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Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief: Axel Schulz
Editorial Board: Simon Aldridge , Neil Burford , Leroy Cronin , Kim Dunbar , Max Holthausen , Hubert Huppertz , Xiaoming Liu , Uwe Rosenthal , Alexander Schiller , Stephan Schulz , Jürgen Senker , Carsten von Hänisch , Kyung Yoon and Xian-Ming Zhang

Language: English

First published: October 1, 1985

Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year

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About this journal

Starting 2025, Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry will be transferred to Gold Open Access on a year-by-year basis. All articles will thus appear without delay under the Creative Commons license CCBY 4.0. There will be no publication costs for the authors. The Open Access transformation is based on Subscribe-to-Open. You can find more information about the model here.　

Objective
Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry (REVIC) is a quarterly, peer-reviewed journal that focuses on developments in inorganic chemistry. Technical reviews offer detailed synthesis protocols, reviews of methodology and descriptions of apparatus. Topics are treated from a synthetic, theoretical, or analytical perspective. The editors and the publisher are committed to high quality standards and rapid handling of the review and publication process. The journal publishes all aspects of solid-state, molecular and surface chemistry. Topics may be treated from a synthetic, theoretical, or analytical perspective. The editors and the publisher are commited to high quality standards and rapid handling of the review and publication process.

Topics

Main group chemistry
Transition metal chemistry
Coordination chemistry
Organometallic chemistry
Catalysis
Bioinorganic chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry
Ionic liquids

Article formats
Critical scientific and technical reviews

> Information on submission process

Your Benefits

Your benefits:

Critical overview of the current discussions
Critical perspective on future research directions
High-quality reviews
Rapid publication times
Ahead of print publication

History

Previously published by Freund Publishing House Ltd. The journal was relaunched in 2011with new Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Board.

Open Access
State-of-the-art nanocatalysts driving sustainable biofuel production

August 25, 2025

Ganesan Subbiah, Devanshu J. Patel, Saroj Kumar Acharya, Soumya V. Menon, Damanjeet Aulakh, Krishna Kumar Shukla, Kamakshi Priya Kumar

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Nano-catalysts have emerged as significant entities in enhancing the efficacy and Selectivity of biodiesel production from renewable substrates, such as used cooking oils, animal lipids, and plant-derived fats. In contrast to traditional catalytic agents, nanoparticle-based systems, especially those composed of metal oxides and magnetically recoverable materials, exhibit enhanced surface areas (200–500 m 2 /g), accelerated transesterification kinetics, and superior tolerance to free fatty acids, culminating in biodiesel yields that surpass 90 % under less stringent reaction conditions. Recent developments in heterogeneous nanocatalysts have facilitated reusability for as many as 50–100 cycles with negligible deactivation (<2 % per cycle), thus bolstering industrial applicability. Novel advancements in synthesis techniques, encompassing sol–gel and sonochemical methodologies, further diminish energy consumption and augment catalyst stability. Despite the challenges associated with production expenses and scalability, ongoing investigations into multifunctional nanostructures and environmentally benign synthesis routes continue to drive advancements toward economically feasible and ecologically sustainable biodiesel technologies.
Open Access
Recent advances in photocatalytic plastic waste conversion: a review on renewable energy pathways

August 25, 2025

Damian Christopher Selvam, Yuvarajan Devarajan, Prakash Ranjan Behera, Honganur Raju Manjunath, Krunal Ajmeri, Neeraj Das, Chamarajanagar Gopal Ramachandra

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The escalating global crisis of plastic waste and the urgent demand for clean energy alternatives necessitate innovative, integrative solutions. Among emerging approaches, solar photoreforming stands out as a transformative dual-function technology that simultaneously degrades polymeric waste and produces hydrogen fuel. This review explores a cutting-edge strategy that synergistically integrates high-pressure torsion (HPT) a severe plastic deformation technique with defect-engineered brookite-phase titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles to significantly elevate the solar-driven photoreforming performance of polypropylene (PP) waste. HPT introduces intense shear forces under compressive pressures (∼6 GPa), inducing substantial microstructural transformations in PP. These include the formation of high-density dislocations, amorphous domains, and interfacial defects, all of which enhance the polymer’s surface reactivity and its interaction with photocatalysts. Concurrently, brookite-phase TiO 2 , prized for its narrow band gap (∼3.1 eV), enhanced charge carrier separation, and high photoactivity, serves as an efficient photocatalyst. The strong interfacial coupling between the defect-rich PP surface and brookite TiO 2 nanoparticles facilitates rapid charge transfer, suppresses electron–hole recombination, and enhances radical generation. As a result, the integrated system exhibits a 2.4-fold improvement in hydrogen evolution, achieving production rates up to 580 μmol h −1  g −1 under solar irradiation. Moreover, the process enables selective oxidation of polymer fragments, yielding value-added chemicals such as formic acid and acetic acid with faradaic efficiencies exceeding 45 %. This review further elucidates the underlying mechanisms of defect-mediated catalysis, emphasizing the roles of nanoparticle phase composition, surface chemistry, and morphology. Collectively, this work establishes a promising and scalable pathway for circular plastic-to-fuel conversion, providing both environmental remediation and clean energy generation. The integration of mechanical defect engineering and nanostructured photocatalysis represents a pivotal advancement toward sustainable, high-efficiency solar photoreforming technologies.
Open Access
Recent trends in supercapacitor technology; basics, history, fabrications, classifications and their application in energy storage materials

