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Sequence stratigraphic filling model of the Cretaceous in the western Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin, NW China

  • Haitao Zhao , Qiaolin He , Rui Yuan EMAIL logo , Zhenli Yi , Bin Li , Shuwen Yang , Fang Shi and Liu Liu
Published/Copyright: October 25, 2022
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Open Geosciences
From the journal Open Geosciences Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

Cretaceous formation in the western Tabei Uplift is significant petroleum pay zone in the Tarim Basin, NW China. For the complex relationship between tectonic movement and depositional environment, sequence stratigraphic filling model of the whole Cretaceous formation has not been established yet. Using well logs and seismic data in this article, sequence stratigraphic evolution process and filling model of the Cretaceous are interpreted involving paleo-uplift, sedimentary and water-level. As a first-order sequence, the Cretaceous is subdivided into three second-order sequences, Shushanhe, Baxigai and Bashijiqike Formation. Shushanhe Formation is subdivided into three third-order sequences, KSQ1, KSQ2 and KSQ3 upwards; Baxigai Formation is considered as one single third-order sequence, KSQ4; Bashijiqike Formation is subdivided into three third-order sequences, KSQ5, KSQ6 and KSQ7 upwards. In the early KSQ1, paleo-uplift was aquatic. From KSQ1 to KSQ3, water-level raised and paleo-uplift moved upwards gradually; and water-level raising was faster than paleo-uplift ascending. The accommodations of these three sequences increased. Lacustrine facies mudstones and siltstones were onlap filling sequences towards Xiqiu Paleo-uplift. In the end of KSQ3, the whole region was subaqueous. The water-level and paleo-uplift in KSQ4 were easy steady, and the accommodation in KSQ4 was sustained. Delta depositional system began to prograde from depocenter to distal slope of paleo-uplift. In the high of Xiqiu Paleo-uplift, dominated sediments were fine grains for the sedimentary dynamic force. From KSQ5 to KSQ7 in the Bashijiqike Formation, water turned regression, paleo-uplift raised slowly and the accommodation reduced continually. Because of the progradation deltaic sandstones, downlap sequences were developed towards the Xiqiu Paleo-uplift. Exposed in the Early Paleogene, KSQ7 and part KSQ6 were truncated to form top unconformable boundaries. Established sequence filling model of the Cretaceous in the western Tabei Uplift provides important insights on the stratigraphic characteristics and in turn on the exploration potential of petroleum systems.

Keywords: sequence stratigraphic filling model; Cretaceous; Tabei Uplift; onlap; downlap

1 Introduction

Sequence stratigraphy analyzes the sedimentary response to changes in relative sea- (lake-) level, and the depositional trends that emerge from the interplay of accommodation (space available for sediments to fill) and sedimentation [1]. Sequence stratigraphy has tremendous potential to interpret the basin’s geological record and changes, and to improve the petroleum and mineral exploration and development [2,3]. For these reasons, sequence stratigraphy is currently one of the most active areas of research in oilfields. The Tarim Basin, the largest depositional basin in China, is in southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In northern Tarim Basin, Kela-2 and Keshen-2 large-scale gasfields were found in the Cretaceous of Kuqa Depression, on the north of Tabei Uplift [4–6]. The foreground of petroleum exploration in the Cretaceous of the western Tabei Uplift was proved be excellent by several lithologic hydrocarbon reservoirs [7–10]. Although, some stratigraphic research studies have been carried out in the partial Cretaceous in recent years, these works mainly focused on depositional evolvement [11–14]. Sequence stratigraphic filling process and model of the whole Cretaceous are not reported completely yet.

The change of relative lake-level is the cooperative result of tectonic action, sedimentary supplementation and climate. Furthermore, change of relative lake-level controls sequence development. Based on well and seismic data, classic sequence stratigraphy theory is used to identify and compare the sequence of the Cretaceous in the western Tabei Uplift vertically and horizontally. In the sequence stratigraphic framework, sequence evolution is analyzed from three factors of paleo-uplift, sedimentary and water-level. Sequence stratigraphic filling model of the Cretaceous in the western Tabei Uplift is finally established in this article.

2 Geological setting

Tarim Basin, one of the most significant petroleum basins in northwestern China, contains many gas-producing depressions, such as Kuqa Depression and North Depression in the north (Figure 1a and b). Tabei Uplift is just a first-order tectonic unit between these two depressions. Tabei Uplift consists of several second-order salient and sags. The study area of this article is in the west of Tabei Uplift, including part Yingmaili Salient and Luntai Salient (Figure 1c). Before Cretaceous Period, geography is south-toward slope, high in north and low in south [15]. In the north of the region, a large-scale Xiqiu Paleo-uplift and a small-scale Xinhe Paleo-uplift were developed (Figure 1d) [12,16]. It should be noted that the Cretaceous was supplied by lacustrine delta depositional system from the southeast and not from the north [10,11,12,13]. Both paleo-uplifts would affect stratigraphic characteristics.

