SB, Yoo, SH, Rabbani, MM, Kim, IK, Oh, W, Han, SI, et al.. Incorporation of sorghum extract into electrospun zein nanofibers and their characterization. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2017;17:9002–8. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2017.14370.Search in Google Scholar

86. Choi JungIl, CJ, Kim MinSik, KM, Chun GooYong, CG, Shin HwaSung, SH. Spirulina extract-impregnated alginate-PCL nanofiber wound dressing for skin regeneration. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 2017;22:679–85.10.1007/s12257-017-0329-3Search in Google Scholar

87. Liu, ST, Zheng, SW, Hou, AJ, Zhang, JX, Wang, S, Wang, XJ, et al.. A review: the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of: Curcumae Longae Rhizoma:(Turmeric). World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:463–90. https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.351523.Search in Google Scholar

88. Klimek-Szczykutowicz, M, Gaweł-Bęben, K, Rutka, A, Blicharska, E, Tatarczak-Michalewska, M, Kulik-Siarek, K, et al.. Moringa oleifera (drumstick tree)–nutraceutical, cosmetological and medicinal importance: a review. Front Pharmacol 2024;15:1288382. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1288382.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

89. Vakilian, S, Norouzi, M, Soufi-Zomorrod, M, Shabani, I, Hosseinzadeh, S, Soleimani, ML. inermis-loaded nanofibrous scaffolds for wound dressing applications. Tissue Cell 2018;51:32–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2018.02.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

90. Han, JY, Li, Q, Pan, CS, Sun K Fan, JY. Progression of the Wei-Qi-Ying-Xue syndrome, microcirculatory disturbances, in infectious diseases and treatment with traditional Chinese medicine. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:169–80. https://doi.org/10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_28_22.Search in Google Scholar

91. Nguyen, TTT, Ghosh, C, Hwang, SG, Tran, LD, Park, JS. Characteristics of curcumin-loaded poly (lactic acid) nanofibers for wound healing. J Mater Sci 2013;48:7125–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7527-y.Search in Google Scholar

92. Ganesan, P, Pradeepa, P. Development and characterization of nanofibrous mat from PVA/Tridax procumbens (TP) leaves extracts. Wound Med 2017;19:15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wndm.2017.09.004.Search in Google Scholar

93. Pham, TMT, Le, TTC, Tran, VH. Isolation and identification of two flavonoid compounds from acclimatized Angelica acutiloba kitagawa growing in Vietnam. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:413–16.10.4103/2311-8571.352471Search in Google Scholar

94. Kaur, G, Narayanan, G, Garg, D, Sachdev, A, Matai, I. Biomaterials-based regenerative strategies for skin tissue wound healing. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2022;5:2069–106. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.2c00035.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

95. Naeimi, A, Payandeh, M, Ghara, AR, Ghadi, FE. In vivo evaluation of the wound healing properties of bio-nanofiber chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol incorporating honey and Nepeta dschuparensis. Carbohydr Polym 2020;240:116315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116315.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

96. Naseri, S, Golpich, M, Roshancheshm, T, Joobeni, MG, Khodayari, M, Noori, S, et al.. The effect of henna and linseed herbal ointment blend on wound healing in rats with second-degree burns. Burns 2021;47:1442–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2020.12.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

97. Zhang, YW, Nie, F, Zheng, XY, Zhao, SJ. L-tyrosine metabolic pathway in microorganisms and its application in the biosynthesis of plant-derived natural products. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:386–94. https://doi.org/10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_16_22.Search in Google Scholar

98. Rad, ZP, Mokhtari, J, Abbasi, M. Fabrication and characterization of PCL/zein/gum Arabic electrospun nanocomposite scaffold for skin tissue engineering. MSE 2018;93:356–66.10.1016/j.msec.2018.08.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed

99. Barzegar, S, Zare, MR, Shojaei, F, Zareshahrabadi, Z, Koohi-Hosseinabadi, O, Saharkhiz, MJ, et al.. Core-shell chitosan/PVA-based nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with Satureja mutica or Oliveria decumbens essential oils as enhanced antimicrobial wound dressing. Int J Pharm 2021;597:120288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120288.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