July 31, 2025

Humaira Aslam, Ali Umar, Misbah Ullah Khan, Tapankumar Trivedi, Ganesan Ezhilarasan, Deepak Bhanot, Numan Abbas, Khaled Fahmi Fawy

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Supercapacitors (SCs), also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, have attracted significant attention as promising energy storage devices due to their superior power density, rapid charge-discharge capability, and long cycle life. This review comprehensively discusses the recent advancements in supercapacitor technology, focusing on the development of novel electrode materials, electrolytes, device designs, and fabrication methods. Particular emphasis is placed on carbon-based materials, metal oxides, conducting polymers, and their hybrid composites, which have shown remarkable improvements in specific capacitance and stability. Additionally, the role of advanced electrolytes, including ionic liquids and gel polymer electrolytes, in enhancing the energy and power density of SCs is explored. The integration of hybrid supercapacitor systems, combining EDLCs and pseudocapacitors, is also highlighted for their potential to overcome the limitations of conventional capacitors and batteries. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the current progress, emerging trends, and future directions for improving the performance and practical applicability of supercapacitors in real-world energy storage applications.
Open Access
State-of-the-art of polyoxometalate-based catalysts for catalytic removal of vesicants

July 30, 2025

Aiping Gao, Si-Han Zhao, Jiajia Wang, Hai-Lou Li

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Vesicants are one frequently-used kind of chemical warfare agents due to their low-boiling point, high gaseous diffusion, and accessibility. Sulfur mustard is one of the main vesicant that has since been banned by international organization, but there are still large stocks in some countries and its production is relatively easy, requiring no tedious steps or expensive equipment. Thus far, catalytic oxidation, alongside physical adsorption and hydrolysis has been proven one of the most effective methods for decontaminating the HD simulant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). POMs have exhibited outstanding catalytic oxidation performance toward CEES owing to their unique redox properties, robust structural stability, flexible metal valence and the presence of numerous active sites. This review summarizes the advances of POM-based materials for catalytic decontamination of vesicants simulant CEES, including POMs, POM-based MOFs and POMs composites. This review provides new sights for engineering robust POM-based catalysts for the catalytic decontamination of CWAs.
Open Access
Nano-enhanced sodium carbonate for efficient carbon capture: a review of performance advancements and economic viability

July 18, 2025

Christopher Selvam D, Yuvarajan Devarajan, Ganesan Subbiah, Subbulakshmi Ganesan, Aditya Kishore Dash, Vikrant Aadiwal, Amandeep Gill

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This study examines recent advancements in nano-enhanced sodium carbonate (NaCH) and elucidates the reasons behind its emergence as a prominent alternative to traditional absorbents. In comparison to benchmark materials such as monoethanolamine (MEA) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), NaCH achieves up to 30 % greater CO 2 uptake, regenerates at temperatures that are 20 °C lower, and demonstrates a significantly reduced environmental footprint and operational expenditure. The application of nanostructuring enhances surface area and reaction kinetics, facilitating a 30 % increase in CO 2 absorption rates while concurrently lowering overall process costs by 25 %. Various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, illuminate the pore structure and chemical functionalities that contribute to these enhancements, reinforcing the capacity for repeated regeneration without substantial performance degradation. The amalgamation of exceptional capture efficiency, reduced energy penalties, and prolonged cycle durability positions NaCH as a scalable, cross-sector solution that has the potential to effectuate immediate advancements in global decarbonization initiatives.
Open Access
Important features, applications and future perspective of zinc oxide based reduce graphene oxide nanocomposite

July 3, 2025

Maaz Ahmad, Mohsin Ali, Noor Ul Islam, Habib Ullah, Khalid Fahmi Faway, Xie Yi, Muhammad Ikram, Noor Zada, Debasish Shit, Abdullah, Karthikeyan Jayabalan, Ziaullah

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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) play key role in propelling transformative changes, and highlighting burning issues to be addressed to achieve successful global developmental initiative. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are helpful in achieving various SDGs. However, both materials have some limitations. To overcome the drawbacks of individual ZnO and rGO nanomaterials, ZnO/rGO nanocomposites are designed. This review aims to highlight issues being faced by ZnO and graphene oxide and their resolution through the development of ZnO/rGO nanocomposite. Various characterization techniques are discussed to explore physio-chemical properties. As the composite materials exhibit enhanced charge carrier separation, and extended lifetime of photoinduced charge carriers, making them a promising agent for improved photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, biosensors, and energy conversion and storage devices such as solar cells, and lithium batteries etc. Morphological relationship with various activities and potential applications in numerous fields, including controlling environmental pollution, biomedical, bio-sensing, energy etc., have also been discussed to explore their importance. Additionally, for further advancement to design next generation material several recommendations have been given. The knowledge gained from this review is the way for the development of next-generation nanomaterials, capable of addressing global challenges in energy and environmental sustainability etc.
Open Access
Advances in electrocatalyst development for hydrogen production by water electrolysis

June 27, 2025

Vichitra Malaiyarasan, Rajkuma Umamageshwari, Muniraj Sunil Kumar, Nagappan Beem Kumar, Ganesan Subbiah, K. Kamakshi Priya