Figure 1 Geological background of the western Tabei Uplift. (a) Map of China. The Tarim Basin locates in the northwestern China. (b) Geological sketch of the Tarim Basin. Tabei Uplift locates in the northern basin. (c) Study area locates in the western Tabei Uplift. (d) Thickness map of Shushanhe Formation derived from seismic data. Thin strata region in the northwest indicates Xiqiu Paleo-uplift, and in the northeast suggests Xinhe Paleo-uplift. (e) Lithological characteristics of the Cretaceous, well YM5.
Figure 1

Geological background of the western Tabei Uplift. (a) Map of China. The Tarim Basin locates in the northwestern China. (b) Geological sketch of the Tarim Basin. Tabei Uplift locates in the northern basin. (c) Study area locates in the western Tabei Uplift. (d) Thickness map of Shushanhe Formation derived from seismic data. Thin strata region in the northwest indicates Xiqiu Paleo-uplift, and in the northeast suggests Xinhe Paleo-uplift. (e) Lithological characteristics of the Cretaceous, well YM5.

The Cretaceous overlies on the Jurassic, Triassic, Permian, Silurian or Ordovician, and is covered by Paleogene uncomfortably. Based on chronostratigraphy, the Cretaceous within thickness of 600–1,200 m is divided into three formations upwards, Shushanhe Formation (K1ss), Baxigai Formation (K1bx) and Bashijiqike Formation (K1bs). In Shushanhe Formation, 0–600 m thickness, reddish-brown clays and thin gray-green silts were alternately deposited in lacustrine facies [11,12,13]. In Bashijiqike Formation, 100–600 m thickness, dozens of meters-thickness reddish-brown sands are dominated sediments in delta facies, imbedded thin clays and silts [14]. Thickness of Baxigai Formation is homogeneous in 40–60 m, and the sediments are transition interval of lower sands and upper clays (Figure 1e).

3 Database and methodologies

3.1 Database

The involved data in this article are mainly well logs and seismic data. Drill cuttings in the mud log are important understanding on the lithology of formation. Conventional wireline logs represent geophysical recordings of various rock properties in boreholes, and can be used for geological interpretations. Gamma ray (GR; API) is used in single well and multiple wells in this article. In the Cretaceous formation, sands are usually in low GR while muds are in high GR (Figure 1e). The most study area is covered by 3D seismic. Seismic data provide the fundamental means for the preliminary evaluation of a basin fill in the subsurface, in terms of overall structure, stratigraphic architecture and fluid content. In order to transform depth domain to time domain in seismic, well-to-seismic has been calibrated in key wells. Then, depth and amplitude intensity of seismic reflection interfaces were traced in different sections to recognize the sequence boundary.

3.2 Methods

Proposed by Vail et al. in the 1970s and improved by Exxon research group, sequence is defined as a set of relatively integrated, genetically related stratigraphic units whose top and bottom are bounded by unconformities or correlating interfaces with these unconformities [17–20]. Based on comprehensive understanding of previous research, drilling, logging and seismic data, sequence classification scheme of the Cretaceous is prepared. Cretaceous is as a first-order sequence which is subdivided into three second-order sequences corresponding to Shushanhe, Baxigai and Bashijiqike Formation. Shushanhe Formation is subdivided into three third-order sequences, named KSQ1, KSQ2 and KSQ3 upwards [11–13]; Baxigai Formation is considered as one single sequence, KSQ4 [11–13]; Bashijiqike Formation is subdivided into three sequences, termed KSQ5, KSQ6 and KSQ7 upwards [11,14]. Totally seven sequences are recognized in the whole Cretaceous (Figure 2). In the classic sequence model advocated by Vail, each I-type third-order sequence can be subdivided into Lowstand Systems Tract (LST), Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) and Highstand Systems Tract (HST).

Figure 2 Vertical sequence and well-to-seismic calibration in well YM7. The sequence boundaries match with seismic wave troughs well.
Figure 2

Vertical sequence and well-to-seismic calibration in well YM7. The sequence boundaries match with seismic wave troughs well.

In the Cretaceous in the western Tabei Uplift, dissecting sequence stratigraphic filling characteristics requires knowledge of the primary depositional and stratigraphic features. This analysis is carried out in four stages in the current study. Dividing sequences in single well using logging and seismic data is the first stage. Representative sequence boundaries are described vertically. In the second stage, sequences in different locations are compared. Sequence boundaries in wells and seismic sections are traced horizontally embracing paleo-uplift region. In the third stage, the sequences and facies are superimposed to combine with the depositional characteristics. In the fourth stage, sequence evolution process is analyzed upwards. Finally, sequence stratigraphic filling model is formed involving factors from paleo-uplift, sedimentary and water-level.

4 Results

4.1 Vertical sequence

First, combined with sequence stratigraphy and well-to-seismic calibration, the vertical sequences are identified in wells. The sequences in well YM7 are shown in Figure 2 for example. In the well-to-seismic calibration, all sequence basal boundaries match wave troughs in seismic profile. In this well, basal boundary of KSQ1 is the interface of overlying mud in the Cretaceous and underlying carbonate in the Ordovician. Lower muds and silts developed in LST and TST; upper silts deposited in HST. Basal boundary of KSQ2 is the interface of GR changing from high to low. Lower thick silts accumulated in LST, middle muds and silts interbeds developed in TST and upper thick silts deposited in HST. Basal boundary of KSQ3 is the interface between thick silts in HST of SQ2 and mud-silts in LST in SQ3. Basal boundary of KSQ4 is the base of thick sands deposited in LST; muds and silts developed in TST and HST. In addition, sandstones in LST of KSQ4 are the main petroleum reservoir. Thick sands developed in KSQ5, KSQ6 and KSQ7 (Figure 2). These basal boundaries correspond to high GR interfaces. Using this method, vertical sequences are divided in wells one by one.