100. Avci, HUSEYİN, Monticello, R, Kotek, R. Preparation of antibacterial PVA and PEO nanofibers containing Lawsonia inermis (henna) leaf extracts. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2013;24:1815–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2013.804758.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

101. Porte, S, Joshi, V, Shah, K, Chauhan, NS. Plants’ steroidal saponins-A review on its pharmacology properties and analytical techniques. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:350–85. https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.353503.Search in Google Scholar

102. Motealleh, B, Zahedi, P, Rezaeian, I, Moghimi, M, Abdolghaffari, AH, Zarandi, MA. Morphology, drug release, antibacterial, cell proliferation, and histology studies of chamomile-loaded wound dressing mats based on electrospun nanofibrous poly (ɛ-caprolactone)/polystyrene blends. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014;102:977–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33078.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

103. Kim, PH, Cho, JY. Myocardial tissue engineering using electrospun nanofiber composites. BMB Rep 2016;49:26–36. https://doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.1.165.Search in Google Scholar

104. Hosseinzadeh, S, Soleimani, M, Vossoughi, M, Ranjbarvan, P, Hamedi, S, Zamanlui, S, et al.. Study of epithelial differentiation and protein expression of keratinocyte-mesenchyme stem cell co-cultivation on electrospun nylon/B. Vulgaris extract composite scaffold. Mater Sci Eng C 2017;75:653–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.101.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

105. Speranza, J, Miceli, N, Taviano, MF, Ragusa, S, Kwiecień, I, Szopa, A, et al.. Isatis tinctoria L.(Woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies. Plants 2020;9:298. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030298.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

106. Sonewane, K, Chouhan, SS, Rajan, M, Chauhan, NS, Rout, OP, Kumar, A, et al.. Pharmacological, ethnomedicinal, and evidence-based comparative review of Moringa oleifera Lam.(Shigru) and its potential role in the management of malnutrition in tribal Regions of India, especially Chhattisgarh. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:314–38. https://doi.org/10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_69_21.Search in Google Scholar

107. Tewari, A, Singh, R, Brar, JK. Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed: a review. J Phytopharma 2024;13:97–104. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2024.13203.Search in Google Scholar

108. Nazari, SE, Khalili-Tanha, N, Mehrabadi, S, Mobasheri, L, Naimi, H, Dashtiahangar, M, et al.. The effects of Trigonella Foenum-graecum L. on post-surgical adhesion band formation. LDDD 2024;21:1400–5. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570180820666230417100810.Search in Google Scholar

109. Liu, ST, Yu, H, Hou, AJ, Man, WJ, Zhang, JX, Wang, S, et al.. A review of the pharmacology, application, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, quality control, processing, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of Paridis Rhizoma. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:21–49. https://doi.org/10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_4_21.Search in Google Scholar

110. Bozyel, M, Canli, KEREM, Merdamert, ELIF. Achillea (Yarrow): diversity, trade potential, and ethnomedicinal uses. Adv Med Aromat Plants Prod Process Pharm 2024;2.10.1201/9781032686905-1Search in Google Scholar

111. Ayaz, M, Subhan, F, Ahmed, J, Khan, AU, Ullah, F, Ullah, I, et al.. Sertraline enhances the activity of antimicrobial agents against pathogens of clinical relevance. J Biol Res 2015;22:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40709-015-0028-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

112. Bhandari, R, Chaudhary, RK, Khanal, P, Ganachari, MS. Corn silk (Stigma maydis) use in diabetes: molecular, cellular, and metabolic effects. Anc Tradi Foods, Plants, Herbs and Spices used in Diabetes 2024:167–77.10.1201/9781003220930-13Search in Google Scholar

113. Bailly, C. Forsythosides as essential components of Forsythia-based traditional Chinese medicines used to treat inflammatory diseases and COVID-19. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:1–20. https://doi.org/10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_36_21.Search in Google Scholar

114. Ahmad, I, Taha, A, Annu Hashmi, AA, Ikram, S. Biomedical applications of cyclodextrin. BBA 2024:199–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119865452.ch8.Search in Google Scholar