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Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a clean, sustainable energy carrier with the potential to play a pivotal role in future energy systems. Among the various methods for hydrogen production, water electrolysis stands out for its ability to generate highly pure hydrogen in an environmentally sustainable manner. The development of efficient electrocatalysts is critical for enhancing the performance of water electrolysis, particularly in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). While precious metals like Ag, Au, Ru, and Pt have been traditionally used due to their high catalytic activity, their high cost and scarcity limit their widespread use. Recent research has focused on non-precious metal-based electrocatalysts, which offer comparable catalytic efficiency, lower cost, and greater environmental friendliness. These alternatives have the potential to replace expensive noble metals in water electrolysis, but further research and innovation are required to improve their performance and long-term stability. This work examines the advancements in electrocatalyst development for three major electrolysis techniques – alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEME), and solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) – and discusses the challenges and future directions for optimizing these technologies for large-scale hydrogen production.
Open Access
Emerging nanocarriers: rational design and biomedical application

June 26, 2025

Hongling Tian, Sihan Ma, Deng Long

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Nanosystems, renowned for their remarkable physical and chemical attributes arising from their unique morphology and structure, such as elevated specific surface areas, pronounced macroscopic quantum effects, distinctive dielectric properties, and notable small size effects, are poised to transform cancer treatment paradigms by potentially supplanting conventional chemical drugs. This revolutionary potential has generated significant buzz and attracted considerable interest within the medical diagnostics and therapeutics landscape. Extensive research has underscored the exceptional capabilities of nano-scale diagnostic agents, which have been extensively employed in imaging and anti-tumor applications, heralding a promising horizon for their utilization. This review endeavors to offer an exhaustive synthesis of the latest research strides in nanomedical theranostic candidates. It delves into the design strategies and prospective applications of various nanomaterials within the domains of tumor therapy and imaging, aiming to furnish valuable perspectives and directives for the future trajectory of nanomedicine. Specifically, the review meticulously explores and elucidates methodologies for enhancing tumor elimination through the judicious modification of nanomaterials. Furthermore, this work meticulously discusses the formidable challenges and intricacies associated with the development of optimal therapeutic nanomaterials, as well as the hurdles impeding their clinical translation. The overall aim is to advance the application and development of nanomaterials for effective and precise collaborative diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Open Access
Advancing hydrogen storage and exploring the potential of perovskite hydrides and metal hydrides

June 18, 2025

Mudassir Ur Rahman, Mohamed Farouk Elsadek, Rangaswamy Roopashree, Aditya Kashyap

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Recent notable developments concerning the hydrogen storage materials are summarized in this review, with particular emphasis placed on magnesium hydrides, titanium- and calcium-based hydrides, metal borohydrides, and perovskite-type hydrides. MgH 2 performance is greatly improved through nanostructuring and transition metal doping. Calcium hydrides, as well as titanium hydrides have very good hydrogen storage properties in addition to the potential for superconductivity. Single and bimetallic borohydrides have high hydrogen contents, achieving high performance in battery and energy application, but face challenges in regeneration and stability. Many perovskite-type hydrides, including MgX 3 H 8 (X = Sc, Ti, Zr), Li 2 CaH 4 , and Li 2 SrH 4 , as well as oxide-based hydrides like MgTiO 3 Hx, CaTiO 3 Hx, and BaYO 3 H x , are emerging as ideal hydrogen storage materials thanks to their stable crystal structure, promising thermodynamics, excellent mechanical properties, and efficient hydrogen cycling. Destabilization of the hydrogen is likely based on analysis of DFT studies of hydrogen binding enthalpy, which supports stability and negative formation enthalpies for MgX 3 H 8 and BaYO 3 H 3 as well as CaTiO 3 H 6 and storage of 4.27 wt% with desorption at ∼821.1 K further strengthens the potential of perovskite hydrides in a variety of hydrogen storage applications.
Open Access
Transforming waste to energy: nanocatalyst innovations driving green hydrogen production

June 13, 2025

Christopher Selvam D., Manjunath Channappagoudra, Sikata Samantaray, Adesh Kumar Mishra, Guntaj Juneja, Yuvarajan Devarajan, Karam Chand

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The burgeoning global demand for energy, coupled with the pressing need to mitigate carbon emissions, underscores the necessity for clean and sustainable energy alternatives, with green hydrogen emerging as a pivotal energy vector. Among the promising avenues for the production of green hydrogen, nano-catalysts derived from waste materials are attracting considerable interest due to their capacity to diminish production costs and environmental ramifications while capitalizing on underutilized waste streams. Notwithstanding recent advancements, significant knowledge deficits remain concerning the catalytic mechanisms, established performance benchmarks, and thorough sustainability evaluations of these materials. This review integrates contemporary progress in the synthesis, structural enhancement, and application of nano-catalysts originating from a variety of waste sources, including industrial byproducts, agricultural residues, and municipal waste. Crucial mechanistic variables, such as augmented active site density, improved electron transfer, and metal-support interactions, are examined to elucidate their superior performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Comparative assessments utilizing standardized metrics (e.g., overpotential at 10 mA/cm 2 , Tafel slope, Faradaic efficiency) indicate that optimized waste-derived catalysts can realize up to a 30 % enhancement in hydrogen yield in comparison to traditional catalysts. Life cycle assessments (LCA), framed within cradle-to-gate methodologies, reveal substantial reductions in CO 2 emissions, energy consumption, and resource depletion. The review further delineates challenges associated with material variability, long-term durability, and the integration of these materials into pre-existing systems. Ultimately, this study highlights the crucial role of waste-derived nano-catalysts in promoting scalable, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable hydrogen production and advocates for enhanced interdisciplinary research and supportive policy frameworks to expedite their commercialization.
Open Access
A comprehensive review on advanced synthesis approaches of MXenes and their dual role in photocatalytic degradation and antimicrobial applications