4.2 Horizontal sequence

Second, based on vertical sequence boundaries in wells and seismic sections in different regions, sequence superposition could be laterally correlated. The base and top boundaries of the Cretaceous (first-order sequence boundaries) are large-scale unconformable interfaces in the whole basin [16,21]. Seismic reflection of the basal boundaries of the Cretaceous is in middle amplitude within poor continuity; while, seismic reflection of the top boundaries of the Cretaceous is in strong amplitude within well continuity. The base and top boundaries of SQ4 (second-order sequence boundaries) are parallel unconformity or local angle disconformity in this study area [11,22]. Both these two interfaces are strong amplitude within well continuity, which is clear in seismic sections (Figures 3 and 4). However, other boundaries of third-order sequences are weak amplitude and poor continuity in seismic, which must be combined with well logs. Figure 3 displays the horizontal sequence development from depocenter to Xiqiu Paleo-uplift in Section-1.

Figure 3 Sequence superposition from depocenter to Xiqiu Paleo-uplift. KSQ1, KSQ2 and KSQ3 were onlap on the slope of paleo-uplift gradually, and not developed in the uplift high. KSQ5 and KSQ6 were downlap towards paleo-uplift gradually. Due to the structural inversion in the Early Paleogene, part KSQ6 and KSQ7 are truncated. Well locations are shown in Section-1 in Figure 1d.
Figure 3

Sequence superposition from depocenter to Xiqiu Paleo-uplift. KSQ1, KSQ2 and KSQ3 were onlap on the slope of paleo-uplift gradually, and not developed in the uplift high. KSQ5 and KSQ6 were downlap towards paleo-uplift gradually. Due to the structural inversion in the Early Paleogene, part KSQ6 and KSQ7 are truncated. Well locations are shown in Section-1 in Figure 1d.

Figure 4 Sequence superposition across Xiqiu and Xinhe Paleo-uplift. KSQ1 and part KSQ2 were not deposited in the uplift high of Xinhe Paleo-uplift. Well locations are shown in Section-2 in Figure 1d.
Figure 4

Sequence superposition across Xiqiu and Xinhe Paleo-uplift. KSQ1 and part KSQ2 were not deposited in the uplift high of Xinhe Paleo-uplift. Well locations are shown in Section-2 in Figure 1d.

According to seismic and logs, it is obvious that the thickness of the Cretaceous thinned towards the paleo-uplift. Specially, KSQ1, KSQ2 and KSQ3 were pinch-out at the slope of paleo-uplift gradually. There is no KSQ1 and KSQ2 developed in the uplift high, and KSQ3 was just deposited locally. They were onlap filling sequences, and corresponding onlap points were on the slope of paleo-uplift. This would be explained in the next section.

KSQ4 in the Baxigai Formation covered all regions, including in the uplift high with little change in thickness. Although the Bashijiqike Formation was in the same thickness variation trend with Shushanhe Formation (thinning towards paleo-uplift), both sequence filling models were totally different. Within KSQ5 and KSQ6, both LST were downlap towards the paleo-uplift, which would be explained in the next section. Due to the structural inversion in the Early Paleogene, KSQ7 and HST of KSQ6 were gradually truncated by the base of Paleogene towards the paleo-uplift. Specially, KSQ7 may all corrode out in the uplift high (Figure 3).

Sequences across Xiqiu and Xinhe Paleo-uplift are correlated in Section-2. There are similarities in the cross-section of both paleo-uplifts. KSQ1 and KSQ2 were onlap sequences towards both the paleo-uplifts. KSQ1 and part KSQ2 were not developed in the high of Xinhe Paleo-uplift. It means that the Cretaceous formation was deposited from KSQ2. Other upper sequences were affected by few Xinhe Paleo-uplift (Figure 4).

5 Discussions

5.1 Sequences and facies

Third, according to the lithology and thickness of sediments in different sequences in the regional depositional setting, sequences and facies are simply discussed. The local sedimentary characteristics in the Tabei Uplift were controlled by overall depositional system in the Tarim Basin. In the Cretaceous at this research region, sandy sediments were supplied by lacustrine delta from southeast to northwest [10–13,21]. As a matter of fact, with affluence and uprising of the water, the paleo-uplift was just an obstacle which would be covered by sediments finally. This special depositional characteristic easily results in misunderstanding that the water and sediments are moved from lowland to highland.

In the Shushanhe Formation, lithology is thick fine grains, mudstones and siltstones, nearly no sandstones. It suggests that the facies are mainly lacustrine with gradually ascending water-level. Therefore, for the lack of sandy sediments and high water-level, the KSQ1, KSQ2 and KSQ3 were distal onlap lacustrine muds and silts. The KSQ4 was dominantly composed by lower sandstones and upper mudstones. It means that sands transported by delta depositional system began to accumulate from depocenter to slope of paleo-uplift. Limited by distance and sedimentary dynamic force in the high of Xiqiu Paleo-uplift, the KSQ4 was just deposited by thick mudstones and siltstones. The KSQ4 distributed widely and its thickness is uniform, about 40–60 m, in the whole region. In the Bashijiqike Formation, the sediments are thick sandstones and thin mudstones. It indicates that the water-level turned down and deltaic depositional system prograded far. Therefore, with the abundant sediment supplement and descending water-level, there were downlap, not onlap, that existed in the KSQ5 and KSQ6 (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Sequences and facies superposition from depocenter to Xiqiu Paleo-uplift. Onlap lacustrine muds and silts were developed in KSQ1, KSQ2 and KSQ3, thinning towards paleo-uplift. Downlap deltaic sands and muds were developed in KSQ5, KSQ6 and KSQ7, thinning towards paleo-uplift as well. Thickness of deltaic formation in KSQ4 is uniform. Well locations are shown in Section-3 in Figure 1d.
Figure 5

