Band 11, Heft 5

Machine learning (ML) and neuromorphic computing have been enforcing problem-solving in many applications. Such approaches found fertile ground in optical communications, a technological field that is very demanding in terms of computational speed and complexity. The latest breakthroughs are strongly supported by advanced signal processing, implemented in the digital domain. Algorithms of different levels of complexity aim at improving data recovery, expanding the reach of transmission, validating the integrity of the optical network operation, and monitoring data transfer faults. Lately, the concept of reservoir computing (RC) inspired hardware implementations in photonics that may offer revolutionary solutions in this field. In a brief introduction, I discuss some of the established digital signal processing (DSP) techniques and some new approaches based on ML and neural network (NN) architectures. In the main part, I review the latest neuromorphic computing proposals that specifically apply to photonic hardware and give new perspectives on addressing signal processing in optical communications. I discuss the fundamental topologies in photonic feed-forward and recurrent network implementations. Finally, I review the photonic topologies that were initially tested for channel equalization benchmark tasks, and then in fiber transmission systems, for optical header recognition, data recovery, and modulation format identification.

Photo-modulation is a promising strategy for contactless and ultrafast control of optical and electrical properties of photoactive materials. Graphene is an attractive candidate material for photo-modulation due to its extraordinary physical properties and its relevance to a wide range of devices, from photodetectors to energy converters. In this review, we survey different strategies for photo-modulation of electrical and optical properties of graphene, including photogating, generation of hot carriers, and thermo-optical effects. We briefly discuss the role of nanophotonic strategies to maximize these effects and highlight promising fields for application of these techniques.

Optical vortices (OVs) carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have attracted considerable interest in the field of optics and photonics owing to their peculiar optical features and extra degree of freedom for carrying information. Although there have been significant efforts to realize OVs using conventional optics, it is limited by large volume, high cost, and lack of design flexibility. Optical metasurfaces have recently attracted tremendous interest due to their unprecedented capability in the manipulation of the amplitude, phase, polarization, and frequency of light at a subwavelength scale. Optical metasurfaces have revolutionized design concepts in photonics, providing a new platform to develop ultrathin optical devices for the realization of OVs at subwavelength resolution. In this article, we will review the recent progress in optical metasurface-based OVs. We provide a comprehensive discussion on the optical manipulation of OVs, including OAM superposition, OAM sorting, OAM multiplexing, OAM holography, and nonlinear metasurfaces for OAM generation and manipulation. The rapid development of metasurface for OVs generation and manipulation will play an important role in many relevant research fields. We expect that metasurface will fuel the continuous progress of wearable and portable consumer electronics and optics where low-cost and miniaturized OAM related systems are in high demand.

The Vernier effect and harmonic Vernier effect have attracted ever-increasing interest due to their freely tailored spectrum envelope in tunable laser, modulator, and precision sensing. Most explorations have mainly focused on configuring two isolated optical resonators, namely the reference and tunable resonator. However, this configuration requires a stable reference resonator to guarantee robust readout, posing a significant challenge in applications. Here, we discover the coupled-resonators configuration enabling a reference-free envelope modulation to address this problem. Specifically, all parameters of one resonator theoretically span a hypersurface. When the resonator couples to another one, photon coupling merit an escaped solution from the hypersurface, resulting in an envelope modulation independent of reference. We have first experimentally verified this mechanism in a coupled air resonator and polydimethylsiloxane resonator by inserting a semi-transparent 2-mercaptobenzimidazole-modified silver nanowire network. In addition, this novel mechanism provides a new degree of freedom in the reciprocal space, suggesting alternative multiplexing to combine more envelope modulations simultaneously. This study facilitates the fundamental research in envelope multiplexing. More importantly, the combination of silver nanowire network and flexible microcavity experimentally progress the spectral envelope modulation in optoelectronic integration inside resonators.

Bessel beam arrays are progressively attracting attention in recent years due to their remarkable non-diffracting nature and parallel manipulation capabilities in diverse applications. However, the poor phase discretization of conventional approaches such as spatial light modulators leads to low numerical aperture (NA) beam arrays due to the limitation imposed by the Nyquist sampling theorem and poor uniformity of the beam intensity. The key contribution of this study is to experimentally demonstrate the generation of high-uniformity and high-resolution Bessel beam arrays by utilizing all-dielectric metasurfaces. This is attained by optimizing the design of the supercell of a Dammann grating, particularly decreasing each supercell of the grating to a proper size. We demonstrate a 4 × 4 array of Bessel beams with a subwavelength transverse dimension (570 nm, ∼0.9 λ ) and a large NA of 0.4 for each beam in the array, while maintaining a relatively high uniformity intensity (52.40%) for the array. Additionally, the Bessel beam arrays are generated in a broadband range through the proposed all-dielectric metasurfaces. Our results are of great significance and particularly useful for applications of metasurface-based Bessel beam arrays in multidisciplinary fields such as laser fabrication, biomedical imaging, data storage, and multi-particle trapping.