May 23, 2025

Muhammad Azam Qamar, Sally Mostafa Khadrawy, Ahmed A. Allam, Syed Kashif Ali, Khatib Sayeed Ismail, Emad Abada, Abdel-Rahman M. Shater

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MXenes, a novel class of two-dimensional materials, have gained considerable attention due to their unique properties, including high conductivity, mechanical strength, and versatile surface functionalities. These materials are synthesized through selective etching of the MAX phase, and their remarkable characteristics make them suitable candidates for various applications, particularly in environmental remediation and antimicrobial activities. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the different MXene synthesis techniques, such as selective etching, chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal methods, and fluoride-free etching processes. Additionally, it explores the structural stability, photocatalytic capabilities, and antimicrobial properties of MXenes, focusing on their potential to degrade pollutants, adsorb heavy metals, and combat microbial resistance. The influence of surface modifications, functional groups, and heterostructure formation on the photocatalytic and antimicrobial performance of MXenes is also discussed. Novel findings highlight how surface engineering can significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity and antimicrobial efficiency of MXenes, offering a pathway to address critical environmental and biomedical challenges. Future research should focus on optimizing MXene synthesis, improving long-term stability, and exploring practical applications in real-world environmental and antimicrobial scenarios.
Open Access
Development and challenges of coal-based graphene family nanomaterials

April 28, 2025

Linjing Hao, Jing-He Yang, Guosheng Li, Peng Li, Yijun Cao

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Coal, a natural non-homogeneous polymer material, boasts a complex three-dimensional cross-linked network structure. Developing low-carbon processing methods and achieving clean utilization of coal are crucial challenges in today’s research landscape. In recent years, graphene and its derivatives, collectively known as graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs), have emerged as revolutionary multifunctional carbon nanomaterials due to their exceptional properties and vast application potential. The unique molecular characteristics of coal and its derivatives present a significant opportunity for the synthesis of GFNs. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the research progress made on coal-based GFNs to clarify their future development trajectory. This paper reviews the synthesis methods employed for coal-based GFNs and discusses the factors influencing this process. Moreover, the applications of coal-based GFNs in the fields of biomedicine, sensing, photo/electrocatalysis and energy storage are summarized and the challenges of coal-based GFNs are presented. Hopefully, this review can spark new ideas for clean production of coal and the design of coal-based functional materials.
Open Access
Halogen bonding: a new territory for anion sensing

April 22, 2025

Senjuti De, Samik Nag

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The field of anion sensing and recognition has grown significantly due to the need for selective identification, extraction, and transport of negatively charged species essential to chemical, biological, medical, and environmental processes. However, advancements in anion coordination chemistry have lagged behind cation chemistry due to the unique challenges posed by anions, including low charge-to-radius ratios, high solvation enthalpies, diverse geometries, and pH sensitivity. Traditional approaches employing hydrogen bonding and other non-covalent interactions have achieved some success, but designing effective synthetic receptors remains a challenge. Recently, halogen bonding (XB) has emerged as a powerful alternative, offering comparable directionality and binding strengths to hydrogen bonds. This review highlights significant advancements in the past decade, focusing on the development of solution-phase anion receptors utilizing XB. It explores their complementarity to hydrogen bonding, particularly in competitive solvent environments, and underscores XB’s growing role in advancing anion recognition and supramolecular chemistry.
Open Access
The research progress on the removal of heavy metals using carbon electrodes in capacitive deionization technology

March 19, 2025

Ao-hui Zhu, Yong-qiang Li, Mei Xue, Hai-bin Chu, Hang Wei

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The challenge of freshwater pollution emerges as a paramount concern in the 21st century, necessitating innovative solutions for sustainable water management. Among various technologies, Capacitive Deionization (CDI) stands out as an electrochemical method with significant promise due to its environmentally benign nature, cost efficiency, minimal energy requirements, and the simplicity of electrode regeneration. The technology leverages a variety of carbon-based materials such as carbon nanotubes, MOF-derived carbon, bio-derived carbon, activated carbon fibers, and graphene oxide as electrodes. These materials are selected for their superior electrical conductivity, structural flexibility, and large surface areas, which are crucial for the efficient removal of heavy metals from polluted water sources. Nonetheless, the reliance of carbon electrodes on the electrical double-layers adsorption mechanism may limit their adsorption capacity and selectivity towards specific contaminants. This review paper delves into the current challenges, optimization strategies, and recent progress in enhancing the efficacy of carbon materials for heavy metal ion extraction in CDI processes. It further discusses the prospective developments in carbon materials and their derivatives for the improvement of heavy metal removal capabilities, providing insightful perspectives on the advancement of CDI technology as a pivotal approach to addressing the issue of freshwater pollution.
Open Access
A decade of breakthroughs: MOF-graphene oxide catalysts for water splitting efficiency

February 4, 2025

Zainab Tazeen, Muhammad Ehsan Ameer, Yasir Iqbal, Naveed Ahmad, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Azam Qamar