Sequences and facies superposition from depocenter to Xiqiu Paleo-uplift. Onlap lacustrine muds and silts were developed in KSQ1, KSQ2 and KSQ3, thinning towards paleo-uplift. Downlap deltaic sands and muds were developed in KSQ5, KSQ6 and KSQ7, thinning towards paleo-uplift as well. Thickness of deltaic formation in KSQ4 is uniform. Well locations are shown in Section-3 in Figure 1d.

5.2 Sequence evolution

Fourth, based on the vertical and horizontal sequence characteristics, sequence evolution process of the Cretaceous is dissected from paleo-uplift activity, depositional system and water-level change (Figure 6). In the early of the Cretaceous, the paleo-uplift was aquatic [9,12,15,16]. From KSQ1 to KSQ3 in the Shushanhe depositional stage, water encroached into this research region, and the water-level raised gradually. At the same time, the paleo-uplift moved upwards as well. However, water-level raising was faster than paleo-uplift ascending, which resulted in the rise of relative lake-level. It means the increase of accommodation. Without sandy grains supplement, thick mudstones and thin siltstones from lacustrine facies gradually developed in the onlap filling sequences on the slope of paleo-uplift. In KSQ2, Xinhe Paleo-uplift was submerged; in the end of KSQ3, water completely covered the whole region, and the Xiqiu Paleo-uplift was entirely subaqueous (Figure 6a–c).

Figure 6 Sequence stratigraphic filling process of the Cretaceous in the western Tabei Uplift. (a) Sequence in KSQ1. (b) Sequence in KSQ2. (c) Sequence in KSQ3. (d) Sequence in KSQ4. (e) Sequence in KSQ5. (f) Sequence in KSQ6. (g) Sequence in KSQ7.
Figure 6

Sequence stratigraphic filling process of the Cretaceous in the western Tabei Uplift. (a) Sequence in KSQ1. (b) Sequence in KSQ2. (c) Sequence in KSQ3. (d) Sequence in KSQ4. (e) Sequence in KSQ5. (f) Sequence in KSQ6. (g) Sequence in KSQ7.

The water-level and paleo-uplift in KSQ4 would be weak in activities. Therefore, the accommodation in KSQ4 was sustained. Far away from sedimentary provenance, dominated sediments of KSQ4 change from sands to fine grains towards Xiqiu Paleo-uplift. And in the high of Xiqiu Paleo-uplift, dominated sediments of KSQ4 is mudstones and siltstones (Figure 6d).

Even though the variation in thickness of Bashijiqike Formation is similar with Shushanhe Formation, their sequence evolutions were totally different. From KSQ5, water turned regression, the paleo-uplift raised slowly and relative lake-level went down [9,12,15,16]. The accommodation of KSQ5, KSQ6 and KSQ7 reduced continually. Meanwhile, deltaic sandstones prograded to the paleo-uplift gradually, leading in the downlap sequences towards the Xiqiu Paleo-uplift (Figure 6e–g). This is readily-easily to be misjudged with onlap in KSQ1, KSQ2 and KSQ3. Exposed in the Early Paleogene, KSQ7 and part KSQ6 were truncated to form top unconformable boundaries (Figure 7). Sequence stratigraphic filling model of the Cretaceous in the western Tabei Uplift, controlled by paleo-uplift, sedimentary and water-level, is established finally.

Figure 7 Sequence stratigraphic filling model of the Cretaceous (current residual formation) in the western Tabei Uplift.
Figure 7

Sequence stratigraphic filling model of the Cretaceous (current residual formation) in the western Tabei Uplift.

6 Conclusions

Sequence stratigraphic filling model of the Cretaceous in the western Tabei Uplift is established using wells and seismic data. Seven third-order sequences are recognized in the whole Cretaceous upwards: lower Shushanhe Formation is subdivided into KSQ1, KSQ2 and KSQ3; middle Baxigai Formation is as KSQ4; upper Bashijiqike Formation is subdivided into KSQ5, KSQ6 and KSQ7.

In the early KSQ1, paleo-uplift was aquatic. From KSQ1 to KSQ3, water-level raised gradually and paleo-uplift moved upwards. However, water-level raising was faster than paleo-uplift ascending, which resulted in the rise of relative lake-level and the increase of accommodation. Without sufficient sandy sediments, lacustrine facies mudstones and siltstones were onlap filling sequences towards Xiqiu Paleo-uplift. In the KSQ2, Xinhe Paleo-uplift was subaqueous; and in the end of KSQ3, the whole region was subaqueous.