Understanding how plasmonic nanostructures generate heat upon exposure to light, and thus increase the local temperature of the surrounding medium is important for many applications. Reliable temperature manipulation requires analyzing the local temperature distribution as a function of laser density. In this work, an optical heating system containing silver nano-islands (Ag NIs) is designed to enable heat generation at the micro/nanometer scale and the local temperature can reach 1458 K. The heat generation by Ag NIs exposed to near-IR laser light, and the temperature distribution, are detected in situ via the fluorescence intensity ratio technique. It was found that the temperature of the system can be controlled by changing the excitation power. Furthermore, the temperature-dependent UCL of a single Y 2 O 3 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ microrod is studied by taking advantage of the controllable local temperature in the optical heating system. It was found that the color of the upconversion luminescence can be tuned by managing the local temperature, and conversely, the local temperature at the optical heater can be monitored by observing the color change of the rare-earth microrod. The real-time manipulation of plasmonic heating offers an opportunity to control outcomes of thermo-plasmonic effects, which then enables a myriad of practical applications.

Perovskite solar cells (PSC) offer a promising solution for building integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) due to its high photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE). However, increasing the transparency of their functional layers dramatically decreases the PCE. Here, a computer controlled laser patterning method was proposed to directly turn PSC modules into semitransparent and with aesthetic artificial pattern, without additional complexities to the conventional PSCs fabrication process. A structured ST-PSC achieving a champion PCE of 17.5% with average visible transparency (AVT) of 18.2%, and a mini-module with 5 × 5 cm 2 delivering a PCE of 9.1% with AVT of 37.7% were demonstrated. Rationally designed aesthetic patterns were imprinted on mini-modules, achieving a PCE of 14.4%. These results reveal a new route for low-cost facile fabricating high performance large-area aesthetic BIPV modules, and represent a big step forward toward the fabrication of solar cells with high efficiency and high transparency.

Topological insulators (TI), as a kind of fantastic nanomaterial with excellent electrical and optical properties, have attracted particular attention due to the promising applications in optoelectronic devices. Herein, we experimentally demonstrated the interaction between light and molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) monolayer with an antimony telluride (Sb 2 Te 3 ) TI nanoparticle. It was found that photoluminescence (PL) emission and Raman scattering signal can be boosted by 5 and 8 folds in MoS 2 monolayer integrated with the TI nanoparticle, respectively. The measured and simulated dark-field scattering spectra illustrated that the enhancement of light–matter interaction could be derived from the generation of localized surface plasmons on the TI nanoparticle with distinctly boosted electric field. We also found that there exists a redshift of 5 nm for the enhanced PL peak, which could be attributed to the formation of trions in MoS 2 induced by plasmon doping. This work would provide a new pathway for the applications of TI nanoparticles in the optoelectronics, especially light–matter interaction enhancement.

Anisotropy has played a critical role in many material systems, but its controllable creation and modulation have been a long-lasting challenge for the scientific communities. Polarization-addressed anisotropy appears more attractive among all approaches due to its excellent controllability, simplicity, and accuracy, but only a limited number of material systems are applicable for such a concept, which are largely focused on oriented growth. Here, we establish a polarization-dependent anisotropic etching system made of Au@oligomer core–shell nanoparticles (NPs). As the oligomer coatings can be photochemically degraded via two-photon photolithography, the plasmonic near-field enhancement supported by the Au NP cores renders much faster degradation of the oligomer shells along the polarization, resulting in anisotropic Au@oligomer hybrid NPs. Such shape anisotropy leads to polarization-dependent photoluminescence with embedded dyes of methylene blue, which can be used as single-particle-based polarization detector. The oligomer lobes capped at the sides of the Au NP can also function as a protection agent for anisotropic photochemical growth of Au NPs, which evolve into Au nanorods and mushrooms with controlled irradiation time. Such polarization-directed etching of oligomer shells has unique advantages of high local-selectivity, controllability, and versatility for on-chip nanofabrication, which opens many new opportunities for integrated nanophotonic devices.

Assemblies of single-walled carbon nanotubes with a specific chiral structure are promising future optofunctional materials because of their strong light–matter coupling arising from sharp optical resonances of quasi-one-dimensional excitons. Their strong optical resonances, which lie in the infrared-to-visible wavelength region, can be selected by their chiralities, and this selectivity promises a wide range of applications including photonic and thermo-optic devices. However, the broadband complex optical spectra of single-chirality carbon nanotube assemblies are scarce in the literature, which has prevented researchers and engineers from designing devices using them. Here, we experimentally determine broadband complex refractive index spectra of single-chirality carbon nanotube assemblies. Free-standing carbon nanotube membranes and those placed on sapphire substrates were fabricated via filtration of the nanotube solution prepared by the separation method using gel chromatography. Transmission and reflection spectra were measured in the mid-infrared to visible wavelength region, and the complex refractive indices of nanotube assemblies were determined as a function of photon energy. The real and imaginary parts of the refractive indices of the nanotube membrane with a bulk density of 1 g cm −3 at the first subband exciton resonance were determined to be approximately 2.7–3.6 and 1.3i–2.4i, respectively. We propose an empirical formula that phenomenologically describes the complex refractive index spectra of various single-chirality nanotube membranes, which can facilitate the design of photonic devices using carbon nanotubes as the material.