115. Vicidomini, C, Roviello, V, Roviello, GN. Molecular basis of the therapeutical potential of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) and clues to its anti-COVID-19 utility. Molecules 2021;26:1880. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071880.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

116. Munar-Bestard, M, Rodríguez-Fernández, A, Ramis, JM, Monjo, M. In vitro evaluation of mangostanin as an antimicrobial and biocompatible topical antiseptic for skin and oral tissues. ACS Pharmac Translational Sci 2024;7:1507–17.10.1021/acsptsci.4c00082Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

117. Niazi, P, Monib, AW. The role of plants in traditional and modern medicine. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2024;13:643–7. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2024.v13.i2d.14905.Search in Google Scholar

118. Zhou, JY, Lai, YT, Ren, L, Lan, L, Zhang, GS, Liu, M. Effects of acupuncture at Tianshu (ST25) and Shangjuxu (ST37) on the intestinal mucosa and metabolites of local skin tissues at Tianshu (ST25) in 2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and ethanol-induced rats. World J Tradit Chin Med 2023;9:131–40. https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.372729.Search in Google Scholar

119. Bansal, K, Bhati, H, Bajpai, M. Recent insights into Therapeutic potential and nanostructured carrier systems of centella asiatica: an evidence-based review. Pharmacol Res Mod Chin Med 2024;2024:100403.10.1016/j.prmcm.2024.100403Search in Google Scholar

120. Alnajjar, MS. Comparison between omental and Hypericum perforatum extracts on healing of full thickness excisional skin wounds in rabbits. Egyp J Vet Sci 2025;56:835–42. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejvs.2024.278769.1958.Search in Google Scholar

121. Demirhan, I. Assesment of wound dressing properties of medicinal plants: the case of Hypericum perforatum from Turkey. Indian J Pharm Sci 2024;86. https://doi.org/10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.1251.Search in Google Scholar

122. Song, WJ, Fu, YL, Ni, SL, Fan, JJ, Du, Q, Zheng, H. Relaxant effect of bioactive component compatibility of San-ao decoction on in vitro guinea pig airway smooth muscle: a dose-response relationship study. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:262–72. https://doi.org/10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_64_21.Search in Google Scholar

123. Miguel, SP, Simões, D, Moreira, AF, Sequeira, RS, Correia, IJ. Production and characterization of electrospun silk fibroin based asymmetric membranes for wound dressing applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2019;121:524–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.041.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

124. Cedillo-Cortezano, M, Martinez-Cuevas, LR, López, JAM, Barrera López, IL, Escutia-Perez, S, Petricevich, VL. Use of medicinal plants in the process of wound healing: a literature review. Pharma 2024;17:303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17030303.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

125. Deepa, MV, Vidhya, MN, Sucharitha, R. A study on herbal finish for wound healing on adhesive bandage. IRJAEM. 2024;2:1144–8.10.47392/IRJAEM.2024.0151Search in Google Scholar

126. Tripathi, N, Makode, D, Jawade, V, Verma, M, Kanwar, JR, Chowdhary, R, et al.. Exploring the wound healing potential of Tridax procumbens extract: a comprehensive analysis through in vitro cytotoxicity and scratch assay studies. SSR Inst Int J Life Sci 2024;10:5146–51. https://doi.org/10.21276/ssr-iijls.2024.10.2.20.Search in Google Scholar

127. Jiang, Y, Chang, YD, Wang, M, Sun, YP, Bi, YJ, Wang, ZB, et al.. Exploring the molecular mechanism of Radix astragali on colon cancer based on integrated pharmacology and molecular docking technique. World J Tradit Chin Med 2022;8:502–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.355594.Search in Google Scholar

128. Rizali, SS, Leslie, W, Chairul, M, Edlin, E. Testing the effect of grape seed extract (Vitis Vinifera L) on the healing process of cut wounds in wistar white rats. Poltekita: J Ilmu Kesehata 2024;17:1702–12.Search in Google Scholar

129. Esad, M, Popova, M, Apostolova, E, Bivolarska, A. Signal transduction in wound healing: the effects of plant-derived biologically active substances. Pharmacia 2024;71:1–7. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e117793.Search in Google Scholar