The water-level and paleo-uplift in KSQ4 were easy steady, and the accommodation in KSQ4 was sustained. Delta depositional system began to prograde from depocenter to the slope of paleo-uplift. In the high of Xiqiu Paleo-uplift, dominated sediments were fine grains for the sedimentary dynamic force. KSQ4 distributed widely in the whole region. From KSQ5 to KSQ7, water turned regression, paleo-uplift raised slowly and the accommodation reduced continually. For the progradation deltaic sandstones, downlap sequences were developed towards the Xiqiu Paleo-uplift. Exposed in the Early Paleogene, KSQ7 and part KSQ6 were truncated to form top unconformable boundaries.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful the anonymous reviewers for their constructive reviews on the manuscript, and the editors for carefully revising the manuscript. This research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42202113) and Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (No. Q20211302).

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest in this article.

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Received: 2022-07-15
Revised: 2022-09-26
Accepted: 2022-09-30
Published Online: 2022-10-25

© 2022 Haitao Zhao et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  19. High-precision remote sensing mapping of aeolian sand landforms based on deep learning algorithms
  20. Experimental study on reservoir characteristics and oil-bearing properties of Chang 7 lacustrine oil shale in Yan’an area, China
  21. Estimating the volume of the 1978 Rissa quick clay landslide in Central Norway using historical aerial imagery
  22. Spatial accessibility between commercial and ecological spaces: A case study in Beijing, China
  23. Curve number estimation using rainfall and runoff data from five catchments in Sudan
  24. Urban green service equity in Xiamen based on network analysis and concentration degree of resources
  25. Spatio-temporal analysis of East Asian seismic zones based on multifractal theory
  26. Delineation of structural lineaments of Southeast Nigeria using high resolution aeromagnetic data
  27. 3D marine controlled-source electromagnetic modeling using an edge-based finite element method with a block Krylov iterative solver
  28. A comprehensive evaluation method for topographic correction model of remote sensing image based on entropy weight method
  29. Quantitative discrimination of the influences of climate change and human activity on rocky desertification based on a novel feature space model
  30. Assessment of climatic conditions for tourism in Xinjiang, China
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  32. Effect of brackish water irrigation on the movement of water and salt in salinized soil
  33. Mapping paddy rice and rice phenology with Sentinel-1 SAR time series using a unified dynamic programming framework
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  42. Evaluation of fractures using conventional and FMI logs, and 3D seismic interpretation in continental tight sandstone reservoir
  43. U–Pb zircon dating of the Paleoproterozoic khondalite series in the northeastern Helanshan region and its geological significance
  44. Quantitatively determine the dominant driving factors of the spatial-temporal changes of vegetation-impacts of global change and human activity
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  47. Attribution identification of terrestrial ecosystem evolution in the Yellow River Basin
  48. An intelligent approach for reservoir quality evaluation in tight sandstone reservoir using gradient boosting decision tree algorithm
  49. Detection of sub-surface fractures based on filtering, modeling, and interpreting aeromagnetic data in the Deng Deng – Garga Sarali area, Eastern Cameroon
  50. Influence of heterogeneity on fluid property variations in carbonate reservoirs with multistage hydrocarbon accumulation: A case study of the Khasib formation, Cretaceous, AB oilfield, southern Iraq
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  56. Planting in ecologically solidified soil and its use
  57. National and regional-scale landslide indicators and indexes: Applications in Italy
  58. Occurrence of yttrium in the Zhijin phosphorus deposit in Guizhou Province, China
  59. The response of Chudao’s beach to typhoon “Lekima” (No. 1909)
  60. Soil wind erosion resistance analysis for soft rock and sand compound soil: A case study for the Mu Us Sandy Land, China
  61. Investigation into the pore structures and CH4 adsorption capacities of clay minerals in coal reservoirs in the Yangquan Mining District, North China
  62. Overview of eco-environmental impact of Xiaolangdi Water Conservancy Hub on the Yellow River
  63. Response of extreme precipitation to climatic warming in the Weihe river basin, China and its mechanism
  64. Analysis of land use change on urban landscape patterns in Northwest China: A case study of Xi’an city
  65. Optimization of interpolation parameters based on statistical experiment
  66. Late Cretaceous adakitic intrusive rocks in the Laimailang area, Gangdese batholith: Implications for the Neo-Tethyan Ocean subduction
  67. Tectonic evolution of the Eocene–Oligocene Lushi Basin in the eastern Qinling belt, Central China: Insights from paleomagnetic constraints
  68. Geographic and cartographic inconsistency factors among different cropland classification datasets: A field validation case in Cambodia
  69. Distribution of large- and medium-scale loess landslides induced by the Haiyuan Earthquake in 1920 based on field investigation and interpretation of satellite images
  70. Numerical simulation of impact and entrainment behaviors of debris flow by using SPH–DEM–FEM coupling method
  71. Study on the evaluation method and application of logging irreducible water saturation in tight sandstone reservoirs
  72. Geochemical characteristics and genesis of natural gas in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin
  73. Wehrlite xenoliths and petrogenetic implications, Hosséré Do Guessa volcano, Adamawa plateau, Cameroon
  74. Changes in landscape pattern and ecological service value as land use evolves in the Manas River Basin
  75. Spatial structure-preserving and conflict-avoiding methods for point settlement selection