Entangled photons are pivotal elements in emerging quantum information technologies. While several schemes are available for the production of entangled photons, they typically require the assistance of cumbersome optical elements to couple them to other components involved in logic operations. Here, we introduce a scheme by which entangled photon pairs are directly generated as guided mode states in optical waveguides. The scheme relies on the intrinsic nonlinearity of the waveguide material, circumventing the use of bulky optical components and their associated phase-matching constraints. Specifically, we consider an optical waveguide under normal illumination, so that photon down-conversion can take place to excite waveguide states with opposite momentum in a spectral region populated by only two accessible modes. By additionally configuring the external illumination to interfere different incident directions, we can produce maximally entangled photon-pair states, directly generated as waveguide modes with conversion efficiencies that are competitive with respect to existing macroscopic schemes. These results should find application in the design of more efficient and compact quantum optics devices.

Erbium doped integrated waveguide amplifier and laser prevail in power consumption, footprint, stability and scalability over the counterparts in bulk materials, underpinning the lightwave communication and large-scale sensing. Subject to the highly confined mode in the micro-to-nanoscale and moderate propagation loss, gain and power scaling in such integrated devices prove to be more challenging compared to their bulk counterparts. In this work, a thin cladding layer of tantalum pentoxide (Ta 2 O 5 ) is employed in the erbium doped lithium niobate (LN) waveguide amplifier fabricated on the thin film lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) wafer by the photolithography assisted chemo-mechanical etching (PLACE) technique. Above 20 dB small signal internal net gain is achieved at the signal wavelength around 1532 nm in the 10 cm long LNOI amplifier pumped by the diode laser at ∼980 nm. Experimental characterizations reveal the advantage of Ta 2 O 5 cladding in higher optical gain compared with the air-clad amplifier, which is further explained by the theoretical modeling of the LNOI amplifier including the guided mode structures and the steady-state response of erbium ions.

The structure of a gate-controlled graphene/germanium hybrid photodetector was optimized by splitting the active region to achieve highly sensitive infrared detection capability. The strengthened internal electric field in the split active junctions enabled efficient collection of photocarriers, resulting in a responsivity of 2.02 A W −1 and a specific detectivity of 5.28 × 10 10 Jones with reduced dark current and improved external quantum efficiency; these results are more than doubled compared with the responsivity of 0.85 A W −1 and detectivity of 1.69 × 10 10 Jones for a single active junction device. The responsivity of the optimized structure is 1.7, 2.7, and 39 times higher than that of previously reported graphene/Ge with Al 2 O 3 interfacial layer, gate-controlled graphene/Ge, and simple graphene/Ge heterostructure photodetectors, respectively.

We report on experimental observations of phenomenological self-trapping in plasmonic colloids of varying plasmon peaks in the visible/near infrared. A femtosecond (fs) oscillator is used in both pulsed (35 fs, 76 MHz) and continuous wave (cw) operation for comparison. We show that for both modes and for all examined colloids (and under typically applied external focusing conditions in self-trapping studies in colloidal media) nonlinear propagation is governed by thermal defocusing of the focused beam, which precedes the steady-state regime reached by particle diffusion, even far from the plasmon resonance (or equivalently for non-plasmonic colloids, even for low absorption coefficients). A strategy for the utilization of high repetition fs pulses to mitigate thermal lensing and promote gradient force-induced self-trapping is discussed. Notably, nonlinear thermal lensing is further accompanied by natural convection due to the horizontal configuration of the setup. Under resonant illumination, for both fs and cw cases, we observe mode break-up of the beam profile, most likely due to azimuthal modulation instability. Importantly, time-resolved observations of the break-up indicate that in the fs case, thermal convection heat transfer is reduced in magnitude and significantly decoupled in time from thermal conduction, presumably due to temperature increase confinement near the particles. We anticipate that our findings will trigger interest toward the use of high repetition fs pulses for self-channeling applications in nano-colloids.

Light’s orbital angular momentum (OAM) with inherent mode orthogonality has been suggested as a new way to the optical encryption. However, the dependence of annular intensity profiles on the topological charge complicates nanoscale light–matter interactions and hampers the ultra-secure encryption application. In this paper, we demonstrate ultra-secure image encryption by tightly focusing perfect optical vortex (POV) beams with controllable annular intensity profiles and OAM states. A simple scheme composed of single spatial light modulator to implement Fourier transform of an ideal Bessel mode with both amplitude and phase modulations is proposed to generate radius-controllable POV in tightly focused beams. Such focused POV beams with identical intensity profiles but varied local OAM density are applied to disorder-coupled gold nanorod aggregates to selectively excite electromagnetic hot spots for encoding information through photothermal deformation. As such, ultra-secure image encryption in OAM states of POV beams in combination with different polarizations can be achieved. Our results lay the ground for diverse nanophotonic applications harnessing the OAM division of POV beams.