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Burning fossil fuels has significantly worsened environmental pollution, particularly due to the release of carbon dioxide emissions. The global efforts to promote renewable energy solutions, like electrocatalytic water splitting, have gained momentum. Scientists are focusing on the development of sustainable methods like water splitting to reduce dependence on conventional fuels. Developing affordable and effective electrocatalysts is crucial for multifunctional electrochemical water splitting (ECWS). In comparison to traditional electrocatalysts, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit favorable catalytic performance for electrochemical water decomposition because of their plentiful porosity, surface area, and topologies for enhanced production of hydrogen (H 2 ) and oxygen (O 2 ) gas. When combined with MOF, graphene creates a synergistic hybrid nanomaterial that is more stable, adaptable, and durable. The primary goal of this review article is to conduct an in-depth investigation of the latest advancements in MOFs and MOF-GO electrocatalysts for water electrolysis. Herein, we have covered the plausible mechanism for the overall water-splitting electrocatalytic processes and several important factors influencing their electrocatalytic response. We also discussed the recent progress in the performance and stability of MOFs and MOF-GO electrocatalysts for water-splitting reactions. Finally, the article highlights the challenges and application of MOF and MOF-GO composites and the future preference for water-splitting applications.
Open Access
Role of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in electrochemical energy storage devices including batteries and supercapacitors

February 4, 2025

Khashia Rashid, Umme Omeema, Abuzar Hasnain Raza, Ansa Manzoor, Muhammad Sajid Abbas, Ghulam Mustafa, Muhammad Adnan Iqbal, Ghazala Iram, Manahil Akram, Ateeq-Ur-Rehman

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Better energy storage systems are becoming more and more in demand as electric cars, portable electronics, and renewable energy sources become more prevalent. Supercapacitors and batteries, such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), lithium sulfur/air batteries, and lithium selenium batteries, are major components of these technologies; yet, stability, cycle life, and energy density are some of the challenges they face. MOFs have emerged as a new material that can solve the problems with unique structural properties. Large surface area and porosity are properties of MOFs which improve the energy density, life cycle and stability of energy storage devices when MOF are used as alectrode material in these devices.This paper analyzes and focuses on the application of MOFs in supercapacitors, LIBs, and SIBs, in which it emphasizes improvement in terms of stability and performance. This review article ends with an overview of the important challenges and the prospects for future research to fully meet the promise of Metal organic frameworks in energy storage applications.
Open Access
Nanotechnology of colour: quantum dots (QDs), photonic crystals (PCs) and plasmonic nanoparticles

February 3, 2025

Udita Das, Ankita Das, Ruhi Das, Asim Kumar Das

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This tutorial min review discusses the important features of nanotechnology of colour generation by the quantum dots (QDs), nanostructured photonic crystals (PCs) and plasmonic metal nanoparticles. Quantum dots (QDs) are characterized by the tunable and size dependent strong fluorescence emission properties. Photonic crystals (PCs) generate the material independent structural colour ( iridescent colour dependent on the angle of observation ) due to the constructive interference arising from Bragg diffraction by the nanostructured photonic crystals (PCs) producing the diffraction gratings. It causes the vibrant colour in the opals and pearls, wings of peacocks and butterflies, in the necks of pigeons, variable colours in chameleons, etc. Plasmonic nanoparticles like Au-, Ag- and Cu-nanoparticles show the both light absorption and scattering properties that can be tuned by varying the size, morphology and composition of the nanoparticles. Structural colour ( iridescent colour ) by PCs is used by nature while colouring by QDs and plasmonic nanoparticles are due to the man made activities. The nanotechnology based colour is superior to the organic pigment based colour in terms of brightness and photostability and this field is an emerging area of research with a great promise in terms of applications in various fields.
Open Access
Advances in spin crossover metal complexes: a comprehensive review on its gas sensing applications

February 3, 2025

Farva Fiaz, Amna Siddique, Muhammad Fazle Rabbee, Muhammad Bin Hanif, Saad M. Al-Baqami, Shehzada Muhammad Sajid Jillani, Naif S. Almuqati, Md. Rezaur Rahman, Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury, Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar, Mohammad Mizanur Rahman Khan, Mohammed M. Rahman, Tahir Ali Sheikh

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Spin crossover metal complexes (SCO) are unique class of coordination compounds that can switch between LS and HS (low and high spin) states in response to external stimuli like pressure, temperature, gas molecules and light irradiation. This bistable behaviour makes them excellent candidate for many technological applications like data storage, molecular switches, actuators and sensing applications. The sensing mechanism of these complexes is based on the reversible change in their spin state which results in difference in magnetic, electrical and optical responses which can be evaluated with high sensitivity. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis methods and characterization techniques of SCO metal complexes with a special focus on their gas sensing applications that remains unexplored in the literature. To address this gap this, review comprehensively examines approximately eight published researches in this field, with a particular focus on gases such as ammonia (NH 3 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) like ethanol, methanol and alcohol we highlight the sensitivity and selectivity of SCO based metal complexes with their future prospects to enhance their performances for the future gas detection technologies. The review aims to explore the potential of SCO complexes in gas sensing technology and highlight the ongoing progress in this field. To the best of our knowledge this is the first ever review article which is dedicated exclusively to the gas sensing application of SCO based metal complexes to provide a new way for the advancement in this emerging field.
Open Access
Niobium in electrochemical technologies: advancing sensing and battery applications

January 29, 2025

Kardos Musheer Khorsheed, Tara Fuad Tahir, Aryan Fathulla Qader, Rebaz Anwar Omer, Rzgar Faruq Rashid