  76. Fission characteristics of heavy metal intrusion into rocks based on hydrolysis
  77. Sequence stratigraphic filling model of the Cretaceous in the western Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin, NW China
  78. Fractal analysis of structural characteristics and prospecting of the Luanchuan polymetallic mining district, China
  79. Spatial and temporal variations of vegetation coverage and their driving factors following gully control and land consolidation in Loess Plateau, China
  80. Assessing the tourist potential of cultural–historical spatial units of Serbia using comparative application of AHP and mathematical method
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  82. Geochronology and geochemistry of Early Cretaceous granitic plutons in northern Great Xing’an Range, NE China, and implications for geodynamic setting
  83. Spatial planning concept for flood prevention in the Kedurus River watershed
  84. Geophysical exploration and geological appraisal of the Siah Diq porphyry Cu–Au prospect: A recent discovery in the Chagai volcano magmatic arc, SW Pakistan
  85. Possibility of using the DInSAR method in the development of vertical crustal movements with Sentinel-1 data
  86. Using modified inverse distance weight and principal component analysis for spatial interpolation of foundation settlement based on geodetic observations
  87. Geochemical properties and heavy metal contents of carbonaceous rocks in the Pliocene siliciclastic rock sequence from southeastern Denizli-Turkey
  88. Study on water regime assessment and prediction of stream flow based on an improved RVA
  89. A new method to explore the abnormal space of urban hidden dangers under epidemic outbreak and its prevention and control: A case study of Jinan City
  90. Milankovitch cycles and the astronomical time scale of the Zhujiang Formation in the Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China
  91. Shear strength and meso-pore characteristic of saturated compacted loess
  92. Key point extraction method for spatial objects in high-resolution remote sensing images based on multi-hot cross-entropy loss
  93. Identifying driving factors of the runoff coefficient based on the geographic detector model in the upper reaches of Huaihe River Basin
  94. Study on rainfall early warning model for Xiangmi Lake slope based on unsaturated soil mechanics
  95. Extraction of mineralized indicator minerals using ensemble learning model optimized by SSA based on hyperspectral image
  96. Lithofacies discrimination using seismic anisotropic attributes from logging data in Muglad Basin, South Sudan
  97. Three-dimensional modeling of loose layers based on stratum development law
  98. Occurrence, sources, and potential risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in southern Xinjiang, China
  99. Attribution analysis of different driving forces on vegetation and streamflow variation in the Jialing River Basin, China
  100. Slope characteristics of urban construction land and its correlation with ground slope in China
  101. Limitations of the Yang’s breaking wave force formula and its improvement under a wider range of breaker conditions
  102. The spatial-temporal pattern evolution and influencing factors of county-scale tourism efficiency in Xinjiang, China
  103. Evaluation and analysis of observed soil temperature data over Northwest China
  104. Agriculture and aquaculture land-use change prediction in five central coastal provinces of Vietnam using ANN, SVR, and SARIMA models
  105. Leaf color attributes of urban colored-leaf plants
  106. Application of statistical and machine learning techniques for landslide susceptibility mapping in the Himalayan road corridors
  107. Sediment provenance in the Northern South China Sea since the Late Miocene
  108. Drones applications for smart cities: Monitoring palm trees and street lights
  109. Double rupture event in the Tianshan Mountains: A case study of the 2021 Mw 5.3 Baicheng earthquake, NW China
  110. Review Article
  111. Mobile phone indoor scene features recognition localization method based on semantic constraint of building map location anchor
  112. Technical Note
  113. Experimental analysis on creep mechanics of unsaturated soil based on empirical model
  114. Rapid Communications
  115. A protocol for canopy cover monitoring on forest restoration projects using low-cost drones
  116. Landscape tree species recognition using RedEdge-MX: Suitability analysis of two different texture extraction forms under MLC and RF supervision
  117. Special Issue: Geoethics 2022 - Part I
  118. Geomorphological and hydrological heritage of Mt. Stara Planina in SE Serbia: From river protection initiative to potential geotouristic destination
  119. Geotourism and geoethics as support for rural development in the Knjaževac municipality, Serbia
  120. Modeling spa destination choice for leveraging hydrogeothermal potentials in Serbia
https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2022-0423
Keywords for this article
sequence stratigraphic filling model; Cretaceous; Tabei Uplift; onlap; downlap
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Study on observation system of seismic forward prospecting in tunnel: A case on tailrace tunnel of Wudongde hydropower station
  3. The behaviour of stress variation in sandy soil
  4. Research on the current situation of rural tourism in southern Fujian in China after the COVID-19 epidemic
  5. Late Triassic–Early Jurassic paleogeomorphic characteristics and hydrocarbon potential of the Ordos Basin, China, a case of study of the Jiyuan area
  6. Application of X-ray fluorescence mapping in turbiditic sandstones, Huai Bo Khong Formation of Nam Pat Group, Thailand
  7. Fractal expression of soil particle-size distribution at the basin scale
  8. Study on the changes in vegetation structural coverage and its response mechanism to hydrology
  9. Spatial distribution analysis of seismic activity based on GMI, LMI, and LISA in China
  10. Rock mass structural surface trace extraction based on transfer learning
  11. Hydrochemical characteristics and D–O–Sr isotopes of groundwater and surface water in the northern Longzi county of southern Tibet (southwestern China)