130. Rizali, SS, Leslie, W, Chairul, M, Edlin, E. Testing the effect of grape seed extract (Vitis Vinifera L) on the healing process of cut wounds in Wistar white rats. Poltekita: J lmu Kesehata 2024;17:1702–12.Search in Google Scholar

131. Alsabeelah, N. Beta Vulgaris L. roots: a review of its phytochemistry, nutritional potential and pharmacology. Lat Am J Pharm 2024;43:204–24.Search in Google Scholar

132. Ganga, GS, Nair, BR. A green, rapid and efficient protocol for apigenin extraction from Biophytum poterioides Edgew. Pro Biochem 2024;137:197–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2023.12.025.Search in Google Scholar

133. Mamun, AA, Shao, C, Geng, P, Wang, S, Xiao, J. Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing and its treatments. Front Immunol 2024;15:1395479. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395479.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2024-11-03
Accepted: 2025-04-15
Published Online: 2025-11-05

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Optimized green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from guarana seed skin extract with antibacterial potential
  3. Green adsorbents for water remediation: Removal of Cr(vi) and Ni(ii) using Prosopis glandulosa sawdust and biochar
  4. Green approach for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from methanolic stem extract of Andrographis paniculata and evaluation of antidiabetic activity: In silico GSK-3β analysis
  5. Development of a green and rapid ethanol-based HPLC assay for aspirin tablets and feasibility evaluation of domestically produced bioethanol in Thailand as a sustainable mobile phase
  6. A facile biodegradation of polystyrene microplastic by Bacillus subtilis
  7. Enhanced synthesis of fly ash-derived hydrated sodium silicate adsorbents via low-temperature alkaline hydrothermal treatment for advanced environmental applications
  8. Impact of metal nanoparticles biosynthesized using camel milk on bacterial growth and copper removal from wastewater
  9. Preparation of Co/Cr-MOFs for efficient removal of fleroxacin and Rhodamine B
  10. Applying nanocarbon prepared from coal as an anode in lithium-ion batteries
  11. Improved electrochemical synthesis of Cu–Fe/brass foil alloy followed by combustion for high-efficiency photoelectrodes and hydrogen production in alkaline solutions
  12. Precipitation of terephthalic acid from post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate waste fractions
  13. Biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles: Multifunctional potential applications in anticancer, antibacterial, and B. subtilis DNA gyrase docking
  14. Anticancer and antimicrobial effects of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles using Teucrium polium leaves extract
  15. Green synthesis of eco-friendly bioplastics from Chlorella and Lithothamnion algae for safe and sustainable solutions for food packaging
  16. Optimizing coal water slurry concentration via synergistic coal blending and particle size distribution
  17. Green synthesis of Ag@Cu and silver nanowire using Pterospermum heterophyllum extracts for surface-enhanced Raman scattering
  18. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles from Algerian propolis: Exploring biochemical, structural, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic properties
  19. Simultaneous quantification of mefenamic acid and paracetamol in fixed-dose combination tablet dosage forms using the green HPTLC method
  20. Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract: Characteristics and applications
  21. Pharmaceutical properties for green fabricated ZnO and Ag nanoparticle-mediated Borago officinalis: In silico predications study
  22. Synthesis and optimization of gemcitabine-loaded nanoparticles by using Box–Behnken design for treating prostate cancer: In vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic study
  23. A comparative analysis of single-step and multi-step methods for producing magnetic activated carbon from palm kernel shells: Adsorption of methyl orange dye
  24. Sustainable green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using walnut septum waste: Characterization and antibacterial properties
  25. Efficient electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO over Ni/Y diatomic catalysts
  26. Greener and magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a recyclable catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation and degradation of industrial Congo red dye
  27. Recycling of HDPE-giant reed composites: Processability and performance
  28. Fabrication of antibacterial chitosan/PVA nanofibers co-loaded with curcumin and cefadroxil for wound healing
  29. Cost-effective one-pot fabrication of iron(iii) oxychloride–iron(iii) oxide nanomaterials for supercapacitor charge storage
  30. Novel trimetallic (TiO2–MgO–Au) nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities
