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Investigation of microstructural evolution in a hybrid additively manufactured steel bead

  • Md. Anwar Ali Anshari ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Rajnish Mishra and Murshid Imam
Published/Copyright: August 9, 2023
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International Journal of Materials Research
From the journal International Journal of Materials Research Volume 114 Issue 10-11

Abstract

Motivated by the beneficial effects of friction stir processing (FSP) for microstructural grain refinement, equiaxed grain production, and minimizing metallurgical defects, additive bead (AB) produced by the gas metal arc welding-wire arc additive manufacturing (GMAW-WAAM) technique was subjected to FSP. This was because deposited additive bead often develops defects such as shrinkage, voids, solidification cracking, during liquid to solid transformation. In this study, a low carbon steel double pass additive bead with 32 % lateral overlap was fabricated by the GMAW-WAAM technique followed by hybridization through FSP in the overlapped region (OR). The peak temperature estimation during bead deposition and FSP on bead was done through modeling by using ABAQUS. The microstructural analysis was carried out by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The microstructure of OR of deposited additive bead is dominated by a combination of ferrite and bainite while that of hybrid additive bead (HAB) is dominated by a combination of ferrite and martensite. Further, the analysis revealed the effects of FSP on the OR in the form of grain refinement from 5.56 µm to 3.50 µm and a decrease in the low angle grain boundaries from 35.4 % to 10.6 %. The continuous dynamic recrystallization is observed since the bainitic fraction in the overlapped region decreased along with an increase in the fraction of martensite in the friction stir processed zone. The kernel average misorientation is observed to decrease after FSP from 1.001 of AB to 0.608. The microhardness test reveals the decrease in the hardness after FSP.

Keywords: Additive bead; Dynamic recrystallization; FSP; Goldak double ellipsoidal heat source; Hybrid additive manufacturing; WAAM-GMAW
Corresponding author: Md. Anwar Ali Anshari, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta 801103, India, E-mail:

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: Dr. Murshid Imam, one of the co-authors, is grateful to acknowledge DST, SPARC, and the Indian government for the partial support with funding for this work.

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

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Received: 2022-03-17
Accepted: 2022-07-25
Published Online: 2023-08-09
Published in Print: 2023-10-27

© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. Additive manufacturing and allied technologies
  4. Original Papers
  5. Influence of process parameters on ageing and free vibration characteristics of fiber-reinforced polymer composites by fusion filament fabrication process
  6. 3D biomimetic scaffold’s dimensional accuracy: a crucial geometrical response for bone tissue engineering
  7. Investigation of mechanical and microstructure properties of metal inert gas based wire arc additive manufactured Inconel 600 superalloy
  8. Study on the influence of surface roughness on tensile and low-cycle fatigue behavior of electron beam melted Ti‐6Al‐4V
  9. Effect of tool pin profile on the heat generation model of the friction stir welding of aluminium alloy
  10. Effect of clamping position on the residual stress in wire arc additive manufacturing
  11. Effect of welding speed on butt joint quality of laser powder bed fusion AlSi10Mg parts welded using Nd:YAG laser
  12. Mechanical behaviour, microstructure and texture studies of wire arc additive manufactured 304L stainless steel
  13. Evolution of microstructure and properties of CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy fabricated by selective laser melting
  14. Effect of laser energy density on surface morphology, microstructure and mechanical behaviour of direct metal laser melted 17-4 PH stainless steel
  15. The influence of rheology in the fabrication of ceramic-based scaffold for bone tissue engineering
  16. Behaviour of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) structural profile columns under axial compression
  17. Desirability function analysis approach for optimization of fused deposition modelling process parameters
  18. Effect of robotic weaving motion on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of wire arc additively manufactured NiTi shape memory alloy
  19. Rapid tooling of composite aluminium filled epoxy mould for injection moulding of polypropylene parts with small protruded features
  20. Investigation of microstructural evolution in a hybrid additively manufactured steel bead
  21. Fused filament fabricated PEEK based polymer composites for orthopaedic implants: a review
  22. Design of fixture for ultrasonic assisted gas tungsten arc welding using an integrated approach
  23. Effect of post-processing treatment on 3D-printed polylactic acid parts: layer interfaces and mechanical properties
  24. Investigating the effect of input parameters on tool wear in incremental sheet metal forming
  25. Microstructural evolution and improved corrosion resistance of NiCrSiFeB coatings prepared by laser cladding
  26. Microstructure and electrochemical behaviour of laser clad stainless steel 410 substrate with stainless steel 420 particles
  27. News
  28. DGM – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2022-0152
Keywords for this article
Additive bead; Dynamic recrystallization; FSP; Goldak double ellipsoidal heat source; Hybrid additive manufacturing; WAAM-GMAW

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. Additive manufacturing and allied technologies
  4. Original Papers
  5. Influence of process parameters on ageing and free vibration characteristics of fiber-reinforced polymer composites by fusion filament fabrication process
  6. 3D biomimetic scaffold’s dimensional accuracy: a crucial geometrical response for bone tissue engineering
  7. Investigation of mechanical and microstructure properties of metal inert gas based wire arc additive manufactured Inconel 600 superalloy
  8. Study on the influence of surface roughness on tensile and low-cycle fatigue behavior of electron beam melted Ti‐6Al‐4V
  9. Effect of tool pin profile on the heat generation model of the friction stir welding of aluminium alloy
  10. Effect of clamping position on the residual stress in wire arc additive manufacturing
  11. Effect of welding speed on butt joint quality of laser powder bed fusion AlSi10Mg parts welded using Nd:YAG laser
  12. Mechanical behaviour, microstructure and texture studies of wire arc additive manufactured 304L stainless steel
  13. Evolution of microstructure and properties of CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy fabricated by selective laser melting
  14. Effect of laser energy density on surface morphology, microstructure and mechanical behaviour of direct metal laser melted 17-4 PH stainless steel
  15. The influence of rheology in the fabrication of ceramic-based scaffold for bone tissue engineering
  16. Behaviour of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) structural profile columns under axial compression
  17. Desirability function analysis approach for optimization of fused deposition modelling process parameters
  18. Effect of robotic weaving motion on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of wire arc additively manufactured NiTi shape memory alloy
  19. Rapid tooling of composite aluminium filled epoxy mould for injection moulding of polypropylene parts with small protruded features
  20. Investigation of microstructural evolution in a hybrid additively manufactured steel bead
  21. Fused filament fabricated PEEK based polymer composites for orthopaedic implants: a review
  22. Design of fixture for ultrasonic assisted gas tungsten arc welding using an integrated approach
  23. Effect of post-processing treatment on 3D-printed polylactic acid parts: layer interfaces and mechanical properties
  24. Investigating the effect of input parameters on tool wear in incremental sheet metal forming
  25. Microstructural evolution and improved corrosion resistance of NiCrSiFeB coatings prepared by laser cladding
  26. Microstructure and electrochemical behaviour of laser clad stainless steel 410 substrate with stainless steel 420 particles
  27. News
  28. DGM – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde
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