  12. Insights into origins of the natural gas in the Lower Paleozoic of Ordos basin, China
  13. Research on comprehensive benefits and reasonable selection of marine resources development types
  14. Embedded deformation of the rubble-mound foundation of gravity-type quay walls and influence factors
  15. Activation of Ad Damm shear zone, western Saudi Arabian margin, and its relation to the Red Sea rift system
  16. A mathematical conjecture associates Martian TARs with sand ripples
  17. Study on spatio-temporal characteristics of earthquakes in southwest China based on z-value
  18. Sedimentary facies characterization of forced regression in the Pearl River Mouth basin
  19. High-precision remote sensing mapping of aeolian sand landforms based on deep learning algorithms
  20. Experimental study on reservoir characteristics and oil-bearing properties of Chang 7 lacustrine oil shale in Yan’an area, China
  21. Estimating the volume of the 1978 Rissa quick clay landslide in Central Norway using historical aerial imagery
  22. Spatial accessibility between commercial and ecological spaces: A case study in Beijing, China
  23. Curve number estimation using rainfall and runoff data from five catchments in Sudan
  24. Urban green service equity in Xiamen based on network analysis and concentration degree of resources
  25. Spatio-temporal analysis of East Asian seismic zones based on multifractal theory
  26. Delineation of structural lineaments of Southeast Nigeria using high resolution aeromagnetic data
  27. 3D marine controlled-source electromagnetic modeling using an edge-based finite element method with a block Krylov iterative solver
  28. A comprehensive evaluation method for topographic correction model of remote sensing image based on entropy weight method
  29. Quantitative discrimination of the influences of climate change and human activity on rocky desertification based on a novel feature space model
  30. Assessment of climatic conditions for tourism in Xinjiang, China
  31. Attractiveness index of national marine parks: A study on national marine parks in coastal areas of East China Sea
  32. Effect of brackish water irrigation on the movement of water and salt in salinized soil
  33. Mapping paddy rice and rice phenology with Sentinel-1 SAR time series using a unified dynamic programming framework
  34. Analyzing the characteristics of land use distribution in typical village transects at Chinese Loess Plateau based on topographical factors
  35. Management status and policy direction of submerged marine debris for improvement of port environment in Korea
  36. Influence of Three Gorges Dam on earthquakes based on GRACE gravity field
  37. Comparative study of estimating the Curie point depth and heat flow using potential magnetic data
  38. The spatial prediction and optimization of production-living-ecological space based on Markov–PLUS model: A case study of Yunnan Province
  39. Major, trace and platinum-group element geochemistry of harzburgites and chromitites from Fuchuan, China, and its geological significance
  40. Vertical distribution of STN and STP in watershed of loess hilly region
  41. Hyperspectral denoising based on the principal component low-rank tensor decomposition
  42. Evaluation of fractures using conventional and FMI logs, and 3D seismic interpretation in continental tight sandstone reservoir
  43. U–Pb zircon dating of the Paleoproterozoic khondalite series in the northeastern Helanshan region and its geological significance
  44. Quantitatively determine the dominant driving factors of the spatial-temporal changes of vegetation-impacts of global change and human activity
  45. Can cultural tourism resources become a development feature helping rural areas to revitalize the local economy under the epidemic? An exploration of the perspective of attractiveness, satisfaction, and willingness by the revisit of Hakka cultural tourism
  46. A 3D empirical model of standard compaction curve for Thailand shales: Porosity in function of burial depth and geological time
  47. Attribution identification of terrestrial ecosystem evolution in the Yellow River Basin
  48. An intelligent approach for reservoir quality evaluation in tight sandstone reservoir using gradient boosting decision tree algorithm
  49. Detection of sub-surface fractures based on filtering, modeling, and interpreting aeromagnetic data in the Deng Deng – Garga Sarali area, Eastern Cameroon
  50. Influence of heterogeneity on fluid property variations in carbonate reservoirs with multistage hydrocarbon accumulation: A case study of the Khasib formation, Cretaceous, AB oilfield, southern Iraq
  51. Designing teaching materials with disaster maps and evaluating its effectiveness for primary students
  52. Assessment of the bender element sensors to measure seismic wave velocity of soils in the physical model
  53. Appropriated protection time and region for Qinghai–Tibet Plateau grassland
  54. Identification of high-temperature targets in remote sensing based on correspondence analysis
  55. Influence of differential diagenesis on pore evolution of the sandy conglomerate reservoir in different structural units: A case study of the Upper Permian Wutonggou Formation in eastern Junggar Basin, NW China
  56. Planting in ecologically solidified soil and its use
  57. National and regional-scale landslide indicators and indexes: Applications in Italy
  58. Occurrence of yttrium in the Zhijin phosphorus deposit in Guizhou Province, China
  59. The response of Chudao’s beach to typhoon “Lekima” (No. 1909)
  60. Soil wind erosion resistance analysis for soft rock and sand compound soil: A case study for the Mu Us Sandy Land, China
  61. Investigation into the pore structures and CH4 adsorption capacities of clay minerals in coal reservoirs in the Yangquan Mining District, North China
  62. Overview of eco-environmental impact of Xiaolangdi Water Conservancy Hub on the Yellow River
  63. Response of extreme precipitation to climatic warming in the Weihe river basin, China and its mechanism
  64. Analysis of land use change on urban landscape patterns in Northwest China: A case study of Xi’an city
  65. Optimization of interpolation parameters based on statistical experiment