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Niobium, a versatile transition metal, plays a vital role in expanding electrochemical technologies due to its unique combination of physical and chemical properties, such as high stability, conductivity, and compatibility with varied materials. This review delves deeply into the applications of niobium in electrochemical sensing and energy storage systems, focusing on its transformational potential. It begins by explaining the fundamental features of niobium that make it an excellent material for these applications. The principles of electrochemical sensors are elaborated, with a focus on their significance in areas such as healthcare diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and industrial processes. The review highlights the fabrication techniques for niobium-based sensors, detailing advancements in sensitivity and specificity achieved through niobium compounds. In the domain of energy storage, the review examines niobium’s integration into lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and lithium-sulfur batteries. It discusses how niobium compounds enhance battery performance, including improvements in energy density, cycling stability, and charge-discharge efficiency. Comparative analyses with conventional materials are presented to underscore the superior functionality of niobium-based systems. By synthesizing current research, the review identifies critical knowledge gaps and potential areas for future investigation, ultimately underscoring niobium’s pivotal role in driving innovation in electrochemical technologies.
Open Access
Use of magnetic nanoparticles for the removal of organic and inorganic pollution in wastewater treatment-a review

January 29, 2025

Nsar Sherko Omar, Layth Imad Abd Ali, Aryan Fathulla Qader, Rebaz Anwar Omer

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Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained significant attention for their exceptional magnetic properties and nano-level impact, making them highly effective tools for detecting environmental pollutants. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in utilizing MNPs for identifying organic and inorganic contaminants in wastewater. Key aspects discussed include the intrinsic properties of MNPs, strategies for their modification, and production techniques. Emphasis is placed on their potential applications in water pollution detection, highlighting their ability to enhance contaminant concentration and separation efficiency compared to conventional methods. The findings suggest that MNP-based approaches not only improve detection sensitivity but also promote eco-friendly practices, contributing to sustainable environmental management.
Open Access
Silicon-based particles as a platform for development of antiviral drugs

January 23, 2025

Elena V. Parfenyuk, Ekaterina S. Dolinina

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The growing number of viral infections and viral strains from year to year requires the creation of new, more effective antiviral drugs. One of the cost-effective ways to increase drug efficiency is the development of delivery systems for already known and clinically used drugs in order to overcome the challenges currently limiting their efficiency. This review presents the current status of silicon-based particles in this area. Silicon-based materials consist mainly of silicon and its compounds and can contain other inorganic oxides, i.e. are inorganic in nature. Their inorganic nature provides a number of advantages over organic materials (e.g. polymers, lipids, micelles, etc.) which are widely proposed and already used for the indicated purpose. This review provides information about the structural features of the silicon-based materials, methods of their preparation. It contains studies showing why and how the particles themselves can serve as antiviral agents or, as carriers, can help overcome the disadvantages of active drugs and increase their antiviral efficacy. The review highlights the enormous potential of silicon-based inorganic particles (pristine or modified with various inorganic and organic species) in the fight against widespread viral infections.
Open Access
Metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) advanced synthetic strategies and applications, including light emitting diodes, solar cells and photodetectors

January 21, 2025

Uzba Dehloon, Irsa Batool, Naveed Ahmad, Aqsa Afzal, Maubashera Nawaz, Ghazala Iram, Abbas Washeel Salman, Haitham K. R. AL-Sharifi, Ateeq-Ur Rehman

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Several synthetic approaches, such as solvothermal, microwave-assisted, electrochemical, and mechanochemical techniques, are used in the creation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The resulting MOFs can be tailored for particular purposes by utilizing the distinct benefits that each of these approaches offers in terms of managing their size, shape, and functional qualities. The most recent developments in MOF synthesis are examined in this study along with how they are being used in optoelectronic devices such as photodiodes, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). MOFs are potential candidates for these applications because of their special qualities, which include their capacity to host light-emitting guest molecules, promote charge transport, and improve light absorption. MOFs effectively house luminescent centers in LEDs, improving brightness and color purity. MOFs improve charge separation and light collecting efficiency in solar cells. The customizable band gaps of MOFs, which may be designed to maximize their performance in photodetection, are advantageous to photodiodes. Advances in MOFs could revolutionize future optoelectronics. Finally, MOFs are based on the ongoing development of advanced synthetic methods that allow for the fabrication of LEDs, solar cells and photodetectors at higher levels of technological innovation and application. Additionally, MOFs in photodetectors, are thought to be active material and their special capacity to interact at various wavelengths may pave the way for more sensitive and adaptable application-specific sensors in a range of areas, including high-speed communication technologies and environmental monitoring.
Open Access
Cutting-edge metal-organic frameworks: revolutionizing the adsorptive removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water

January 17, 2025

Samra Abbas, Khalil Ahmad, Khalida Naseem, Muhammad Kashif, Hammad Majeed, Khizar Qureshi, Habib U. Rehman Shah, Irfan Ahmad, Aisha Khalid, Sophia Awais, Muhammad Ashfaq

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Water is a basic unit for survival of living creature and over the past few years, increased industrialization and urbanization caused a huge contamination of natural water resources. Major water contaminants are pharmacological-wastes, especially antibiotics from hospitals and pharmaceutical industries which causes water pollution. Pharmacological contaminants elimination from ecosystem is very critical environmental challenge because they are persistent and cause potential health hazards. Owing to high surface area, tunable-porosity, and versatile functionality of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), and their composites have emerged as promising materials for water purification. Various antibiotics including amoxicillin, doxycycline, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin are successfully removed from wastewater using MOFs and composites, which purifies the water by adsorption-mechanism. This study reviews the advanced progressions in the application of MOF-based composites and MOFs for the adsorption of pharmaceutical pollutants. Additionally, plant-based MOFs have been explored for their eco-friendly and cost-effective potential in pharmaceutical pollutant removal. Despite these advancements, challenges such as the scalability of MOF synthesis, stability under operational conditions, and potential toxicity need to be addressed for their commercial application. Future research should focus on optimizing the synthesis processes, enhancing the recyclability of MOFs, and conducting long-term environmental-impact assessments to ensure sustainable and effective water treatment solutions.
Open Access
Catalytic exploration metallic and nonmetallic nano-catalysts, properties, role in photoelectrochemistry for sustainable applications