  31. Green-synthesized chromium oxide nanoparticles using pomegranate husk extract: Multifunctional bioactivity in antioxidant potential, lipase and amylase inhibition, and cytotoxicity
  32. Therapeutic potential of sustainable zinc oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized using Tradescantia spathacea aqueous leaf extract
  33. Chitosan-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Carica papaya bark extract: Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activity of HeLa cervical cancer cells
  34. Antioxidant potential of peptide fractions from tuna dark muscle protein isolate: A green enzymatic approach
  35. Clerodendron phlomoides leaf extract-mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles for multi-applications
  36. Optimization of cellulose yield from oil palm trunks with deep eutectic solvents using response surface methodology
  37. Nitrogen-doped carbon dots from Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): Metal-free probe for efficient detection of metal pollutants and methylene blue dye degradation
  38. High energy density pseudocapacitor based on a nanoporous tungsten(VI) oxide iodide/poly(2-amino-1-mercaptobenzene) composite
  39. Green synthesized Ag–Cu nanocomposites as an improved strategy to fight multidrug-resistant bacteria by inhibition of biofilm formation: In vitro and in silico assessment study
  40. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity and associated cytotoxicity of biogenic silver nanoparticles using various extracts of Tabernaemontana ventricosa
  41. Fabrication of novel composite materials by impregnating ZnO particles into bacterial cellulose nanofibers for antimicrobial applications
  42. Solidification floating organic drop for dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction estimation of copper in different water samples
  43. Kinetics and synthesis of formation of phosphate composites from low-grade phosphorites in the presence of phosphate–siliceous shales and oil sludge
  44. Removal of minocycline and terramycin by graphene oxide and Cr/Mn base metal–organic framework composites
  45. Microfluidic preparation of ceramide E liposomes and properties
  46. Therapeutic potential of Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. leaf aqueous extract-mediated biogenic gold nanoparticles
  47. Antioxidant-rich Micromeria imbricata leaf extract as a medium for the eco-friendly preparation of silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles with antibacterial properties
  48. Influence of different colors with light regime on Chlorella sp., biomass, pigments, and lipids quantity and quality
  49. Experimental vibrational analysis of natural fiber composite reinforced with waste materials for energy absorbing applications
  50. Green synthesis of sea buckthorn-mediated ZnO nanoparticles: Biological applications and acute nanotoxicity studies
  51. Production of liquid smoke by consecutive electroporation and microwave-assisted pyrolysis of empty fruit bunches
  52. Synthesis of MPAA based on polyacrylamide and gossypol resin and applications in the encapsulation of ammophos
  53. Application of iron-based catalysts in the microwave treatment of environmental pollutants
  54. Enhanced adsorption of Cu(ii) from wastewater using potassium humate-modified coconut husk biochar
  55. Adsorption of heavy metal ions from water by Fe3O4 nano-particles
  56. Green synthesis of parsley-derived silver nanoparticles and their enhanced antimicrobial and antioxidant effects against foodborne resistant bacteria
  57. Unwrapping the phytofabrication of bimetallic silver–selenium nanoparticles: Antibacterial, Anti-virulence (Targeting magA and toxA genes), anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-ovarian, and anti-prostate cancer activities
  58. Optimizing ultrasound-assisted extraction process of anti-inflammatory ingredients from Launaea sarmentosa: A novel approach
  59. Eggshell membranes as green carriers for Burkholderia cepacia lipase: A biocatalytic strategy for sustainable wastewater bioremediation
  60. Research progress of deep eutectic solvents in fuel desulfurization
  61. Enhanced electrochemical synthesis of Ni–Fe/brass foil alloy with subsequent combustion for high-performance photoelectrode and hydrogen production applications
  62. Valorization of baobab fruit shell as a filler fiber for enhanced polyethylene degradation and soil fertility
  63. Valorization of Agave durangensis bagasse for cardboard-type paper production circular economy approach
  64. Review Article
  65. Sustainable innovations in garlic extraction: A comprehensive review and bibliometric analysis of green extraction methods
  66. Natural sustainable coatings for marine applications: advances, challenges, and future perspectives
  67. Integration of traditional medicinal plants with polymeric nanofibers for wound healing
  68. Rapid Communication
  69. In situ supported rhodium catalyst on mesoporous silica for chemoselective hydrogenation of nitriles to primary amines