  66. Late Cretaceous adakitic intrusive rocks in the Laimailang area, Gangdese batholith: Implications for the Neo-Tethyan Ocean subduction
  67. Tectonic evolution of the Eocene–Oligocene Lushi Basin in the eastern Qinling belt, Central China: Insights from paleomagnetic constraints
  68. Geographic and cartographic inconsistency factors among different cropland classification datasets: A field validation case in Cambodia
  69. Distribution of large- and medium-scale loess landslides induced by the Haiyuan Earthquake in 1920 based on field investigation and interpretation of satellite images
  70. Numerical simulation of impact and entrainment behaviors of debris flow by using SPH–DEM–FEM coupling method
  71. Study on the evaluation method and application of logging irreducible water saturation in tight sandstone reservoirs
  72. Geochemical characteristics and genesis of natural gas in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin
  73. Wehrlite xenoliths and petrogenetic implications, Hosséré Do Guessa volcano, Adamawa plateau, Cameroon
  74. Changes in landscape pattern and ecological service value as land use evolves in the Manas River Basin
  75. Spatial structure-preserving and conflict-avoiding methods for point settlement selection
  76. Fission characteristics of heavy metal intrusion into rocks based on hydrolysis
  77. Sequence stratigraphic filling model of the Cretaceous in the western Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin, NW China
  78. Fractal analysis of structural characteristics and prospecting of the Luanchuan polymetallic mining district, China
  79. Spatial and temporal variations of vegetation coverage and their driving factors following gully control and land consolidation in Loess Plateau, China
  80. Assessing the tourist potential of cultural–historical spatial units of Serbia using comparative application of AHP and mathematical method
  81. Urban black and odorous water body mapping from Gaofen-2 images
  82. Geochronology and geochemistry of Early Cretaceous granitic plutons in northern Great Xing’an Range, NE China, and implications for geodynamic setting
  83. Spatial planning concept for flood prevention in the Kedurus River watershed
  84. Geophysical exploration and geological appraisal of the Siah Diq porphyry Cu–Au prospect: A recent discovery in the Chagai volcano magmatic arc, SW Pakistan
  85. Possibility of using the DInSAR method in the development of vertical crustal movements with Sentinel-1 data
  86. Using modified inverse distance weight and principal component analysis for spatial interpolation of foundation settlement based on geodetic observations
  87. Geochemical properties and heavy metal contents of carbonaceous rocks in the Pliocene siliciclastic rock sequence from southeastern Denizli-Turkey
  88. Study on water regime assessment and prediction of stream flow based on an improved RVA
  89. A new method to explore the abnormal space of urban hidden dangers under epidemic outbreak and its prevention and control: A case study of Jinan City
  90. Milankovitch cycles and the astronomical time scale of the Zhujiang Formation in the Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China
  91. Shear strength and meso-pore characteristic of saturated compacted loess
  92. Key point extraction method for spatial objects in high-resolution remote sensing images based on multi-hot cross-entropy loss
  93. Identifying driving factors of the runoff coefficient based on the geographic detector model in the upper reaches of Huaihe River Basin
  94. Study on rainfall early warning model for Xiangmi Lake slope based on unsaturated soil mechanics
  95. Extraction of mineralized indicator minerals using ensemble learning model optimized by SSA based on hyperspectral image
  96. Lithofacies discrimination using seismic anisotropic attributes from logging data in Muglad Basin, South Sudan
  97. Three-dimensional modeling of loose layers based on stratum development law
  98. Occurrence, sources, and potential risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in southern Xinjiang, China
  99. Attribution analysis of different driving forces on vegetation and streamflow variation in the Jialing River Basin, China
  100. Slope characteristics of urban construction land and its correlation with ground slope in China
  101. Limitations of the Yang’s breaking wave force formula and its improvement under a wider range of breaker conditions
  102. The spatial-temporal pattern evolution and influencing factors of county-scale tourism efficiency in Xinjiang, China
  103. Evaluation and analysis of observed soil temperature data over Northwest China
  104. Agriculture and aquaculture land-use change prediction in five central coastal provinces of Vietnam using ANN, SVR, and SARIMA models
  105. Leaf color attributes of urban colored-leaf plants
  106. Application of statistical and machine learning techniques for landslide susceptibility mapping in the Himalayan road corridors
  107. Sediment provenance in the Northern South China Sea since the Late Miocene
  108. Drones applications for smart cities: Monitoring palm trees and street lights
  109. Double rupture event in the Tianshan Mountains: A case study of the 2021 Mw 5.3 Baicheng earthquake, NW China
  110. Review Article
  111. Mobile phone indoor scene features recognition localization method based on semantic constraint of building map location anchor
  112. Technical Note
  113. Experimental analysis on creep mechanics of unsaturated soil based on empirical model
  114. Rapid Communications
  115. A protocol for canopy cover monitoring on forest restoration projects using low-cost drones
  116. Landscape tree species recognition using RedEdge-MX: Suitability analysis of two different texture extraction forms under MLC and RF supervision
  117. Special Issue: Geoethics 2022 - Part I
  118. Geomorphological and hydrological heritage of Mt. Stara Planina in SE Serbia: From river protection initiative to potential geotouristic destination
  119. Geotourism and geoethics as support for rural development in the Knjaževac municipality, Serbia
  120. Modeling spa destination choice for leveraging hydrogeothermal potentials in Serbia
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