January 6, 2025

Khaled Fahmi Fawy, Gabriel Rodriguez-Ortiz, Arshad Ali, Yashwantsinh Jadeja, Hamayun Khan, Piyus Kumar Pathak, Sadaf Ahmad, Kandi Satyam Naidu, Deepak Bhanot, Junaid Ur Rahman

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This article provides an overview of the photoelectrochemistry of nano-catalysts, their advantages, mechanisms, and the interactions between nanostructures and reactivity. The applications of nanomaterials in various processes, such as dye degradation, toxicity elimination, HER, CO 2 RR, and OER were found paramount. The types of catalysis, including homogeneous, heterogeneous, enzymatic, photocatalysis, and photo electrocatalysis, elucidate their significance, and unique applications are also included. Advanced catalysts, from semiconductor nanomaterials to cocatalysts and surface modifications, are explored for their ability to harness light energy and drive efficient redox reactions. The emerging trends in electrocatalyst design, such as metal-free carbon catalysts, carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamond, porous carbon, metal and carbon composite catalysts, and other metal and carbon composite catalysts are very important for future perspectives, therefore their consideration in this review has been focused. It also briefly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of nano-catalysts, including advanced catalysis, photogenerated charge carriers, redox reactions, and cocatalysts and surface modifications.
Open Access
A systematic review on biomaterials and their recent progress in biomedical applications: bone tissue engineering

January 6, 2025

Priyadarshini Baskaran, Balasubramanian Muthiah, Vijayalakshmi Uthirapathy

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Over the past few decades, biomaterials have been used extensively in medical science. These biomaterials have effectively replaced a variety of bodily tissues found in the human body, including teeth, ligaments, bones, tendons, and others. The primary barrier to the adoption of biomaterials is immune rejection, as bone replacement and lifetime implants currently require biocompatibility in addition to the mechanical and biological properties of the biomaterial. Numerous materials are presently being researched and commercially accessible to preserve and restore physiological functioning; they are widely used in medical science and biotherapy. Novel biomaterials were developed in response to emerging therapeutic needs, and recently discovered biomaterials made it possible to undertake novel clinical applications. When it was recognized that biomaterials must have an essential quality biocompatibility, the term “biomaterials” was coined to refer to materials specifically designed for biomedical applications. Presently, biological tissues and materials generated from biology are also included. The current review looks at the scientific literature published on the subject while exploring the application of biomaterials. Lastly, a brief overview of some recent uses for biomaterials is given, along with predictions about their potential future use.
Open Access
Heterogeneous catalysis: an alternative approach for energy and environment

January 6, 2025

Tarun Parangi

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The uncontrolled increase in population and human activities has led to a significant rise in the demand for energy resources. The excessive use of limited fuel sources, unplanned deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions have necessitated the search for and development of alternative, sustainable energy resources that cause minimal or no harm to the environment. The introduction of green and eco-friendly technologies offers a potential solution to address the growing demand in fields such as petroleum and hydrogen production, with the ultimate goal of promoting environmental sustainability. This review article highlights recent innovations in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, focusing on the development of various catalytic materials and processes, as well as their future prospects for both industrial and academic advancements. A brief discussion is presented on the efficient performance of solid acid and base catalysts, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), electrocatalysts, and photocatalysts. The discussed catalytic systems have been explored for their potential applications, including biodiesel and hydrogen production as alternative energy sources, as well as CO 2 reduction and the degradation of toxic dyes and organic pollutants for environmental remediation. Overall, the significance of heterogeneous catalysts has been explored, emphasizing their critical role in driving industrial progress and economic growth.
Open Access
Innovations in perovskite solar cells: a journey through 2D, 3D, and 2D/3D heterojunctions

December 24, 2024

Anum Sehar, Fariha Nasir, Ahmad Farhan, Samiullah Akram, Wajeeha Qayyum, Kainat Zafar, Syed Kashif Ali, Muhammad Azam Qamar

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered significant attention in the photovoltaic community due to their exceptional performance, cost-effective manufacturing, and potential for diverse optoelectronic applications. Despite their promise, maintaining the operational stability of PSCs remains a critical challenge. In recent years, nanostructured materials, particularly two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional (3D), and their 2D/3D heterojunction combinations, have emerged as innovative solutions to enhance PSCs’ stability and photovoltaic efficiency. This review examines recent advancements in PSCs utilizing these materials. It begins with an introduction to the fundamentals of perovskite-based photovoltaics and progresses to analyzing the role of 2D, 3D, and 2D/3D materials in optimizing PSC components. Key challenges in this field are also highlighted, alongside innovative strategies to overcome them, thus providing insights into the future direction of PSC technology.
Open Access
Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their emerging applications in cancer imaging and therapy: a review

November 29, 2024

Mohammed Ali Dheyab, Jia Hui Tang, Azlan Abdul Aziz, Shaymaa Hussein Nowfal, Mahmood S. Jameel, Mohammad Alrosan, Nazila Oladzadabbasabadi, Mehran Ghasemlou