  70. Special Issue: Valorisation of Biowaste to Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications
  71. Valorization of coconut husk into biochar for lead (Pb2+) adsorption
  72. Corrigendum
  73. Corrigendum to “An updated review on carbon nanomaterials: Types, synthesis, functionalization and applications, degradation and toxicity”
https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2024-0233
Keywords for this article
wound healing; traditional medicinal plants; nanotechnology; electrospinning nanofibers; chronic wound
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Optimized green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from guarana seed skin extract with antibacterial potential
  3. Green adsorbents for water remediation: Removal of Cr(vi) and Ni(ii) using Prosopis glandulosa sawdust and biochar
  4. Green approach for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from methanolic stem extract of Andrographis paniculata and evaluation of antidiabetic activity: In silico GSK-3β analysis
  5. Development of a green and rapid ethanol-based HPLC assay for aspirin tablets and feasibility evaluation of domestically produced bioethanol in Thailand as a sustainable mobile phase
  6. A facile biodegradation of polystyrene microplastic by Bacillus subtilis
  7. Enhanced synthesis of fly ash-derived hydrated sodium silicate adsorbents via low-temperature alkaline hydrothermal treatment for advanced environmental applications
  8. Impact of metal nanoparticles biosynthesized using camel milk on bacterial growth and copper removal from wastewater
  9. Preparation of Co/Cr-MOFs for efficient removal of fleroxacin and Rhodamine B
  10. Applying nanocarbon prepared from coal as an anode in lithium-ion batteries
  11. Improved electrochemical synthesis of Cu–Fe/brass foil alloy followed by combustion for high-efficiency photoelectrodes and hydrogen production in alkaline solutions
  12. Precipitation of terephthalic acid from post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate waste fractions
  13. Biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles: Multifunctional potential applications in anticancer, antibacterial, and B. subtilis DNA gyrase docking
  14. Anticancer and antimicrobial effects of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles using Teucrium polium leaves extract
  15. Green synthesis of eco-friendly bioplastics from Chlorella and Lithothamnion algae for safe and sustainable solutions for food packaging
  16. Optimizing coal water slurry concentration via synergistic coal blending and particle size distribution
  17. Green synthesis of Ag@Cu and silver nanowire using Pterospermum heterophyllum extracts for surface-enhanced Raman scattering
  18. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles from Algerian propolis: Exploring biochemical, structural, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic properties
  19. Simultaneous quantification of mefenamic acid and paracetamol in fixed-dose combination tablet dosage forms using the green HPTLC method
  20. Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract: Characteristics and applications
  21. Pharmaceutical properties for green fabricated ZnO and Ag nanoparticle-mediated Borago officinalis: In silico predications study
  22. Synthesis and optimization of gemcitabine-loaded nanoparticles by using Box–Behnken design for treating prostate cancer: In vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic study
  23. A comparative analysis of single-step and multi-step methods for producing magnetic activated carbon from palm kernel shells: Adsorption of methyl orange dye
  24. Sustainable green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using walnut septum waste: Characterization and antibacterial properties
  25. Efficient electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO over Ni/Y diatomic catalysts
  26. Greener and magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a recyclable catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation and degradation of industrial Congo red dye
  27. Recycling of HDPE-giant reed composites: Processability and performance
  28. Fabrication of antibacterial chitosan/PVA nanofibers co-loaded with curcumin and cefadroxil for wound healing
  29. Cost-effective one-pot fabrication of iron(iii) oxychloride–iron(iii) oxide nanomaterials for supercapacitor charge storage
  30. Novel trimetallic (TiO2–MgO–Au) nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities
  31. Green-synthesized chromium oxide nanoparticles using pomegranate husk extract: Multifunctional bioactivity in antioxidant potential, lipase and amylase inhibition, and cytotoxicity
  32. Therapeutic potential of sustainable zinc oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized using Tradescantia spathacea aqueous leaf extract
  33. Chitosan-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Carica papaya bark extract: Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activity of HeLa cervical cancer cells