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The green and eco-friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from renewable resources such as plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria has recently gained interest due to its use of sustainable feedstocks. This review presents an in-depth exploration of AuNP synthesis methods and their applications in cancer imaging and therapy. We examine the mechanisms behind various physical and chemical techniques used to synthesize AuNPs, with a special focus on the unique biomedical applications of green-synthesized AuNPs in diagnostic and therapeutic platforms, such as imaging and targeted therapy. Although promising, green synthesis of AuNPs faces challenges, including variability in particle size, limitations in morphology control, and scalability issues, which need to be addressed to fully harness their potential. This review also demonstrates that AuNPs can be loaded with anticancer agents to create targeted drug delivery vehicles for tumor treatment. As nanotechnology drives revolutionary advances in healthcare, AuNPs offer a promising toolkit for medical progress. However, a fundamental understanding of AuNPs and rigorous risk assessments in diagnostics, imaging, and therapeutic applications are essential to enable their safe and effective use in clinical settings.
Open Access
Harnessing 1D TiO₂ nanostructures: insights into synthesis, properties and photocatalytic applications for pollution control

January 1, 2000

Jyoti Rawat, Charu Dwivedi, Pankaj Sharma

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This review explores the development of one dimensional TiO 2 nanostructures, which have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional structural and functional properties. Additionally, it provides valuable insights into the synthesis of one dimensional TiO 2 nanostructures with controlled size, morphology, composition, and properties, as well as their photocatalytic applications for pollution control, compared to zero dimensional and two dimensional structures. Furthermore, the review places particular emphasis on their role in environmental remediation, especially in the photocatalytic degradation of both air and aqueous pollutants. It highlights the transformative potential of these nanomaterials in addressing pressing environmental challenges and advancing future technologies.
Open Access
A review on the effect of organic admixtures containing different functional groups on the hydration behaviors of Portland cement

January 1, 2000

Yibo Gao, Jianlin Luo, Xiatong Zhu, Jigang Zhang, Kangxin Fan, Minglei Ma

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In order to adapt to the complex service environment, the rational application of organic admixtures has become one of the important means of preparing high-performance cementitious materials. The type and functional groups of organic admixtures are crucial to the hydration degree and strength development of Portland cement. Here, the main chemical reactions occurring in different hydration stages and corresponding hydration mechanism of Portland cement were explicated in detail. On this basis, the influence feature and mechanism of organic admixtures containing different functional groups on the overall process and different stages of cement hydration were systematically reviewed. The statistical results show that organic admixtures mainly affect the induction and acceleration periods of cement hydration, and the hydration effect is closely related to the molecular weight, molecular structure, functional groups and charges of organic admixtures. Most of the organic admixtures will prolong the hydration induction period, and the corresponding effect on the hydration acceleration period varies greatly. The mainstream influence mechanisms of organic admixture include complexation and adsorption theories. Some new theories such as “self-assembly of hydration products” are also put forward, but need to be further verified.
Open Access
Tin chalcogenides – a group of multi utility inorganic materials

January 1, 2000

Vimal K. Jain, Gotluru Kedarnath

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Remarkable and unique properties of main group chalcogenides have been exploited for diverse applications owing to their semiconducting properties with a wide range of band gaps and high absorption coefficients. The scope and horizon of their utility is further expanded by modulating the size to nanometre dimensions as well as the number of layers in 2-D layered materials. A number of these materials, like CdTe, CuInSe 2 , HgCdTe, In 2 S 3 , PbTe, Bi 2 Te 3 , etc., are used in several commercial devices, but either their scarce availability in the earth crust or toxicity limits their large-scale utilization. Tin forms several binary, ternary and quaternary chalcogenides which show desirable semiconducting properties. Different compositions and phases exhibit distinct conductivity (p/n-type) and energy band gaps. The band gap energy varies greatly from narrow-band (∼0.2 eV) to wide-band (>2.0 eV) depending on the tin chalcogenide. Benign nature and cost effectiveness of tin makes it the most suitable candidate among main group materials. With the flexible tuning of physical and chemical properties, accomplished through different strategies, versatile applications of tin chalcogenides can be realized. This review highlights recent advances on different facets of tin chalcogenide chemistry with their applications in diverse areas.

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Journal Impact Factor	3.1	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
5-year Journal Impact Factor	4.3	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
Journal Citation Indicator	0.30	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
CiteScore	8.0	2024, Scopus (Elsevier B.V., 2025)
SCImago Journal Rank	0.709	2024, SJR (Scimago Lab, 2025; Data Source: Scopus)
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	1.177	2024, CWTS Journal Indicators (CWTS B.V., 2025; Data Source: Scopus)

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Editor-in-Chief
Axel Schulz, University of Rostock, Germany, axel.schulz@uni-rostock.de

Editorial Board
Simon Aldridge, University of Oxford, UK
Neil Burford, University of Victoria, Canada
Lee Cronin, University of Glasgow, UK
Kim Rene Dunbar, Texas A&M University, USA
Max Holthausen, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
Hubert Huppertz, University of Innsbruck, Austria
Xiaoming Liu, Jiaxing University, China
Uwe Rosenthal, University of Rostock, Germany
Alexander Schiller, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
Stephan Schulz, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Jürgen Senker, University of Bayreuth, Germany
Carsten von Hänisch, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
Kyung Byung Yoon, Sogang University, Republic of Korea
Xian-Ming Zhang, Shanxi Normal University, China

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eISSN:

2191-0227

ISSN:

0193-4929

Language:

English

Publisher:

De Gruyter

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First published:

October 1, 1985

Publication Frequency:

4 issues per year

eISSN: 2191-0227

ISSN: 0193-4929

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Researchers in inorganic and metallorganic chemistry in academia and industry

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Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry

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