  34. Antioxidant potential of peptide fractions from tuna dark muscle protein isolate: A green enzymatic approach
  35. Clerodendron phlomoides leaf extract-mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles for multi-applications
  36. Optimization of cellulose yield from oil palm trunks with deep eutectic solvents using response surface methodology
  37. Nitrogen-doped carbon dots from Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): Metal-free probe for efficient detection of metal pollutants and methylene blue dye degradation
  38. High energy density pseudocapacitor based on a nanoporous tungsten(VI) oxide iodide/poly(2-amino-1-mercaptobenzene) composite
  39. Green synthesized Ag–Cu nanocomposites as an improved strategy to fight multidrug-resistant bacteria by inhibition of biofilm formation: In vitro and in silico assessment study
  40. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity and associated cytotoxicity of biogenic silver nanoparticles using various extracts of Tabernaemontana ventricosa
  41. Fabrication of novel composite materials by impregnating ZnO particles into bacterial cellulose nanofibers for antimicrobial applications
  42. Solidification floating organic drop for dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction estimation of copper in different water samples
  43. Kinetics and synthesis of formation of phosphate composites from low-grade phosphorites in the presence of phosphate–siliceous shales and oil sludge
  44. Removal of minocycline and terramycin by graphene oxide and Cr/Mn base metal–organic framework composites
  45. Microfluidic preparation of ceramide E liposomes and properties
  46. Therapeutic potential of Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn. leaf aqueous extract-mediated biogenic gold nanoparticles
  47. Antioxidant-rich Micromeria imbricata leaf extract as a medium for the eco-friendly preparation of silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles with antibacterial properties
  48. Influence of different colors with light regime on Chlorella sp., biomass, pigments, and lipids quantity and quality
  49. Experimental vibrational analysis of natural fiber composite reinforced with waste materials for energy absorbing applications
  50. Green synthesis of sea buckthorn-mediated ZnO nanoparticles: Biological applications and acute nanotoxicity studies
  51. Production of liquid smoke by consecutive electroporation and microwave-assisted pyrolysis of empty fruit bunches
  52. Synthesis of MPAA based on polyacrylamide and gossypol resin and applications in the encapsulation of ammophos
  53. Application of iron-based catalysts in the microwave treatment of environmental pollutants
  54. Enhanced adsorption of Cu(ii) from wastewater using potassium humate-modified coconut husk biochar
  55. Adsorption of heavy metal ions from water by Fe3O4 nano-particles
  56. Green synthesis of parsley-derived silver nanoparticles and their enhanced antimicrobial and antioxidant effects against foodborne resistant bacteria
  57. Unwrapping the phytofabrication of bimetallic silver–selenium nanoparticles: Antibacterial, Anti-virulence (Targeting magA and toxA genes), anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-ovarian, and anti-prostate cancer activities
  58. Optimizing ultrasound-assisted extraction process of anti-inflammatory ingredients from Launaea sarmentosa: A novel approach
  59. Eggshell membranes as green carriers for Burkholderia cepacia lipase: A biocatalytic strategy for sustainable wastewater bioremediation
  60. Research progress of deep eutectic solvents in fuel desulfurization
  61. Enhanced electrochemical synthesis of Ni–Fe/brass foil alloy with subsequent combustion for high-performance photoelectrode and hydrogen production applications
  62. Valorization of baobab fruit shell as a filler fiber for enhanced polyethylene degradation and soil fertility
  63. Valorization of Agave durangensis bagasse for cardboard-type paper production circular economy approach
  64. Review Article
  65. Sustainable innovations in garlic extraction: A comprehensive review and bibliometric analysis of green extraction methods
  66. Natural sustainable coatings for marine applications: advances, challenges, and future perspectives
  67. Integration of traditional medicinal plants with polymeric nanofibers for wound healing
  68. Rapid Communication
  69. In situ supported rhodium catalyst on mesoporous silica for chemoselective hydrogenation of nitriles to primary amines
  70. Special Issue: Valorisation of Biowaste to Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications
  71. Valorization of coconut husk into biochar for lead (Pb2+) adsorption
  72. Corrigendum
  73. Corrigendum to “An updated review on carbon nanomaterials: Types, synthesis, functionalization and applications, degradation and toxicity”
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 5.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/gps-2024-0233/html
Scroll to top button